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class="mw-body-content"><script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Volcanic" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Volcano_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Volcano (disambiguation)">Volcano (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Volcanic (disambiguation)">Volcanic (disambiguation)</a>.</div> A volcano is a rupture in the <a href="/wiki/Crust_(geology)" title="Crust (geology)">crust</a> of a <a href="/wiki/Planetary-mass_object" title="Planetary-mass object">planetary-mass object</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Earth" title="Earth">Earth</a>, that allows hot <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">volcanic ash</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">gases</a> to escape from a <a href="/wiki/Magma_chamber" title="Magma chamber">magma chamber</a> below the surface. The process that forms volcanoes is called <a href="/wiki/Volcanism" title="Volcanism">volcanism</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Augustine_volcano_Jan_24_2006_-_Cyrus_Read.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Augustine_volcano_Jan_24_2006_-_Cyrus_Read.jpg/300px-Augustine_volcano_Jan_24_2006_-_Cyrus_Read.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Augustine_volcano_Jan_24_2006_-_Cyrus_Read.jpg/450px-Augustine_volcano_Jan_24_2006_-_Cyrus_Read.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/Augustine_volcano_Jan_24_2006_-_Cyrus_Read.jpg/600px-Augustine_volcano_Jan_24_2006_-_Cyrus_Read.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448"></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Augustine_Volcano" title="Augustine Volcano">Augustine Volcano</a> (Alaska) during its eruptive phase on January 24, 2006</figcaption></figure> On Earth, volcanoes are most often found where <a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a> are <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">diverging</a> or <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">converging</a>, and because most of Earth's plate boundaries are underwater, most volcanoes are found underwater. For example, a <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridge</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mid-Atlantic_Ridge" title="Mid-Atlantic Ridge">Mid-Atlantic Ridge</a>, has volcanoes caused by divergent tectonic plates whereas the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a> has volcanoes caused by convergent tectonic plates. Volcanoes can also form where there is stretching and thinning of the crust's plates, such as in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wells_Gray-Clearwater_volcanic_field" title="Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field">Wells Gray-Clearwater volcanic field</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Rio_Grande_rift" title="Rio Grande rift">Rio Grande rift</a> in North America. Volcanism away from plate boundaries has been postulated to arise from upwelling <a href="/wiki/Diapir" title="Diapir">diapirs</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Core%E2%80%93mantle_boundary" title="Core–mantle boundary">core–mantle boundary</a>, 3,000 kilometres (1,900 mi) deep within Earth. This results in <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">hotspot volcanism</a>, of which the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_hotspot" class="mw-redirect" title="Hawaiian hotspot">Hawaiian hotspot</a> is an example. Volcanoes are usually not created where two tectonic plates slide past one another. Large eruptions can affect atmospheric temperature as ash and droplets of <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> obscure the Sun and cool Earth's <a href="/wiki/Troposphere" title="Troposphere">troposphere</a>. Historically, large volcanic eruptions have been followed by <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">volcanic winters</a> which have caused catastrophic famines.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> Other planets besides Earth have volcanoes. For example, volcanoes are very numerous on Venus.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Mars has significant volcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> In 2009, a paper was published suggesting a new definition for the word 'volcano' that includes processes such as <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryovolcanism">cryovolcanism</a>. It suggested that a volcano be defined as 'an opening on a planet or moon's surface from which <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>, as defined for that body, and/or magmatic gas is erupted.'<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> This article mainly covers volcanoes on Earth. See <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Volcanoes_on_other_celestial_bodies">§ Volcanoes on other celestial bodies</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">cryovolcano</a> for more information. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Etymology">1 Etymology</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Plate_tectonics">2 Plate tectonics</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Divergent_plate_boundaries">2.1 Divergent plate boundaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Convergent_plate_boundaries">2.2 Convergent plate boundaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Hotspots">2.3 Hotspots</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Continental_rifting">2.4 Continental rifting</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Volcanic_features">3 Volcanic features</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Fissure_vents">3.1 Fissure vents</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Shield_volcanoes">3.2 Shield volcanoes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Lava_domes">3.3 Lava domes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Cryptodomes">3.4 Cryptodomes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Cinder_cones">3.5 Cinder cones</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Stratovolcanoes_(composite_volcanoes)">3.6 Stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Supervolcanoes">3.7 Supervolcanoes</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#Caldera_volcanoes">3.7.1 Caldera volcanoes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Submarine_volcanoes">3.8 Submarine volcanoes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Subglacial_volcanoes">3.9 Subglacial volcanoes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Mud_volcanoes">3.10 Mud volcanoes</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Erupted_material">4 Erupted material</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-20"><a href="#Volcanic_gases">4.1 Volcanic gases</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#Lava_flows">4.2 Lava flows</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Tephra">4.3 Tephra</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Dissection">4.4 Dissection</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-24"><a href="#Types_of_volcanic_eruptions">5 Types of volcanic eruptions</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-25"><a href="#Volcanic_activity">6 Volcanic activity</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-26"><a href="#Erupting">6.1 Erupting</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-27"><a href="#Active">6.2 Active</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Dormant_and_reactivated">6.3 Dormant and reactivated</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Extinct">6.4 Extinct</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Volcanic-alert_level">6.5 Volcanic-alert level</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#Decade_volcanoes">7 Decade volcanoes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#Volcanoes_and_humans">8 Volcanoes and humans</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-33"><a href="#Hazards">8.1 Hazards</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-34"><a href="#Benefits">8.2 Benefits</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-35"><a href="#Safety_considerations">8.3 Safety considerations</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-36"><a href="#Volcanoes_on_other_celestial_bodies">9 Volcanoes on other celestial bodies</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-37"><a href="#History_of_volcano_understanding">10 History of volcano understanding</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-38"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-39"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-40"><a href="#Further_reading">13 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-41"><a href="#External_links">14 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> The word volcano is derived from the name of <a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Vulcano</a>, a volcanic island in the <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Islands" title="Aeolian Islands">Aeolian Islands</a> of Italy whose name in turn comes from <a href="/wiki/Vulcan_(mythology)" title="Vulcan (mythology)">Vulcan</a>, the god of fire in <a href="/wiki/Roman_mythology" title="Roman mythology">Roman mythology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The study of volcanoes is called <a href="/wiki/Volcanology" title="Volcanology">volcanology</a>, sometimes spelled vulcanology.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Plate_tectonics">Plate tectonics</h2></div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Plate_tectonics" title="Plate tectonics">Plate tectonics</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/400px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4995" data-file-height="2510"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 400px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/400px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png" data-width="400" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/600px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg/800px-Spreading_ridges_volcanoes_map-en.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Map showing the divergent plate boundaries (oceanic spreading ridges) and recent sub-aerial volcanoes (mostly at convergent boundaries)</figcaption></figure> According to the theory of plate tectonics, Earth's <a href="/wiki/Lithosphere" title="Lithosphere">lithosphere</a>, its rigid outer shell, is broken into sixteen larger and several smaller plates. These are in slow motion, due to <a href="/wiki/Convection" title="Convection">convection</a> in the underlying ductile <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_mantle" title="Earth's mantle">mantle</a>, and most volcanic activity on Earth takes place along plate boundaries, where plates are converging (and lithosphere is being destroyed) or are diverging (and new lithosphere is being created).<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> During the development of geological theory, certain concepts that allowed the grouping of volcanoes in time, place, structure and composition have developed that ultimately have had to be explained in the theory of plate tectonics. For example, some volcanoes are <a href="/wiki/Polygenetic_volcanic_field" title="Polygenetic volcanic field">polygenetic</a> with more than one period of activity during their history; other volcanoes that become extinct after erupting exactly once are <a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field" title="Monogenetic volcanic field">monogenetic</a> (meaning "one life") and such volcanoes are often grouped together in a geographical region.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Divergent_plate_boundaries">Divergent plate boundaries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Divergent_boundary" title="Divergent boundary">Divergent boundary</a></div> At the <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a>, two <a href="/wiki/List_of_tectonic_plates" title="List of tectonic plates">tectonic plates</a> diverge from one another as hot mantle rock creeps upwards beneath the thinned <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic crust</a>. The decrease of pressure in the rising mantle rock leads to <a href="/wiki/Adiabatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Adiabatic">adiabatic</a> expansion and the <a href="/wiki/Partial_melting" title="Partial melting">partial melting</a> of the rock, causing volcanism and creating new oceanic crust. Most <a href="/wiki/Divergent_plate_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Divergent plate boundaries">divergent plate boundaries</a> are at the bottom of the oceans, and so most volcanic activity on Earth is submarine, forming new <a href="/wiki/Seafloor" class="mw-redirect" title="Seafloor">seafloor</a>. <a href="/wiki/Black_smoker" class="mw-redirect" title="Black smoker">Black smokers</a> (also known as deep sea vents) are evidence of this kind of volcanic activity. Where the mid-oceanic ridge is above sea level, volcanic islands are formed, such as <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200317%E2%80%9318,_276-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Convergent_plate_boundaries">Convergent plate boundaries</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundary" title="Convergent boundary">Convergent boundary</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Subduction" title="Subduction">Subduction</a> zones are places where two plates, usually an oceanic plate and a continental plate, collide. The oceanic plate subducts (dives beneath the continental plate), forming a deep ocean trench just offshore. In a process called <a href="/wiki/Flux_melting" title="Flux melting">flux melting</a>, water released from the subducting plate lowers the melting temperature of the overlying mantle wedge, thus creating <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a>. This magma tends to be extremely <a href="/wiki/Viscous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscous">viscous</a> because of its high <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> content, so it often does not reach the surface but <a href="/wiki/Igneous_intrusion" title="Igneous intrusion">cools and solidifies at depth</a>. When it does reach the surface, however, a volcano is formed. Thus subduction zones are bordered by chains of volcanoes called <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_arc" title="Volcanic arc">volcanic arcs</a>. Typical examples are the volcanoes in the Pacific <a href="/wiki/Ring_of_Fire" title="Ring of Fire">Ring of Fire</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Cascade_Volcanoes" title="Cascade Volcanoes">Cascade Volcanoes</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Archipelago" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Archipelago">Japanese Archipelago</a>, or the eastern islands of <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200318,_113%E2%80%93126-10">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hotspots">Hotspots</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">Hotspot (geology)</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Hotspot_(geology)" title="Hotspot (geology)">Hotspots</a> are volcanic areas thought to be formed by <a href="/wiki/Mantle_plume" title="Mantle plume">mantle plumes</a>, which are hypothesized to be columns of hot material rising from the core-mantle boundary. As with mid-ocean ridges, the rising mantle rock experiences decompression melting which generates large volumes of magma. Because tectonic plates move across mantle plumes, each volcano becomes inactive as it drifts off the plume, and new volcanoes are created where the plate advances over the plume. The <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a> are thought to have been formed in such a manner, as has the <a href="/wiki/Snake_River_Plain" title="Snake River Plain">Snake River Plain</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera" title="Yellowstone Caldera">Yellowstone Caldera</a> being part of the North American plate currently above the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_hotspot" title="Yellowstone hotspot">Yellowstone hotspot</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke200318,_106%E2%80%93107-11">[11]</a> However, the mantle plume hypothesis has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-Foulger-12">[12]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continental_rifting">Continental rifting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rift" title="Rift">Rift</a></div> Sustained upwelling of hot mantle rock can develop under the interior of a continent and lead to rifting. Early stages of rifting are characterized by <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a> and may progress to the point where a tectonic plate is completely split.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003108%E2%80%93110-14">[14]</a> A divergent plate boundary then develops between the two halves of the split plate. However, rifting often fails to completely split the continental lithosphere (such as in an <a href="/wiki/Aulacogen" title="Aulacogen">aulacogen</a>), and failed rifts are characterized by volcanoes that erupt unusual <a href="/wiki/Alkaline_magma_series" title="Alkaline magma series">alkali lava</a> or <a href="/wiki/Carbonatite" title="Carbonatite">carbonatites</a>. Examples include the volcanoes of the <a href="/wiki/East_African_Rift" title="East African Rift">East African Rift</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009390%E2%80%93394,_396%E2%80%93397-15">[15]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Volcanic_features">Volcanic features</h2></div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of volcanoes">Types of volcanoes</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/220px--007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="24" data-mwtitle="007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hrútur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="3840" data-height="2160"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/53/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm/007_Volcano_eruption_of_Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_in_Iceland_in_2023_Video_by_Giles_Laurent.