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Siege of Fort Zeelandia - Wikipedia
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id="mf-section-0"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><p>The <b>siege of Fort Zeelandia</b> (<a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh">熱蘭遮城包圍戰</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pe%CC%8Dh-%C5%8De-j%C4%AB" title="Pe̍h-ōe-jī">Pe̍h-ōe-jī</a>: <i><span lang="nan-Latn">Jia̍t-lân-jia Siâⁿ Pau-ûi-chiàn</span></i>) of 1661–1662 ended the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_under_Dutch_colonial_rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan under Dutch colonial rule">rule</a> over <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a> and began the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a>'s rule over the island. </p><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Siege of Fort Zeelandia</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Sino-Dutch conflicts</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Audi%C3%ABntie_bij_een_Chinese_vorst,_RP-P-1878-A-483.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Audi%C3%ABntie_bij_een_Chinese_vorst%2C_RP-P-1878-A-483.jpg/300px-Audi%C3%ABntie_bij_een_Chinese_vorst%2C_RP-P-1878-A-483.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Audi%C3%ABntie_bij_een_Chinese_vorst%2C_RP-P-1878-A-483.jpg/450px-Audi%C3%ABntie_bij_een_Chinese_vorst%2C_RP-P-1878-A-483.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Audi%C3%ABntie_bij_een_Chinese_vorst%2C_RP-P-1878-A-483.jpg/600px-Audi%C3%ABntie_bij_een_Chinese_vorst%2C_RP-P-1878-A-483.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6666" data-file-height="4316"></a></span><br>Surrender of Fort Zeelandia in Formosa to the Ming loyalists, 1662 by Johannes van Baden</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>March 30, 1661 – February 1, 1662</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Taiwan)" title="Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)">Fort Zeelandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutch_Formosa" title="Dutch Formosa">Formosa</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>)</div><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&params=23_00_06_N_120_09_39_E_type:event_region:TW-TNN"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">23°00′06″N</span> <span class="longitude">120°09′39″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">23.00167°N 120.16083°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">23.00167; 120.16083</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Ming loyalists</a> victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Southern_Ming" title="Southern Ming">Ming loyalists</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a><br>Chen Ze</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Coyett" title="Frederick Coyett">Frederick Coyett</a><br> Hans Jurgen Radis<br> Philip Meij</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 25,000, of whom 6,000 advanced on the fort<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br> 400 <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junks</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 905 soldiers (Zeelandia)<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>140 soldiers (Provintia)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a140_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a140-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br>3 ships (Zeelandia)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a194_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a194-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br> 12 ships (relief) with 700 sailors<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a206_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a206-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200965_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200965-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201763_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201763-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 12,500 deserted or dead, mostly from disease,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including more than 2,200 killed by natives<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a187–188_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a187%E2%80%93188-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 1,600 killed or died of disease <br> <b>Zeelandia</b>: 1 warship sunk<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a138_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a138-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><b>Relief</b>: 1 warship sunk, 2 ships abandoned, 3 ships captured<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA221_221–222]_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA221_221%E2%80%93222%5D-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a212,_236_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a212,_236-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taiwan_relief_location_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia is located in Taiwan"><img alt="Siege of Fort Zeelandia is located in Taiwan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taiwan_relief_location_map.jpg/220px-Taiwan_relief_location_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="265" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Taiwan_relief_location_map.jpg/330px-Taiwan_relief_location_map.jpg 1.5x, 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</a></div>Location within Taiwan</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Prelude"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Prelude</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Koxinga's_invasion"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Koxinga's invasion</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Landing"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Landing</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Siege"><span class="tocnumber">2.2</span> <span class="toctext">Siege</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Torture"><span class="tocnumber">2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Torture</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples"><span class="tocnumber">2.4</span> <span class="toctext">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Aftermath"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Aftermath</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Dutch_prisoners"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Dutch prisoners</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#Later_Ming%E2%80%93Dutch_encounters"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Later Ming–Dutch encounters</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-10"><a href="#Cultural_influences"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Cultural influences</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-11"><a href="#Gallery"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Gallery</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-14"><a href="#Bibliography"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Bibliography</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sino-Dutch_conflicts" title="Sino-Dutch conflicts">Sino-Dutch conflicts</a></div> <p>From 1623 to 1624, the Dutch had been at war with Ming China over the <a href="/wiki/Pescadores" class="mw-redirect" title="Pescadores">Pescadores</a>. In 1633 they clashed with a fleet led by <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Zhilong" title="Zheng Zhilong">Zheng Zhilong</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Liaoluo_Bay" title="Battle of Liaoluo Bay">Battle of Liaoluo Bay</a>, ending in Dutch defeat. By 1632 the Dutch had established a post on a peninsula named Tayoan (now <a href="/wiki/Anping_District" title="Anping District">Anping District</a> of <a href="/wiki/Tainan" title="Tainan">Tainan</a>), which was separated from the main part of Formosa by a shallow <a href="/wiki/Lagoon" title="Lagoon">lagoon</a> historically referred to as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taikang_inland_sea&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taikang inland sea (page does not exist)">Taikang inland sea</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%BA%E6%B1%9F%E5%85%A7%E6%B5%B7" class="extiw" title="zh:臺江內海">zh</a>]</span>. The Dutch fortifications consisted of two forts along the bay: the first and foremost fortification was the multiple-walled <a href="/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Taiwan)" title="Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)">Fort Zeelandia</a>, situated at the entrance to the bay,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson190313_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson190313-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the second was the smaller <a href="/wiki/Fort_Provintia" title="Fort Provintia">Fort Provintia</a>, a walled administrative office.