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The role of authors is judged on the basis of <a class="text-primary" href="https://www.icmje.org/recommendations/browse/roles-and-responsibilities/defining-the-role-of-authors-and-contributors.html"> ICMJE</a> and <a class="text-primary" href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/discussion-document/authorship">COPE</a> guidelines.</p> <h5>Authorship Declaration</h5> <p>All contributing authors are required to sign a copyright letter, mentioning complete details, including full name, affiliation, email address, ORCID ID, and their role in the article. After the successful electronic submission of a manuscript, a system-generated acknowledgement will be sent to all authors at their provided email addresses.</p> <h5>Authors and Institutional Affiliations</h5> <p>The Corresponding Author must provide a final list of authors at the time of submission, ensuring the correct sequence of the names of authors, which will not be considered for any addition, deletion, or rearrangement after the final submission of the manuscript. The email address of the principal author should be provided with an asterisk. However, the complete address, business telephone numbers, fax numbers and e-mail address of the corresponding author must be stated to receive correspondence and galley proofs. Bentham Science Publishers recommends that all contributors regularly update their profiles on SCOPUS/ORCID and other databases.</p> <p>The corresponding author must have the approval of all other listed authors for the submission and publication of all versions of the manuscript.</p> <h5>Author Identification</h5> <p>Authors are strongly recommended to use their ORCID ID when submitting an article for consideration. Alternatively, they can acquire an ORCID ID via the submission process. For more information about ORCID IDs, visit <a class="text-primary" href="https://support.orcid.org/hc/en-us/categories/360000663034-What-is-ORCID"> here.</a></p> <h5>Changes to Authorship</h5> <p>At the time of initial submission, the finalized list of authors in the correct sequence should be provided, which will not be changed once the publication process starts.</p> <p>In exceptional cases, requests for the addition/deletion of an author may be considered by the publisher subject to a) written approval from all co-authors and b) a strong justification (which may or may not be accepted by the Publisher).</p> <p><strong>Here is some advice from COPE on authorship issues. Bentham strives to follow these guidelines.</strong></p> <p><u><b>General Advice</b></u></p> <p><a class="text-primary" href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/flowchart/how-recognise-potential-authorship-problems">Advice on how to spot authorship problems</a></p> <p><u>Before Publication:</u></p> <p><a class="text-primary" href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/flowchart/adding-author-publication">Corresponding author requests the addition of an extra author before publication</a></p> <p><a class="text-primary" href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/flowchart/removing-author-publication">Corresponding author requests the removal of the author before publication</a></p> <p><u>After Publication:</u></p> <p><a class="text-primary" href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/flowchart/adding-author-after-publication">Request for addition of extra author after publication</a></p> <p><a class="text-primary" href="https://publicationethics.org/guidance/flowchart/removing-author-after-publication">Request for removal of author after publication</a></p> <h5>Authorship and AI Tools:</h5> <p>Bentham Science Publishers recognizes that authors use a variety of tools for preparing articles related to their scientific works, ranging from simple ones to very sophisticated ones.</p> <p>According to the COPE (Committee on Publication Ethics) guidelines, <em>"AI tools cannot meet the requirements for authorship as they cannot take responsibility for the submitted work. As non-legal entities, they cannot assert the presence or absence of conflicts of interest nor manage copyright and license agreements"</em>.</p> <p>The pertinence of such tools may vary and evolve with public opinion, due to which the use of AI-powered language tools has led to a significant debate. These tools may generate useful results, but they can also lead to errors or misleading results; therefore, it is important to know which tools were used for evaluating and interpreting a particular scientific work.</p> <p>Considering the above, we require that:</p> <ol> <li>The authors should report any significant use of such tools in their works, such as instruments and software, along with text-to-text generative AI consistent with subject standards for methodology.</li> <li>All co-authors should sign a declaration that they take full responsibility for all of its contents, regardless of how the contents were generated. Inappropriate language, plagiarized and biased contents, errors, mistakes, incorrect references, or misleading content generated by AI language tools and the relevant results reported in scientific works are the full and shared responsibility of all the authors, including co-authors.</li> <li>AI language tools should not be listed as an author; instead, authors should follow clause (1) above.</li> </ol> <h5>Transparent reporting on AI and AI-assisted Technologies</h5> <p>Authors who use AI tools for the production of images or graphical elements of the paper, or in the collection and analysis of data, must disclose the use of such tools in the Materials and Methods (or similar section) of the paper, stating how the AI tool was used and which tool was used.</p> <p>Authors are fully responsible for the content of their manuscript, including parts produced with the assistance of an AI tool, and are thus liable for any breach of publication ethics.</p> <p>Bentham Science Publishers will assess whether the manner in which AI was used and declared is reasonable and compliant with its published principles and practices. After publication, content may be rejected or changed due to inadequate declaration or the specific circumstances of its use.</p> <h5>Non-Author Contributors</h5> <p>Activities such as the acquisition of funding, general supervision of a research group or general administrative support, writing assistance, technical editing, language editing, and proofreading alone do not qualify any contributor for authorship. Such contributors may be acknowledged individually or together as a group in the acknowledgement section. Further details for writing acknowledgements are available <a class="text-primary" href="https://www.eurekaselect.com/journal/30/ifa#authorship"> here</a>. Persons not meeting authorship criteria can be acknowledged in the acknowledgement section of the article rather than being enlisted as authors. </p> <h5>Guest or Honorary Authorship</h5> <p>All contributing authors should contribute substantially to the article and sign the copyright letter. Bentham Science Publishers discourages authorship based solely on position (e.g., a research supervisor or a departmental head). 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