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Video of lava agitating and bubbling in the volcanic eruption of Litli-Hrútur (<a href="/wiki/Fagradalsfjall" title="Fagradalsfjall">Fagradalsfjall</a>), Iceland, 2023</figcaption></figure> A volcano needs a reservoir of molten magma (e.g. a magma chamber), a conduit to allow magma to rise through the crust, and a vent to allow the magma to escape above the surface as lava.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Anat-16">[16]</a> The erupted volcanic material (lava and tephra) that is deposited around the vent is known as a <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238216509">.mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#b1d2ff}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .vanchor>:target~.vanchor-text{background-color:#0f4dc9}}</style>volcanic edifice, typically a volcanic cone or mountain.<a href="#cite_note-NPS-Anat-16">[16]</a> The most common perception of a volcano is of a <a href="/wiki/Conical" class="mw-redirect" title="Conical">conical</a> mountain, spewing <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> and poisonous <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">gases</a> from a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">crater</a> at its summit; however, this describes just one of the many types of volcano. The features of volcanoes are varied. The structure and behaviour of volcanoes depend on several factors. Some volcanoes have rugged peaks formed by <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">lava domes</a> rather than a summit crater while others have <a href="/wiki/Landscape" title="Landscape">landscape</a> features such as massive <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateaus</a>. Vents that issue volcanic material (including lava and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">ash</a>) and gases (mainly steam and magmatic gases) can develop anywhere on the <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landform</a> and may give rise to smaller cones such as <a href="/wiki/Pu%27u_%27%C5%8C%27%C5%8D" class="mw-redirect" title="Pu'u 'Ō'ō">Puʻu ʻŌʻō</a> on a flank of <a href="/wiki/K%C4%ABlauea" title="Kīlauea">Kīlauea</a> in Hawaii. <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_crater" title="Volcanic crater">Volcanic craters</a> are not always at the top of a mountain or hill and may be filled with lakes such as with <a href="/wiki/Lake_Taup%C5%8D" title="Lake Taupō">Lake Taupō</a> in New Zealand. Some volcanoes can be low-relief landform features, with the potential to be hard to recognize as such and be obscured by geological processes. Other types of volcano include <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">cryovolcanoes</a> (or ice volcanoes), particularly on some moons of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">mud volcanoes</a>, which are structures often not associated with known magmatic activity. Active mud volcanoes tend to involve temperatures much lower than those of <a href="/wiki/Igneous" class="mw-redirect" title="Igneous">igneous</a> volcanoes except when the mud volcano is actually a vent of an igneous volcano. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fissure_vents">Fissure vents</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fissure_vent" title="Fissure vent">Fissure vent</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg/220px-Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg/220px-Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg/330px-Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg/440px-Lakagigar_Iceland_2004-07-01.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Laki" title="Laki">Lakagigar</a> fissure vent in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, the source of the <a href="/wiki/Laki#Consequences_in_Iceland" title="Laki">major world climate alteration of 1783–84</a>, has a chain of volcanic cones along its length.</figcaption></figure> Volcanic fissure vents are flat, linear fractures through which <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a> emerges. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shield_volcanoes">Shield volcanoes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcano" title="Shield volcano">Shield volcano</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg/220px-Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="742" data-file-height="458"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 136px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg/220px-Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="136" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg/330px-Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg/440px-Skjaldbreidur_Herbst_2004.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Skjaldbrei%C3%B0ur" title="Skjaldbreiður">Skjaldbreiður</a>, a shield volcano whose name means "broad shield"</figcaption></figure> Shield volcanoes, so named for their broad, shield-like profiles, are formed by the eruption of low-viscosity lava that can flow a great distance from a vent. They generally do not explode catastrophically but are characterized by relatively gentle <a href="/wiki/Effusive_eruption" title="Effusive eruption">effusive eruptions</a>. Since low-viscosity magma is typically low in silica, shield volcanoes are more common in oceanic than continental settings. The Hawaiian volcanic chain is a series of shield cones, and they are common in <a href="/wiki/Iceland" title="Iceland">Iceland</a>, as well. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lava_domes">Lava domes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lava_dome" title="Lava dome">Lava dome</a></div> Lava domes are built by slow eruptions of highly viscous lava. They are sometimes formed within the crater of a previous volcanic eruption, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Mount_St._Helens" title="Mount St. Helens">Mount St. Helens</a>, but can also form independently, as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a>. Like stratovolcanoes, they can produce violent, explosive eruptions, but the lava generally does not flow far from the originating vent. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cryptodomes">Cryptodomes</h3></div> Cryptodomes are formed when viscous lava is forced upward causing the surface to bulge. The <a href="/wiki/1980_eruption_of_Mount_St._Helens" title="1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens">1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens</a> was an example; lava beneath the surface of the mountain created an upward bulge, which later collapsed down the north side of the mountain. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinder_cones">Cinder cones</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_cone" title="Volcanic cone">volcanic cone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cinder_cone" title="Cinder cone">Cinder cone</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Izalco_Volcano.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Izalco_Volcano.jpg/220px-Izalco_Volcano.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Izalco_Volcano.jpg/220px-Izalco_Volcano.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Izalco_Volcano.jpg/330px-Izalco_Volcano.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Izalco_Volcano.jpg/440px-Izalco_Volcano.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Izalco_(volcano)" title="Izalco (volcano)">Izalco volcano</a>, the youngest volcano in El Salvador. Izalco erupted almost continuously from 1770 (when it formed) to 1958, earning it the nickname of "Lighthouse of the Pacific".</figcaption></figure> Cinder cones result from eruptions of mostly small pieces of <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_rock" title="Pyroclastic rock">pyroclastics</a> (both resemble cinders, hence the name of this volcano type) that build up around the vent. These can be relatively short-lived eruptions that produce a cone-shaped hill perhaps 30 to 400 metres (100 to 1,300 ft) high. Most cinder cones erupt only once and some may be found in <a href="/wiki/Monogenetic_volcanic_field" title="Monogenetic volcanic field">monogenetic volcanic fields</a> that may include other features that form when magma comes into contact with water such as <a href="/wiki/Maar" title="Maar">maar</a> explosion craters and <a href="/wiki/Tuff_ring" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuff ring">tuff rings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Thomas2000-17">[17]</a> Cinder cones may form as <a href="/wiki/Parasitic_cone" title="Parasitic cone">flank vents</a> on larger volcanoes, or occur on their own. <a href="/wiki/Par%C3%ADcutin" title="Parícutin">Parícutin</a> in Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Sunset_Crater" title="Sunset Crater">Sunset Crater</a> in <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a> are examples of cinder cones. In <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Caja_del_Rio" title="Caja del Rio">Caja del Rio</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_field" title="Volcanic field">volcanic field</a> of over 60 cinder cones. Based on satellite images, it has been suggested that cinder cones might occur on other terrestrial bodies in the Solar system too; on the surface of Mars and the Moon.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ulysses-20">[20]</a><a href="#cite_note-mesic-21">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stratovolcanoes_(composite_volcanoes)">Stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes)</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcano_scheme.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volcano_scheme.svg/310px-Volcano_scheme.svg.png" decoding="async" width="310" height="324" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1099" data-file-height="1149"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 310px;height: 324px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volcano_scheme.svg/310px-Volcano_scheme.svg.png" data-width="310" data-height="324" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volcano_scheme.svg/465px-Volcano_scheme.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Volcano_scheme.svg/620px-Volcano_scheme.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Cross-section through a <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">stratovolcano</a> (vertical scale is exaggerated): <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"><div><ol><li>Large magma chamber</li><li>Bedrock</li><li>Conduit (pipe)</li><li>Base</li><li>Sill</li><li>Dike</li><li>Layers of ash emitted by the volcano</li><li>Flank</li><li>Layers of lava emitted by the volcano</li><li>Throat</li><li>Parasitic cone</li><li>Lava flow</li><li>Vent</li><li>Crater</li><li>Ash cloud</li></ol></div></div></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Stratovolcano" title="Stratovolcano">Stratovolcano</a></div> Stratovolcanoes (composite volcanoes) are tall conical mountains composed of lava flows and <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> in alternate layers, the <a href="/wiki/Strata" class="mw-redirect" title="Strata">strata</a> that gives rise to the name. They are also known as composite volcanoes because they are created from multiple structures during different kinds of eruptions. Classic examples include <a href="/wiki/Mount_Fuji" title="Mount Fuji">Mount Fuji</a> in Japan, <a href="/wiki/Mayon_Volcano" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayon Volcano">Mayon Volcano</a> in the Philippines, and <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a> in Italy. <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_ash" title="Volcanic ash">Ash</a> produced by the <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruption</a> of stratovolcanoes has <a href="/wiki/Recorded_history" title="Recorded history">historically</a> posed the greatest volcanic hazard to civilizations. The lavas of stratovolcanoes are higher in silica, and therefore much more viscous, than lavas from shield volcanoes. High-silica lavas also tend to contain more dissolved gas. The combination is deadly, promoting <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruptions</a> that produce great quantities of ash, as well as <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_surge" title="Pyroclastic surge">pyroclastic surges</a> like the one that destroyed the city of Saint-Pierre in Martinique in 1902. They are also steeper than shield volcanoes, with slopes of 30–35° compared to slopes of generally 5–10°, and their loose <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">tephra</a> are material for dangerous <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> Large pieces of tephra are called <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_bomb" title="Volcanic bomb">volcanic bombs</a>. Big bombs can measure more than 1.2 metres (4 ft) across and weigh several tons.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supervolcanoes">Supervolcanoes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supervolcano" title="Supervolcano">Supervolcano</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_volcanic_eruptions" title="List of largest volcanic eruptions">List of largest volcanic eruptions</a></div> A supervolcano is defined as a volcano that has experienced one or more eruptions that produced over 1,000 cubic kilometres (240 cu mi) of volcanic deposits in a single explosive event.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Such eruptions occur when a very large magma chamber full of gas-rich, silicic magma is emptied in a catastrophic <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">caldera</a>-forming eruption. Ash flow <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuffs</a> emplaced by such eruptions are the only volcanic product with volumes rivalling those of <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200977-25">[25]</a> Supervolcano eruptions, while the most dangerous type, are very rare; <a href="/wiki/Supervolcano#Known_super_eruptions" title="Supervolcano">four are known from the last million years</a>, and about 60 historical VEI 8 eruptions have been identified in the geologic record over millions of years. A supervolcano can produce devastation on a continental scale, and severely cool global temperatures for many years after the eruption due to the huge volumes of <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> and ash released into the atmosphere. Because of the enormous area they cover, and subsequent concealment under vegetation and glacial deposits, supervolcanoes can be difficult to identify in the geologic record without careful <a href="/wiki/Geologic_map" title="Geologic map">geologic mapping</a>.<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> Known examples include <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera" title="Yellowstone Caldera">Yellowstone Caldera</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_National_Park" title="Yellowstone National Park">Yellowstone National Park</a> and <a href="/wiki/Valles_Caldera" title="Valles Caldera">Valles Caldera</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a> (both western United States); <a href="/wiki/Lake_Taup%C5%8D" title="Lake Taupō">Lake Taupō</a> in New Zealand; <a href="/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba">Lake Toba</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sumatra" title="Sumatra">Sumatra</a>, Indonesia; and <a href="/wiki/Ngorongoro_Crater" class="mw-redirect" title="Ngorongoro Crater">Ngorongoro Crater</a> in Tanzania. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Caldera_volcanoes">Caldera volcanoes</h4></div> Volcanoes that, though large, are not large enough to be called supervolcanoes, may also form calderas in the same way; they are often described as "caldera volcanoes".<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Submarine_volcanoes">Submarine volcanoes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Submarine_volcano" title="Submarine volcano">Submarine volcano</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Subaqueous_volcano" title="Subaqueous volcano">Subaqueous volcano</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif/220px-Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="850"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif/220px-Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif/330px-Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif/440px-Tonga_Volcano_Eruption_2022-01-15_0320Z_to_0610Z_Himawari-8_visible.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Satellite images of the January 15, 2022, eruption of <a href="/wiki/Hunga_Tonga-Hunga_Ha%CA%BBapai" class="mw-redirect" title="Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai">Hunga Tonga-Hunga Haʻapai</a></figcaption></figure> Submarine volcanoes are common features of the ocean floor. Volcanic activity during the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> Epoch has been documented at only 119 submarine volcanoes, but there may be more than one million geologically young submarine volcanoes on the ocean floor.<a href="#cite_note-GVPDatabase2020-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-GVP-FAQ-29">[29]</a> In shallow water, active volcanoes disclose their presence by blasting steam and rocky debris high above the ocean's surface. In the deep ocean basins, the tremendous weight of the water prevents the explosive release of steam and gases; however, submarine eruptions can be detected by <a href="/wiki/Hydrophone" title="Hydrophone">hydrophones</a> and by the discoloration of water because of <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">volcanic gases</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pillow_lava" title="Pillow lava">Pillow lava</a> is a common eruptive product of submarine volcanoes and is characterized by thick sequences of discontinuous pillow-shaped masses which form underwater. Even large submarine eruptions may not disturb the ocean surface, due to the rapid cooling effect and increased buoyancy in water (as compared to air), which often causes volcanic vents to form steep pillars on the ocean floor. <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal_vent" title="Hydrothermal vent">Hydrothermal vents</a> are common near these volcanoes, and <a href="/wiki/Black_smoker" class="mw-redirect" title="Black smoker">some support peculiar ecosystems</a> based on <a href="/wiki/Chemotroph" title="Chemotroph">chemotrophs</a> feeding on dissolved minerals. Over time, the formations created by submarine volcanoes may become so large that they break the ocean surface as new islands or floating <a href="/wiki/Pumice_raft" title="Pumice raft">pumice rafts</a>. In May and June 2018, a multitude of <a href="/wiki/Seismic" class="mw-redirect" title="Seismic">seismic</a> signals were detected by <a href="/wiki/Earthquake" title="Earthquake">earthquake</a> monitoring agencies all over the world. They took the form of unusual humming sounds, and some of the signals detected in November of that year had a duration of up to 20 minutes. An <a href="/wiki/Oceanographic" class="mw-redirect" title="Oceanographic">oceanographic</a> research campaign in May 2019 showed that the previously mysterious humming noises were caused by the formation of a submarine volcano off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Mayotte" title="Mayotte">Mayotte</a>.