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开尔文勋爵 - 维基百科,自由的百科全书
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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>剑桥</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-剑桥-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-热力学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#热力学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>热力学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-热力学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-跨大西洋电报电缆" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#跨大西洋电报电缆"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>跨大西洋电报电缆</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-跨大西洋电报电缆-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关跨大西洋电报电缆子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-跨大西洋电报电缆-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-数据速率的计算" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#数据速率的计算"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>数据速率的计算</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-数据速率的计算-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-从科学家到工程师" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#从科学家到工程师"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>从科学家到工程师</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-从科学家到工程师-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-灾难和胜利" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#灾难和胜利"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>灾难和胜利</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-灾难和胜利-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-后来的探险" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#后来的探险"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>后来的探险</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-后来的探险-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-其他贡献和琐事" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#其他贡献和琐事"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>其他贡献和琐事</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-其他贡献和琐事-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关其他贡献和琐事子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-其他贡献和琐事-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-汤姆森和泰特:《自然哲学论文》" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#汤姆森和泰特:《自然哲学论文》"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>汤姆森和泰特:《自然哲学论文》</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-汤姆森和泰特:《自然哲学论文》-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-开尔文的原子涡理论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#开尔文的原子涡理论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>开尔文的原子涡理论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-开尔文的原子涡理论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-海洋" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#海洋"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>海洋</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-海洋-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-电气标准" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#电气标准"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>电气标准</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-电气标准-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-地球的年龄:地质学和神学" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#地球的年龄:地质学和神学"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>地球的年龄:地质学和神学</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-地球的年龄:地质学和神学-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-晚年和逝世" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#晚年和逝世"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>晚年和逝世</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-晚年和逝世-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-身后影响和遗产" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#身后影响和遗产"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>身后影响和遗产</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-身后影响和遗产-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关身后影响和遗产子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-身后影响和遗产-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-经典物理学的局限" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#经典物理学的局限"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>经典物理学的局限</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-经典物理学的局限-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-后来被证明是错的论断" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#后来被证明是错的论断"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>后来被证明是错的论断</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-后来被证明是错的论断-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-以其名字命名的事物" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#以其名字命名的事物"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>以其名字命名的事物</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-以其名字命名的事物-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-荣誉" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#荣誉"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>荣誉</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-荣誉-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-紋章" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#紋章"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>紋章</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-紋章-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-参考文献" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#参考文献"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>参考文献</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关参考文献子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-参考文献-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-开尔文本人的著作" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#开尔文本人的著作"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>开尔文本人的著作</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-开尔文本人的著作-