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id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=spontaneous&uselang=zh-hans"><span>资助维基百科</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E5%88%9B%E5%BB%BA%E8%B4%A6%E6%88%B7&returnto=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="我们推荐您创建账号并登录，但这不是强制性的"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>创建账号</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:%E7%94%A8%E6%88%B7%E7%99%BB%E5%BD%95&returnto=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="建议你登录，尽管并非必须。[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>登录</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 未登录编辑者的页面 <a href="/wiki/Help:%E6%96%B0%E6%89%8B%E5%85%A5%E9%97%A8" aria-label="了解有关编辑的更多信息"><span>了解详情</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%B4%A1%E7%8C%AE" title="来自此IP地址的编辑列表[y]" accesskey="y"><span>贡献</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E6%88%91%E7%9A%84%E8%AE%A8%E8%AE%BA%E9%A1%B5" title="对于来自此IP地址编辑的讨论[n]" accesskey="n"><span>讨论</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="站点"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="目录" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">隐藏</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>历史</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-历史-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关历史子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-生物化学史上的里程碑" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#生物化学史上的里程碑"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>生物化学史上的里程碑</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-生物化学史上的里程碑-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-醣类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#醣类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>醣类</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-醣类-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关醣类子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-醣类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-单醣" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#单醣"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>单醣</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-单醣-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-雙糖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#雙糖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>雙糖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-雙糖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-寡聚糖和多聚糖" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#寡聚糖和多聚糖"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>寡聚糖和多聚糖</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-寡聚糖和多聚糖-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-利用糖类作为能量来源" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#利用糖类作为能量来源"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>利用糖类作为能量来源</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-利用糖类作为能量来源-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-氨基酸和多肽" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#氨基酸和多肽"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>氨基酸和多肽</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-氨基酸和多肽-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-蛋白质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#蛋白质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>蛋白质</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-蛋白质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-脂类" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#脂类"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>脂类</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-脂类-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-核酸" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#核酸"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>核酸</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-核酸-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-同其他“分子尺度”生物科学的关系" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#同其他“分子尺度”生物科学的关系"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>同其他“分子尺度”生物科学的关系</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-同其他“分子尺度”生物科学的关系-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-延伸阅读" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#延伸阅读"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>延伸阅读</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-延伸阅读-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参见" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参见"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>参见</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-参见-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">生物化学</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。132种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-132" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">132种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Biochemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Biochemie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioquimica" title="Bioquimica – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Bioquimica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1_%D8%AD%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="كيمياء حيوية – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء حيوية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="بيوكيميا – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بيوكيميا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%88%E0%A7%B1_%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="জৈৱ ৰসায়ন – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="জৈৱ ৰসায়ন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioqu%C3%ADmica" title="Bioquímica – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Bioquímica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimya" title="Biokimya – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Biokimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بیوشیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بیوشیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биохимия – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Биохимия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Biokemėjė – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Biokemėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyokimika" title="Biyokimika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Biyokimika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біяхімія – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Біяхімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D1%8F%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біяхімія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Біяхімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биохимия – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Биохимия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%80" title="बायोकेमेस्ट्री – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बायोकेमेस्ट्री" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%93%E1%80%AB%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဇီဝဓါတုဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဇီဝဓါတုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A3%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="প্রাণরসায়ন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="প্রাণরসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimiezh" title="Biokimiezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Biokimiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohemija" title="Biohemija – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Biohemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioqu%C3%ADmica" title="Bioquímica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Bioquímica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%98%DB%8C%D9%86%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="ژینکیمیا – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ژینکیمیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Biochemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocemeg" title="Biocemeg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Biocemeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokemi" title="Biokemi – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Biokemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Biochemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%87%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Βιοχημεία – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βιοχημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Biochemistry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokemio" title="Biokemio – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Biokemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioqu%C3%ADmica" title="Bioquímica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Bioquímica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokeemia" title="Biokeemia – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Biokeemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimika" title="Biokimika – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Biokimika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="بیوشیمی – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بیوشیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokemia" title="Biokemia – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Biokemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADvevnafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Lívevnafrøði – 法罗语" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Lívevnafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="法罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Biochimie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochimiche" title="Biochimiche – 弗留利语" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Biochimiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="弗留利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biogemy" title="Biogemy – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Biogemy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bithcheimic" title="Bithcheimic – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bithcheimic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byochimi" title="Byochimi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Byochimi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioqu%C3%ADmica" title="Bioquímica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Bioquímica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia – 哥伦打洛语" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Biokimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="哥伦打洛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bea-chemmig" title="Bea-chemmig – 马恩语" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bea-chemmig" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="马恩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry – 豪萨语" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Biochemistry" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="豪萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="ביוכימיה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ביוכימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8" title="जीवरसायन – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जीवरसायन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Biochemistry" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokemija" title="Biokemija – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Biokemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biok%C3%A9mia" title="Biokémia – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Biokémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%84%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Կենսաքիմիա – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կենսաքիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochimia" title="Biochimia – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Biochimia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Biokimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Biochimie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimika" title="Biokimika – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Biokimika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokemio" title="Biokemio – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Biokemio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADfefnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Lífefnafræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lífefnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochimica" title="Biochimica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Biochimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生化学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="生化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bayokimischri" title="Bayokimischri – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Bayokimischri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Biokimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიოქიმია – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბიოქიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioximiya" title="Bioximiya – 卡拉卡尔帕克语" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Bioximiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="卡拉卡尔帕克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takrudert" title="Takrudert – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Takrudert" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биохимия – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Биохимия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9F%E1%9E%B6%E1%9E%9F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%8F%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9A" title="ជីវគីមីសាស្ត្រ – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ជីវគីមីសាស្ត្រ" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%83%9D%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="생화학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="생화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyok%C3%AEmya" title="Biyokîmya – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Biyokîmya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биохимия – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Биохимия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemia" title="Biochemia – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Biochemia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokemika" title="Biokemika – 拉迪诺语" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Biokemika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="拉迪诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Biochimie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биохимия – 列兹金语" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Биохимия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="列兹金语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biocimica" title="Biocimica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Biocimica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosjemie" title="Biosjemie – 林堡语" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Biosjemie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="林堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biuchimica" title="Biuchimica – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Biuchimica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemija" title="Biochemija – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Biochemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bio%C4%B7%C4%ABmija" title="Bioķīmija – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bioķīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биохемија – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Биохемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%88%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="ജൈവരസതന്ത്രം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജൈവരസതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Биохими – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Биохими" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जैविक रसायनशास्त्र – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जैविक रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Biokimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%87%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9D%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF" title="ဇီဝဓာတု – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဇီဝဓာတု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Biochemie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="जीवरसायनशास्त्र – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="जीवरसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemie" title="Biochemie – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Biochemie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokjemi" title="Biokjemi – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Biokjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokjemi" title="Biokjemi – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Biokjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokemie" title="Biokemie – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Biokemie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioquimia" title="Bioquimia – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Bioquimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5_%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਜੀਵ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੀਵ ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemia" title="Biochemia – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Biochemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%88_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="بائیو کیمسٹری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بائیو کیمسٹری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%D9%8A" title="بیوشیمي – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بیوشیمي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioqu%C3%ADmica" title="Bioquímica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Bioquímica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kawsay_chaqllisinchi" title="Kawsay chaqllisinchi – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Kawsay chaqllisinchi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochimie" title="Biochimie – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Biochimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="推荐条目"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биохимия – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Биохимия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біохемія – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Біохемія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биохимия – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Биохимия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Biochemistry" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%8A_%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="حياتياتي ڪيميا – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="حياتياتي ڪيميا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohemija" title="Biohemija – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Biohemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9B%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="ජෛව රසායන විද්‍යාව – 僧伽罗语" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජෛව රසායන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="僧伽罗语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Biochemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bioch%C3%A9mia" title="Biochémia – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Biochémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokemija" title="Biokemija – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Biokemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Biokimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="典范条目"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Биохемија – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Биохемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimia" title="Biokimia – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Biokimia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokemi" title="Biokemi – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Biokemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokemia" title="Biokemia – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Biokemia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%89%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="உயிர்வேதியியல் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="உயிர்வேதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%9C%E0%B1%80%E0%B0%B5_%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="జీవ రసాయన శాస్త్రం – 泰卢固语" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="జీవ రసాయన శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="泰卢固语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%97%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%88%D0%B8%D0%BC%D3%A3" title="Зистшимӣ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Зистшимӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="ชีวเคมี – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ชีวเคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyokimika" title="Biyokimika – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Biyokimika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyokimya" title="Biyokimya – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Biyokimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Биохимия – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Биохимия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%96%D0%BE%D1%85%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Біохімія – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Біохімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="حیاتی کیمیا – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="حیاتی کیمیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biokimyo" title="Biokimyo – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Biokimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biohimii" title="Biohimii – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Biohimii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_sinh" title="Hóa sinh – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hóa sinh" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyotchimeye" title="Biyotchimeye – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Biyotchimeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biyokimika" title="Biyokimika – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Biyokimika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物化学 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="生物化学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ბიოქიმია – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბიოქიმია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="ביאכעמיע – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="ביאכעמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Biochemistry" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li 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.sidebar-below{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-color:#54595d!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar a:not(.new):not(.mw-selflink):link{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="border:1px solid #90db90;"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="生物學">生物學</a>的一部分</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#90db90; padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #fefefe; font-size:175%; font-weight:normal;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生物化学</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Myoglobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/220px-Myoglobin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="223" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/330px-Myoglobin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Myoglobin.png/440px-Myoglobin.png 2x" data-file-width="1159" data-file-height="1173" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 关键部分</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #90db90"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物分子">生物分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="代谢">代谢</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #90db90"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left: 0em;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物化學條目目錄" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Index of biochemistry articles"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E6%A2%9D%E7%9B%AE%E7%9B%AE%E9%8C%84&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物化學條目目錄（页面不存在）">目錄</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index_of_biochemistry_articles" class="extiw" title="en:Index of biochemistry articles"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Index of biochemistry articles</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0" title="生物化学概述">概述</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 歷史和主題</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #90db90"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="生物化学史">歷史</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #90db90"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物信息学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="植物化学">植物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="结构生物学">结构生物学</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #90db90"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0#生物化学的分支" title="生物化学概述">生物化学分科</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #90db90"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物化学家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of biochemists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物化学家列表（页面不存在）">生物化学家列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biochemists" class="extiw" title="en:List of biochemists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of biochemists</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> 詞彙</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em; border-bottom:1px solid #90db90"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物化學術語詞彙列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物化學術語詞彙列表（页面不存在）">生物化學術語詞彙列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_biology" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of biology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="化學術語詞彙列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glossary of chemistry terms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E8%A1%93%E8%AA%9E%E8%A9%9E%E5%BD%99%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化學術語詞彙列表（页面不存在）">化學術語詞彙列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glossary_of_chemistry_terms" class="extiw" title="en:Glossary of chemistry terms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glossary of chemistry terms</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="background:#e7f4e7; border-bottom:1px solid #90db90;"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:%E6%96%B0%E9%99%88%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Portal:新陈代谢">生物化學主题</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar" style="line-height:1.6"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Biochemistry_sidebar" title="Template talk:Biochemistry sidebar"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:Biochemistry_sidebar" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:Biochemistry sidebar"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r85100532">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-size:small}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:2em;margin-bottom:0.8em;margin-top:0.8em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img::after{content:"\202f \202f \202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small::after{content:"\202f \202f "}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .hatnote-notice-img-small{display:none}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable"><span class="noviewer hatnote-notice-img" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%B6%88%E6%AD%A7%E4%B9%89" title="Wikipedia:消歧义"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/24px-Confusion_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/36px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Confusion_grey.svg/48px-Confusion_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><b>提示</b>：此条目页的主题不是<b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化学生物学</a></b>。