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Subglacial_volcanoes">Subglacial volcanoes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Subglacial_volcano" title="Subglacial volcano">Subglacial volcano</a></div> Subglacial volcanoes develop underneath <a href="/wiki/Ice_cap" title="Ice cap">ice caps</a>. They are made up of lava plateaus capping extensive pillow lavas and <a href="/wiki/Palagonite" title="Palagonite">palagonite</a>. These volcanoes are also called table mountains, <a href="/wiki/Tuya" title="Tuya">tuyas</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200966-31">[31]</a> or (in Iceland) mobergs.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Very good examples of this type of volcano can be seen in Iceland and in <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>. The origin of the term comes from <a href="/wiki/Tuya_Butte" title="Tuya Butte">Tuya Butte</a>, which is one of the several tuyas in the area of the <a href="/wiki/Tuya_River" title="Tuya River">Tuya River</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tuya_Range" title="Tuya Range">Tuya Range</a> in northern British Columbia. Tuya Butte was the first such <a href="/wiki/Landform" title="Landform">landform</a> analysed and so its name has entered the geological literature for this kind of volcanic formation.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Tuya_Mountains_Provincial_Park" title="Tuya Mountains Provincial Park">Tuya Mountains Provincial Park</a> was recently established to protect this unusual landscape, which lies north of <a href="/wiki/Tuya_Lake" title="Tuya Lake">Tuya Lake</a> and south of the <a href="/wiki/Jennings_River" title="Jennings River">Jennings River</a> near the boundary with the <a href="/wiki/Yukon_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Yukon Territory">Yukon Territory</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mud_volcanoes">Mud volcanoes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Mud_volcano" title="Mud volcano">Mud volcano</a></div> Mud volcanoes (mud domes) are formations created by geo-excreted liquids and gases, although several processes may cause such activity.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> The largest structures are 10 kilometres in diameter and reach 700 meters high.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Erupted_material">Erupted material</h2></div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm/220px--Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="154" data-durationhint="69" data-mwtitle="Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="686" data-height="480"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d0/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-width="1029" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1030" data-height="720"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="344" data-height="240"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"' data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="514" data-height="360"></source><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d0/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm/Volcan_San_Miguel_Chaparrastique_en_El_Salvador.webm.360p.webm" type='video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"' data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="514" data-height="360"></source></video><figcaption>Timelapse of <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_(volcano)" title="San Miguel (volcano)">San Miguel (volcano)</a> degassing in 2022. <a href="/wiki/El_Salvador" title="El Salvador">El Salvador</a> is home to 20 Holocene volcanoes, 3 of which have erupted in last 100yrs<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lava_channel_overflow.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lava_channel_overflow.JPG/220px-Lava_channel_overflow.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lava_channel_overflow.JPG/220px-Lava_channel_overflow.JPG" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lava_channel_overflow.JPG/330px-Lava_channel_overflow.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Lava_channel_overflow.JPG/440px-Lava_channel_overflow.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Pāhoehoe lava flow on <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_(island)" title="Hawaii (island)">Hawaii</a>. The picture shows overflows of a main <a href="/wiki/Lava_channel" title="Lava channel">lava channel</a>.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_eruption_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_eruption_2023.jpg/220px-Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_eruption_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="2880"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 264px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_eruption_2023.jpg/220px-Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_eruption_2023.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="264" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_eruption_2023.jpg/330px-Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_eruption_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_eruption_2023.jpg/440px-Litli-Hr%C3%BAtur_eruption_2023.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Litli-Hrútur (<a href="/wiki/Fagradalsfjall" title="Fagradalsfjall">Fagradalsfjall</a>) eruption 2023. View from an aeroplane</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_(view_from_the_northeast).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="119" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="2700"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 119px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg/220px-Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="119" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg/330px-Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg/440px-Aerial_image_of_Stromboli_%28view_from_the_northeast%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a> stratovolcano off the coast of <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> has erupted continuously for thousands of years, giving rise to its nickname "Lighthouse of the Mediterranean".</figcaption></figure> The material that is expelled in a <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_eruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Volcanic eruption">volcanic eruption</a> can be classified into three types: <ol><li><a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">Volcanic gases</a>, a mixture made mostly of <a href="/wiki/Steam" title="Steam">steam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a>, and a sulfur compound (either <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>, SO2, or <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, H2S, depending on the temperature)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">Lava</a>, the name of magma when it emerges and flows over the surface</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">Tephra</a>, particles of solid material of all shapes and sizes ejected and thrown through the air<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-1981-38">[38]</a></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic_gases">Volcanic gases</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">Volcanic gas</a></div> The concentrations of different <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">volcanic gases</a> can vary considerably from one volcano to the next. <a href="/wiki/Water_vapour" class="mw-redirect" title="Water vapour">Water vapour</a> is typically the most abundant volcanic gas, followed by <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a>. Other principal volcanic gases include <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_sulfide" title="Hydrogen sulfide">hydrogen sulfide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_fluoride" title="Hydrogen fluoride">hydrogen fluoride</a>. A large number of minor and trace gases are also found in volcanic emissions, for example <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen" title="Hydrogen">hydrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halocarbon" title="Halocarbon">halocarbons</a>, organic compounds, and <a href="/wiki/Volatile_(astrogeology)" title="Volatile (astrogeology)">volatile</a> metal chlorides. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Lava_flows">Lava flows</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lava_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flow">Lava flow</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg/220px-Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="229" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="423" data-file-height="440"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 229px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg/220px-Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="229" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg/330px-Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/50/Rinjani_1994_cropped.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rinjani" title="Mount Rinjani">Mount Rinjani</a> eruption in 1994, in <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></figcaption></figure>The form and style of an eruption of a volcano is largely determined by the composition of the lava it erupts. The viscosity (how fluid the lava is) and the amount of dissolved gas are the most important characteristics of magma, and both are largely determined by the amount of silica in the magma. Magma rich in silica is much more viscous than silica-poor magma, and silica-rich magma also tends to contain more dissolved gases. Lava can be broadly classified into four different compositions:<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> <ul><li>If the erupted <a href="/wiki/Magma" title="Magma">magma</a> contains a high percentage (>63%) of <a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a>, the lava is described as <a href="/wiki/Felsic" title="Felsic">felsic</a>. Felsic lavas (<a href="/wiki/Dacite" title="Dacite">dacites</a> or <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolites</a>) are highly <a href="/wiki/Viscous" class="mw-redirect" title="Viscous">viscous</a> and are erupted as domes or short, stubby flows.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200970%E2%80%9372-41">[41]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lassen_Peak" title="Lassen Peak">Lassen Peak</a> in California is an example of a volcano formed from felsic lava and is actually a large lava dome.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Because felsic magmas are so viscous, they tend to trap volatiles (gases) that are present, which leads to explosive volcanism. <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">Pyroclastic flows</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ignimbrite" title="Ignimbrite">ignimbrites</a>) are highly hazardous products of such volcanoes since they hug the volcano's slopes and travel far from their vents during large eruptions. Temperatures as high as 850 °C (1,560 °F)<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> are known to occur in pyroclastic flows, which will incinerate everything flammable in their path, and thick layers of hot pyroclastic flow deposits can be laid down, often many meters thick.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200973%E2%80%9377-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Ten_Thousand_Smokes" title="Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes">Valley of Ten Thousand Smokes</a>, formed by the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Novarupta" title="Novarupta">Novarupta</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Katmai" title="Mount Katmai">Katmai</a> in 1912, is an example of a thick pyroclastic flow or ignimbrite deposit.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Volcanic ash that is light enough to erupt high into the <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_atmosphere" class="mw-redirect" title="Earth's atmosphere">Earth's atmosphere</a> as an <a href="/wiki/Eruption_column" title="Eruption column">eruption column</a> may travel hundreds of kilometres before it falls back to ground as a fallout <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a>. Volcanic gases may remain in the <a href="/wiki/Stratosphere" title="Stratosphere">stratosphere</a> for years.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003229-46">[46]</a></dd></dl> <dl><dd>Felsic magmas are formed within the crust, usually through the melting of crust rock from the heat of underlying mafic magmas. The lighter felsic magma floats on the mafic magma without significant mixing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200915%E2%80%9316-47">[47]</a> Less commonly, felsic magmas are produced by extreme <a href="/wiki/Fractional_crystallization_(geology)" title="Fractional crystallization (geology)">fractional crystallization</a> of more mafic magmas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009378-48">[48]</a> This is a process in which mafic minerals crystallize out of the slowly cooling magma, which enriches the remaining liquid in silica.</dd></dl> <ul><li>If the erupted magma contains 52–63% silica, the lava is of <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_composition" title="Intermediate composition">intermediate composition</a> or <a href="/wiki/Andesitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Andesitic">andesitic</a>. Intermediate magmas are characteristic of stratovolcanoes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003143-49">[49]</a> They are most commonly formed at <a href="/wiki/Convergent_boundaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Convergent boundaries">convergent boundaries</a> between <a href="/wiki/Tectonic_plate" class="mw-redirect" title="Tectonic plate">tectonic plates</a>, by several processes. One process is the hydration melting of mantle peridotite followed by fractional crystallization. Water from a subducting <a href="/wiki/Slab_(geology)" title="Slab (geology)">slab</a> rises into the overlying mantle, lowering its melting point, particularly for the more silica-rich minerals. Fractional crystallization further enriches the magma in silica. It has also been suggested that intermediate magmas are produced by the melting of sediments carried downwards by the subducted slab.<a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> Another process is magma mixing between felsic rhyolitic and mafic basaltic magmas in an intermediate reservoir before emplacement or lava flow.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue2009377-51">[51]</a></li> <li>If the erupted magma contains <52% and >45% silica, the lava is called <a href="/wiki/Mafic" title="Mafic">mafic</a> (because it contains higher percentages of <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a> (Mg) and iron (Fe)) or <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basaltic</a>. These lavas are usually hotter and much less viscous than felsic lavas. Mafic magmas are formed by partial melting of the dry mantle, with limited fractional crystallization and assimilation of crustal material.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200916-52">[52]</a></li></ul> <dl><dd>Mafic lavas occur in a wide range of settings. These include <a href="/wiki/Mid-ocean_ridge" title="Mid-ocean ridge">mid-ocean ridges</a>; <a href="/wiki/Shield_volcanoes" class="mw-redirect" title="Shield volcanoes">Shield volcanoes</a> (such the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Islands" title="Hawaiian Islands">Hawaiian Islands</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kilauea" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilauea">Kilauea</a>), on both <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_crust" title="Oceanic crust">oceanic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Continental_crust" title="Continental crust">continental crust</a>; and as continental <a href="/wiki/Flood_basalt" title="Flood basalt">flood basalts</a>.</dd></dl> <ul><li>Some erupted magmas contain ≤45% silica and produce <a href="/wiki/Ultramafic" class="mw-redirect" title="Ultramafic">ultramafic</a> lava. Ultramafic flows, also known as <a href="/wiki/Komatiite" title="Komatiite">komatiites</a>, are very rare; indeed, very few have been erupted at Earth's surface since the <a href="/wiki/Proterozoic" title="Proterozoic">Proterozoic</a>, when the planet's heat flow was higher. They are (or were) the hottest lavas, and were probably more fluid than common mafic lavas, with a viscosity less than a tenth that of hot basalt magma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPhilpottsAgue200924-53">[53]</a></li></ul> Mafic lava flows show two varieties of surface texture: ʻAʻa (pronounced <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">[ˈʔaʔa]</a>) and <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81hoehoe" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāhoehoe">pāhoehoe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Hawaiian" title="Help:IPA/Hawaiian">[paːˈho.eˈho.e]</a>), both <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_language" title="Hawaiian language">Hawaiian</a> words. ʻAʻa is characterized by a rough, clinkery surface and is the typical texture of cooler basalt lava flows. Pāhoehoe is characterized by its smooth and often ropey or wrinkly surface and is generally formed from more fluid lava flows. Pāhoehoe flows are sometimes observed to transition to ʻaʻa flows as they move away from the vent, but never the reverse.