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-传记和评论" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#传记和评论"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>传记和评论</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-传记和评论-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部链接" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部链接"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部链接</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关外部链接子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-外部链接-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-传记介绍" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#传记介绍"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>传记介绍</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-传记介绍-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-原著" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#原著"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>原著</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-原著-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">开尔文勋爵</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。84种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-84" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">84种语言</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1ste_Baron_Kelvin" title="William Thomson, 1ste Baron Kelvin – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="William Thomson, 1ste Baron Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86" title="لورد كلفن – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لورد كلفن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%AF_%D9%83%D9%84%D9%81%D9%86" title="لورد كلفن – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لورد كلفن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="লৰ্ড কেলভিন – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="লৰ্ড কেলভিন" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vilyam_Tomson_(Lord_Kelvin)" title="Vilyam Tomson (Lord Kelvin) – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Vilyam Tomson (Lord Kelvin)" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ویلیام تامسون – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ویلیام تامسون" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lord Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD_(%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%BD)" title="Уільям Томсан (лорд Кельвін) – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Уільям Томсан (лорд Кельвін)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D1%8A%D0%BD" title="Уилям Томсън – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Уилям Томсън" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%A8,_%E0%A7%A7%E0%A6%AE_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8" title="উইলিয়াম থমসন, ১ম ব্যারন কেলভিন – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="উইলিয়াম থমসন, ১ম ব্যারন কেলভিন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%DB%8E%D9%84%DA%A4%D9%86" title="لۆرد کێلڤن – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لۆرد کێلڤن" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_Barwn_1af_Kelvin" title="William Thomson, Barwn 1af Kelvin – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="William Thomson, Barwn 1af Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1._Baron_Kelvin" title="William Thomson, 1. Baron Kelvin – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="William Thomson, 1. Baron Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9F%CF%85%CE%AF%CE%BB%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BC_%CE%A4%CF%8C%CE%BC%CF%83%CE%BF%CE%BD" title="Ουίλιαμ Τόμσον – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ουίλιαμ Τόμσον" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Lord Kelvin" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86" title="ویلیام تامسون – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ویلیام تامسون" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson_(Lord_Kelvin)" title="William Thomson (Lord Kelvin) – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="William Thomson (Lord Kelvin)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%95%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9D_%D7%AA%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%9F" title="ויליאם תומסון – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ויליאם תומסון" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 海地克里奥尔语" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="海地克里奥尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson_(matematikus)" title="William Thomson (matematikus) – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="William Thomson (matematikus)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%88%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B4_%D4%B9%D5%B8%D5%B4%D5%BD%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Ուիլյամ Թոմսոն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ուիլյամ Թոմսոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1ma_barono_Kelvin" title="William Thomson, 1ma barono Kelvin – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="William Thomson, 1ma barono Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_I_barone_Kelvin" title="William Thomson, I barone Kelvin – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="William Thomson, I barone Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A3%E3%83%AA%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A0%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BD%E3%83%B3" title="ウィリアム・トムソン – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ウィリアム・トムソン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ ტომსონი – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="უილიამ ტომსონი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Уильям Томсон – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Уильям