</div> <p><b>生物化學</b>（英語：<span lang="en">biochemistry</span>，也作 <span lang="en">biological chemistry</span>），顾名思义是研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="生物體">生物體</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>进程的一门学科，常被简称为<b>生化</b>。它主要用于研究<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞">細胞</a>内各组分，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%A1%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="糖類">糖類</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E9%A1%9E" title="脂類">脂類</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a>等<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物大分子">生物大分子</a>的结构和功能。而对于<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化學生物學</a>来说，则着重于利用<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="化學合成">化學合成</a>中的方法来解答生物化学所发现的相关问题。虽然存在着大量不同的生物分子，但实际上有很多大的复合物分子（称为“<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%9A%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="聚合物">聚合物</a>”）是由相似的亚基（稱為“<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AE%E9%AB%94" class="mw-redirect" title="單體">單體</a>”）结合在一起形成的。每一类生物<a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="高分子">高分子</a>都有自己的一套亚基类型。例如，<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質">蛋白質</a>是由20种<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>所组成，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">脱氧核糖核酸</a>(DNA)由4种<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>构成。 </p><p>生物化学研究集中于重要<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物大分子">生物大分子</a>的化学性质，特别着重于<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6%E4%BF%83%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" class="mw-redirect" title="酶促反應">酶促反應</a>的化学机理。在生物化学研究中，对<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%B0%E8%83%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="細胞">細胞</a><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%AC%9D" class="mw-redirect" title="代謝">代謝</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A7%E5%88%86%E6%B3%8C%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="內分泌系統">內分泌系統</a>的研究进行得相当深入。生物化学的其他研究领域包括<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AF%86%E7%A2%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="遺傳密碼">遺傳密碼</a>（<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>和<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>）、 <a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="蛋白質生物合成">蛋白質生物合成</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E8%86%9C%E8%BF%90%E8%BE%93" title="跨膜运输">跨膜運輸</a>(Membrane Transport)以及细胞<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E8%BD%AC%E5%AF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="信号转导">信號轉導</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="历史"><span id=".E5.8E.86.E5.8F.B2"></span>历史</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：历史"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="生物化学的历史">生物化学的历史</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerty_Theresa_Radnitz_Cori_(1896-1957)_and_Carl_Ferdinand_Cori.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gerty_Theresa_Radnitz_Cori_%281896-1957%29_and_Carl_Ferdinand_Cori.jpg/220px-Gerty_Theresa_Radnitz_Cori_%281896-1957%29_and_Carl_Ferdinand_Cori.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gerty_Theresa_Radnitz_Cori_%281896-1957%29_and_Carl_Ferdinand_Cori.jpg/330px-Gerty_Theresa_Radnitz_Cori_%281896-1957%29_and_Carl_Ferdinand_Cori.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Gerty_Theresa_Radnitz_Cori_%281896-1957%29_and_Carl_Ferdinand_Cori.jpg/440px-Gerty_Theresa_Radnitz_Cori_%281896-1957%29_and_Carl_Ferdinand_Cori.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3250" data-file-height="3970" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%92%82%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C" title="格蒂·科里">格蒂·科里</a>与她的丈夫<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%96%90%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C" title="卡尔·斐迪南·科里">卡尔·斐迪南·科里</a>在1947年共同获得<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E6%88%96%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔生理学或医学奖">诺贝尔生理学或医学奖</a>，然而，不是为他们发现的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="科里循環">科里循環</a>，而是表彰他们发现了催化转化<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F" title="糖原">糖原</a>的过程。</figcaption></figure> <p>在<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="尿素">尿素</a>被人工<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="化學合成">合成</a>之前，人们普遍认为非生命物质的科学法则不适用于生命体，并认为只有生命体能够产生构成生命体的分子（即<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="有机物">有机分子</a>）。直到1828年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="化学家">化学家</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%8B%92" title="弗里德里希·维勒">弗里德里希·维勒</a>成功合成了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="尿素">尿素</a>这一<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="有機物">有机分子</a>，证明了<a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="有機物">有机分子</a>也可以被人工合成。<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>生物化学研究起始于1833年，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安塞姆·佩恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anselme Payen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安塞姆·佩恩（页面不存在）">安塞姆·佩恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Payen" class="extiw" title="en:Anselme Payen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anselme Payen</span></a></span>）</span></span>发现了第一个<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a>，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89%E9%85%B6" title="淀粉酶">淀粉酶</a>。1896年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E5%B8%8C%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="爱德华·毕希纳">爱德华·毕希纳</a>阐释了一个复杂的生物化学进程：酵母细胞提取液中的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%99%E9%86%87%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="乙醇发酵">乙醇发酵</a>过程。“生物化学”（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AF%AD" title="德语">德语</a> Biochemie 从<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%85%8A%E8%AF%AD" title="希腊语">希腊语</a> biochēmeia）这一名词在1882年就已经有人使用；但直到1903年，当<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E5%9B%BD" title="德国">德国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="化学家">化学家</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡尔·纽伯格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carl Neuberg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%BD%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡尔·纽伯格（页面不存在）">卡尔·纽伯格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Neuberg" class="extiw" title="en:Carl Neuberg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carl Neuberg</span></a></span>）</span></span>使用后，“生物化学”这一词汇才被广泛接受。随后生物化学不断发展，特别是从20世纪中叶以来，随着各种新技术的出现，例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1" class="mw-redirect" title="色谱">色谱</a>、<a href="/wiki/X%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="X射线晶体学">X射线晶体学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF" title="核磁共振">核磁共振</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E4%BD%8D%E7%B4%A0%E6%A0%87%E8%AE%B0" title="同位素标记">放射性同位素标记</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%AD%90%E6%98%BE%E5%BE%AE%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="电子显微学">电子显微学</a>以及<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="分子动力学">分子动力学</a>模拟，生物化学有了极大的发展。这些技术使得研究许多生物分子结构和细胞<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E9%80%94%E5%BE%84" class="mw-redirect" title="代谢途径">代谢途径</a>，如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BE%A7%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" title="三羧酸循环">三羧酸循环</a>成为可能。 </p><p>另一个生物化学史上具有重要意义的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" title="历史">历史</a>事件是发现<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>和它在细胞中的传递遗传信息的作用；在生物化学中，与之相关的部分又常常被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a>。1950年代，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·沃森">詹姆斯·沃森</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="佛朗西斯·克里克">佛朗西斯·克里克</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E8%8E%8E%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E5%AF%8C%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97" title="羅莎琳·富蘭克林">羅莎琳·富蘭克林</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="莫里斯·威爾金斯">莫里斯·威爾金斯</a>共同参与解析了<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>双螺旋结构，并提出DNA与遗传信息传递之间的关系。<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>到了1958年，<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·韦尔斯·比德尔">乔治·韦尔斯·比德尔</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E7%89%B9%E5%A7%86" title="爱德华·劳里·塔特姆">爱德华·劳里·塔特姆</a>因为发现“一个基因产生一个酶”而获得该年度<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" class="mw-redirect" title="诺贝尔生理学和医学奖">诺贝尔生理学和医学奖</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>1988年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E5%A5%87%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B" title="科林·皮奇福克">科林·皮奇福克</a>成为第一个以<a href="/wiki/DNA%E6%8C%87%E7%B4%8B%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA指紋分析">DNA指紋分析</a>结果作为证据而被判刑的谋杀犯，DNA技术使得<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="法医学">法医学</a>得到了进一步发展。2006年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%8E%84" title="安德鲁·法厄">安德鲁·法厄</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B" title="克雷格·梅洛">克雷格·梅洛</a>因为发现<a href="/wiki/RNA%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0" title="RNA干扰">RNA干扰</a>现象对基因表达的<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%89%E9%BB%98%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沉默作用（页面不存在）">沉默作用</a>而获得<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔奖">诺贝尔奖</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>生物化学的三个主要分支：普通生物化学研究包括动植物中普遍存在的生化现象；植物生物化学主要研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%85%BB%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9" title="自养生物">自养生物</a>和其他植物的特定生化过程；而人类或医药生物化学则关注人类和人类疾病相关的生化性质。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="生物化学史上的里程碑"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E5.8C.96.E5.AD.A6.E5.8F.B2.E4.B8.8A.E7.9A.84.E9.87.8C.E7.A8.8B.E7.A2.91"></span>生物化学史上的里程碑</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：生物化学史上的里程碑"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Quintote_colony_counter.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quintote_colony_counter.jpg/220px-Quintote_colony_counter.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quintote_colony_counter.jpg/330px-Quintote_colony_counter.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/29/Quintote_colony_counter.jpg/440px-Quintote_colony_counter.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="2700" /></a><figcaption>細菌檢驗實驗室</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>1828年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%8B%92" title="弗里德里希·维勒">弗里德里希·维勒</a>从<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A1%E6%A9%9F%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="無機物">无机化合物</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B0%E5%8C%96%E9%93%B5" title="氰化铵">氰化铵</a>合成有机化合物<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E7%B4%A0" title="尿素">尿素</a></li> <li>1833年，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安塞姆·佩恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anselme Payen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安塞姆·佩恩（页面不存在）">安塞姆·佩恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anselme_Payen" class="extiw" title="en:Anselme Payen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anselme Payen</span></a></span>）</span></span>发现第一个<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89%E9%85%B6" title="淀粉酶">淀粉酶</a></li> <li>1865年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="孟德尔">孟德尔</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E8%B1%8C%E8%B1%86" title="豌豆">豌豆</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%B7%E7%A8%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="混種">杂交</a>实验和<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%9F%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="孟德尔定律">遗传定律</a>，即现在的<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E7%A6%BB%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="分离定律">分离定律</a>与<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="自由组合定律">自由组合定律</a>。