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003131%E2%80%93132-54">[54]</a> More silicic lava flows take the form of block lava, where the flow is covered with angular, vesicle-poor blocks. <a href="/wiki/Rhyolitic" class="mw-redirect" title="Rhyolitic">Rhyolitic</a> flows typically consist largely of <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmincke2003132-55">[55]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tephra">Tephra</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tephra" title="Tephra">Tephra</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tuff_shards.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tuff_shards.jpg/220px-Tuff_shards.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="126" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="458"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 126px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tuff_shards.jpg/220px-Tuff_shards.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="126" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tuff_shards.jpg/330px-Tuff_shards.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Tuff_shards.jpg/440px-Tuff_shards.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Light-microscope image of <a href="/wiki/Tuff" title="Tuff">tuff</a> as seen in <a href="/wiki/Thin_section" title="Thin section">thin section</a> (long dimension is several mm): the curved shapes of altered glass shards (ash fragments) are well preserved, although the glass is partly altered. The shapes were formed around bubbles of expanding, water-rich gas.</figcaption></figure> Tephra is made when magma inside the volcano is blown apart by the rapid expansion of hot volcanic gases. Magma commonly explodes as the gas dissolved in it comes out of solution as the pressure decreases <a href="/wiki/Extrusion" title="Extrusion">when it flows to the surface</a>. These violent explosions produce particles of material that can then fly from the volcano. Solid particles smaller than 2 mm in diameter (<a href="/wiki/Sand" title="Sand">sand-sized</a> or smaller) are called volcanic ash.<a href="#cite_note-EB1911-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-schmidt-1981-38">[38]</a> Tephra and other <a href="/wiki/Volcaniclastics" title="Volcaniclastics">volcaniclastics</a> (shattered volcanic material) make up more of the volume of many volcanoes than do lava flows. Volcaniclastics may have contributed as much as a third of all sedimentation in the geologic record. The production of large volumes of tephra is characteristic of explosive volcanism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisherSchmincke198489-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dissection">Dissection</h3></div> Through natural processes, mainly <a href="/wiki/Erosion" title="Erosion">erosion</a>, so much of the solidified erupted material that makes up the mantle of a volcano may be stripped away that its inner anatomy becomes apparent. Using the metaphor of <a href="/wiki/Anatomy" title="Anatomy">biological anatomy</a>, such a process is called "dissection".<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cinder_Hill" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinder Hill">Cinder Hill</a>, a feature of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Bird" title="Mount Bird">Mount Bird</a> on <a href="/wiki/Ross_Island" title="Ross Island">Ross Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>, is a prominent example of a dissected volcano. Volcanoes that were, on a geological timescale, recently active, such as for example <a href="/wiki/Mount_Kaimon" title="Mount Kaimon">Mount Kaimon</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Ky%C5%ABsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Kyūshū">Kyūshū</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, tend to be undissected. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Types_of_volcanic_eruptions">Types of volcanic eruptions</h2></div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">Types of volcanic eruptions</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Volcanic_injection.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Volcanic_injection.svg/220px-Volcanic_injection.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="920"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 169px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Volcanic_injection.svg/220px-Volcanic_injection.svg.png" data-width="220" data-height="169" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Volcanic_injection.svg/330px-Volcanic_injection.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Volcanic_injection.svg/440px-Volcanic_injection.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Schematic of volcano injection of aerosols and gases</figcaption></figure> Eruption styles are broadly divided into magmatic, phreatomagmatic, and phreatic eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-vol_cash-58">[58]</a> The intensity of explosive volcanism is expressed using the <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_explosivity_index" title="Volcanic explosivity index">volcanic explosivity index</a> (VEI), which ranges from 0 for Hawaiian-type eruptions to 8 for supervolcanic eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> <ul><li>Magmatic eruptions are driven primarily by gas release due to decompression.<a href="#cite_note-vol_cash-58">[58]</a> Low-viscosity magma with little dissolved gas produces relatively gentle effusive eruptions. High-viscosity magma with a high content of dissolved gas produces violent <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">explosive eruptions</a>. The range of observed eruption styles is expressed from historical examples.</li> <li>Hawaiian eruptions are typical of volcanoes that erupt mafic lava with a relatively low gas content. These are almost entirely effusive, producing local <a href="/wiki/Lava_fountain" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava fountain">lava fountains</a> and highly fluid lava flows but relatively little tephra. They are named after the <a href="/wiki/Hawaii_hotspot" title="Hawaii hotspot">Hawaiian volcanoes</a>.</li> <li>Strombolian eruptions are characterized by moderate viscosities and dissolved gas levels. They are characterized by frequent but short-lived eruptions that can produce eruptive columns hundreds of meters high, which can also be seen in <a href="/wiki/Gas_slug" title="Gas slug">a gas slug</a>. Their primary product is <a href="/wiki/Scoria" title="Scoria">scoria</a>. They are named after <a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a>.</li> <li>Vulcanian eruptions are characterized by yet higher viscosities and partial crystallization of magma, which is often intermediate in composition. Eruptions take the form of short-lived explosions for several hours, which destroy a central dome and eject large lava blocks and bombs. This is followed by an effusive phase that rebuilds the central dome. Vulcanian eruptions are named after <a href="/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano">Vulcano</a>.</li> <li>Peléan eruptions are more violent still, being characterized by dome growth and collapse that produces various kinds of pyroclastic flows. They are named after <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pel%C3%A9e" title="Mount Pelée">Mount Pelée</a>.</li> <li>Plinian eruptions are the most violent of all volcanic eruptions. They are characterized by sustained huge eruption columns whose collapse produces catastrophic pyroclastic flows. They are named after <a href="/wiki/Pliny_the_Younger" title="Pliny the Younger">Pliny the Younger</a>, who chronicled the Plinian <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79">eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79</a> AD.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phreatomagmatic_eruption" title="Phreatomagmatic eruption">Phreatomagmatic eruptions</a> are characterized by interaction of rising magma with <a href="/wiki/Groundwater" title="Groundwater">groundwater</a>. They are driven by the resulting rapid buildup of pressure in the <a href="/wiki/Superheating" title="Superheating">superheated</a> groundwater.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phreatic_eruption" title="Phreatic eruption">Phreatic eruptions</a> are characterized by superheating of groundwater that comes in contact with hot rock or magma. They are distinguished from phreatomagmatic eruptions because the erupted material is all <a href="/wiki/Country_rock_(geology)" title="Country rock (geology)">country rock</a>; no magma is erupted.</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Volcanic_activity">Volcanic activity</h2></div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg/170px-Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="234" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2550" data-file-height="3510"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 234px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg/170px-Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="234" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg/255px-Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg/340px-Pompeii_-_Casa_del_Centenario_-_MAN.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">Fresco</a> with <a href="/wiki/Mount_Vesuvius" title="Mount Vesuvius">Mount Vesuvius</a> behind <a href="/wiki/Bacchus" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacchus">Bacchus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agathodaemon" title="Agathodaemon">Agathodaemon</a>, as seen in <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>'s <a href="/wiki/House_of_the_Centenary" title="House of the Centenary">House of the Centenary</a></figcaption></figure> As of December 2022<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volcano&action=edit">[update]</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Global_Volcanism_Program" title="Global Volcanism Program">Global Volcanism Program</a> database of volcanic eruptions in the <a href="/wiki/Holocene" title="Holocene">Holocene</a> <a href="/wiki/Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">Epoch</a> (the last 11,700 years) lists 9,901 confirmed eruptions from 859 volcanoes. The database also lists 1,113 uncertain eruptions and 168 discredited eruptions for the same time interval.<a href="#cite_note-GVP501-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-Volc_Count-61">[61]</a> Volcanoes vary greatly in their level of activity, with individual volcanic systems having an eruption recurrence ranging from several times a year to once in tens of thousands of years.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Volcanoes are informally described as erupting, active, dormant, or extinct, but the definitions of these terms are not entirely uniform among volcanologists. The level of activity of most volcanoes falls upon a graduated spectrum, with much overlap between categories, and does not always fit neatly into only one of these three separate categories.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Erupting">Erupting</h3></div> The USGS defines a volcano as "erupting" whenever the ejection of magma from any point on the volcano is visible, including visible magma still contained within the walls of the summit crater. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Active">Active</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Active_volcano" title="Active volcano">Active volcano</a></div> While there is no international consensus among volcanologists on how to define an active volcano, the USGS defines a volcano as active whenever subterranean indicators, such as <a href="/wiki/Earthquake_swarm" title="Earthquake swarm">earthquake swarms</a>, ground inflation, or unusually high levels of carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide are present.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-activity_levels-65">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dormant_and_reactivated">Dormant and reactivated</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Narcondam_island.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Narcondam_island.jpg/220px-Narcondam_island.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 147px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Narcondam_island.jpg/220px-Narcondam_island.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="147" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Narcondam_island.jpg/330px-Narcondam_island.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Narcondam_island.jpg/440px-Narcondam_island.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Narcondam_Island" title="Narcondam Island">Narcondam Island</a>, India, is classified as a dormant volcano by the <a href="/wiki/Geological_Survey_of_India" title="Geological Survey of India">Geological Survey of India</a>.</figcaption></figure> The USGS defines a dormant volcano as any volcano that is not showing any signs of unrest such as earthquake swarms, ground swelling, or excessive noxious gas emissions, but which shows signs that it could yet become active again.<a href="#cite_note-activity_levels-65">[65]</a> Many dormant volcanoes have not erupted for thousands of years, but have still shown signs that they may be likely to erupt again in the future.<a href="#cite_note-Nelson2016-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-VolcWorldDormant-67">[67]</a> In an article justifying the re-classification of Alaska's <a href="/wiki/Mount_Edgecumbe_(Alaska)" title="Mount Edgecumbe (Alaska)">Mount Edgecumbe</a> volcano from "dormant" to "active", volcanologists at the <a href="/wiki/Alaska_Volcano_Observatory" title="Alaska Volcano Observatory">Alaska Volcano Observatory</a> pointed out that the term "dormant" in reference to volcanoes has been deprecated over the past few decades and that "[t]he term "dormant volcano" is so little used and undefined in modern volcanology that the Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (2000) does not contain it in the glossaries or index",<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> however the USGS still widely employs the term. Previously a volcano was often considered to be extinct if there were no written records of its activity. Such a generalization is inconsistent with observation and deeper study, as has occurred recently with the unexpected eruption of the <a href="/wiki/Chait%C3%A9n_(volcano)" title="Chaitén (volcano)">Chaitén volcano</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-Castro2009-69">[69]</a> Modern volcanic activity monitoring techniques, and improvements in the modelling of the factors that produce eruptions, have helped the understanding of why volcanoes may remain dormant for a long time, and then become unexpectedly active again. The potential for eruptions, and their style, depend mainly upon the state of the magma storage system under the volcano, the eruption trigger mechanism and its timescale.<a href="#cite_note-Cser%C3%A9p2023-70">[70]</a>: 95 For example, the <a href="/wiki/Yellowstone_Caldera" title="Yellowstone Caldera">Yellowstone</a> volcano has a repose/recharge period of around 700,000 years, and <a href="/wiki/Toba_Lake" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba Lake">Toba</a> of around 380,000 years.<a href="#cite_note-chesner1991-71">[71]</a> <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> was described by Roman writers as having been covered with gardens and vineyards before its unexpected <a href="/wiki/Eruption_of_Mount_Vesuvius_in_79" class="mw-redirect" title="Eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79">eruption of 79 CE</a>, which destroyed the towns of <a href="/wiki/Herculaneum" title="Herculaneum">Herculaneum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pompeii" title="Pompeii">Pompeii</a>. Accordingly, it can sometimes be difficult to distinguish between an extinct volcano and a dormant (inactive) one. Long volcano dormancy is known to decrease awareness.<a href="#cite_note-Cser%C3%A9p2023-70">[70]</a>: 96 <a href="/wiki/Pinatubo" class="mw-redirect" title="Pinatubo">Pinatubo</a> was an inconspicuous volcano, unknown to most people in the surrounding areas, and initially not seismically monitored before its unanticipated and catastrophic eruption of 1991. Two other examples of volcanoes that were once thought to be extinct, before springing back into eruptive activity were the long-dormant <a href="/wiki/Soufri%C3%A8re_Hills" title="Soufrière Hills">Soufrière Hills</a> volcano on the island of <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a>, thought to be extinct until activity resumed in 1995 (turning its capital <a href="/wiki/Plymouth,_Montserrat" title="Plymouth, Montserrat">Plymouth</a> into a <a href="/wiki/Ghost_town" title="Ghost town">ghost town</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Fourpeaked_Mountain" title="Fourpeaked Mountain">Fourpeaked Mountain</a> in Alaska, which, before its September 2006 eruption, had not erupted since before 8000 BCE. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Extinct">Extinct</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Capulin_1980_tde00005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Capulin_1980_tde00005.jpg/220px-Capulin_1980_tde00005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1375" data-file-height="1400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Capulin_1980_tde00005.jpg/220px-Capulin_1980_tde00005.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Capulin_1980_tde00005.jpg/330px-Capulin_1980_tde00005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Capulin_1980_tde00005.jpg/440px-Capulin_1980_tde00005.