Томсон" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%B2%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%82_%E0%B2%A5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಥಾಮ್ಸನ್ – 卡纳达语" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಿಲಿಯಂ ಥಾಮ್ಸನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="卡纳达语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EC%BC%88%EB%B9%88_%EB%82%A8%EC%9E%91_%EC%9C%8C%EB%A6%AC%EC%97%84_%ED%86%B0%EC%8A%A8" title="제1대 켈빈 남작 윌리엄 톰슨 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 켈빈 남작 윌리엄 톰슨" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulielmus_Thomson,_baro_Kelvinus" title="Gulielmus Thomson, baro Kelvinus – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gulielmus Thomson, baro Kelvinus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson_(Physiker)" title="William Thomson (Physiker) – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="William Thomson (Physiker)" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Viljams_Tomsons" title="Viljams Tomsons – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Viljams Tomsons" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вилијам Томсон Келвин – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вилијам Томсон Келвин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%82_%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BA_(%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%B5%E0%B4%BF%E0%B5%BB_%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AD%E0%B5%81)" title="വില്യം തോംസൺ (കെൽവിൻ പ്രഭു) – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="വില്യം തോംസൺ (കെൽവിൻ പ്രഭു)" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="लॉर्ड केल्व्हिन – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लॉर्ड केल्व्हिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_Baron_Pertama_Kelvin" title="William Thomson, Baron Pertama Kelvin – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="William Thomson, Baron Pertama Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9A%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%86%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA_(%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B7%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%80%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%97%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA)" title="ဝီလီယမ် သော်မဆင် (လော့ဒ် ကယ်လဗင်) – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဝီလီယမ် သော်မဆင် (လော့ဒ် ကယ်လဗင်)" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%B1%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86" title="لرد کلوین – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لرد کلوین" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8" title="केल्भिन थमसन – 尼泊尔语" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="केल्भिन थमसन" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="尼泊尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson_(natuurkundige)" title="William Thomson (natuurkundige) – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="William Thomson (natuurkundige)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson_Kelvin" title="William Thomson Kelvin – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="William Thomson Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_Lord_Kelvin" title="William Thomson, Lord Kelvin – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="William Thomson, Lord Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_Lord_Kelvin" title="William Thomson, Lord Kelvin – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="William Thomson, Lord Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%85_%D8%AA%DA%BE%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%86_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%D9%86" title="ولیم تھامسن کیلون – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ولیم تھامسن کیلون" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%BC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%86%D8%8C_%D8%AF_%DA%A9%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D9%86_%D9%84%D9%88%D9%85%DA%93%DB%8C_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="ویلیام ټامسون، د کلوین لومړی بارون – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ویلیام ټامسون، د کلوین لومړی بارون" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_%D0%A3%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_(%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD)" title="Томсон, Уильям (лорд Кельвин) – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Томсон, Уильям (лорд Кельвин)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D" title="केल्विन् विलियं थाम्सन् लार्ड् – 梵语" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="केल्विन् विलियं थाम्सन् लार्ड्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="梵语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson,_1._baron_Kelvin" title="William Thomson, 1. baron Kelvin – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="William Thomson, 1. baron Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD,_1._%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вилијам Томсон, 1. барон Келвин – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Вилијам Томсон, 1. барон Келвин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" title="Lord Kelvin – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lord Kelvin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="வில்லியம் தாம்சன் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வில்லியம் தாம்சன்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1_%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="วิลเลียม ทอมสัน บารอนเคลวินที่ 1 – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิลเลียม ทอมสัน บารอนเคลวินที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%8F%D0%BC_%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Вільям