</li> <li>1869年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE" class="mw-redirect" title="弗雷德里希·米歇爾">弗雷德里希·米歇爾</a>发现遗传物质<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B4%A0" title="核素">核素</a></li> <li>1877年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E4%BD%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%9B%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍佩·赛勒（页面不存在）">霍佩·赛勒</a>首次提出名词Biochemie，即英语中的Biochemistry</li> <li>1896年，<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%AF%95%E5%B8%8C%E7%BA%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="爱德华·毕希纳">爱德华·毕希纳</a>发现无细胞<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E9%85%B5" title="发酵">发酵</a></li> <li>1912年，<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF,F.G." class="mw-redirect" title="霍普金斯,F.G.">霍普金斯,F.G.</a>发现食物辅助因子——<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E7%94%9F%E7%B4%A0" title="维生素">维生素</a></li> <li>1926年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%9C%96%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="奧圖·瓦伯格">奧圖·瓦伯格</a>发现<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BC%E5%90%B8%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="呼吸作用">呼吸作用</a>关键<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a>——<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0%E6%B0%A7%E5%8C%96%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞色素氧化酶">细胞色素氧化酶</a></li> <li>1929年，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Gustav Embden" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gustav Embden"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gustav_Embden&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gustav Embden（页面不存在）">Gustav Embden</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Embden" class="extiw" title="en:Gustav Embden"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gustav Embden</span></a></span>）</span></span>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%82%81%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" title="奧托·邁爾霍夫">奧托·邁爾霍夫</a>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Jakub Parnas" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jakub Parnas"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jakub_Parnas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jakub Parnas（页面不存在）">Jakub Parnas</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jakub_Parnas" class="extiw" title="en:Jakub Parnas"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jakub Parnas</span></a></span>）</span></span>闡明<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a>作用机理</li> <li>1932年，<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="汉斯·阿道夫·克雷布斯">汉斯·阿道夫·克雷布斯</a>闡明<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A0%E6%AA%AC%E9%85%B8%E5%BE%AA%E7%8E%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="柠檬酸循环">柠檬酸循环</a></li> <li>1944年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C" title="奥斯瓦尔德·埃弗里">奥斯瓦尔德·埃弗里</a>，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="麦克林恩·麦克劳德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Maclyn McCarty"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%9E%97%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麦克林恩·麦克劳德（页面不存在）">麦克林恩·麦克劳德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maclyn_McCarty" class="extiw" title="en:Maclyn McCarty"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Maclyn McCarty</span></a></span>）</span></span>，<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科林·麦卡蒂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Colin Munro MacLeod"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%8D%A1%E8%92%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科林·麦卡蒂（页面不存在）">科林·麦卡蒂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin_Munro_MacLeod" class="extiw" title="en:Colin Munro MacLeod"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Colin Munro MacLeod</span></a></span>）</span></span>三人著名的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BA%E7%82%8E%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="肺炎球菌">肺炎球菌</a>实验证明<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>是细胞遗传信息的基本物质</li> <li>1953年，<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·沃森">詹姆斯·沃森</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="佛朗西斯·克里克">佛朗西斯·克里克</a>等人闡明<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a>三维结构</li> <li>2006年，<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E5%8E%84" title="安德鲁·法厄">安德鲁·法厄</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%B4%9B" title="克雷格·梅洛">克雷格·梅洛</a>获得了2006年诺贝尔奖，用于发现<a href="/wiki/RNA%E5%B9%B2%E6%89%B0" title="RNA干扰">RNA干扰</a>（RNAi）在<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E8%A1%A8%E7%8F%BE" title="基因表現">基因表現</a>沉默中的作用<sup id="cite_ref-Sen_2007_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sen_2007-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="醣类"><span id=".E9.86.A3.E7.B1.BB"></span>醣类</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：醣类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r70089473/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">碳水化合物</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Beta-D-Glucose.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Beta-D-Glucose.svg/220px-Beta-D-Glucose.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Beta-D-Glucose.svg/330px-Beta-D-Glucose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Beta-D-Glucose.svg/440px-Beta-D-Glucose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="318" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>，一种<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="单糖">单糖</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sucrose-inkscape.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sucrose-inkscape.svg/220px-Sucrose-inkscape.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sucrose-inkscape.svg/330px-Sucrose-inkscape.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Sucrose-inkscape.svg/440px-Sucrose-inkscape.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="434" data-file-height="205" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>（葡萄糖+<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96" title="果糖">果糖</a>）的分子结构，是一种<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="二糖">二糖</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Amylose_3Dprojection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amylose_3Dprojection.svg/220px-Amylose_3Dprojection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amylose_3Dprojection.svg/330px-Amylose_3Dprojection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Amylose_3Dprojection.svg/440px-Amylose_3Dprojection.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="325" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E9%93%BE%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" class="mw-redirect" title="直链淀粉">直链淀粉</a>，一种由成千上万单位的葡萄糖聚合而成的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖">多糖</a></div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%A3%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="醣类">醣类</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E9%86%A3%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="醣类">醣类</a>的作用包括能量储存和参与形成细胞中多种结构；糖也可以作为一种修饰方式连接到其他生物分子上，如连接到<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>上形成<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="糖蛋白">糖蛋白</a>。醣类是种类最丰富的生物分子，主要是因为连接方式的多样性。<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>是日常生活中最常见的糖类。糖类的生物化学研究内容主要包括糖在生物体内的组成和结构、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="糖代谢（页面不存在）">代谢</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B5%E8%A7%A3" title="糖酵解">糖酵解</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%BC%82%E7%94%9F" title="糖异生">糖异生</a>）、运输、储存、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F%E5%90%88%E6%88%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="糖原合成（页面不存在）">合成</a>以及与这些进程相关的调控。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="单醣"><span id=".E5.8D.95.E9.86.A3"></span>单醣</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：单醣"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%95%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="单糖">单醣</a>是最简单的糖类，它由<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>构成，通常比例为1:2:1（即可以用分子式C<sub><i>n</i></sub>H<sub>2<i>n</i></sub>O<sub><i>n</i></sub>来表示，其中3≤n≤7）。<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>是最重要的一种单醣，其他常见的单醣还有<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96" title="果糖">果糖</a>（水果中的甜味来源）。与单醣相比，一些醣类（特别是在<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%AE%E5%90%88%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="縮合反應">缩合</a>成为寡聚或多聚糖链后）的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B3" title="碳">碳</a>含量比相对降低，而<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2" title="氢">氢</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7" title="氧">氧</a>依然保持着2:1的比例。单醣可以被分为<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="醛糖">醛糖</a>（在链末端含有一个<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B" title="醛">醛</a>基，葡萄糖是这一类的代表）和<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="酮糖">酮糖</a>（含有一个<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE" title="酮">酮</a>基，果糖是这一类的代表）。<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="醛糖">醛糖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="酮糖">酮糖</a>都在链状和环状两种形式之间保持<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="化学平衡">平衡</a>。这是由于糖链上的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a>可以与<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="醛基">醛基</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="酮基">酮基</a>作用形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E7%BC%A9%E9%86%9B" title="半缩醛">半缩醛</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%B1%E4%BB%B7%E9%94%AE" title="共价键">共价</a>连接，构成环状结构。这就产生了五元环（<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%8B%E5%96%83%E7%B3%96" title="呋喃糖">呋喃糖</a>）和六元环（<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%A1%E5%96%83%E7%B3%96" title="吡喃糖">吡喃糖</a>）。单醣具有α和β两种<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E6%9E%84%E4%BD%93" class="mw-redirect" title="异构体">异构体</a>。<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="雙糖"><span id=".E9.9B.99.E7.B3.96"></span>雙糖</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：雙糖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>两个单糖分子可以通过<a href="/wiki/%E7%B8%AE%E5%90%88%E5%8F%8D%E6%87%89" title="縮合反應">缩合反应</a>脱去一分子水（故又称为“脱水反应”），通过<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9A%E9%94%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="醚键">醚键</a>（在糖类中被称为<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7%E9%94%AE" title="糖苷键">糖苷键</a>）结合在一起形成<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%99%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="雙糖">雙糖</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="逆反应">逆反应</a>也可以发生，用一分子水打开醚键，将雙糖分为两个单糖分子，这一反应又被称为“<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%A7%A3%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="水解反应">水解反应</a>”（可以被<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="糖苷酶">糖苷酶</a>所催化）。最为人所知的雙糖是<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>，是主要的食用糖类。<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>是由一分子<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>和一分子<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96" title="果糖">果糖</a>结合在一起形成的。另一个重要的雙糖是<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a>，它是由一分子<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>和一分子<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="半乳糖">半乳糖</a>生成的。人体不能产生足够分解<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E9%85%B6" title="乳糖酶">乳糖酶</a>（能够催化<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a>分解为<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="半乳糖">半乳糖</a>）就会导致<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96%E4%B8%8D%E8%80%90%E7%97%87" class="mw-redirect" title="乳糖不耐症">乳糖不耐症</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%B6%88%E5%8C%96%E4%B8%8D%E8%89%AF" title="消化不良">消化不良</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A6%E8%8A%BD%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="麦芽糖">麦芽糖</a>也是一种常见的雙糖。 </p><p>每一类单糖都具有还原末端（可以形成半缩醛的羟基）和非还原末端（不可以形成半缩醛的羟基）。如果还原末端被加上另一个糖分子，即还原末端与这个糖分子的一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a>缩合，成为<a href="/wiki/%E7%BC%A9%E9%86%9B" title="缩醛">缩醛</a>；这就使得单糖无法再形成链状的<a href="/wiki/%E9%86%9B%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="醛糖">醛糖</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%AE%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="酮糖">酮糖</a>，并且这一端变为非还原末端。<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a>在其<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>部分含有一个还原末端，而在其<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="半乳糖">半乳糖</a>部分则包含一个缩醛（与<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>部分C4位上的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%9F%E5%9F%BA" title="羟基">羟基</a>缩合而成）。<a href="/wiki/%E8%94%97%E7%B3%96" title="蔗糖">蔗糖</a>没有还原末端，因为其缩醛是由<a href="/wiki/%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%B3%96" title="葡萄糖">葡萄糖</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%9C%E7%B3%96" title="果糖">果糖</a>的两个还原末端缩合而成，而不像<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%B3%E7%B3%96" title="乳糖">乳糖</a>是一个还原末端和一个非还原末端缩合而成。书写糖链时是从非还原末端向还原末端，因此糖链也是有方向性或极性的。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="寡聚糖和多聚糖"><span id=".E5.AF.A1.E8.81.9A.E7.B3.96.E5.92.8C.E5.A4.9A.E8.81.9A.E7.B3.96"></span>寡聚糖和多聚糖</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：寡聚糖和多聚糖"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cellulose-2D-skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cellulose-2D-skeletal.svg/220px-Cellulose-2D-skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cellulose-2D-skeletal.svg/330px-Cellulose-2D-skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Cellulose-2D-skeletal.svg/440px-Cellulose-2D-skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1061" data-file-height="570" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素">纤维素</a>是由β-<small>D</small>-葡萄糖所形成的多聚糖。