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Capulin_Volcano_National_Monument" title="Capulin Volcano National Monument">Capulin Volcano National Monument</a> in New Mexico, US</figcaption></figure> Extinct volcanoes are those that scientists consider unlikely to erupt again because the volcano no longer has a magma supply. Examples of extinct volcanoes are many volcanoes on the <a href="/wiki/Hawaiian%E2%80%93Emperor_seamount_chain" title="Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain">Hawaiian–Emperor seamount chain</a> in the Pacific Ocean (although some volcanoes at the eastern end of the chain are active), <a href="/wiki/Hohentwiel" title="Hohentwiel">Hohentwiel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiprock" title="Shiprock">Shiprock</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Mexico" title="New Mexico">New Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/US" class="mw-redirect" title="US">US</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capulin_Volcano_National_Monument" title="Capulin Volcano National Monument">Capulin</a> in New Mexico, US, <a href="/wiki/Zuidwal_volcano" title="Zuidwal volcano">Zuidwal volcano</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, and many volcanoes in <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Monte_Vulture" title="Monte Vulture">Monte Vulture</a>. <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh_Castle" title="Edinburgh Castle">Edinburgh Castle</a> in Scotland is located atop an extinct volcano, which forms <a href="/wiki/Castle_Rock_(Edinburgh)" title="Castle Rock (Edinburgh)">Castle Rock</a>. Whether a volcano is truly extinct is often difficult to determine. Since "supervolcano" <a href="/wiki/Caldera" title="Caldera">calderas</a> can have eruptive lifespans sometimes measured in millions of years, a caldera that has not produced an eruption in tens of thousands of years may be considered dormant instead of extinct. An individual volcano in a monogenetic volcanic field can be extinct but that does not mean a completely new volcano might not erupt close by with little or no warning as its field may have an active magma supply. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Volcanic-alert_level">Volcanic-alert level</h3></div> The three common popular classifications of volcanoes can be subjective and some volcanoes thought to have been extinct have erupted again. To help prevent people from falsely believing they are not at risk when living on or near a volcano, countries have adopted new classifications to describe the various levels and stages of volcanic activity.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> Some alert systems use different numbers or colours to designate the different stages. Other systems use colours and words. Some systems use a combination of both. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Decade_volcanoes">Decade volcanoes</h2></div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg/220px-Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1272" data-file-height="954"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg/220px-Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg/330px-Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg/440px-Koryaksky_volcano_Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky_oct-2005.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Koryaksky" title="Koryaksky">Koryaksky</a> volcano towering over <a href="/wiki/Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky" title="Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky">Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky</a> on <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka_Peninsula" title="Kamchatka Peninsula">Kamchatka Peninsula</a>, Far Eastern <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Lists_of_volcanoes" title="Lists of volcanoes">Lists of volcanoes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Decade_Volcanoes" title="Decade Volcanoes">Decade Volcanoes</a></div> The Decade Volcanoes are 16 volcanoes identified by the <a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Volcanology_and_Chemistry_of_the_Earth%27s_Interior" title="International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior">International Association of Volcanology and Chemistry of the Earth's Interior</a> (IAVCEI) as being worthy of particular study in light of their history of large, destructive eruptions and proximity to populated areas. They are named Decade Volcanoes because the project was initiated as part of the United Nations-sponsored <a href="/wiki/International_Decade_for_Natural_Disaster_Reduction" title="International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction">International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction</a> (the 1990s). The 16 current Decade Volcanoes are: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avachinsky" title="Avachinsky">Avachinsky</a>-<a href="/wiki/Koryaksky" title="Koryaksky">Koryaksky</a> (grouped together), <a href="/wiki/Kamchatka" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamchatka">Kamchatka</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevado_de_Colima" class="mw-redirect" title="Nevado de Colima">Nevado de Colima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a>, Mexico</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a>, Sicily, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeras" title="Galeras">Galeras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nari%C3%B1o" class="mw-redirect" title="Nariño">Nariño</a>, Colombia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauna_Loa" title="Mauna Loa">Mauna Loa</a>, Hawaii, US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Java" title="Central Java">Central Java</a>, Indonesia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Nyiragongo" title="Mount Nyiragongo">Mount Nyiragongo</a>, Democratic Republic of the Congo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Rainier" title="Mount Rainier">Mount Rainier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washington_(state)" title="Washington (state)">Washington</a>, US</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakurajima" title="Sakurajima">Sakurajima</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kagoshima_Prefecture" title="Kagoshima Prefecture">Kagoshima Prefecture</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Mar%C3%ADa_(volcano)" title="Santa María (volcano)">Santa Maria/Santiaguito</a>, Guatemala</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santorini" title="Santorini">Santorini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclades" title="Cyclades">Cyclades</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taal_Volcano" title="Taal Volcano">Taal Volcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luzon" title="Luzon">Luzon</a>, Philippines</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teide" title="Teide">Teide</a>, Canary Islands, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulawun" title="Ulawun">Ulawun</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a>, Papua New Guinea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Unzen" title="Mount Unzen">Mount Unzen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagasaki_Prefecture" title="Nagasaki Prefecture">Nagasaki Prefecture</a>, Japan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a>, <a href="/wiki/Province_of_Naples" title="Province of Naples">Naples</a>, Italy</li></ul> </div> The <a href="/wiki/Deep_Earth_Carbon_Degassing_Project" title="Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project">Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project</a>, an initiative of the <a href="/wiki/Deep_Carbon_Observatory" title="Deep Carbon Observatory">Deep Carbon Observatory</a>, monitors nine volcanoes, two of which are Decade volcanoes. The focus of the Deep Earth Carbon Degassing Project is to use <a href="/wiki/Multi-Component_Gas_Analyzer_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System">Multi-Component Gas Analyzer System</a> instruments to measure CO2/SO2 ratios in real-time and in high-resolution to allow detection of the pre-eruptive degassing of rising magmas, improving <a href="/wiki/Prediction_of_volcanic_activity" title="Prediction of volcanic activity">prediction of volcanic activity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Volcanoes_and_humans">Volcanoes and humans</h2></div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png/220px-Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 165px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png/220px-Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png" data-width="220" data-height="165" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png/330px-Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png/440px-Mauna_Loa_atmospheric_transmission.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Solar radiation graph 1958–2008, showing how the radiation is reduced after major volcanic eruptions</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg/220px-SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="213" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1294" data-file-height="1251"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 213px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg/220px-SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="213" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg/330px-SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg/440px-SO2_Galapagos_20051101.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">Sulfur dioxide</a> concentration over the <a href="/wiki/Sierra_Negra_(Gal%C3%A1pagos)" title="Sierra Negra (Galápagos)">Sierra Negra Volcano</a>, <a href="/wiki/Galapagos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Galapagos Islands">Galapagos Islands</a>, during an eruption in October 2005</figcaption></figure> Volcanic eruptions pose a significant threat to human civilization. However, volcanic activity has also provided humans with important resources. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hazards">Hazards</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_hazard" title="Volcanic hazard">Volcanic hazard</a></div> There are many different <a href="/wiki/Types_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Types of volcanic eruptions">types of volcanic eruptions</a> and associated activity: <a href="/wiki/Phreatic_eruptions" class="mw-redirect" title="Phreatic eruptions">phreatic eruptions</a> (steam-generated eruptions), explosive eruptions of high-<a href="/wiki/Silica" class="mw-redirect" title="Silica">silica</a> lava (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Rhyolite" title="Rhyolite">rhyolite</a>), effusive eruptions of low-silica lava (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sector_collapse" title="Sector collapse">sector collapses</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyroclastic_flow" title="Pyroclastic flow">pyroclastic flows</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lahar" title="Lahar">lahars</a> (debris flows) and <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_gas" title="Volcanic gas">volcanic gas emissions</a>. These can pose a hazard to humans. Earthquakes, <a href="/wiki/Hot_spring" title="Hot spring">hot springs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fumarole" title="Fumarole">fumaroles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mud_pot" class="mw-redirect" title="Mud pot">mud pots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geyser" title="Geyser">geysers</a> often accompany volcanic activity. Volcanic gases can reach the stratosphere, where they form <a href="/wiki/Sulfuric_acid" title="Sulfuric acid">sulfuric acid</a> aerosols that can reflect solar radiation and lower surface temperatures significantly.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> Sulfur dioxide from the eruption of <a href="/wiki/Huaynaputina" title="Huaynaputina">Huaynaputina</a> may have caused the <a href="/wiki/Russian_famine_of_1601%E2%80%931603" title="Russian famine of 1601–1603">Russian famine of 1601–1603</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> Chemical reactions of sulfate aerosols in the stratosphere can also damage the <a href="/wiki/Ozone_layer" title="Ozone layer">ozone layer</a>, and acids such as <a href="/wiki/Hydrogen_chloride" title="Hydrogen chloride">hydrogen chloride</a> (HCl) and hydrogen fluoride (HF) can fall to the ground as <a href="/wiki/Acid_rain" title="Acid rain">acid rain</a>. Excessive fluoride salts from eruptions have poisoned <a href="/wiki/Livestock" title="Livestock">livestock</a> in Iceland on multiple occasions.<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a>: 39–58 <a href="/wiki/Explosive_eruption" title="Explosive eruption">Explosive volcanic eruptions</a> release the greenhouse gas <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> and thus provide a deep source of <a href="/wiki/Carbon" title="Carbon">carbon</a> for <a href="/wiki/Biogeochemical_cycle" title="Biogeochemical cycle">biogeochemical cycles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> Ash thrown into the air by eruptions can present a hazard to aircraft, especially <a href="/wiki/Jet_aircraft" title="Jet aircraft">jet aircraft</a> where the particles can be melted by the high operating temperature; the melted particles then adhere to the <a href="/wiki/Turbine" title="Turbine">turbine</a> blades and alter their shape, disrupting the operation of the turbine. This can cause major disruptions to air travel. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Large_eruptions.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Large_eruptions.jpg/290px-Large_eruptions.jpg" decoding="async" width="290" height="271" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1155"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 290px;height: 271px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Large_eruptions.jpg/290px-Large_eruptions.jpg" data-width="290" data-height="271" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Large_eruptions.jpg/435px-Large_eruptions.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Large_eruptions.jpg/580px-Large_eruptions.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Comparison of major United States prehistoric eruptions (<a href="/wiki/VEI" class="mw-redirect" title="VEI">VEI 7 and 8</a>) with major historical volcanic eruptions in the 19th and 20th century (VEI 5, 6 and 7). From left to right: Yellowstone 2.1 Ma, Yellowstone 1.3 Ma, Long Valley 6.26 Ma, Yellowstone 0.64 Ma . 19th century eruptions: Tambora 1815, Krakatoa 1883. 20th century eruptions: Novarupta 1912, St. Helens 1980, Pinatubo 1991.</figcaption></figure> A <a href="/wiki/Volcanic_winter" title="Volcanic winter">volcanic winter</a> is thought to have taken place around 70,000 years ago after the <a href="/wiki/Supereruption" class="mw-redirect" title="Supereruption">supereruption</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lake_Toba" title="Lake Toba">Lake Toba</a> on Sumatra island in Indonesia.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> This may have created a <a href="/wiki/Toba_catastrophe_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Toba catastrophe theory">population bottleneck</a> that affected the genetic inheritance of all humans today.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a> Volcanic eruptions may have contributed to major extinction events, such as the <a href="/wiki/Ordovician-Silurian_extinction_events" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordovician-Silurian extinction events">End-Ordovician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Permian-Triassic" class="mw-redirect" title="Permian-Triassic">Permian-Triassic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Late_Devonian_extinction" title="Late Devonian extinction">Late Devonian</a> <a href="/wiki/Mass_extinction" class="mw-redirect" title="Mass extinction">mass extinctions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> The 1815 eruption of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Tambora" title="Mount Tambora">Mount Tambora</a> created global climate anomalies that became known as the "<a href="/wiki/Year_Without_a_Summer" title="Year Without a Summer">Year Without a Summer</a>" because of the effect on North American and European weather.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> The freezing winter of 1740–41, which led to widespread <a href="/wiki/Irish_Famine_(1740%E2%80%931741)" title="Irish Famine (1740–1741)">famine</a> in northern Europe, may also owe its origins to a volcanic eruption.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Benefits">Benefits</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Volcanogenic_massive_sulfide_ore_deposit" title="Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit">Volcanogenic massive sulfide ore deposit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">Geothermal power</a></div> Although volcanic eruptions pose considerable hazards to humans, past volcanic activity has created important economic resources. Tuff formed from volcanic ash is a relatively soft rock, and it has been used for construction since ancient times.<a href="#cite_note-marcari-etal-2007-83">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-dolan-etal-2019-84">[84]</a> The Romans often used tuff, which is abundant in Italy, for construction.<a href="#cite_note-jackson-etal-2005-85">[85]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rapa_Nui" class="mw-redirect" title="Rapa Nui">Rapa Nui</a> people used tuff to make most of the <a href="/wiki/Moai" title="Moai">moai</a> statues in <a href="/wiki/Easter_Island" title="Easter Island">Easter Island</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collins-2016-150-151-86">[86]</a> Volcanic ash and weathered basalt produce some of the most fertile soil in the world, rich in nutrients such as iron, magnesium, potassium, calcium, and phosphorus.<a href="#cite_note-kiprop-2019-87">[87]</a> Volcanic activity is responsible for emplacing valuable mineral resources, such as metal ores.<a href="#cite_note-kiprop-2019-87">[87]</a> It is accompanied by high rates of heat flow from Earth's interior. These can be tapped as <a href="/wiki/Geothermal_power" title="Geothermal power">geothermal power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-kiprop-2019-87">[87]</a> Tourism associated with volcanoes is also a worldwide industry.<a href="#cite_note-Thomaidis2021-88">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Safety_considerations">Safety considerations</h3></div> Many volcanoes near human settlements are heavily monitored with the aim of providing adequate advance warnings of imminent eruptions to nearby populations. Also, a better modern-day understanding of volcanology has led to some better informed governmental and public responses to unanticipated volcanic activities. While the science of volcanology may not yet be capable of predicting the exact times and dates of eruptions far into the future, on suitably monitored volcanoes the monitoring of ongoing volcanic indicators is often capable of predicting imminent eruptions with advance warnings minimally of hours, and usually of days prior to any eruptions.