Томсон – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вільям Томсон" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Thomson" title="William Thomson – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="William Thomson" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="第一代开尔文男爵威廉·汤姆森 – 吴语" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="第一代开尔文男爵威廉·汤姆森" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="吴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B_%E1%83%A2%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%A1%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="უილიამ ტომსონი – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="უილიამ ტომსონი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%93_1_t%C4%81i_Kelvin_L%C3%A2m-chiok_William_Thomson" title="Tē 1 tāi Kelvin Lâm-chiok William Thomson – 闽南语" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Tē 1 tāi Kelvin Lâm-chiok William Thomson" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="闽南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="開爾文男爵 – 粤语" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="開爾文男爵" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="粤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div 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mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="更多选项" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 操作 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5"><span>阅读</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit" title="编辑该页面[e]" accesskey="e"><span>编辑</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=history"><span>查看历史</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> 常规 </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-header,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-subheader,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-above,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-title,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-image,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox-below{text-align:center}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><span class="fn">開爾文勳爵</span><br /><span class="nickname" style="font-size: smaller; font-weight: normal;"><span lang="en">Lord Kelvin</span></span></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_William_Thomson,_Baron_Kelvin_by_T._%26_R._Annan_%26_Sons.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sir_William_Thomson%2C_Baron_Kelvin_by_T._%26_R._Annan_%26_Sons.jpg/220px-Sir_William_Thomson%2C_Baron_Kelvin_by_T._%26_R._Annan_%26_Sons.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="285" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sir_William_Thomson%2C_Baron_Kelvin_by_T._%26_R._Annan_%26_Sons.jpg/330px-Sir_William_Thomson%2C_Baron_Kelvin_by_T._%26_R._Annan_%26_Sons.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Sir_William_Thomson%2C_Baron_Kelvin_by_T._%26_R._Annan_%26_Sons.jpg/440px-Sir_William_Thomson%2C_Baron_Kelvin_by_T._%26_R._Annan_%26_Sons.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2483" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">出生</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1824-06-26</span>)</span>1824年6月26日<br /><span class="birthplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="北爱尔兰">北爱尔兰</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="贝尔法斯特">贝尔法斯特</a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">逝世</th><td class="infobox-data" style="">1907年12月17日<span style="display:none">(<span class="dday deathdate">1907歲—12—17</span>)</span>(83歲)<sup id="cite_ref-death_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><span class="deathplace"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="苏格兰">苏格兰</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E9%83%A1" title="北艾尔郡">北艾尔郡</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉格斯 (北艾尔郡)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Largs"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF_(%E5%8C%97%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E9%83%A1)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉格斯 (北艾尔郡)(页面不存在)">拉格斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Largs" class="extiw" title="en:Largs"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Largs</span></a></span>)</span></span> <sup id="cite_ref-death_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-death-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">居住地</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%95%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="貝爾法斯特">貝爾法斯特</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5" title="格拉斯哥">格拉斯哥</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%8D%E6%A9%8B" title="劍橋">劍橋</a><br /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">国籍</th><td class="infobox-data category" style=""><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%281-2%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD" title="英国">英国</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">知名于</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3-%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E5%AD%AB%E6%95%88%E6%87%89" title="焦耳-湯姆孫效應">焦耳-汤姆孙效应</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E7%94%B5%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="热电效应">热电效应</a><br /><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="镜式检流计" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="mirror galvanometer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%95%9C%E5%BC%8F%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%81%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="镜式检流计(页面不存在)">镜式检流计</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mirror_galvanometer" class="extiw" title="en:mirror