</figcaption></figure> <p>一些（3到6个）单糖分子结合在一起就可以形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%A1%E7%B3%96" class="mw-redirect" title="寡糖">寡聚糖</a>。寡聚糖常常被用作细胞表面标记或信号分子。<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>大量的单糖连接在一起就可以形成<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E7%B3%96" title="多糖">多聚糖</a>。多聚糖可以是线性单链，也可以具有分叉。最常见的多聚糖是<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F" title="糖原">糖原</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="淀粉">淀粉</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素">纤维素</a>，它们都是由许多的葡萄糖单体连接构成。 </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E5%8E%9F" title="糖原">糖原</a>（肝醣），动物性糖类，是人类和其他动物的能量储存分子；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B7%80%E7%B2%89" title="淀粉">淀粉</a>，植物中储存能量的糖类；</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A4%E7%BB%B4%E7%B4%A0" title="纤维素">纤维素</a>，由植物合成，是植物细胞壁的结构性成分，不能为人体所消化。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="利用糖类作为能量来源"><span id=".E5.88.A9.E7.94.A8.E7.B3.96.E7.B1.BB.E4.BD.9C.E4.B8.BA.E8.83.BD.E9.87.8F.E6.9D.A5.E6.BA.90"></span>利用糖类作为能量来源</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节：利用糖类作为能量来源"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B3%96%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="糖代谢（页面不存在）">糖代谢</a></div> <p>葡萄糖是生命体最主要的能量来源。例如，作为能量储存的多聚糖（如糖原和淀粉）和一些二糖（如蔗糖和乳糖）都以葡萄糖为主要组分。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="氨基酸和多肽"><span id=".E6.B0.A8.E5.9F.BA.E9.85.B8.E5.92.8C.E5.A4.9A.E8.82.BD"></span>氨基酸和多肽</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：氨基酸和多肽"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="多肽">多肽</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Amino_acids_1.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Amino_acids_1.png/350px-Amino_acids_1.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="93" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Amino_acids_1.png/525px-Amino_acids_1.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/82/Amino_acids_1.png 2x" data-file-width="696" data-file-height="184" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>在〈1〉中性条件，〈2〉生理条件，和〈3〉形成二肽时的结构图。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>是形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>的基本元件。每一种氨基酸都含有<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="氨基">氨基</a>端（-NH<sub>2</sub>）和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%A7%E5%9F%BA" title="羧基">羧基</a>端（-COOH），属于两性（可既带正电又带负电，即带有酸性又带有碱性）分子；其碳α原子上连接着侧链，而氨基端、羧基端和碳α原子则被称为主链（在蛋白质和多肽中）。氨基酸的特点主要由其侧链的化学性质的不同来表现。根据侧链化学性质的不同，氨基酸可以被分为带电氨基酸（如<a href="/wiki/%E7%B2%BE%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="精氨酸">精氨酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="谷氨酸">谷氨酸</a>）、极性氨基酸（如<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%9D%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="丝氨酸">丝氨酸</a>）、非极性氨基酸（如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%AF%E4%B8%99%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="苯丙氨酸">苯丙氨酸</a>）等。 </p><p>除了形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>，一些氨基酸自身或修饰后的形式就具有一定的生物学功能，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%B0%B7%E6%B0%A8%E9%85%B8" title="谷氨酸">谷氨酸</a>是一种重要的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E9%80%92%E8%B4%A8" title="神经递质">神经递质</a>。 </p><p>氨基酸之间是通过脱水反应所形成的<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E9%94%AE" title="肽键">肽键</a>来互相连接。一定数量（一般大于3小于30）的通过肽键线性连接在一起的氨基酸被称为<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%82%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="多肽">多肽</a>（更长的多肽链就被称为蛋白质）。<sup id="cite_ref-Lodish_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodish-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一些多肽在生物体内可以作为信号分子。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="蛋白质"><span id=".E8.9B.8B.E7.99.BD.E8.B4.A8"></span>蛋白质</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：蛋白质"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1GZX_Haemoglobin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/150px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/225px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/1GZX_Haemoglobin.png/300px-1GZX_Haemoglobin.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="血红蛋白">血红蛋白</a>结构图。红色和蓝色的飘带表示二聚体中的两个单体，绿色结构为<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%80%E7%BA%A2%E7%B4%A0" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="血红素">血红素</a>基团。</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="蛋白质">蛋白质</a>是由<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A8%E5%9F%BA%E9%85%B8" title="氨基酸">氨基酸</a>分子呈线性排列所形成，相邻氨基酸残基通过形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%BD%E9%94%AE" title="肽键">肽键</a>连接在一起。 </p><p>与其他生物分子相比，蛋白质的功能更为多样，涵盖了细胞生命活动的各个方面。<sup id="cite_ref-Lodish_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lodish-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>例如，最常见的蛋白质──<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6" title="酶">酶</a>，可以催化细胞内大多数的化学反应，特别是<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="代谢">代谢</a>方面的反应，可以将反应的速度提高最多达10<sup>17</sup>倍；<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>一些蛋白质可以发挥结构性作用，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="肌球蛋白">肌球蛋白</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%82%8C%E5%8A%A8%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" title="肌动蛋白">肌动蛋白</a>可以构成<a href="/wiki/%E9%AA%A8%E9%AA%BC%E8%82%8C" title="骨骼肌">骨骼肌</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E7%90%83%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD" class="mw-redirect" title="免疫球蛋白">免疫球蛋白</a>可以参与机体的免疫反应；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E8%BD%AC%E5%AF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="信号转导">细胞信号传导</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="细胞周期">细胞周期</a>控制也都是由一系列蛋白质来控制。 </p><p>蛋白质最大的特点之一是可以特异性地与其他各类分子，包括蛋白质分子结合；例如，酶与<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%95%E7%89%A9" title="底物">底物</a>的结合，抗体与抗原的结合。实际上，<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6%E8%81%94%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%90%B8%E9%99%84%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="酶联免疫吸附法">酶联免疫吸附法</a>（ELISA）就是利用抗体来检测大量不同的生物分子，因此具有极高的敏感性。而酶与底物结合的特异性和催化的高效性，使得它经常被改造以用于控制细胞的生化反应。 </p><p>蛋白质的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" title="蛋白质结构">结构</a>具有四个层次：<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%80%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="一级结构">一级结构</a>用于描述组成蛋白质多肽链的线性氨基酸序列；<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%8C%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="二级结构">二级结构</a>是依靠不同氨基酸之间的C=O和N-H基团间的<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A2%E9%94%AE" title="氢键">氢键</a>形成的稳定结构，如<a href="/wiki/%CE%91%E8%9E%BA%E6%97%8B" title="Α螺旋">α螺旋</a>和<a href="/wiki/%CE%92%E6%8A%98%E5%8F%A0" title="Β折叠">β折叠</a>；<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-redirect" title="三级结构">三级结构</a>为通过多个二级结构元素在三维空间的排列所形成的一个蛋白质分子的三维结构，是单个蛋白质分子的整体形状，常常可以用“折叠”一词来表示“三级结构”；<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%BA%A7%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84" class="mw-disambig" title="四级结构">四级结构</a>则用于描述由不同多肽链（<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E4%BA%9A%E5%9F%BA" title="蛋白质亚基">亚基</a>）间相互作用形成具有功能的<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B3%AA%E8%A4%87%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白質複合物">蛋白质复合物</a>分子的形态。 </p><p>蛋白质的生物化学研究内容广泛，包括蛋白质的结构、<a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" class="mw-redirect" title="蛋白质生物合成">合成</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E9%99%8D%E8%A7%A3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="蛋白质降解（页面不存在）">降解</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%A1%E5%8F%B7%E8%BD%AC%E5%AF%BC" class="mw-redirect" title="信号转导">信号转导</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%85%B6%E4%BF%83%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="酶促反应">酶促反应</a>等等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="脂类"><span id=".E8.84.82.E7.B1.BB"></span>脂类</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：脂类"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB" class="mw-redirect" title="脂类">脂类</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.svg/220px-Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.svg/330px-Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.svg/440px-Fat_triglyceride_shorthand_formula.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="790" data-file-height="215" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9%E4%B8%89%E9%85%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="甘油三酯">甘油三酯</a>的分子结构，左方的一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%98%E6%B2%B9" title="甘油">甘油</a>分子连接着三个<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a>分子</figcaption></figure> <p>脂类包含了种类繁多的分子，它们的共同特点是具有非水溶性或<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%9E%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="非极性">非极性</a>成分，包括<a href="/wiki/%E8%9C%A1" title="蜡">蜡</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="磷脂">磷脂</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E8%86%9C" title="细胞膜">细胞膜</a>的主要成分）、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82" title="鞘脂">鞘脂</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E8%84%82" title="糖脂">糖脂</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%9C%E7%B1%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="萜类化合物">萜类化合物</a>（如<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%BB%E8%A7%86%E8%89%B2%E7%B4%A0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="类视色素（页面不存在）">类视色素</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87" class="mw-redirect" title="类固醇">类固醇</a>）。一些脂类是线性<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="脂肪族">脂肪族</a>分子，而其他则具有环状结构，如<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%B3%E9%A6%99%E6%97%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="芳香族">芳香族</a>分子。一些脂类分子为刚性分子，而另一些则具有较大柔性。 </p><p>虽然整体来说，脂类分子是非极性的，但大多数脂类分子都含有部分<a href="/wiki/%E6%9E%81%E6%80%A7" title="极性">极性</a>特征。一般情况是这些分子结构的主体是非极性或<a href="/wiki/%E7%96%8F%E6%B0%B4%E6%80%A7" title="疏水性">疏水性</a>，这一部分就不能与水之类的极性溶剂作用；而它们结构中的另一部分为极性或<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%B2%E6%B0%B4%E6%80%A7" class="mw-redirect" title="亲水性">亲水性</a>，可以与水等极性溶剂作用。这就使得脂类成为同时具有疏水性和亲水性的<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A4%E4%BA%B2%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="两亲分子">两性分子</a>，这一特点也是磷脂能够形成双分子层细胞膜的原因。<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87" class="mw-redirect" title="胆固醇">胆固醇</a>中，极性基团只是一个羟基；而磷脂分子则有更大和极性更高的极性基团。 </p><p>脂类也是人们日常饮食中不可缺少的一部分。大多数的<a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E7%94%A8%E6%B2%B9" title="食用油">食用油</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%B6%E5%88%B6%E5%93%81" title="奶制品">奶制品</a>中都含有丰富的脂肪，<a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E6%B2%B9" title="植物油">植物油</a>中就含有多种<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E4%B8%8D%E9%A5%B1%E5%92%8C%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="多不饱和脂肪酸">多不饱和脂肪酸</a>。食物中的脂肪和脂类在人体中被消化降解为脂肪酸和甘油。 </p><p>脂类的生物化学研究内容包括它们的结构、定量方法、代谢、能量储存以及在细胞中的运输等。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="核酸"><span id=".E6.A0.B8.E9.85.B8"></span>核酸</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：核酸"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">主条目：<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核酸">核酸</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg/400px-Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg/600px-Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg/800px-Difference_DNA_RNA-ZH.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1371" data-file-height="1097" /></a><figcaption>DNA和RNA的组成与结构。左為<a href="/wiki/RNA" class="mw-redirect" title="RNA">RNA</a>，右為<a href="/wiki/DNA" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA">DNA</a></figcaption></figure> <p>核酸是一种由<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="核苷酸">核苷酸</a>构成的复杂的高分子量<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%A7%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="生物大分子">生物大分子</a>，用于生物体<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="遗传信息">遗传信息</a>的保存和传递，之所以被称为核酸是因为其主要存在于<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E6%A0%B8" title="细胞核">细胞核</a>中。<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>最普遍的核酸是<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="脱氧核糖核酸">脱氧核糖核酸</a>（DNA）和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="核糖核酸">核糖核酸</a>（RNA）。核酸存在于目前所有已发现的活细胞和<a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92" title="病毒">病毒</a>中。除了作为细胞的遗传物质，核酸也有其他多种生物学功能，如发挥<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BF%A1%E4%BD%BF" class="mw-redirect" title="第二信使">第二信使</a>的作用，为<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%89%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7" title="三磷酸腺苷">三磷酸腺苷</a>（生物体中最基本的能量携带分子）的合成提供磷酸基团，参与形成<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%85%E9%85%B6" title="辅酶">辅酶</a>，有些RNA分子（<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B6" title="核酶">核酶</a>）还可以发挥催化作用。<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>构成核酸的单体核苷酸本身是由三个部分组成：一个氮杂环<a href="/wiki/%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="碱基">碱基</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%8C%E5%91%A4" title="嘌呤">嘌呤</a>或<a href="/wiki/%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="嘧啶">嘧啶</a>），一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%8A%E7%B3%96" title="戊糖">戊糖</a>和一个<a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%B7%E9%85%B8" title="磷酸">磷酸</a>基团。不同类型的核酸具有不同的糖结构，如DNA含有的是2-<a href="/wiki/%E8%84%B1%E6%B0%A7%E6%A0%B8%E7%B3%96" title="脱氧核糖">脱氧核糖</a>。