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1903546_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903546-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Coyett" title="Frederick Coyett">Frederick Coyett</a>, the governor of Taiwan for the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a>, was stationed in Fort Zeelandia with 1,733 people: 905 soldiers and officers, 547 slaves, 218 women and children, and 63 married men,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a189_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a189-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while his subordinate, Valentyn, was in charge of Fort Provintia and its garrison of 140 soldiers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a140_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a140-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1659, after an unsuccessful attempt to capture <a href="/wiki/Nanjing" title="Nanjing">Nanjing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a>, son of Zheng Zhilong and leader of the <a href="/wiki/Ming_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Ming Dynasty">Ming</a> loyalist remnants, felt that the <a href="/wiki/Qing_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Qing Empire">Qing Empire</a> had consolidated their position in China sufficiently, while his troops needed more supplies and soldiers. He began searching for a suitable location as his base of operations, and soon a Chinese man named <a href="/w/index.php?title=He_Bin_(Koxinga_ally)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="He Bin (Koxinga ally) (page does not exist)">He Bin</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E6%96%8C" class="extiw" title="zh:何斌">zh</a>]</span> (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BD%95%E6%96%8C" class="extiw" title="zh:何斌">何斌</a></span>), who was working for the Dutch East India Company in Formosa (Taiwan), fled to Koxinga's base in <a href="/wiki/Xiamen" title="Xiamen">Xiamen</a> and provided him with a map of Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008§15_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008%C2%A715-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Koxinga's_invasion"><span id="Koxinga.27s_invasion"></span>Koxinga's invasion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Koxinga's invasion" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koxinga%27s_soldier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Koxinga%27s_soldier.jpg/220px-Koxinga%27s_soldier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="362" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="242" data-file-height="398"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 362px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Koxinga%27s_soldier.jpg/220px-Koxinga%27s_soldier.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="362" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Koxinga%27s_soldier.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>One of Koxinga's armored soldiers.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landing">Landing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Landing" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>On 23 March 1661, Koxinga's fleet set sail from <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Kinmen</a> (Quemoy) with hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Junk_(ship)" title="Junk (ship)">junks</a> of various sizes, with roughly 25,000 soldiers and sailors aboard. They arrived at <a href="/wiki/Penghu" title="Penghu">Penghu</a> the next day. On 30 March, a small garrison was left at Penghu while the main body of the fleet left and arrived at Tayoan on 2 April. On Baxemboy Island in the Bay of Taiwan, unrelated to the siege, 2,000 Chinese individuals attacked 240 Dutch musketeers, routing them.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201763_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201763-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After passing through a shallow waterway unknown to the Dutch, they landed at the bay of <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakjemuyse&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lakjemuyse (page does not exist)">Lakjemuyse</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%B9%BF%E8%80%B3%E9%96%80" class="extiw" title="zh:鹿耳門">zh</a>]</span></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1903544_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903544-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three Dutch ships attacked the Chinese junks and destroyed several until their main warship, the <i>Hector</i>, exploded due to a cannon firing near its gunpowder supply. The remaining two ships consisted of a yacht and a lesser warship, which could not keep Koxinga from controlling the waters around Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA136_136]_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA136_136%5D-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No further opposition was for the time encountered. The remainder of Koxinga's men safely landed and built earthworks overlooking the plain. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Some were armed with bows and arrows hanging down their backs; others had nothing save a shield on the left arm and a good sword in the right hand; while many wielded with both hands a formidable battle-sword fixed to a stick half the length of a man. Everyone was protected over the upper part of the body with a coat of iron scales, fitting below one another like the slates of a roof; the arms and legs being left bare. This afforded complete protection from rifle bullets and yet left ample freedom to move, as those coats only reached down to the knees and were very flexible at all the joints. The archers formed Koxinga's best troops, and much depended on them, for even at a distance they contrived to handle their weapons with so great skill that they very nearly eclipsed the riflemen. The shield bearers were used instead of cavalry. Every tenth man of them is a leader, who takes charge of, and presses his men on, to force themselves into the ranks of the enemy. With bent heads and their bodies hidden behind the shields, they try to break through the opposing ranks with such fury and dauntless courage as if each one had still a spare body left at home. They continually press onwards, notwithstanding many are shot down; not stopping to consider, but ever rushing forward like mad dogs, not even looking round to see whether they are followed by their comrades or not. Those with the sword-sticks—called soapknives by the Hollanders—render the same service as our lancers in preventing all breaking through of the enemy, and in this way establishing perfect order in the ranks; but when the enemy has been thrown into disorder, the Sword-bearers follow this up with fearful massacre amongst the fugitives.<br><br>Koxinga was abundantly provided with cannons and ammunition . . He had also two companies of 'Black-boys,' many of whom had been Dutch slaves and had learned the use of the rifle and musket-arms. These caused much harm during the war in Formosa.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStruve1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcRXAcZGcpa8CpgPA218_218]_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruve1993%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidcRXAcZGcpa8CpgPA218_218%5D-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen439mode2up_420]_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen439mode2up_420%5D-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><br>The latter courageously marched in rows of twelve men towards the enemy, and when they came near enough, they charged by firing three volleys uniformly. The enemy, not less brave, discharged so great a storm of arrows that they seemed to darken the sky. From both sides some few fell <i>hors de combat</i>, but still the Chinese were not going to run away, as was imagined. The Dutch troops now noticed the separated Chinese squadron which came to surprise them from the rear; and seeing that those in front stubbornly held their ground, it now became a case of <i>sero sapiunt Phryges</i>. They now discovered that they had been too confident of the weakness of the enemy, and had not anticipated such resistance. If they were courageous before the battle (seeking to emulate the actions of Gideon), fear now took the place of their courage, and many of them threw down their rifles without even discharging them at the enemy. Indeed, they took to their heels, with shameful haste, leaving their brave comrades and valiant Captain in the lurch. Pedel, judging that it would be the veriest folly to withstand such overwhelming numbers, wished to close together and retreat in good order, but his soldiers would not listen to him. Fear had the upper-hand, and life was dear to them; each therefore sought to save himself. The Chinese saw the disorder and attacked still more vigorously, cutting down all before them. They gave no quarter, but went on until the Captain with one hundred and eighteen of his army were slain on the field of battle, as a penalty for making light of the enemy. Other misfortunes befell this unhappy company. A large number of the rifles in possession of our troops were left behind. This battle was fought on a sandy plain, from which escape was impossible, and but for the proximity of the pilot-boat, which lay close to the shore, not one would have been left to tell the tale. The fugitives, who had to wade up to their throats in water, were conveyed to Tayouan.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen435mode2up_416–417]_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen435mode2up_416%E2%80%93417%5D-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStruve1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcRXAcZGcpa8CpgPA216_216]_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruve1993%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidcRXAcZGcpa8CpgPA216_216%5D-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br><br>But it was observed that the greatest part of the hostile army—which, according to one of the prisoners, amounted to twenty thousand men, Koxinga himself being present—had already landed on the Sakam shore. To all appearance they would probably resist, pursue, and defeat us, seeing that they had a large force of cavalry, and were armed with rifles, soapknives, bows and arrows, and such like weapons, besides being harnessed and provided with storm-helmets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen499mode2up_482]_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen499mode2up_482%5D-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Frederick Coyett</cite></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Siege">Siege</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Siege" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A_Ming_junk_1637.