galvanometer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">mirror galvanometer</span></a></span>)</span></span><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%B9%E5%90%B8%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="虹吸记录器(页面不存在)">虹吸记录器</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E5%9B%BA%E4%BD%93%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="标准线性固体模型(页面不存在)">标准线性固体模型</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E6%BB%B4%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%B7%E7%94%B5%E6%9C%BA" title="开尔文滴水起电机">开尔文滴水起电机</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E6%B3%A2" title="开尔文波">开尔文波</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87-%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E4%B8%8D%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性">开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87-%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="开尔文-亥姆霍兹机制">开尔文-亥姆霍兹机制</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开尔文变换(页面不存在)">开尔文变换</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E9%9B%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="绝对零度">绝对零度</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E7%92%B0%E6%B5%81%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="開爾文環流定理">开尔文环流定理</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%85%AC%E5%BC%8F" class="mw-redirect" title="斯托克斯公式">斯托克斯公式</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E7%94%B5%E6%A1%A5" title="开尔文电桥">开尔文电桥</a><br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开尔文方程式(页面不存在)">开尔文方程式</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A3%81%E9%98%BB%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="磁阻效应">磁阻效应</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%A8%E8%83%BD" title="动能">动能</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;;">奖项</th><td class="infobox-data note" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF%E7%8D%8E" title="史密斯獎">史密斯奖</a>(1845年)<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="皇家獎章">皇家奖章</a>(1856年)<br /><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="科普利獎章">科普利奖章</a>(1883年)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83732082"><b>科学生涯</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">受影响自</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA" title="尼古拉·卡诺">尼古拉·卡诺</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="魯道夫·克勞修斯">魯道夫·克勞修斯</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="尤利乌斯·罗伯特·冯·迈尔">尤利乌斯·罗伯特·冯·迈尔</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·焦耳">詹姆斯·焦耳</a><br /><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">汉弗里·戴维</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space:nowrap;;">施影响于</th><td class="infobox-data" style=""><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安德鲁·格雷 (物理學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Andrew Gray (physicist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安德鲁·格雷 (物理學家)(页面不存在)">安德鲁·格雷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Gray_(physicist)" class="extiw" title="en:Andrew Gray (physicist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Andrew Gray (physicist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="">签名</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style=""><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Kelvin_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lord_Kelvin_Signature.svg/150px-Lord_Kelvin_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lord_Kelvin_Signature.svg/225px-Lord_Kelvin_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Lord_Kelvin_Signature.svg/300px-Lord_Kelvin_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="219" data-file-height="42" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>第一代開爾文男爵威廉·湯姆森</b>(<span lang="en">William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin</span>,1824年6月26日—1907年12月17日),即<b>开尔文<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5" class="mw-redirect" title="勋爵">勋爵</a></b>(<span lang="en">Lord Kelvin</span>),在<a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%88%B1%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B0" title="北爱尔兰">北爱尔兰</a>出生的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="英國">英國</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="數學物理學家">数学物理学家</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88" title="工程师">工程师</a>,也是<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="热力学温标">热力学温标</a>(絕對溫標)的发明人,被稱為<b>熱力學之父</b>。他在<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="格拉斯哥大学">格拉斯哥大学</a>时与<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="休·布来克本" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hugh Blackburn"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%91%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9D%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%AC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="休·布来克本(页面不存在)">休·布来克本</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hugh_Blackburn" class="extiw" title="en:Hugh Blackburn"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hugh Blackburn</span></a></span>)</span></span>进行了密切的合作,研究了电学的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90" title="数学分析">数学分析</a>、将第一和第二<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="熱力學定律">热力学定律</a>公式化,和把各门新兴<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="物理">物理</a>学科统一成现代形式。他因认识到了温度的下限(即<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E9%9B%B6%E5%BA%A6" title="绝对零度">绝对零度</a>)而广为人知。 </p><p>他因对<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5%E6%9C%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="电报机">电报机</a>所作出的贡献而出名,并获得财富和荣誉。他先因在横跨大西洋的电报工程中所作出的贡献,于1866年獲得<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB" title="爵士">爵士</a>頭銜。