此外，碱基类型在不同的核酸中也有所不同，DNA和RNA都含有<a href="/wiki/%E8%85%BA%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="腺苷酸">腺苷酸</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%B8%9F%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="鸟苷酸">鸟苷酸</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9E%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胞嘧啶">胞嘧啶</a>，而<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%B8%E8%85%BA%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="胸腺嘧啶">胸腺嘧啶</a>只存在于DNA中，<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BF%E5%98%A7%E5%95%B6" title="尿嘧啶">尿嘧啶</a>只存在于RNA中。 </p><p>核酸的生物化学研究内容包括核酸结构，DNA的<a href="/wiki/DNA%E5%A4%8D%E5%88%B6" title="DNA复制">复制</a>、<a href="/wiki/DNA%E4%BF%AE%E5%A4%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="DNA修复">修复</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%BD%AC%E5%BD%95" title="转录">转录</a>，基因调控，以及RNA的<a href="/wiki/%E7%BF%BB%E8%AF%91_(%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6)" class="mw-redirect" title="翻译 (遗传学)">翻译</a>。 </p> <div style="clear:both;"></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="同其他“分子尺度”生物科学的关系"><span id=".E5.90.8C.E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E2.80.9C.E5.88.86.E5.AD.90.E5.B0.BA.E5.BA.A6.E2.80.9D.E7.94.9F.E7.89.A9.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.A6.E7.9A.84.E5.85.B3.E7.B3.BB"></span>同其他“分子尺度”生物科学的关系</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节：同其他“分子尺度”生物科学的关系"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%AE%80%E5%9B%BE.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%AE%80%E5%9B%BE.svg/250px-%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%AE%80%E5%9B%BE.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%AE%80%E5%9B%BE.svg/375px-%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%AE%80%E5%9B%BE.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%AE%80%E5%9B%BE.svg/500px-%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%81%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%92%8C%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%85%B3%E7%B3%BB%E7%AE%80%E5%9B%BE.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="906" data-file-height="875" /></a><figcaption>生物化学、遗传学和分子生物学关系简图</figcaption></figure> <p>生物化学的研究者们不仅应用生物化学特有的技术，而且越来越多地从<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a>的技术和思路中获得启迪，综合利用。因此，这些学科间越来越多地相互融合，不再有明确的分界线。而生物化学和分子生物学更是基本上相互结合在了一起。下图抽象地展示了对相关领域之间的相互关系一种可能的阐释： </p> <ul><li><b>生物化学</b>主要研究化学物质在生物体关键的生命进程中的作用。生物化学家主要关注生物分子的作用，功能和结构。生物过程背后的化学和生物活性分子的合成的研究是生物化学的例子。</li> <li><b>遗传学</b>主要研究生物体间遗传差异的影响。这些影响常常可以通过研究正常遗传组分（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0" title="基因">基因</a>）的缺失来<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%8E%A8%E6%96%AD" title="基因推断">推断</a>，如研究缺少了一个或多个正常功能性遗传组分的<a href="/wiki/%E7%AA%81%E5%8F%98%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="突变型">突变型</a>与正常<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E7%8E%B0%E5%9E%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="表现型">表现型</a>（又称为“<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8E%E7%94%9F%E5%9E%8B" title="野生型">野生型</a>”）之间的关系。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%9B%B8%E4%BA%92%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传相互作用（页面不存在）">遗传相互作用</a>（如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%82%E4%BD%8D%E6%98%BE%E6%80%A7" title="异位显性">异位显性</a>）经常会使像<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%95%B2%E9%99%A4" class="mw-redirect" title="基因敲除">基因敲除</a>这类研究的结果难以解释。<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a></div></li> <li><b>分子生物学</b>主要研究<a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8" class="mw-redirect" title="遗传物质">遗传物质</a>的复制、转录和翻译进程中的分子基础。<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E7%9A%84%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E6%B3%95%E5%89%87" class="mw-redirect" title="分子生物學的中心法則">分子生物学的中心法则</a>认为“DNA制造RNA，RNA制造蛋白质，蛋白质反过来协助前两项流程，并协助DNA自我复制”；虽然这一描述对分子生物学所涵盖的内容过于简单化（特别是RNA的新功能仍在不断发现中），但仍不失为了解这一领域的很好的起点。 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r85100532"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">参见：<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></div></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化学生物学</a></b>则注重于发展新的基于<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%8F%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="小分子">小分子</a>的工具，从而在只对生物学系统引入微小的干扰的情况下，对它们所发挥的功能提供更具体的信息。而且，化学生物学还利用生物学系统合成由生物分子和合成装置组成的非天然杂合物，例如利用空的病毒颗粒<a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A3%E5%A3%B3" title="衣壳">衣壳</a>来进行递送<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E6%B2%BB%E7%99%82" title="基因治療">治疗</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%A5%E5%93%81" title="藥品">藥品</a>分子。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节：参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" 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Science. 1995, <b>6</b> (267): 90–931. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7809611?dopt=Abstract">PMID 7809611</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=A+proficient+enzyme.&rft.au=Radzicka+A%2C+Wolfenden+R.&rft.date=1995&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=267&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.pages=90-931&rft.volume=6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation book">Goodsell, David S. The machinery of life. Springer. 1998: 20–22. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0387982736" title="Special:网络书源/0387982736"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0387982736</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rft.aulast=Goodsell&rft.btitle=The+machinery+of+life&rft.date=1998&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0387982736&rft.pages=20-22&rft.pub=Springer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation book">Coleman, William B.; Gregory J. Tsongalis, Lawrence M. Silverman. Molecular Diagnostics: For the Clinical Laboratorian. Humana Press. 2005: 13. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9781588293565" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-1-58829-356-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=William+B.&rft.aulast=Coleman&rft.btitle=Molecular+Diagnostics%3A+For+the+Clinical+Laboratorian&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Humana+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.med.unibs.it/~marchesi/nucleic.html">Chemistry of Nucleic Acids</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [2008年4月30日]</span>. （原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080916120750/http://www.med.unibs.it/~marchesi/nucleic.html">存档</a>于2008年9月16日）.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&rft.btitle=Chemistry+of+Nucleic+Acids&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.med.unibs.it%2F~marchesi%2Fnucleic.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation journal">Lilley D. Structure, folding and mechanisms of ribozymes. Curr Opin Struct Biol. 2005, <b>15</b> (3): 313–23. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15919196"><span title="公共医学识别码">PMID 15919196</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&rft.atitle=Structure%2C+folding+and+mechanisms+of+ribozymes&rft.au=Lilley+D&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Curr+Opin+Struct+Biol&rft.pages=313-23&rft.volume=15&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15919196&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="延伸阅读"><span id=".E5.BB.B6.E4.BC.B8.E9.98.85.E8.AF.BB"></span>延伸阅读</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节：延伸阅读"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation book">Campbell, Mary K.; Farrell, Shawn O. Biochemistry. Thomson Brooks. 2006. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780534405212" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-534-40521-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Mary+K.&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.btitle=Biochemistry&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Thomson+Brooks&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">引文使用过时参数<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">coauthors</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#deprecated_params" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation book">Kuchel, Philip W. Schaum's Outline of Theory and Problems of Biochemistry. McGraw-Hill Professional. 1997. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780070361492" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-07-036149-2</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Philip+W.&rft.aulast=Kuchel&rft.btitle=Schaum%27s+Outline+of+Theory+and+Problems+of+Biochemistry&rft.date=1997&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="中文">（中文）</span><cite class="citation book">王希成. 《生物化学》. 清华大学出版社. 2005年. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/7302117489" title="Special:网络书源/7302117489"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 7302117489</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&rft.au=%E7%8E%8B%E5%B8%8C%E6%88%90&rft.btitle=%E3%80%8A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E3%80%8B&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=7302117489&rft.pub=%E6%B8%85%E5%8D%8E%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%87%BA%E7%89%88%E7%A4%BE&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><cite class="citation book">Hunter, Graeme K. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vitalforcesdisco0000hunt">Vital Forces: The Discovery of the Molecular Basis of Life</a>. San Diego: Academic Press. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-12-361810-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-12-361810-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-12-361810-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&rft.aufirst=Graeme+K.&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.btitle=Vital+Forces%3A+The+Discovery+of+the+Molecular+Basis+of+Life&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-12-361810-X&rft.place=San+Diego&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvitalforcesdisco0000hunt&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="英語">（英文）</span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pnas.org/">Proceedings of National academy of Science of the United States of America</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190411041932/http://www.pnas.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）, ISSN 1091-6490 (electronic)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节：外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655520">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%B6%AD%E5%9F%BA%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8" title="維基教科書">維基教科書</a>中的相關電子教程：<b><a href="https://zh.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/生物化学">生物化学</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biochemweb.org/">The Virtual Library of Biochemistry and Cell Biology</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20071201135533/http://www.biochemweb.org/">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=stryer.TOC&depth=2">生物化学，第五版全文</a> （<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20060721031259/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/bv.fcgi?call=bv.View..ShowTOC&rid=stryer.TOC&depth=2">页面存档备份</a>，存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>），Berg，Tymoczko和Stryer编著，<a href="/wiki/NCBI" class="mw-redirect" title="NCBI">NCBI</a>。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080705164713/http://www.web.virginia.edu/Heidi/home.htm">生物化学，第二版全文</a>，Garrett和Grisham编著。</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.springer.com/protein-zone">The Protein Zone</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参见"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.A7.81"></span>参见</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节：参见"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portal plainlist tright" style="margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em;border:solid #aaa 1px"> <ul style="display:table;box-sizing:border-box;padding:0.1em;max-width:175px;background:var(--background-color-base,#f9f9f9);font-size:85%;line-height:110%;font-weight:bold"> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/28px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/42px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg/56px-Papapishu-Lab-icon-6.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:化学">化学主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/32px-TPI1_structure.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/48px-TPI1_structure.