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_Ming_junk_1637.jpg/220px-A_Ming_junk_1637.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="214" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="307"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 214px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/A_Ming_junk_1637.jpg/220px-A_Ming_junk_1637.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="214" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/27/A_Ming_junk_1637.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>A Ming junk, 1637.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Die_Festung_Selandia_auff_Teowan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Die_Festung_Selandia_auff_Teowan.jpg/220px-Die_Festung_Selandia_auff_Teowan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="794"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 171px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Die_Festung_Selandia_auff_Teowan.jpg/220px-Die_Festung_Selandia_auff_Teowan.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="171" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Die_Festung_Selandia_auff_Teowan.jpg/330px-Die_Festung_Selandia_auff_Teowan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Die_Festung_Selandia_auff_Teowan.jpg/440px-Die_Festung_Selandia_auff_Teowan.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Surrender of Fort Zeelandia</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Surrender_of_Zeelandia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Surrender_of_Zeelandia.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_Zeelandia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="121" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1843" data-file-height="1017"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 121px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Surrender_of_Zeelandia.jpg/220px-Surrender_of_Zeelandia.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="121" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Surrender_of_Zeelandia.jpg/330px-Surrender_of_Zeelandia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Surrender_of_Zeelandia.jpg/440px-Surrender_of_Zeelandia.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>The surrender of Fort Zeelandia</figcaption></figure> <p>On April 4, Valentyn surrendered to Koxinga's army after it laid siege to Fort Provintia. The rapid assault had caught Valentyn unprepared since he was under the impression that the fort was under the protection of Fort Zeelandia. On April 7, Koxinga's army surrounded Fort Zeelandia, sending the captured Dutch priest <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Hambroek" title="Antonius Hambroek">Antonius Hambroek</a> as an emissary, demanding the garrison's surrender. However, Hambroek urged the garrison to resist instead of surrender and was executed after returning to Koxinga's camp. Koxinga ordered his artillery to advance and used 28 cannons to bombard the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson190338_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson190338-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Koxinga was confident in his army's ability to overwhelm the fort. They outnumbered the defenders twenty-to-one and he had hundreds of cannons. After careful planning and multiple feints, Koxinga bombarded the fort during the night, demolishing the roof of the Dutch governor's house. While initially unable to respond, the Dutch were able to reposition their guns and return fire from different angles using the bastion forts as vantage points. The assault was driven back with hundreds of Koxinga's best soldiers killed. The Dutch governor wrote that the enemy's cannons were badly placed, unprotected, and easy to destroy. The assault had caused no damage other than damaging a few houses and lightly wounding one Dutch artillerist. Shocked at the defeat, Koxinga abandoned the approach of taking the fortress by storm in favor of starving it out.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016216–219_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016216%E2%80%93219-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On the 28th of May, news of the siege reached <a href="/wiki/Jakarta" title="Jakarta">Jakarta</a>, and the Dutch East India Company dispatched a fleet of 12 ships and 700 sailors to relieve the fort. The first time they tried to land, they were forced away by bad weather, and one ship's crew was captured by the natives when it crashed into the beach. The natives killed most of the crew and sent them to Koxinga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a212_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a212-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On July 5, the relief force arrived and engaged in small-scale confrontations with Koxinga's fleet. On July 23, the two sides gave major battle as the Dutch fleet attempted to break Koxinga's blockade. A second, ultimately unsuccessful attempt at relief was mounted in October. The Dutch tried to bombard the Chinese position with their ships, but their shots were too high and missed their target, giving the Chinese gunners time to prepare and return fire. Meanwhile, the smaller Dutch ships engaged the Chinese junks, which lured them into a narrow strait with a false withdrawal. The Dutch ships were unable to get away as the wind had died, and they were forced to paddle their boats, but the Chinese caught them and massacred the crew on board, and used pikes to kill those who jumped overboard. The Chinese caught Dutch grenades in nets and threw them back at the Dutch. The Dutch flagship <i>Koukercken</i> ran aground right in front of an enemy cannon placement and was sunk. Another ship was stranded and its crew fled to Fort Zeelandia. The remaining Dutch fleet was forced to retreat with the loss of two ships, three smaller vessels, and 130 casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA221_221–223]_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA221_221%E2%80%93223%5D-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In September, Koxinga attacked the Dutch redoubts with intent to capture them. Coyet remarked on the accuracy of Chinese cannon bombardment against Dutch gun emplacements on the fort, which rendered them immobile. Dutch carpenters tried to build a fortification at the base of the redoubt but failed due to enemy cannon fire. Coyet ordered 50 musketeers to provide cover fire and clear the Chinese gunners. They were successful, but during night time, the Chinese returned and mined the musketeers' positions with explosive charges. However they went off too early the next day while the musketeers were returning to their positions and failed to kill them. The Dutch were able to fortify the redoubt.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA240_240–241]_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA240_240%E2%80%93241%5D-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October, several dozen Dutch troops raided a nearby island for provisions. The raid took a disastrous turn when they encountered a small group of Chinese soldiers. They tried to flee, but suffered heavy casualties, losing 36 men.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016192_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016192-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December, deserting German mercenaries brought Koxinga word of low morale among the garrison, and he launched a major assault on the fort, which was ultimately repelled.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1662, a German sergeant named Hans Jurgen Radis defected to give Koxinga critical advice on how to capture the fortress from a redoubt whose strategic importance had gone hitherto unnoticed by the Chinese forces. Koxinga followed his advice and the Dutch redoubt fell within a day. This claim of a defector appears in a <i>post hoc</i> account of the siege written by Frederick Coyett, whom scholars have noted sought to absolve the author of responsibility for the defeat. A Swiss soldier also writes about the betrayal independently. Ming records make no mention of any defector or German named Hans Jurgen Radis.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStruve1993232_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruve1993232-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On 12 January 1662, Koxinga's fleet initiated another bombardment, while the ground forces prepared to assault the fort. With supplies dwindling and no sign of reinforcement, Coyett finally ordered the hoisting of the white flag and negotiated terms of surrender, a process that was finalized on February 1. On the 9th of February, the remaining Dutch East India Company personnel left Taiwan; all were allowed to take with them their personal belongings, as well as provisions sufficient for them to reach the nearest Dutch settlement.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a294_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a294-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Torture">Torture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Torture" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>Both sides used torture in the war. One Dutch physician carried out a <a href="/wiki/Vivisection" title="Vivisection">vivisection</a> on a Chinese prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese amputated the genitals, noses, ears, and limbs of Dutch prisoners while they were still alive and sent back the mutilated corpses and prisoners to the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chinese rebels had earlier cut the genitals, eyes, ears, and noses of Dutch people in the Guo Huaiyi rebellion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA125_125]_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA125_125%5D-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mouths of Dutch soldiers were filled with their amputated genitals by the Chinese who also slammed nails into their bodies, and amputated their noses, legs, and arms and sent the bodies of these Dutch soldiers back to the fort.