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> The diversity of volcanoes and their complexities mean that eruption forecasts for the foreseeable future will be based on <a href="/wiki/Probability_theory" title="Probability theory">probability</a>, and the application of <a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">risk management</a>. Even then, some eruptions will have no useful warning. An example of this occurred in March 2017, when a tourist group was witnessing a presumed to be predictable Mount Etna eruption and the flowing lava came in contact with a snow accumulation causing a situational phreatic explosion causing injury to ten persons.<a href="#cite_note-Thomaidis2021-88">[88]</a> Other types of significant eruptions are known to give useful warnings of only hours at the most by seismic monitoring.<a href="#cite_note-Castro2009-69">[69]</a> The recent demonstration of a magma chamber with repose times of tens of thousands of years, with potential for rapid recharge so potentially decreasing warning times, under the youngest volcano in central Europe,<a href="#cite_note-Cser%C3%A9p2023-70">[70]</a> does not tell us if more careful monitoring will be useful. Scientists are known to perceive risk, with its social elements, differently from local populations and those that undertake social risk assessments on their behalf, so that both disruptive false alarms and retrospective blame, when disasters occur, will continue to happen.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a>: 1–3 Thus in many cases, while volcanic eruptions may still cause major property destruction, the periodic large-scale loss of human life that was once associated with many volcanic eruptions, has recently been significantly reduced in areas where volcanoes are adequately monitored. This life-saving ability is derived via such volcanic-activity monitoring programs, through the greater abilities of local officials to facilitate timely evacuations based upon the greater modern-day knowledge of volcanism that is now available, and upon improved communications technologies such as cell phones. Such operations tend to provide enough time for humans to escape at least with their lives before a pending eruption. One example of such a recent successful volcanic evacuation was the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Pinatubo" title="Mount Pinatubo">Mount Pinatubo</a> evacuation of 1991. This evacuation is believed to have saved 20,000 lives.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> In the case of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a>, a 2021 review found 77 deaths due to eruptions since 1536 but none since 1987.<a href="#cite_note-Thomaidis2021-88">[88]</a> Citizens who may be concerned about their own exposure to risk from nearby volcanic activity should familiarize themselves with the types of, and quality of, volcano monitoring and public notification procedures being employed by governmental authorities in their areas.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Volcanoes_on_other_celestial_bodies">Volcanoes on other celestial bodies</h2></div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_volcanoes" title="List of extraterrestrial volcanoes">List of extraterrestrial volcanoes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_the_Moon" title="Volcanism on the Moon">Volcanism on the Moon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Mars" title="Volcanism on Mars">Volcanism on Mars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Io" title="Volcanism on Io">Volcanism on Io</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Volcanism_on_Venus" title="Volcanism on Venus">Volcanism on Venus</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tvashtarvideo.gif" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tvashtarvideo.gif/220px-Tvashtarvideo.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 220px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tvashtarvideo.gif/220px-Tvashtarvideo.gif" data-width="220" data-height="220" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tvashtarvideo.gif/330px-Tvashtarvideo.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Tvashtarvideo.gif/440px-Tvashtarvideo.gif 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Tvashtar_Paterae" title="Tvashtar Paterae">Tvashtar</a> volcano erupts a plume 330 km (205 mi) above the surface of <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s moon <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a>.</figcaption></figure> Earth's <a href="/wiki/Moon" title="Moon">Moon</a> has no large volcanoes and no current volcanic activity, although recent evidence suggests it may still possess a partially molten core.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> However, the Moon does have many volcanic features such as <a href="/wiki/Lunar_mare" title="Lunar mare">maria</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a> (the darker patches seen on the Moon), <a href="/wiki/Rille" title="Rille">rilles</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lunar_dome" title="Lunar dome">domes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a> The planet <a href="/wiki/Venus" title="Venus">Venus</a> has a surface that is 90% <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a>, indicating that volcanism played a major role in shaping its surface. The planet may have had a major global resurfacing event about 500 million years ago,<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> from what scientists can tell from the density of impact craters on the surface. <a href="/wiki/Lava_flows" class="mw-redirect" title="Lava flows">Lava flows</a> are widespread and forms of volcanism not present on Earth occur as well. Changes in the planet's atmosphere and observations of lightning have been attributed to ongoing volcanic eruptions, although there is no confirmation of whether or not Venus is still volcanically active. However, radar sounding by the Magellan probe revealed evidence for comparatively recent volcanic activity at Venus's highest volcano <a href="/wiki/Maat_Mons" title="Maat Mons">Maat Mons</a>, in the form of <a href="/wiki/Ash_flow" class="mw-redirect" title="Ash flow">ash flows</a> near the summit and on the northern flank.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> However, the interpretation of the flows as ash flows has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg/170px-Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="158" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2020" data-file-height="1883"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 158px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg/170px-Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="158" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg/255px-Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg/340px-Olympus_Mons_alt.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a> (<a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, "Mount Olympus"), located on the planet Mars, is the tallest known mountain in the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.</figcaption></figure> There are several extinct volcanoes on <a href="/wiki/Mars" title="Mars">Mars</a>, four of which are vast shield volcanoes far bigger than any on Earth. They include <a href="/wiki/Arsia_Mons" title="Arsia Mons">Arsia Mons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ascraeus_Mons" title="Ascraeus Mons">Ascraeus Mons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hecates_Tholus" title="Hecates Tholus">Hecates Tholus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olympus_Mons" title="Olympus Mons">Olympus Mons</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pavonis_Mons" title="Pavonis Mons">Pavonis Mons</a>. These volcanoes have been extinct for many millions of years,<a href="#cite_note-ESAmarsvolcanoes-100">[100]</a> but the European <a href="/wiki/Mars_Express" title="Mars Express">Mars Express</a> spacecraft has found evidence that volcanic activity may have occurred on Mars in the recent past as well.<a href="#cite_note-ESAmarsvolcanoes-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jupiter" title="Jupiter">Jupiter</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moon</a> <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> is the most volcanically active object in the Solar System because of <a href="/wiki/Tides" class="mw-redirect" title="Tides">tidal</a> interaction with Jupiter. It is covered with volcanoes that erupt <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">sulfur dioxide</a> and <a href="/wiki/Silicate" title="Silicate">silicate</a> rock, and as a result, <a href="/wiki/Io_(moon)" title="Io (moon)">Io</a> is constantly being resurfaced. Its lavas are the hottest known anywhere in the Solar System, with temperatures exceeding 1,800 K (1,500 °C). In February 2001, the largest recorded volcanic eruptions in the Solar System occurred on Io.<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> <a href="/wiki/Europa_(moon)" title="Europa (moon)">Europa</a>, the smallest of Jupiter's <a href="/wiki/Galilean_moon" class="mw-redirect" title="Galilean moon">Galilean moons</a>, also appears to have an active volcanic system, except that its volcanic activity is entirely in the form of water, which freezes into <a href="/wiki/Ice" title="Ice">ice</a> on the frigid surface. This process is known as <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Cryovolcanism">cryovolcanism</a>, and is apparently most common on the moons of the outer planets of the <a href="/wiki/Solar_System" title="Solar System">Solar System</a>.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> In 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Voyager_2" title="Voyager 2">Voyager 2</a> spacecraft observed <a href="/wiki/Cryovolcano" title="Cryovolcano">cryovolcanoes</a> (ice volcanoes) on <a href="/wiki/Triton_(moon)" title="Triton (moon)">Triton</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Natural_satellite" title="Natural satellite">moon</a> of <a href="/wiki/Neptune" title="Neptune">Neptune</a>, and in 2005 the <a href="/wiki/Cassini%E2%80%93Huygens" title="Cassini–Huygens">Cassini–Huygens</a> probe photographed <a href="/wiki/Enceladus_(moon)#Cryovolcanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Enceladus (moon)">fountains of frozen particles erupting from Enceladus</a>, a moon of <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturn</a>.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> The ejecta may be composed of water, <a href="/wiki/Liquid_nitrogen" title="Liquid nitrogen">liquid nitrogen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ammonia" title="Ammonia">ammonia</a>, dust, or <a href="/wiki/Methane" title="Methane">methane</a> compounds. Cassini–Huygens also found evidence of a methane-spewing cryovolcano on the <a href="/wiki/Saturn" title="Saturn">Saturnian</a> moon <a href="/wiki/Titan_(moon)" title="Titan (moon)">Titan</a>, which is believed to be a significant source of the methane found in its atmosphere.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> It is theorized that cryovolcanism may also be present on the <a href="/wiki/Kuiper_Belt_Object" class="mw-redirect" title="Kuiper Belt Object">Kuiper Belt Object</a> <a href="/wiki/Quaoar" title="Quaoar">Quaoar</a>. A 2010 study of the <a href="/wiki/Exoplanet" title="Exoplanet">exoplanet</a> <a href="/wiki/COROT-7b" class="mw-redirect" title="COROT-7b">COROT-7b</a>, which was detected by <a href="/wiki/Transit_method" class="mw-redirect" title="Transit method">transit</a> in 2009, suggested that <a href="/wiki/Tidal_heating" title="Tidal heating">tidal heating</a> from the host star very close to the planet and neighbouring planets could generate intense volcanic activity similar to that found on Io.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="History_of_volcano_understanding">History of volcano understanding</h2></div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Volcanology#History" title="Volcanology">Volcanology § History</a></div> Volcanoes are not distributed evenly over the Earth's surface but active ones with significant impact were encountered early in human history, evidenced by footprints of <a href="/wiki/Hominina" class="mw-redirect" title="Hominina">hominina</a> found in East African volcanic ash dated at 3.66 million years old.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a>: 104 The association of volcanoes with fire and disaster is found in many oral traditions and had religious and thus social significance before the first written record of concepts related to volcanoes. Examples are: (1) the stories in the Athabascan subcultures about humans living inside mountains and a woman who uses fire to escape from a mountain,<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a>: 135 (2) <a href="/wiki/Pele_(deity)" title="Pele (deity)">Pele</a>'s migration through the Hawarian island chain, ability to destroy forests and manifestations of the god's temper,<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> and (3) the association in Javanese folklore of a king resident in <a href="/wiki/Mount_Merapi" title="Mount Merapi">Mount Merapi</a> volcano and a queen resident at a beach 50 km (31 mi) away on what is now known to be an earthquake fault that interacts with that volcano.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> Many ancient accounts ascribe volcanic eruptions to <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> causes, such as the actions of <a href="/wiki/Gods" class="mw-redirect" title="Gods">gods</a> or <a href="/wiki/Demigod" title="Demigod">demigods</a>. The earliest known such example is a neolithic goddess at <a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Chester2007-111">[111]</a>: 203 The Ancient Greek god <a href="/wiki/Hephaistos" class="mw-redirect" title="Hephaistos">Hephaistos</a> and the concepts of the underworld are aligned to volcanoes in that Greek culture.<a href="#cite_note-Thomaidis2021-88">[88]</a> However, others proposed more natural (but still incorrect) causes of volcanic activity. In the fifth century BC, <a href="/wiki/Anaxagoras" title="Anaxagoras">Anaxagoras</a> proposed eruptions were caused by a great wind.<a href="#cite_note-Sigurdsson2000-112">[112]</a> By 65 CE, <a href="/wiki/Seneca_the_Younger" title="Seneca the Younger">Seneca the Younger</a> proposed combustion as the cause,<a href="#cite_note-Sigurdsson2000-112">[112]</a> an idea also adopted by the <a href="/wiki/Jesuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Jesuit">Jesuit</a> <a href="/wiki/Athanasius_Kircher" title="Athanasius Kircher">Athanasius Kircher</a> (1602–1680), who witnessed eruptions of <a href="/wiki/Mount_Etna" title="Mount Etna">Mount Etna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stromboli" title="Stromboli">Stromboli</a>, then visited the crater of <a href="/wiki/Vesuvius" class="mw-redirect" title="Vesuvius">Vesuvius</a> and published his view of an Earth in <a href="/wiki/Mundus_Subterraneus" title="Mundus Subterraneus">Mundus Subterraneus</a> with a central fire connected to numerous others depicting volcanoes as a type of safety valve.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> Edward Jorden, in his work on mineral waters, challenged this view; in 1632 he proposed <a href="/wiki/Sulfur" title="Sulfur">sulfur</a> "fermentation" as a heat source within Earth,<a href="#cite_note-Sigurdsson2000-112">[112]</a> Astronomer <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Kepler" title="Johannes Kepler">Johannes Kepler</a> (1571–1630) believed volcanoes were ducts for Earth's tears.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] In 1650, <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">René Descartes</a> proposed the core of Earth was incandescent and, by 1785, the works of Decartes and others were synthesized into geology by <a href="/wiki/James_Hutton" title="James Hutton">James Hutton</a> in his writings about <a href="/wiki/Igneous_intrusion" title="Igneous intrusion">igneous intrusions</a> of magma.<a href="#cite_note-Sigurdsson2000-112">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lazzaro_Spallanzani" title="Lazzaro Spallanzani">Lazzaro Spallanzani</a> had demonstrated by 1794 that steam explosions could cause explosive eruptions and many geologists held this as the universal cause of explosive eruptions up to the <a href="/wiki/1886_eruption_of_Mount_Tarawera" title="1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera">1886 eruption of Mount Tarawera</a> which allowed in one event differentiation of the concurrent <a href="/wiki/Phreatomagmatic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phreatomagmatic">phreatomagmatic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hydrothermal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydrothermal">hydrothermal</a> eruptions from dry explosive eruption, of, as it turned out, a basalt <a href="/wiki/Dike_(geology)" title="Dike (geology)">dyke</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a>: 16–18 <a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a>: 4 <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Lacroix" title="Alfred Lacroix">Alfred Lacroix</a> built upon his other knowledge with his studies on the <a href="/wiki/1902_eruption_of_Mount_Pel%C3%A9e" title="1902 eruption of Mount Pelée">1902 eruption of Mount Pelée</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Sigurdsson2000-112">[112]</a> and by 1928 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Holmes" title="Arthur Holmes">Arthur Holmes</a> work had brought together the concepts of radioactive generation of heat, Earth's <a href="/wiki/Mantle_(geology)" title="Mantle (geology)">mantle</a> structure, partial decompression melting of magma, and magma convection.<a href="#cite_note-Sigurdsson2000-112">[112]</a> This eventually led to the acceptance of plate tectonics.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Spaccato_vulcano.svg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/30px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="600"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/30px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png" data-alt="icon" data-width="30" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/45px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Spaccato_vulcano.svg/60px-Spaccato_vulcano.