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/TPI1_structure.png/64px-TPI1_structure.png 2x" data-file-width="1452" data-file-height="914" /></span></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E4%B8%8E%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:分子与细胞生物学">分子与细胞生物学主题</a></span></li> <li style="display:table-row"><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Issoria_lathonia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/32px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg" decoding="async" width="32" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/48px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Issoria_lathonia.jpg/64px-Issoria_lathonia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="445" /></a></span></span><span style="display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle"><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">生物学主题</a></span></li></ul></div> <dl><dt>相关列表</dt></dl> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%A6%82%E8%BF%B0" title="生物化学概述">生物化学概述</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物化学家列表" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="List of biochemists"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物化学家列表（页面不存在）">生物化学家列表</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_biochemists" class="extiw" title="en:List of biochemists"><span lang="en" dir="auto">List of biochemists</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="生物分子列表">生物分子列表</a></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>相关条目</dt></dl> <div style="-moz-column-count:2; column-count:2;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="化学">化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机化学">有机化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%87%9F%E9%A4%8A%E7%94%9F%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="營養生化學（页面不存在）">營養生化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%BD%E5%8C%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="兽医学">兽医学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%89%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="代谢物">代谢物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="代谢物组学">代谢物组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="植物生理學">植物生理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="神经生理学">神经生理学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B2%BE%E7%A5%9E%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物精神病学（页面不存在）">生物精神病学</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="化学生态学（页面不存在）">化学生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="计算生物学">计算生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="结构生物学">结构生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a></li> 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href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E8%B4%A8%E7%A7%8D%E7%B1%BB" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物化学物质种类"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物化學物質種類索引" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生物化學物質</a><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2" title="Template:代谢">種類</a>索引</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖类">糖类</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_ hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%86%87" title="Template:醇">醇類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%A4%9A%E5%85%83%E9%86%87" title="Template:多元醇">糖醇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:糖蛋白类">醣蛋白</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B3%96%E8%8B%B7" title="Template:糖苷">苷</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:脂类">酯質</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_ hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%B1%BB%E8%8A%B1%E7%94%9F%E9%85%B8%E7%B1%BB" title="Template:类花生酸类">类花生酸类</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8" title="Template:脂肪酸">脂肪酸</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%84%82%E8%82%AA%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:脂肪酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Glycerides" title="Template:Glycerides">甘油酯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A3%B7%E8%84%82" title="Template:磷脂">磷脂</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%9E%98%E8%84%82" title="Template:鞘脂">鞘脂類</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%83%86%E5%9B%BA%E9%86%87%E4%B8%8E%E7%94%BE%E4%BD%93%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:胆固醇与甾体中间产物">胆固醇与甾体中间产物</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E9%85%B8" title="Template:核酸">核酸</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_ hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%A2%B1%E5%9F%BA%E3%80%81%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E5%92%8C%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8" title="Template:碱基、核苷和核苷酸">成分</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E6%A0%B8%E8%8B%B7%E9%85%B8%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E4%BA%A7%E7%89%A9" title="Template:核苷酸代谢中间产物">中間物</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8" title="Template:蛋白质">蛋白質</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-_ODDEVEN_ hlist" 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.navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em;width:auto;padding-left:0.2em;position:absolute;left:1em}.mw-parser-output .navbox .mw-collapsible-toggle{margin-left:0.5em;position:absolute;right:1em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="生物学" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background: #90EE90;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template:生物学"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Template talk:生物学"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:生物学"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="生物学" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="生物学">生物学</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">背景</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="生物学史">生物学史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of botany"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物学史（页面不存在）">植物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_botany" class="extiw" title="en:History of botany"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of botany</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="解剖学史">解剖学史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之前)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (through 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%89%8D)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之前)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之前)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(through_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (through 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (through 1859)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="动物学史 (1859年之后)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of zoology (since 1859)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2_(1859%E5%B9%B4%E4%B9%8B%E5%90%8E)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动物学史 (1859年之后)（页面不存在）">动物学史 (1859年之后)</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_zoology_(since_1859)" class="extiw" title="en:History of zoology (since 1859)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of zoology (since 1859)</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="植物分类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of plant systematics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="植物分类学史（页面不存在）">植物分类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_plant_systematics" class="extiw" title="en:History of plant systematics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of plant systematics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of paleontology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古生物学史（页面不存在）">古生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_paleontology" class="extiw" title="en:History of paleontology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of paleontology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生态学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of ecology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生态学史（页面不存在）">生态学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_ecology" class="extiw" title="en:History of ecology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of ecology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="模式生物史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of model organisms"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E5%BC%8F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模式生物史（页面不存在）">模式生物史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_model_organisms" class="extiw" title="en:History of model organisms"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of model organisms</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="藻类学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of phycology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%97%BB%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="藻类学史（页面不存在）">藻类学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_phycology" class="extiw" title="en:History of phycology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of phycology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="遗传学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of genetics"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遗传学史（页面不存在）">遗传学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_genetics" class="extiw" title="en:History of genetics"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of genetics</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%8E%86%E5%8F%B2" class="mw-redirect" title="生物化学的历史">生物化学的历史</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2" title="分子生物學史">分子生物學史</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="RNA生物学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of RNA biology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=RNA%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RNA生物学史（页面不存在）">RNA生物学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_RNA_biology" class="extiw" title="en:History of RNA biology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of RNA biology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="分子演化学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of molecular evolution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="分子演化学史（页面不存在）">分子演化学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_molecular_evolution" class="extiw" title="en:History of molecular evolution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of molecular evolution</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="免疫学史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Timeline of immunology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="免疫学史（页面不存在）">免疫学史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_immunology" class="extiw" title="en:Timeline of immunology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Timeline of immunology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物技术史" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="History of biotechnology"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物技术史（页面不存在）">生物技术史</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_biotechnology" class="extiw" title="en:History of biotechnology"><span lang="en" dir="auto">History of biotechnology</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0px 0px 0px 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/140px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="222" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/210px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg/280px-Tree_of_life_by_Haeckel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="2856" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">主領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="结构生物学">结构生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="糖生物学">糖生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%9B%8B%E7%99%BD%E8%B4%A8%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="蛋白质组学">蛋白质组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E5%9B%A0%E7%B5%84%E5%AD%B8" title="基因組學">基因組學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%84%82%E7%B1%BB%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="脂类组学">脂类组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A3%E8%B0%A2%E7%89%A9%E7%BB%84%E5%AD%A6" title="代谢物组学">代谢物组学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="系统生物学">系统生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞生物学">细胞生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">生理学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="植物生理學">植物生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生理学">動物生理學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E4%BD%93%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="人体生理学">人体生理学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E4%BF%A1%E6%81%AF%E5%AD%A6" title="生物信息学">生物資訊學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E7%96%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="免疫学">免疫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%82%E9%96%93%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="時間生物學">時間生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%99%BC%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="演化發育生物學">演化發育生物學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="演化生物学">演化生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="发育生物学">发育生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="分子遺傳學">分子遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%AD%A6" title="胚胎学">胚胎学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="古生物学">古生物学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A7%A3%E5%89%96%E5%AD%A6" title="解剖学">解剖学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="遗传学">遗传学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%86%E8%83%9E%E9%81%97%E4%BC%A0%E5%AD%A6" title="细胞遗传学">细胞遗传学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E8%A7%80%E9%81%BA%E5%82%B3%E5%AD%B8" title="表觀遺傳學">表觀遺傳學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%BB%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="神经科学">神经科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E7%BB%87%E5%AD%A6" title="组织学">组织学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B5%B1%E8%A8%88%E5%AD%B8" title="生物統計學">生物統計學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E7%B1%BB%E5%AD%A6" title="生物分类学">生物分类学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A4%8D%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="植物学">植物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="动物学">动物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E8%8F%8C%E5%AD%B8" title="真菌學">真菌學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%AE%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="微生物学">微生物学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%97%85%E6%AF%92%E5%AD%A6" title="病毒学">病毒学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%84%E7%94%9F%E8%99%AB%E5%AD%A6" title="寄生虫学">寄生虫学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E6%80%81%E5%AD%A6" title="生态学">生态学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="海洋生物学">海洋生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E9%AB%94%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="天體生物學">天體生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%81%E8%A1%8C%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6" title="流行病学">流行病学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #90EE90;;width:1%">跨領域</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E7%90%86%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="數理生物學">數理生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理学">生物物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="生物力学">生物力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="量子生物学">量子生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化學生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="合成生物学">合成生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="生物地理学">生物地理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E8%82%B2%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="保育生物學">保育生物學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%8E%E6%B8%A9%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="低温生物学">低温生物学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96" title="繁殖">繁殖</a> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="生物繁殖方式" data-lang-code="d" data-lang-name="維基數據" data-foreign-title="Q130077803"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%B9%81%E6%AE%96%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="生物繁殖方式（页面不存在）">生物繁殖方式</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">（<span