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA223_223]_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA223_223%5D-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Taiwanese indigenous peoples" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Taiwanese_indigenous_peoples" title="Taiwanese indigenous peoples">Taiwanese indigenous peoples</a> attacked both the Chinese and the Dutch. In the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Middag" title="Kingdom of Middag">Kingdom of Middag</a>, the natives welcomed warmly the troops led by Koxinga's commander, Chen Ze. When Chen Ze's troops had been lulled into a false sense of security, the natives killed them in their sleep, wiping out 1,500 of Koxinga's army. This was the worst of several native attacks on the Chinese. The second worst case occurred in the south, where another 700 of Koxinga's forces were wiped out by the natives.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a187-188_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a187-188-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The natives who were previously allied with the Dutch against the Chinese during the <a href="/wiki/Guo_Huaiyi_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Guo Huaiyi Rebellion">Guo Huaiyi Rebellion</a> in 1652 turned against the Dutch during the siege. The aboriginals (Formosans) of Sincan defected to Koxinga after he offered them amnesty. They proceeded to work for the Chinese in executing captured Dutchmen. On 17 May 1661, the frontier aboriginals in the mountains and plains also surrendered and defected to the Chinese. They celebrated their freedom from compulsory education under Dutch rule by hunting down Dutch colonists and beheading them, while destroying their Christian school textbooks.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koxinga formulated a plan to give oxen, farming tools, and teach farming techniques to the Taiwan Aboriginals. He gave them Ming gowns and caps, provided feasts for chieftains, and gifted tobacco to Aboriginals who were gathered in crowds to meet and welcome him as he visited their villages after he defeated the Dutch.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koxinga_Dutch_Treaty.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Koxinga_Dutch_Treaty.jpg/240px-Koxinga_Dutch_Treaty.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="380" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="316" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 380px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Koxinga_Dutch_Treaty.jpg/240px-Koxinga_Dutch_Treaty.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="380" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Koxinga_Dutch_Treaty.jpg 1.5x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a><figcaption>Peace Treaty of 1662, between Dutch Governor and Koxinga.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECoyett1903455–456_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECoyett1903455%E2%80%93456-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dutch_prisoners">Dutch prisoners</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Dutch prisoners" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>During the siege of Fort Zeelandia, the Chinese took many Dutch prisoners, among them the Dutch missionary <a href="/wiki/Antonius_Hambroek" title="Antonius Hambroek">Antonius Hambroek</a> and his wife, and two of their daughters. Koxinga sent Hambroek to Fort Zeelandia to persuade the garrison to surrender; if unsuccessful, Hambroek would be killed upon return. Hambroek went up to the Fort, where two of his other daughters still remained, and urged the garrison not to surrender. He subsequently returned to Koxinga's camp and was beheaded. Additionally, a rumor was spread among the Chinese that the Dutch were encouraging the native Taiwan aboriginals to kill the Chinese. In retaliation, Koxinga ordered the mass execution of Dutch male prisoners,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mostly by crucifixion and decapitation<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA5_5]_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA5_5%5D-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with a few women and children also being killed. The remainder of the Dutch women and children were enslaved, with Koxinga taking Hambroek's teenage daughter as his concubine (she was described by the Dutch commander Caeuw as "a very sweet and pleasing maiden"), while other Dutch women were sold to Chinese soldiers to become their (secondary) wives or mistresses.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The daily journal of the Dutch fort recorded that "the best were preserved for the use of the commanders, and the rest were sold to the common soldiers. Happy was she that fell to the lot of an unmarried man, being thereby freed from vexations by the Chinese women, who are very jealous of their husbands."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200977_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200977-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Chinese took Dutch women as enslaved concubines and wives and they were never freed: in 1684, some were reported to be still living. In Quemoy, a Dutch merchant was contacted with an arrangement to release the prisoners, which a son of Koxinga's proposed, but it came to nothing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECovell1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoaP2UFZVGDoCdqdutchwiveskoxingapgPA96_96]_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECovell1998%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidoaP2UFZVGDoCdqdutchwiveskoxingapgPA96_96%5D-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachVan_Kley1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW0fBhqb1kdkCdqdutchconcubineskoxingapgPA1823_1823]_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELachVan_Kley1998%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidW0fBhqb1kdkCdqdutchconcubineskoxingapgPA1823_1823%5D-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200972_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200972-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_Ming–Dutch_encounters"><span id="Later_Ming.E2.80.93Dutch_encounters"></span>Later Ming–Dutch encounters</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Later Ming–Dutch encounters" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div> <p>In 1663, the Dutch allied with the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> against the Zheng forces. In 1663, 15 Dutch ships scattered a Zheng fleet of several hundred junks.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016207_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016207-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Dutch looted relics and killed monks after attacking a Buddhist complex at Putuoshan on the Zhoushan islands in 1665 during their war against Koxinga's son Zheng Jing.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1666, Chinese forces made an attempt to conquer another Dutch fort in Taiwan, defended by 300 Dutch soldiers with a force of 3,000 Chinese troops. The fort had been built to ensure Dutch influence on the island after Zeelandia's fall. It was equipped with four large bastions overlooking a flat field but lacked supplies and ammunition. The garrison itself was sickly and poorly equipped. The Chinese tried to take a redoubt on a small mountain near the fortress but were repelled by a small contingent of Dutch soldiers. They then built a small fort on a foothill below the mountain and set up four cannons to shoot at the Dutch fortress. After 109 shots, one Dutchman had been killed, but nearly all the shots were missed and did no damage to the walls. Nine days after arriving, the Chinese forces left.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a313_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a313-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The garrison's commander, Joan de Meijer, was surprised, as he felt that any reasonably experienced commander should've been able to capture the fort. The Ming leader was, in fact, an experienced commander, but like other contemporary Chinese officers, he was unfamiliar with European-style forts, which also confounded Koxinga at Zeelandia.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016231_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016231-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Keelung was a lucrative possession for the Dutch East India Company, with 26% of the company's profits coming from their Taiwan operations in 1664.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Dutch held out at Keelung until 1668, when aborigine resistance (likely incited by Zheng Jing),<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the lack of progress in retaking any other parts of the island persuaded the colonial authorities to abandon this final stronghold and withdraw from Taiwan altogether.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1672, the fleet of Koxinga's son, <a href="/wiki/Zheng_Jing" title="Zheng Jing">Zheng Jing</a>, defeated the Dutch again in naval combat, executing 34 Dutch sailors and drowning eight Dutch sailors after looting, ambushing, and sinking the Dutch fluyt ship <i>Cuylenburg</i> in northeastern Taiwan. Twenty-one Dutch sailors escaped to Japan. The ship was heading from Nagasaki to Batavia on a trade mission.