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Volcanoes" title="Portal:Volcanoes">Volcanoes portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_extraterrestrial_volcanoes" title="List of extraterrestrial volcanoes">List of extraterrestrial volcanoes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_eruptions_by_death_toll" title="List of volcanic eruptions by death toll">List of volcanic eruptions by death toll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_volcanic_landforms" class="mw-redirect" title="List of volcanic landforms">List of volcanic landforms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maritime_impacts_of_volcanic_eruptions" title="Maritime impacts of volcanic eruptions">Maritime impacts of volcanic eruptions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prediction_of_volcanic_activity" title="Prediction of volcanic activity">Prediction of volcanic activity</a> – Research to predict volcanic activity</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_volcanism_on_Earth" title="Timeline of volcanism on Earth">Timeline of volcanism on Earth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_Number" title="Volcano Number">Volcano Number</a> – System for uniquely identifying volcanic features on Earth</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcano_observatory" title="Volcano observatory">Volcano observatory</a> – Institution that monitors volcano activity</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRampinoSelfStothers1988" class="citation journal cs1">Rampino, M R; Self, S; Stothers, R B (May 1988). 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Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 176 (3): 427–31. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2008JVGR..176..427S">2008JVGR..176..427S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2008.01.033">10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2008.01.033</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=Hawaiian+oral+tradition+describes+400+years+of+volcanic+activity+at+K%C4%ABlauea&rft.volume=176&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=427-31&rft.date=2008&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2008.01.033&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2008JVGR..176..427S&rft.aulast=Swanson&rft.aufirst=DA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrollDeeganJolisBudd2015" class="citation journal cs1">Troll, VR; Deegan, FM; Jolis, EM; Budd, DA; Dahren, B; Schwarzkopf, LM (2015). "Ancient oral tradition describes volcano–earthquake interaction at Merapi volcano, Indonesia". Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. 97 (1): 137–66. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2015GeAnA..97..137T">2015GeAnA..97..137T</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fgeoa.12099">10.1111/geoa.12099</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:129186824">129186824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geografiska+Annaler%3A+Series+A%2C+Physical+Geography&rft.atitle=Ancient+oral+tradition+describes+volcano%E2%80%93earthquake+interaction+at+Merapi+volcano%2C+Indonesia&rft.volume=97&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=137-66&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A129186824%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fgeoa.12099&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2015GeAnA..97..137T&rft.aulast=Troll&rft.aufirst=VR&rft.au=Deegan%2C+FM&rft.au=Jolis%2C+EM&rft.au=Budd%2C+DA&rft.au=Dahren%2C+B&rft.au=Schwarzkopf%2C+LM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Chester2007-111"><a href="#cite_ref-Chester2007_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesterDuncan2007" class="citation book cs1">Chester, DK; Duncan, AM (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://assets.pubpub.org/dzhycvw5/41608048843389.pdf">"Geomythology, theodicy, and the continuing relevance of religious worldviews on responses to volcanic eruptions"</a> (PDF). In Grattan, J; Torrence, R (eds.). Living under the shadow: The cultural impacts of volcanic eruptions. Walnut Creek: Left Coast. pp. 203–24. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781315425177" title="Special:BookSources/9781315425177"><bdi>9781315425177</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Geomythology%2C+theodicy%2C+and+the+continuing+relevance+of+religious+worldviews+on+responses+to+volcanic+eruptions&rft.btitle=Living+under+the+shadow%3A+The+cultural+impacts+of+volcanic+eruptions&rft.pages=203-24&rft.pub=Walnut+Creek%3A+Left+Coast&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781315425177&rft.aulast=Chester&rft.aufirst=DK&rft.au=Duncan%2C+AM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fassets.pubpub.org%2Fdzhycvw5%2F41608048843389.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sigurdsson2000-112">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sigurdsson2000_112-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sigurdsson2000_112-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sigurdsson2000_112-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sigurdsson2000_112-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sigurdsson2000_112-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sigurdsson2000_112-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigurdssonHoughtonRymerStix2000" class="citation book cs1">Sigurdsson, H; Houghton, B; Rymer, H; Stix, J; McNutt, S (2000). "The history of volcanology". Encyclopedia of volcanoes. Academic Press. pp. 15–37. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780123859396" title="Special:BookSources/9780123859396"><bdi>9780123859396</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+history+of+volcanology&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+volcanoes&rft.pages=15-37&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=9780123859396&rft.aulast=Sigurdsson&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Houghton%2C+B&rft.au=Rymer%2C+H&rft.au=Stix%2C+J&rft.au=McNutt%2C+S&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMajor1939" class="citation journal cs1">Major, RH (1939). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7939598">"Athanasius Kircher"</a>. Annals of Medical History. 1 (2): 105–120. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7939598">7939598</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33943407">33943407</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Medical+History&rft.atitle=Athanasius+Kircher&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=105-120&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7939598%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33943407&rft.aulast=Major&rft.aufirst=RH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7939598&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2007" class="citation magazine cs1">Williams, Micheal (November 2007). "Hearts of fire". Morning Calm. No. 11–2007. <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Air Lines">Korean Air Lines</a>. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Morning+Calm&rft.atitle=Hearts+of+fire&rft.issue=11%E2%80%932007&rft.pages=6&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Micheal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHutton1887" class="citation book cs1">Hutton, F.W. (1887). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout67-t17.html">Report on the Tarawera volcanic district</a>. Wellington, New Zealand: Government Printer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230829102014/https://nzetc.victoria.ac.nz/tm/scholarly/tei-Stout67-t17.html">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2023. Retrieved August 30, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Tarawera+volcanic+district&rft.place=Wellington%2C+New+Zealand&rft.pub=Government+Printer&rft.date=1887&rft.aulast=Hutton&rft.aufirst=F.W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnzetc.victoria.ac.nz%2Ftm%2Fscholarly%2Ftei-Stout67-t17.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerrymanVillamorNairnBegg2022" class="citation journal cs1">Berryman, Kelvin; Villamor, Pilar; Nairn, Ian.A.; Begg, John; Alloway, Brent V.; Rowland, Julie; Lee, Julie; Capote, Ramon (July 1, 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2022.107552">"Volcano-tectonic interactions at the southern margin of the Okataina Volcanic Centre, Taupō Volcanic Zone, New Zealand"</a>. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research. 427: 107552. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2022JVGR..42707552B">2022JVGR..42707552B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2022.107552">10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2022.107552</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2292%2F59681">2292/59681</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:248111450">248111450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.atitle=Volcano-tectonic+interactions+at+the+southern+margin+of+the+Okataina+Volcanic+Centre%2C+Taup%C5%8D+Volcanic+Zone%2C+New+Zealand&rft.volume=427&rft.pages=107552&rft.date=2022-07-01&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2292%2F59681&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A248111450%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jvolgeores.2022.107552&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2022JVGR..42707552B&rft.aulast=Berryman&rft.aufirst=Kelvin&rft.au=Villamor%2C+Pilar&rft.au=Nairn%2C+Ian.A.&rft.au=Begg%2C+John&rft.au=Alloway%2C+Brent+V.&rft.au=Rowland%2C+Julie&rft.au=Lee%2C+Julie&rft.au=Capote%2C+Ramon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.jvolgeores.2022.107552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amnh.org/education/resources/rfl/web/essaybooks/earth/p_holmes.html">"Arthur Holmes: Harnessing the Mechanics of Mantle Convection to the Theory of Continental Drift"</a>. Retrieved November 12, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Arthur+Holmes%3A+Harnessing+the+Mechanics+of+Mantle+Convection+to+the+Theory+of+Continental+Drift&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amnh.org%2Feducation%2Fresources%2Frfl%2Fweb%2Fessaybooks%2Fearth%2Fp_holmes.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonaldAbbott1970" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, Gordon; Abbott, Agatin (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/volcanoesinseage00macd">Volcanoes in the Sea: The Geology of Hawaii</a>. University of Hawaii Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-870-22495-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-870-22495-9"><bdi>978-0-870-22495-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+in+the+Sea%3A+The+Geology+of+Hawaii&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-870-22495-9&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rft.au=Abbott%2C+Agatin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvolcanoesinseage00macd&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartiErnst2005" class="citation book cs1">Marti, Joan & Ernst, Gerald. (2005). Volcanoes and the Environment. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59254-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-59254-3"><bdi>978-0-521-59254-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes+and+the+Environment&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-521-59254-3&rft.aulast=Marti&rft.aufirst=Joan&rft.au=Ernst%2C+Gerald.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOllier1969" class="citation book cs1">Ollier, Cliff (1969). Volcanoes. Australian National University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7081-0532-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7081-0532-0"><bdi>978-0-7081-0532-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Volcanoes&rft.pub=Australian+National+University+Press&rft.date=1969&rft.isbn=978-0-7081-0532-0&rft.aulast=Ollier&rft.aufirst=Cliff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSigurðsson2015" class="citation book cs1">Sigurðsson, Haraldur, ed. (2015). The Encyclopedia of Volcanoes (2 ed.). Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385938-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-385938-9"><bdi>978-0-12-385938-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Volcanoes&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-12-385938-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"> This is a reference aimed at geologists, but many articles are accessible to non-professionals.</li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 30px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="30" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Volcanoes" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Volcanoes">Volcanoes</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 40px;height: 40px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="40" data-height="40" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Volcanoes#Q8072" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Volcanoes">Volcanoes</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Volcano <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Volcano">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Volcano&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.disasterassistance.gov/information/disaster-types/volcano">U.S. Federal Emergency Management Agency Volcano advice</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210827114921/https://www.disasterassistance.gov/information/disaster-types/volcano">Archived</a> August 27, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.oregonstate.edu/">Volcano World</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcano.si.edu/">"Global Volcanism Program"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Global+Volcanism+Program&rft.pub=Smithsonian+Institution&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvolcano.si.edu%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AVolcano" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volcano&oldid=1257234123#Dormant">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volcano&oldid=1257234123#Dormant</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Volcano&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 13 November 2024, at 22:33 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D1%8D%D0%B1%D1%8D%D0%BA%D1%8A%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%8D" title="Къэбэкъауэ – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къэбэкъауэ" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A5%E1%88%B3%E1%89%B0_%E1%8C%88%E1%88%9E%E1%88%AB" title="እሳተ ገሞራ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="እሳተ ገሞራ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C8%B3rbeorg" title="Fȳrbeorg – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Fȳrbeorg" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بركان – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بركان" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Հրաբուխ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Հրաբուխ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanu" title="Vulcanu – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Vulcanu" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="আগ্নেয়গিৰি – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="আগ্নেয়গিৰি" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yvyrata" title="Yvyrata – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Yvyrata" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="یانارداغ – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="یانارداغ" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF" title="আগ্নেয়গিরি – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আগ্নেয়গিরি" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ho%C3%A9-soa%E2%81%BF" title="Hoé-soaⁿ – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hoé-soaⁿ" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Gunung berapi" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулькан – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Вулькан" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkeno" title="Volkeno – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Volkeno" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vuikan" title="Vuikan – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Vuikan" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%98%E0%BD%BA%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8D" title="མེ་རི། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="མེ་རི།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Menez-tan" title="Menez-tan – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Menez-tan" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Галта уула – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Галта уула" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A0" title="Volcà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Volcà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8)" title="Вулкан (геологи) – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Вулкан (геологи)" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopka" title="Sopka – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Sopka" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chikwatamabwe" title="Chikwatamabwe – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chikwatamabwe" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanu" title="Volcanu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Volcanu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llosgfynydd" title="Llosgfynydd – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llosgfynydd" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_(%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D8%A7)" title="بركان (جيولوجيا) – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="بركان (جيولوجيا)" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dollav%C3%A1rri" title="Dollavárri – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Dollavárri" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηφαίστειο – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ηφαίστειο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkano" title="Vulkano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Vulkano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sumendi" title="Sumendi – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sumendi" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آتشفشان – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آتشفشان" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jwala_mukhi" title="Jwala mukhi – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Jwala mukhi" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gosfj%C3%B8ll" title="Gosfjøll – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Gosfjøll" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fulkaan" title="Fulkaan – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Fulkaan" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Friulian" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friulian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Furlan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bolc%C3%A1n" title="Bolcán – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bolcán" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcaan" title="Volcaan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Volcaan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beinn-theine" title="Beinn-theine – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beinn-theine" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volc%C3%A1n" title="Volcán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Volcán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ndumb%C4%A9r%C4%A9" title="Ndumbĩrĩ – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ndumbĩrĩ" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B3%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AE%E0%AB%81%E0%AA%96%E0%AB%80" title="જ્વાળામુખી – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="જ્વાળામુખી" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%B3-s%C3%A2n" title="Fó-sân – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fó-sân" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%EC%82%B0" title="화산 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화산" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dutsen_Volcano" title="Dutsen Volcano – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Dutsen Volcano" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AD" title="Հրաբուխ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրաբուխ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkano" title="Volkano – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Volkano" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Gunung berapi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Vulcano" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C4%A1%C4%A1isuaq" title="Iġġisuaq – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Iġġisuaq" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target">Iñupiatun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intaba-mlilo" title="Intaba-mlilo – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="Intaba-mlilo" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eldst%C3%B6%C3%B0" title="Eldstöð – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Eldstöð" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcano" title="Vulcano – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Vulcano" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A8_%D7%92%D7%A2%D7%A9" title="הר געש – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הר געש" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_geni" title="Gunung geni – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Gunung geni" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C9%9Bt%C9%9B%C9%9B_mi%C5%8B" title="Tɛtɛɛ miŋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Tɛtɛɛ miŋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kl mw-list-item"><a href="https://kl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qaqqaq_innermik_anitsisartut" title="Qaqqaq innermik anitsisartut – Kalaallisut" lang="kl" hreflang="kl" data-title="Qaqqaq innermik anitsisartut" data-language-autonym="Kalaallisut" data-language-local-name="Kalaallisut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kalaallisut</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%96%E0%B2%BF" title="ಜ್ವಾಲಾಮುಖಿ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಜ್ವಾಲಾಮುಖಿ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვულკანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ვულკანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/W%C3%B9lkan" title="Wùlkan – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Wùlkan" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%83" title="Жанартау – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Жанартау" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ibirunga_byu_Rwanda" title="Ibirunga byu Rwanda – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Ibirunga byu Rwanda" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkeno" title="Volkeno – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Volkeno" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%C3%B2lkan" title="Vòlkan – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Vòlkan" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BE" title="Жанар тоо – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Жанар тоо" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9E%E0%BA%B9%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%82%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%B2%E0%BB%84%E0%BA%9F" title="ພູເຂົາໄຟ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ພູເຂົາໄຟ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mons_ignifer" title="Mons ignifer – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Mons ignifer" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulk%C4%81ns" title="Vulkāns – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Vulkāns" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Вулкан (геология) – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Вулкан (геология)" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugnikalnis" title="Ugnikalnis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Ugnikalnis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulc%C3%A0n" title="Vulcàn – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Vulcàn" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%C3%B3mb%C3%A1-m%C9%94%CC%8Ct%C9%94" title="Ngómbá-mɔ̌tɔ – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Ngómbá-mɔ̌tɔ" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulim%C3%A4gi" title="Tulimägi – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tulimägi" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ekipuluko" title="Ekipuluko – Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ekipuluko" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C5%B1zh%C3%A1ny%C3%B3" title="Tűzhányó – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tűzhányó" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkano" title="Volkano – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Volkano" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%85%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%82" title="അഗ്നിപർവ്വതം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="അഗ്നിപർവ്വതം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%95%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ვულკანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ვულკანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86" title="بركان – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بركان" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D9%88%D9%86" title="تش فشون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="تش فشون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunung_berapi" title="Gunung berapi – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Gunung berapi" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunuang_api" title="Gunuang api – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Gunuang api" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulcon" title="Bulcon – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Bulcon" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%86%D1%8C" title="Вулканць – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Вулканць" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82_%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Галт уул – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Галт уул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%90%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA" title="မီးတောင် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မီးတောင်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tletepetl" title="Tletepetl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Tletepetl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nāhuatl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkaan" title="Vulkaan – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Vulkaan" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%80" title="ज्वालामुखी – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="ज्वालामुखी" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%81%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE" title="गुँजला – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="गुँजला" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurcano" title="Vurcano – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Vurcano" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D3%80%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="ТӀаплам – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="ТӀаплам" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulkaan" title="Wulkaan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Wulkaan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Montangne_d%C3%A9_feu" title="Montangne dé feu – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Montangne dé feu" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burkaana" title="Burkaana – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Burkaana" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulqon" title="Vulqon – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Vulqon" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AE%E0%A9%81%E0%A8%96%E0%A9%80" title="ਜੁਆਲਾਮੁਖੀ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੁਆਲਾਮੁਖੀ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آتش فشاں – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="آتش فشاں" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="اورشيندی – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اورشيندی" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkieno" title="Volkieno – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Volkieno" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%93%E1%9F%86%E1%9E%97%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%9B%E1%9E%BE%E1%9E%84" title="ភ្នំភ្លើង – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ភ្នំភ្លើង" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulkan" title="Wulkan – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Wulkan" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulc%C3%A3o" title="Vulcão – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Vulcão" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkahn" title="Vulkahn – Colognian" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Vulkahn" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Colognian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ripoarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan" title="Vulcan – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Vulcan" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ariq" title="Ariq – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Ariq" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Булкаан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Булкаан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83" title="अग्निपर्वतः – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="अग्निपर्वतः" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آتش فشاں – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="آتش فشاں" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcanu" title="Vulcanu – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Vulcanu" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcanae" title="Volcanae – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Volcanae" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vullkani" title="Vullkani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Vullkani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vurcanu_(giolugg%C3%ACa)" title="Vurcanu (gioluggìa) – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Vurcanu (gioluggìa)" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%92_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%B3%E0%B7%94" title="ගිනි කඳු – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ගිනි කඳු" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcano" title="Volcano – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Volcano" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%86" title="آتش فشان – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="آتش فشان" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sopka" title="Sopka – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Sopka" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ognjenik" title="Ognjenik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ognjenik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Folkaano" title="Folkaano – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Folkaano" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DA%95%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86" title="گڕکان – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گڕکان" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tulivuori" title="Tulivuori – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tulivuori" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkan" title="Vulkan – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Vulkan" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="எரிமலை – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="எரிமலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%97%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%A4%E0%B0%82" title="అగ్నిపర్వతం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అగ్నిపర్వతం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%9F" title="ภูเขาไฟ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ภูเขาไฟ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%84%D0%B8%D1%88%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Оташфишон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Оташфишон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanarda%C4%9F" title="Yanardağ – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yanardağ" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wulkan" title="Wulkan – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Wulkan" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B3_%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B3" title="Оттуг даг – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Оттуг даг" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Вулкан – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вулкан" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%AA%D8%B4_%D9%81%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BA" title="آتش فشاں – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="آتش فشاں" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%BA" title="يانار تاغ – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="يانار تاغ" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A4moim%C3%A4gi" title="Lämoimägi – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Lämoimägi" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%BAi_l%E1%BB%ADa" title="Núi lửa – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Núi lửa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volkan" title="Volkan – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Volkan" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tul%C3%B5m%C3%A4gi" title="Tulõmägi – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Tulõmägi" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volcan" title="Volcan – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Volcan" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulkoan" title="Vulkoan – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Vulkoan" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bulkan" title="Bulkan – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Bulkan" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%9F" title="וואולקאן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="וואולקאן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koyo_volkanik" title="Koyo volkanik – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Koyo volkanik" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogn%C4%97kalnis" title="Ognėkalnis – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Ognėkalnis" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%81%AB%E5%B1%B1" title="火山 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="火山" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ann mw-list-item"><a href="https://ann.wikipedia.org/wiki/V%E1%BB%8Dlikano" title="Vọlikano – Obolo" lang="ann" hreflang="ann" data-title="Vọlikano" data-language-autonym="Obolo" data-language-local-name="Obolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Obolo</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 13 November 2024, at 22:33 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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<script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-x5wzj","wgBackendResponseTime":261,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.544","walltime":"1.911","ppvisitednodes":{"value":13220,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":266461,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":8219,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":23,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":46,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":408187,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1646.040 1 -total"," 37.36% 614.884 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.56% 305.443 37 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.29% 120.013 3 Template:Navbox"," 6.94% 114.259 33 Template:Cite_web"," 6.83% 112.482 19 Template:Sfn"," 6.66% 109.691 2 Template:IPA"," 6.31% 103.797 1 Template:Earth's_landforms"," 4.52% 74.324 3 Template:Side_box"," 4.46% 73.372 18 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dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Visible anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Volcanoes\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 7,\n [\"Wikivoyage\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-2hmlm","timestamp":"20241122140528","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Volcano","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Volcano#Dormant","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8072","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q8072","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, 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