到1892年,由於他在热力学方面的工作,以及反对爱尔兰自治的作為<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,他被封為<b>拉格斯的开尔文男爵</b>(<span lang="en">Baron Kelvin, of Largs in the County of Ayr</span>),所以他通常被称为<b>开尔文男爵</b>,这个头衔来自于流经他在<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0" class="mw-redirect" title="苏格兰">苏格兰</a><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5" title="格拉斯哥">格拉斯哥</a>大学实验室的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E6%B2%B3" title="開爾文河">开尔文河</a>。受爵後,他因而成為首位进入<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E4%B8%8A%E8%AE%AE%E9%99%A2" class="mw-redirect" title="英国上议院">英国上议院</a>的科学家。 </p><p>他的住宅是位于<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%B9%BE" title="克莱德湾">克莱德湾</a><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC%E6%96%AF_(%E5%8C%97%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E9%83%A1)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉格斯 (北艾尔郡)(页面不存在)">拉格斯</a>的Netherhall,这是一座雄伟的红色砂岩大厦。 </p><p>为表彰和纪念他对热力学所作出的贡献,人们将<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="热力学温标">热力学温标</a>的单位定为<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">开尔文</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="生平"><span id=".E7.94.9F.E5.B9.B3"></span>生平</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节:生平"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="家庭"><span id=".E5.AE.B6.E5.BA.AD"></span>家庭</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节:家庭"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomson_family_lineage.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Thomson_family_lineage.png/300px-Thomson_family_lineage.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="313" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Thomson_family_lineage.png/450px-Thomson_family_lineage.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b7/Thomson_family_lineage.png 2x" data-file-width="571" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption>汤姆森家族家谱</figcaption></figure> <p>威廉·汤姆森的父亲<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆斯·汤姆森 (数学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="James Thomson (mathematician)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE_(%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·汤姆森 (数学家)(页面不存在)">詹姆斯·汤姆森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thomson_(mathematician)" class="extiw" title="en:James Thomson (mathematician)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">James Thomson (mathematician)</span></a></span>)</span></span>,是<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皇家贝尔法斯特学术学院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Royal Belfast Academical Institution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%AD%A6%E6%9C%AF%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皇家贝尔法斯特学术学院(页面不存在)">皇家贝尔法斯特学术学院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Belfast_Academical_Institution" class="extiw" title="en:Royal Belfast Academical Institution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Royal Belfast Academical Institution</span></a></span>)</span></span>的一名数学和工程学教师,是一个农民的儿子。1817年,詹姆斯·汤姆森和玛格丽特·加德纳(Margaret Gardner)结婚,所生子女中共有6人存活,依次是两个姐姐和四个兄弟;长子<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆斯·汤姆森 (工程师)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="James Thomson (engineer)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE_(%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·汤姆森 (工程师)(页面不存在)">詹姆斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Thomson_(engineer)" class="extiw" title="en:James Thomson (engineer)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">James Thomson (engineer)</span></a></span>)</span></span>(重名)出生于1822年,次子威廉出生于1824年。1830年,母亲玛格丽特·汤姆逊去世,当时威廉才六岁。<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>幼年时,威廉和他的哥哥詹姆斯由父亲在家辅导,而更年幼的弟弟们由姐姐们辅导。作为长子,哥哥詹姆斯接受着父亲的主要关注和资助,并为踏上工程师之事业做准备。 </p><p>1832年,父亲被任命为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="格拉斯哥大学">格拉斯哥大学</a>数学系教授,并在1833年10月举家搬迁到那里。比起父亲的农村成长背景,孩子们可谓是见多识广,四海为家:他们在伦敦度过了1839年中,男孩们还在巴黎接受了法语辅导;1840年中又在德国和荷兰度过,语言学习被高度重视。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="青年"><span id=".E9.9D.92.E5.B9.B4"></span>青年</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节:青年"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>汤姆森9岁时,心脏有问题,险些丧命。他先是入读了英国皇家贝尔法斯特学术学院,随后在1834年10岁时,开始在格拉斯哥大学学习;大学对于学有余力的小学生提供了许多小学阶段的便利设施,10岁是一个典型的入学年龄,并不算是早熟。 </p><p>在校期间,除了他与生俱来的对科学的兴趣,汤姆森对古典学的兴趣也很浓厚。在12岁时,他将萨莫萨塔的<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%89%E5%96%84" title="琉善">琉善</a>的《Dialogues of the Gods》从拉丁语翻译为英语,并且得了奖。 </p><p>在1839~40学年,汤姆逊写了一篇散文《Essay on the figure of the Earth》,获得了天文学课的一等奖,展现出数学分析的资质和创造性。终其一生,在个人压力大时,他便转而研究在此文中提出的问题,作为应对策略。在这篇散文的标题页,汤姆森从<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E8%92%B2%E6%9F%8F" title="亚历山大·蒲柏">亚历山大·蒲柏</a>的《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="An Essay on Man" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="An Essay on Man"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Essay_on_Man&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Essay on Man(页面不存在)">An Essay on Man</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Essay_on_Man" class="extiw" title="en:An Essay on Man"><span lang="en" dir="auto">An Essay on Man</span></a></span>)</span></span>》摘抄了下面的诗句。这些诗句启发汤姆森用科学的力量和方法来理解自然世界: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61209892">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{margin-top:0;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1em;text-align:left;padding-left:2em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite cite{font-size:small}</style> </p> <blockquote class="templatequote"> <dl><dd>去,奇妙的生物!