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Cultural_influences">Cultural influences</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Cultural influences" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <p>The battle was depicted in the movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Sino-Dutch_War_1661" title="The Sino-Dutch War 1661">The Sino-Dutch War 1661</a></i> (Chinese: <span lang="zh-Hant">鄭成功1661</span>), which ended in Koxinga's victory over the Dutch. </p> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Gallery" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dutch_surrender.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Statues of Koxinga and Dutch emissary at Chihkan Tower, the site where Fort Provintia once stood."><noscript><img alt="Statues of Koxinga and Dutch emissary at Chihkan Tower, the site where Fort Provintia once stood." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dutch_surrender.JPG/180px-Dutch_surrender.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="135" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 135px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dutch_surrender.JPG/180px-Dutch_surrender.JPG" data-alt="Statues of Koxinga and Dutch emissary at Chihkan Tower, the site where Fort Provintia once stood." data-width="180" data-height="135" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dutch_surrender.JPG/270px-Dutch_surrender.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Dutch_surrender.JPG/360px-Dutch_surrender.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Statues of Koxinga and Dutch emissary at <a href="/wiki/Chihkan_Tower" class="mw-redirect" title="Chihkan Tower">Chihkan Tower</a>, the site where <a href="/wiki/Fort_Provintia" title="Fort Provintia">Fort Provintia</a> once stood.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zeelandia_from_Dutch.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Painting of Fort Zeelandia in 1635, from The National Archives, The Hague, Netherlands"><noscript><img alt="Painting of Fort Zeelandia in 1635, from The National Archives, The Hague, Netherlands" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zeelandia_from_Dutch.jpg/180px-Zeelandia_from_Dutch.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3532" data-file-height="1966"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 100px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zeelandia_from_Dutch.jpg/180px-Zeelandia_from_Dutch.jpg" data-alt="Painting of Fort Zeelandia in 1635, from The National Archives, The Hague, Netherlands" data-width="180" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zeelandia_from_Dutch.jpg/270px-Zeelandia_from_Dutch.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Zeelandia_from_Dutch.jpg/360px-Zeelandia_from_Dutch.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Painting of <a href="/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_(Taiwan)" title="Fort Zeelandia (Taiwan)">Fort Zeelandia</a> in 1635, from The National Archives, The Hague, Netherlands</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:HambroekFront.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title='"Antonius Hambroek, of de Belegering van Formoza"'><noscript><img alt='"Antonius Hambroek, of de Belegering van Formoza"' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/HambroekFront.jpg/117px-HambroekFront.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="776" data-file-height="1193"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 117px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/HambroekFront.jpg/117px-HambroekFront.jpg" data-alt='"Antonius Hambroek, of de Belegering van Formoza"' data-width="117" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/HambroekFront.jpg/175px-HambroekFront.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/HambroekFront.jpg/234px-HambroekFront.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">"Antonius Hambroek, of de Belegering van Formoza"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:SA_4960-Anno_1660._Hambroeks_zelfopoffering_te_Formosa.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The sacrifice of Hambroek, by Dominicus Anthonius Peduzzi"><noscript><img alt="The sacrifice of Hambroek, by Dominicus Anthonius Peduzzi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/SA_4960-Anno_1660._Hambroeks_zelfopoffering_te_Formosa.jpg/109px-SA_4960-Anno_1660._Hambroeks_zelfopoffering_te_Formosa.jpg" decoding="async" width="109" height="180" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="1400"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 109px;height: 180px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/SA_4960-Anno_1660._Hambroeks_zelfopoffering_te_Formosa.jpg/109px-SA_4960-Anno_1660._Hambroeks_zelfopoffering_te_Formosa.jpg" data-alt="The sacrifice of Hambroek, by Dominicus Anthonius Peduzzi" data-width="109" data-height="180" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/SA_4960-Anno_1660._Hambroeks_zelfopoffering_te_Formosa.jpg/164px-SA_4960-Anno_1660._Hambroeks_zelfopoffering_te_Formosa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/SA_4960-Anno_1660._Hambroeks_zelfopoffering_te_Formosa.jpg/218px-SA_4960-Anno_1660._Hambroeks_zelfopoffering_te_Formosa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The sacrifice of Hambroek, by Dominicus Anthonius Peduzzi</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 215px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 210px; height: 210px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:De_zelfopoffering_van_predikant_Hambroeck_op_Formosa,_1662,_SK-A-4269.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The sacrifice of Hambroek, by Jan Willem Pieneman"><noscript><img alt="The sacrifice of Hambroek, by Jan Willem Pieneman" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/De_zelfopoffering_van_predikant_Hambroeck_op_Formosa%2C_1662%2C_SK-A-4269.jpg/180px-De_zelfopoffering_van_predikant_Hambroeck_op_Formosa%2C_1662%2C_SK-A-4269.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="159" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="6100" data-file-height="5372"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 180px;height: 159px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/De_zelfopoffering_van_predikant_Hambroeck_op_Formosa%2C_1662%2C_SK-A-4269.jpg/180px-De_zelfopoffering_van_predikant_Hambroeck_op_Formosa%2C_1662%2C_SK-A-4269.jpg" data-alt="The sacrifice of Hambroek, by Jan Willem Pieneman" data-width="180" data-height="159" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/De_zelfopoffering_van_predikant_Hambroeck_op_Formosa%2C_1662%2C_SK-A-4269.jpg/270px-De_zelfopoffering_van_predikant_Hambroeck_op_Formosa%2C_1662%2C_SK-A-4269.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/De_zelfopoffering_van_predikant_Hambroeck_op_Formosa%2C_1662%2C_SK-A-4269.jpg/360px-De_zelfopoffering_van_predikant_Hambroeck_op_Formosa%2C_1662%2C_SK-A-4269.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The sacrifice of Hambroek, by <a href="/wiki/Jan_Willem_Pieneman" title="Jan Willem Pieneman">Jan Willem Pieneman</a></div> </li> </ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">Dutch East India Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Kingdom of Tungning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koxinga" title="Koxinga">Koxinga</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter (2017)</a>, p. 63: "The whole force sent to Taiwan was 25,000 men, but only 6,000 advanced on Zeelandia."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter (2017)</a>, p. 63: "1,733 Dutch inhabitants of Fort Zeelandia, of which 905 were armed men."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a140-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a140_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a140_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade 2011a</a>, p. 140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a194-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a194_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade 2011a</a>, p. 194.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a206-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a206_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade 2011a</a>, p. 206.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200965-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200965_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManthorpe2009">Manthorpe (2009)</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201763-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201763_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClodfelter201763_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter (2017)</a>, p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClodfelter2017">Clodfelter (2017)</a>, p. 63: Clodfelter states that Koxinga's army lost half its men in Taiwan.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a187–188-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a187%E2%80%93188_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade 2011a</a>, pp. 187–188.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a138-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a138_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade 2011a</a>, p. 138.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA221_221–222]-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA221_221%E2%80%93222%5D_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade (2011a)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yzRscizpLMC&pg=PA221">221–222</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a212,_236-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a212,_236_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade 2011a</a>, pp. 212, 236.