class="ilh-lang">維基數據所列</span><span class="ilh-colon">：</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q130077803" class="extiw" title="d:Q130077803"><span lang="d" dir="auto">Q130077803</span></a></span>）</span></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background: #90EE90;"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="分类"><img alt="分类" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Category:生物学">分類</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="主题"><img alt="主题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Portal:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="Portal:生物学">主題</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Biology" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Biology">共享资源</a></b></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="专题"><img alt="专题" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/WikiProject:%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="WikiProject:生物學">專題</a></b></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="化學分支" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template:化学分支"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Template talk:化学分支"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%94%AF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:化学分支"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="化學分支" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學">化學</a>分支</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="生物分子列表">生物分子列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="无机化合物列表">无机化合物列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="有机化合物列表">有机化合物列表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E5%91%A8%E6%9C%9F%E8%A1%A8" title="元素周期表">元素周期表</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="分析化学">分析化学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%AA%E5%99%A8%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="仪器分析">仪器分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" class="mw-redirect" title="电化学分析">电化学分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="光谱学">光谱法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A2%E5%A4%96%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="红外光谱学">IR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC%E5%85%89%E8%AD%9C%E5%AD%B8" title="拉曼光譜學">Raman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%AB%E5%A4%96-%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%81%E5%88%86%E5%85%89%E5%85%89%E5%BA%A6%E6%B3%95" title="紫外-可见分光光度法">uv-vis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E7%A3%81%E5%85%B1%E6%8C%AF%E6%B3%A2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" class="mw-redirect" title="核磁共振波谱法">NMR</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="质谱法">质谱法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E5%AD%90%E9%9B%BB%E9%9B%A2" title="電子電離">EI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%84%9F%E8%80%A6%E5%90%88%E7%AD%89%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90%E4%BD%93%E8%B4%A8%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="电感耦合等离子体质谱法">ICP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%BA%E8%B4%A8%E8%BE%85%E5%8A%A9%E6%BF%80%E5%85%89%E8%A7%A3%E5%90%B8/%E7%94%B5%E7%A6%BB" title="基质辅助激光解吸/电离">MALDI</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="色谱法">色谱法</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%94%E7%9B%B8%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="气相色谱法">GC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E6%95%88%E6%B6%B2%E7%9B%B8%E8%89%B2%E8%B0%B1%E6%B3%95" title="高效液相色谱法">HPLC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E7%A7%92%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="飞秒化学">飞秒化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="晶体学">晶体学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E5%BE%81_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6)" title="表征 (化学)">表征</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理化学">物理化学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="电化学">电化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="热化学">热化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学热力学">化学热力学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%86%A0%E9%AB%94" title="膠體">胶体化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A1%A8%E9%9D%A2%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="表面科学">表面科学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E8%B0%B1%E5%AD%A6" title="光谱学">光谱学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="结构化学">结构化学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="晶体学">晶体学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="化学物理学">化学物理学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8A%A8%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="化学动力学">化学动力学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9E%E7%A7%92%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="飞秒化学">飞秒化学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="量子化学">量子化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="光化学">光化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="核化学">核化学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="无机化学">无机化学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%85%8D%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="配合物">配位化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="磁化学">磁化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E9%87%91%E5%B1%9E%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机金属化学">有机金属化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%97%A0%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物无机化学">生物无机化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%9C%89%E6%A9%9F%E9%87%91%E5%B1%AC%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="生物有機金屬化學">生物有機金屬化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E7%B0%87%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="原子簇化學">原子簇化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%99%B6%E4%BD%93%E5%AD%A6" title="晶体学">晶体学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="固体化学">固体化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%B6%E9%87%91%E5%AD%A6" title="冶金学">冶金学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="材料科学">材料科学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="有机化学">有机化学</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">生物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物有机化学">生物有机化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8" title="化學生物學">化學生物學</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E6%AD%A3%E4%BA%A4%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物正交化学">生物正交化学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B4%E5%BA%8A%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="临床化学">临床化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E7%B6%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="神經化學">神經化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="生物物理化学">生物物理化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6" title="分子生物学">分子生物学</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AB%8B%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="立体化学">立体化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="物理有机化学">物理有机化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%89%E6%9C%BA%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="有机反应">有机反应</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%86%E5%90%88%E6%88%90%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="逆合成分析">逆合成分析</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%AF%B9%E7%A7%B0%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="不对称合成">不对称合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%A8%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="全合成">全合成</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%8A%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="半合成">半合成</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8D%AF%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="药物化学">药物化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AF%8C%E5%8B%92%E7%83%AF%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="富勒烯化学">富勒烯化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AB%98%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="高分子化学">高分子化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="石油化学">石油化学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他化學</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%B8%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="核化学">核化学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E9%8C%92%E7%B3%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="錒系化學">錒系化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="放射化学">放射化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%90%E5%B0%84%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="辐射化学">辐射化学</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A9%E4%BD%93%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="天体化学">天体化学</a> / <a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="宇宙化學">宇宙化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="地球化学">地球化学</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="环境化学">环境化学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="大气化学">大气化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="海洋化學">海洋化學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%85%A4%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="煤化学">煤化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%B3%E6%B2%B9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="石油化学">石油化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A3%9F%E5%93%81%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="食品化學">食品化學</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%B2%E6%A5%AD%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="農業化學">農業化學</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E8%82%B2" title="化学教育">化学教育</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="法化学">法化学</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%B3%E7%B1%B3%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="纳米化学">纳米化学</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B6%85%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="超分子化學">超分子化學</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="化学合成">化学合成</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%BF%E8%89%B2%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="绿色化学">绿色化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%82%B9%E5%87%BB%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="点击化学">点击化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="组合化学">组合化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%90%88%E6%88%90" title="生物合成">生物合成</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="计算化学">计算化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="理论化学">理论化学</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%BF%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="湿化学">湿化学</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">参阅</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="化学史">化学史</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化学年表">化学年表</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0%E7%99%BC%E7%8F%BE%E5%B9%B4%E8%A1%A8" title="化學元素發現年表">元素发现史</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%BA%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%A5%96" title="诺贝尔化学奖">诺贝尔化学奖</a></li> <li>“<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%BF%83%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="中心科學">中心科學</a>”</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94" title="化学反应">化学反应</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%82%AC%E5%8C%96" title="催化">催化</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%85%83%E7%B4%A0" title="化學元素">化學元素</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%90%88%E7%89%A9" title="化合物">化合物</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子">分子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A6%BB%E5%AD%90" title="离子">离子</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E9%94%AE" title="化学键">化学键</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span 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