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson190313-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson190313_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1903">Davidson (1903)</a>, p. 13.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903546-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1903546_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1903">Campbell (1903)</a>, p. 546.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a189-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a189_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade 2011a</a>, p. 189.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008§15-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008%C2%A715_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2008">Andrade (2008)</a>, §15.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903544-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1903544_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1903">Campbell (1903)</a>, p. 544.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA136_136]-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA136_136%5D_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade 2011a</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yzRscizpLMC&pg=PA136">136</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruve1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcRXAcZGcpa8CpgPA218_218]-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStruve1993%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidcRXAcZGcpa8CpgPA218_218%5D_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1993">Struve (1993)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRXAcZGcpa8C&pg=PA218">218</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen439mode2up_420]-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1903%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen439mode2up_420%5D_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1903">Campbell (1903)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023514403/page/n439/mode/2up">420</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen435mode2up_416–417]-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1903%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen435mode2up_416%E2%80%93417%5D_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1903">Campbell (1903)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023514403/page/n435/mode/2up">416–417</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruve1993[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidcRXAcZGcpa8CpgPA216_216]-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStruve1993%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidcRXAcZGcpa8CpgPA216_216%5D_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1993">Struve (1993)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRXAcZGcpa8C&pg=PA216">216</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1903[httpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen499mode2up_482]-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1903%5Bhttpsarchiveorgdetailscu31924023514403pagen499mode2up_482%5D_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1903">Campbell (1903)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023514403/page/n499/mode/2up">482</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDavidson190338-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDavidson190338_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDavidson1903">Davidson (1903)</a>, p. 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016216–219-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016216%E2%80%93219_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, pp. 216–219.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a212-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a212_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade 2011a</a>, p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA221_221–223]-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA221_221%E2%80%93223%5D_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade (2011a)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yzRscizpLMC&pg=PA221">221–223</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a[httpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA240_240–241]-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a%5Bhttpsbooksgooglecombooksid6yzRscizpLMCpgPA240_240%E2%80%93241%5D_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade (2011a)</a>, pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yzRscizpLMC&pg=PA240">240–241</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016192-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016192_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade (2016)</a>, p. 192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2008_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2008">Andrade (2008)</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStruve1993232-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStruve1993232_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStruve1993">Struve (1993)</a>, p. 232.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a294-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a294_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade 2011a</a>, p. 294.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFHo" class="citation thesis cs1">Ho, Dahpon David. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://escholarship.org/uc/item/3pk3t096"><i>Sealords live in vain : Fujian and the making of a maritime frontier in seventeenth-century China</i></a> (A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in History). University of California, San Diego.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Sealords+live+in+vain+%3A+Fujian+and+the+making+of+a+maritime+frontier+in+seventeenth-century+China&rft.inst=University+of+California%2C+San+Diego&rft.aulast=Ho&rft.aufirst=Dahpon+David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fescholarship.org%2Fuc%2Fitem%2F3pk3t096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2011" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tonio_Andrade" title="Tonio Andrade">Andrade, Tonio</a> (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/3217969">"A Chinese Farmer, Two African Boys, and a Warlord: Toward a Global Microhistory"</a>. <i>Journal of World History</i>. <b>21</b> (4). 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Vol. 10 of TANAP monographs on the history of the Asian-European interaction (illustrated ed.). BRILL. p. 222. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004165076" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004165076"><bdi>978-9004165076</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Colonial+%27civilizing+Process%27+in+Dutch+Formosa%3A+1624+-+1662&rft.pages=222&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-9004165076&rft.aulast=Hsin-Hui&rft.aufirst=Chiu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4QzpJtddFxEC%26pg%3DPA222&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXing_Hang2016" class="citation book cs1">Xing Hang (5 January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA139"><i>Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720</i></a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+Christianity+in+Asia%3A+1500-1900&rft.series=Bishop+Henry+McNeal+Turner+Studies+in+North+American+Black+Religion+Series&rft.pages=222&rft.pub=Orbis+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=1570754500&rft.aulast=Moffett&rft.aufirst=Samuel+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_XglAQAAIAAJ%26q%3Done%2Bsweet%2Byoung%2Bseized%2Bharem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200977-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200977_46-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManthorpe2009">Manthorpe (2009)</a>, p. 77.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECovell1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidoaP2UFZVGDoCdqdutchwiveskoxingapgPA96_96]-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECovell1998%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidoaP2UFZVGDoCdqdutchwiveskoxingapgPA96_96%5D_47-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCovell1998">Covell (1998)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oaP2UFZVGDoC&dq=dutch+wives+koxinga&pg=PA96">96</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELachVan_Kley1998[httpsbooksgooglecombooksidW0fBhqb1kdkCdqdutchconcubineskoxingapgPA1823_1823]-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELachVan_Kley1998%5BhttpsbooksgooglecombooksidW0fBhqb1kdkCdqdutchconcubineskoxingapgPA1823_1823%5D_48-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLachVan_Kley1998">Lach & Van Kley (1998)</a>, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=W0fBhqb1kdkC&dq=dutch+concubines+koxinga&pg=PA1823">1823</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200972-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEManthorpe200972_49-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFManthorpe2009">Manthorpe (2009)</a>, p. 72.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016207-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016207_50-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 207.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHang2016" class="citation book cs1">Hang, Xing (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA154"><i>Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 154. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1316453841" title="Special:BookSources/978-1316453841"><bdi>978-1316453841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Commerce+in+Maritime+East+Asia%3A+The+Zheng+Family+and+the+Shaping+of+the+Modern+World%2C+c.1620%E2%80%931720&rft.pages=154&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1316453841&rft.aulast=Hang&rft.aufirst=Xing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQ10CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA154&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a313-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2011a313_52-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2011a">Andrade 2011a</a>, p. 313.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016231-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAndrade2016231_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFAndrade2016">Andrade 2016</a>, p. 231.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://taiwantoday.tw/news.php?unit=20,20,29,35,35,45&post=25894">"In the days of the Dutch"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Today" class="mw-redirect" title="Taiwan Today">Taiwan Today</a></i>. 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Stanford University Press. p. 95. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804720663" title="Special:BookSources/9780804720663"><bdi>9780804720663</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Statecraft+and+Political+Economy+on+the+Taiwan+Frontier%2C+1600%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=95&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9780804720663&rft.aulast=Shepherd&rft.aufirst=John+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dg3oWoSKVnVIC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlussé1989" class="citation journal cs1">Blussé, Leonard (1 January 1989). 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Kemasang". <i>Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde</i>. <b>145</b> (2): 357. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F22134379-90003260">10.1163/22134379-90003260</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:57527820">57527820</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bijdragen+tot+de+Taal-%2C+Land-+en+Volkenkunde&rft.atitle=Pioneers+or+Cattle+for+the+Slaughterhouse%3F+A+Rejoinder+to+A.R.T.+Kemasang&rft.volume=145&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=357&rft.date=1989-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F22134379-90003260&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A57527820%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Bluss%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHang2016" class="citation book cs1">Hang, Xing (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tQ10CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA190"><i>Conflict and Commerce in Maritime East Asia: The Zheng Family and the Shaping of the Modern World, c.1620–1720</i></a>. Cambridge University Press. p. 190. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1316453841" title="Special:BookSources/978-1316453841"><bdi>978-1316453841</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Commerce+in+Maritime+East+Asia%3A+The+Zheng+Family+and+the+Shaping+of+the+Modern+World%2C+c.1620%E2%80%931720&rft.pages=190&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1316453841&rft.aulast=Hang&rft.aufirst=Xing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtQ10CwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA190&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions<i>, by James Wheeler Davidson, a publication from 1903, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/15px-PD-icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/23px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/30px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> <i>This article incorporates text from </i>The Island of Formosa: Historical View from 1430 to 1900<i>, by James Wheeler Davidson, a publication from 1903, now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a> in the United States.</i></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2008" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/andrade11.html">"Chapter 11: The Fall of Dutch Taiwan"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg-e.org/andrade/"><i>How Taiwan Became Chinese: Dutch, Spanish and Han Colonization in the Seventeenth Century</i></a>. New York: Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231128551" title="Special:BookSources/9780231128551"><bdi>9780231128551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+11%3A+The+Fall+of+Dutch+Taiwan&rft.btitle=How+Taiwan+Became+Chinese%3A+Dutch%2C+Spanish+and+Han+Colonization+in+the+Seventeenth+Century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9780231128551&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg-e.org%2Fandrade%2Fandrade11.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2011a" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2011a). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6yzRscizpLMC"><i>Lost Colony: The Untold Story of China's First Great Victory Over the West</i></a> (Illustrated ed.). Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0691144559" title="Special:BookSources/978-0691144559"><bdi>978-0691144559</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lost+Colony%3A+The+Untold+Story+of+China%27s+First+Great+Victory+Over+the+West&rft.edition=Illustrated&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0691144559&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D6yzRscizpLMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrade2016" class="citation book cs1">Andrade, Tonio (2016). <i>The Gunpowder Age: China, Military Innovation, and the Rise of the West in World History</i>. Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-13597-7"><bdi>978-0-691-13597-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Gunpowder+Age%3A+China%2C+Military+Innovation%2C+and+the+Rise+of+the+West+in+World+History&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-691-13597-7&rft.aulast=Andrade&rft.aufirst=Tonio&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)" title="William Campbell (missionary)">Campbell, William</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cu31924023514403"><i>Formosa Under the Dutch: Described from Contemporary Records, with Explanatory Notes and a Bibliography of the Island</i></a>. London: Kegan Paul. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/644323041">644323041</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Formosa+Under+the+Dutch%3A+Described+from+Contemporary+Records%2C+with+Explanatory+Notes+and+a+Bibliography+of+the+Island&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F644323041&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcu31924023514403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClodfelter2017" class="citation book cs1">Clodfelter, M. (2017). <i>Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015</i> (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0786474707" title="Special:BookSources/978-0786474707"><bdi>978-0786474707</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Warfare+and+Armed+Conflicts%3A+A+Statistical+Encyclopedia+of+Casualty+and+Other+Figures%2C+1492%E2%80%932015&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0786474707&rft.aulast=Clodfelter&rft.aufirst=M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCovell1998" class="citation book cs1">Covell, Ralph R. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oaP2UFZVGDoC"><i>Pentecost of the Hills in Taiwan: The Christian Faith Among the Original Inhabitants</i></a> (illustrated ed.). Hope Publishing House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0932727905" title="Special:BookSources/0932727905"><bdi>0932727905</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pentecost+of+the+Hills+in+Taiwan%3A+The+Christian+Faith+Among+the+Original+Inhabitants&rft.edition=illustrated&rft.pub=Hope+Publishing+House&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0932727905&rft.aulast=Covell&rft.aufirst=Ralph+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoaP2UFZVGDoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoyett1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Coyett" title="Frederick Coyett">Coyett, Frederick</a> (1903) [First published 1675 in <i> 't verwaerloosde Formosa</i>]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/formosaunderdut01campgoog#page/n428/mode/1up">"Arrival and Victory of Koxinga"</a>. In <a href="/wiki/William_Campbell_(missionary)" title="William Campbell (missionary)">Campbell, William</a> (ed.). <i>Formosa under the Dutch: described from contemporary records, with explanatory notes and a bibliography of the island</i>. London: Kegan Paul. pp. <span class="nowrap">412–</span>459. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789576380839" title="Special:BookSources/9789576380839"><bdi>9789576380839</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/04007338">04007338</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Arrival+and+Victory+of+Koxinga&rft.btitle=Formosa+under+the+Dutch%3A+described+from+contemporary+records%2C+with+explanatory+notes+and+a+bibliography+of+the+island&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E412-%3C%2Fspan%3E459&rft.pub=Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1903&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F04007338&rft.isbn=9789576380839&rft.aulast=Coyett&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fformosaunderdut01campgoog%23page%2Fn428%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson1903" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_W._Davidson" title="James W. Davidson">Davidson, James W.</a> (1903). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t48p69g9w?urlappend=%3Bseq=58">"Chapter III: Formosa Under the Dutch 1644–1661"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/islandofformosap00davi"><i>The Island of Formosa, Past and Present: History, People, Resources, and Commercial Prospects. Tea, Camphor, Sugar, Gold, Coal, Sulphur, Economical Plants, and Other Productions</i></a>. London and New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft48p69g9w?urlappend=%3Bseq=58">2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t48p69g9w</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/03022967">03022967</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL6931635M">6931635M</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%3A+Formosa+Under+the+Dutch+1644%E2%80%931661&rft.btitle=The+Island+of+Formosa%2C+Past+and+Present%3A+History%2C+People%2C+Resources%2C+and+Commercial+Prospects.+Tea%2C+Camphor%2C+Sugar%2C+Gold%2C+Coal%2C+Sulphur%2C+Economical+Plants%2C+and+Other+Productions&rft.place=London+and+New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1903&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL6931635M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F03022967&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft48p69g9w%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D58&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhdl.handle.net%2F2027%2Fuc2.ark%3A%2F13960%2Ft48p69g9w%3Furlappend%3D%253Bseq%3D58&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLachVan_Kley1998" class="citation book cs1">Lach, Donald F.; Van Kley, Edwin J. (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oaP2UFZVGDoC"><i>Asia in the Making of Europe: A Century of Advance: East Asia</i></a>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0226467694" title="Special:BookSources/0226467694"><bdi>0226467694</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Asia+in+the+Making+of+Europe%3A+A+Century+of+Advance%3A+East+Asia&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0226467694&rft.aulast=Lach&rft.aufirst=Donald+F.&rft.au=Van+Kley%2C+Edwin+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoaP2UFZVGDoC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFManthorpe2009" class="citation book cs1">Manthorpe, Jonathan (2009). <i>Forbidden Nation: A History of Taiwan</i> (1st Palgrave Macmillan pbk. ed.). New York: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0230614246" title="Special:BookSources/978-0230614246"><bdi>978-0230614246</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Forbidden+Nation%3A+A+History+of+Taiwan&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1st+Palgrave+Macmillan+pbk.&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0230614246&rft.aulast=Manthorpe&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStruve1993" class="citation book cs1">Struve, Lynn A., ed. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=cRXAcZGcpa8C"><i>Voices from the Ming–Qing Cataclysm: China in Tigers' Jaws</i></a>. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0300075537" title="Special:BookSources/0300075537"><bdi>0300075537</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voices+from+the+Ming%E2%80%93Qing+Cataclysm%3A+China+in+Tigers%27+Jaws&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0300075537&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DcRXAcZGcpa8C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASiege+of+Fort+Zeelandia" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>edit</span> </a> </span> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br> <b>Siege of Fort Zeelandia</b> <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Siege+of+Fort+Zeelandia">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Siege+of+Fort+Zeelandia&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chenghistory.blogspot.com/2011/07/hambroek-affair.html"><i>Koxinga—the Cheng Family History</i>: "The Hambroek affair"</a> at chenghistory.blogspot.com</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://danshuihistory.blogspot.com/2011/07/hambroek-affair.html"><i>Koxinga—the Cheng Family History</i>: "The Hambroek affair"</a> at danshuihistory.blogspot</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐6c4b4c4bd6‐26h58 Cached time: 20250207182406 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, show‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.869 seconds Real time usage: 1.041 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 5427/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 145011/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 16311/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 14/100 Expensive parser function count: 6/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 133895/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.522/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 8191274/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 1/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 855.390 1 -total 28.87% 246.980 1 Template:Infobox_military_conflict 24.33% 208.092 1 Template:Reflist 15.77% 134.937 20 Template:Cite_book 11.05% 94.497 1 Template:Cite_thesis 10.65% 91.110 1 Template:Dutch_colonial_campaigns 10.63% 90.924 2 Template:Campaignbox 10.37% 88.724 1 Template:Short_description 9.35% 79.992 16 Template:Sfn 8.37% 71.631 28 Template:Sfnp --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:13652036:|#|:idhash:canonical and timestamp 20250207182406 and revision id 1273236136. Rendering was triggered because: api-parse --> </section></div> <!-- MobileFormatter took 0.023 seconds --><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&oldid=1273236136">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&oldid=1273236136</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-medium minerva-icon--modified-history"></span> <span class="last-modified-bar__text modified-enhancement" data-user-name="Arjayay" data-user-gender="unknown" data-timestamp="1738410754"> <span>Last edited on 1 February 2025, at 11:52</span> </span> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon-size-small minerva-icon--expand"></span> </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia%CC%8Dt-l%C3%A2n-jia_Si%C3%A2%E2%81%BF_Pau-%C3%BBi-chi%C3%A0n" title="Jia̍t-lân-jia Siâⁿ Pau-ûi-chiàn – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jia̍t-lân-jia Siâⁿ Pau-ûi-chiàn" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Setge_de_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Setge de Fort Zeelandia – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Setge de Fort Zeelandia" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asedio_del_Fuerte_Zeelandia" title="Asedio del Fuerte Zeelandia – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Asedio del Fuerte Zeelandia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sie%C4%9Do_de_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Sieĝo de Fort Zeelandia – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Sieĝo de Fort Zeelandia" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Si%C3%A8ge_de_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siège de Fort Zeelandia – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Siège de Fort Zeelandia" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A7%88%EB%9E%80%EB%94%94%EC%95%84_%EC%9A%94%EC%83%88_%EA%B3%B5%EB%B0%A9%EC%A0%84" title="질란디아 요새 공방전 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="질란디아 요새 공방전" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengepungan_Benteng_Zeelandia" title="Pengepungan Benteng Zeelandia – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pengepungan Benteng Zeelandia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Assedio_di_Forte_Zeelandia" title="Assedio di Forte Zeelandia – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Assedio di Forte Zeelandia" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zelandijos_forto_apsiaustis" title="Zelandijos forto apsiaustis – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Zelandijos forto apsiaustis" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belegering_van_Fort_Zeelandia,_Taiwan" title="Belegering van Fort Zeelandia, Taiwan – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Belegering van Fort Zeelandia, Taiwan" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A2%E5%9F%8E%E5%8C%85%E5%9B%B2%E6%88%A6" title="ゼーランディア城包囲戦 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ゼーランディア城包囲戦" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cerco_do_Forte_Zeel%C3%A2ndia" title="Cerco do Forte Zeelândia – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Cerco do Forte Zeelândia" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%84%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B0_%D0%97%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Осада форта Зеландия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Осада форта Зеландия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Siege of Fort Zeelandia" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Zeelandian_piiritys" title="Fort Zeelandian piiritys – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fort Zeelandian piiritys" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Striden_om_Fort_Zeelandia" title="Striden om Fort Zeelandia – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Striden om Fort Zeelandia" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fort_Zeelandia_Ku%C5%9Fatmas%C4%B1" title="Fort Zeelandia Kuşatması – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fort Zeelandia Kuşatması" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%83%91%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E6%94%BB%E5%8F%B0%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="郑成功攻台之役 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="郑成功攻台之役" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%84%AD%E6%88%90%E5%8A%9F%E6%94%BB%E8%87%BA%E4%B9%8B%E5%BD%B9" title="鄭成功攻臺之役 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="鄭成功攻臺之役" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 1 February 2025, at 11:52<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a 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