向着科学引领之处攀登;</dd> <dd>去测量大地,称重空气,并注明潮汐;</dd> <dd>给运行的行星指明轨道,</dd> <dd>更正老旧的时间,调节太阳的光芒;</dd></dl> </blockquote> <p>汤姆逊开始对<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%85%E7%AB%8B%E5%8F%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="傅立叶">傅立叶</a>的《Théorie analytique de la chaleur》着迷,并开始致力于研究被仍然在<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a>阴影之下发展的英国传统所抵制的“大陆”数学。不出所料,傅立叶的理论已经被国内的数学家攻击;菲利普·凯兰还专门著述了一本书进行批判。这本书促使汤姆森发表了他的第一篇科学论文<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>(使用假名P.Q.R.)为傅立叶辩护,并通过他的父亲提交到《剑桥数学杂志》。第二篇P.Q.R.论文<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>也随后几乎立刻发表。 </p><p>1841年和他的家人在<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉姆拉什" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Lamlash"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%8B%89%E4%BB%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉姆拉什(页面不存在)">拉姆拉什</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lamlash" class="extiw" title="en:Lamlash"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Lamlash</span></a></span>)</span></span>度假时,他写了第三篇更充实的P.Q.R.论文<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>《关于热在均匀固体中的匀速运动及其与电学的数学理论的联系》。他在论文中提出了<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E4%BC%A0%E5%AF%BC" title="热传导">热传导</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E9%9D%99%E7%94%B5" title="静电">静电</a>的数学理论之间的联系,这个十分重要的<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%BB%E6%AF%94" class="mw-redirect" title="类比">类比</a>后来被<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E9%9F%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·麦克斯韦">詹姆斯·麦克斯韦</a>再次描述,成为最有价值的形成科学的想法之一。<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="剑桥"><span id=".E5.89.91.E6.A1.A5"></span>剑桥</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节:剑桥"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hubert_von_Herkomer03.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hubert_von_Herkomer03.jpg/220px-Hubert_von_Herkomer03.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hubert_von_Herkomer03.jpg/330px-Hubert_von_Herkomer03.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Hubert_von_Herkomer03.jpg/440px-Hubert_von_Herkomer03.jpg 2x" data-file-width="791" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>晚年的开尔文勋爵,Hubert von Herkomer绘</figcaption></figure> <p>威廉的父亲给他最喜欢的儿子的教育十分慷慨地提供资源;在1841年将他安顿在剑桥大学的<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="剑桥大学彼得学院">彼得学院</a>(Peterhouse),并提供了大量的书信介绍和充足的食宿资金。1845年,汤姆逊毕业,并且得到<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="辩士 (剑桥大学)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wrangler (University of Cambridge)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%A9%E5%A3%AB_(%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辩士 (剑桥大学)(页面不存在)">Wrangler</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wrangler_(University_of_Cambridge)" class="extiw" title="en:Wrangler (University of Cambridge)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wrangler (University of Cambridge)</span></a></span>)</span></span>的称号<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他还赢得了<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF%E7%8D%8E" title="史密斯獎">史密斯奖</a>,这不像荣誉学位<a href="/wiki/Tripos" class="mw-redirect" title="Tripos">Tripos</a>那样通过考试答题获得,而是对原创性研究的认可。据说当时的考官<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅伯特·艾利斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Leslie Ellis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯特·艾利斯(页面不存在)">羅伯特·艾利斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Leslie_Ellis" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Leslie Ellis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Leslie Ellis</span></a></span>)</span></span>对另一个考官感叹道“你和我都只是适合修补他的笔”<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在剑桥时,汤姆逊参加体育运动很积极,尤其是田径和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="单人划艇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="sculling"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%95%E4%BA%BA%E5%88%92%E8%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="单人划艇(页面不存在)">单人划艇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/sculling" class="extiw" title="en:sculling"><span lang="en" dir="auto">sculling</span></a></span>)</span></span>,在1843年赢得了科尔克霍恩双桨<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他还对希腊古学、音乐和文学有浓厚的兴趣,但他的真爱仍然是对科学的追寻。对数学、物理,特别是电学的研究,迷住了他的想象。 </p><p>1845年,他第一次从数学上发展了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="法拉第">法拉第</a>的想法,即电感应是通过中间媒介(或“电介质”)发生的,而不是通过一些不可理解的“超距作用”。他还设计了为电学问题作图的数学技巧,成为解决静电学问题(静止带电体之间的力)的强大工具。部分因为他的鼓励,法拉第在1845年9月进行了研究,进而发现了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="法拉第效应">法拉第效应</a>,确立了光与磁(因而电)现象是相关的。 </p><p>1845年6月,他被推选为圣彼得(即Peterhouse)会员<sup id="cite_ref-physicsworld_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-physicsworld-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,藉于此他出访巴黎,花了一些时间在著名的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5" title="亨利·维克托·勒尼奥">亨利·维克托·勒尼奥</a>的实验室。然而很快,在1846年,他就被任命为<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="格拉斯哥大学">格拉斯哥大学</a><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格拉斯哥大学自然哲学教授" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Professor of Natural Philosophy (Glasgow)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E6%95%99%E6%8E%88&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格拉斯哥大学自然哲学教授(页面不存在)">自然哲学教授</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Professor_of_Natural_Philosophy_(Glasgow)" class="extiw" title="en:Professor of Natural Philosophy (Glasgow)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Professor of Natural Philosophy (Glasgow)</span></a></span>)</span></span>—— 22岁时,他就穿着学会教授袍在英国最古老的大学之一讲课,而仅仅在几年前他还是其中的一个新生。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="热力学"><span id=".E7.83.AD.E5.8A.9B.E5.AD.A6"></span>热力学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节:热力学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1847年时,汤姆逊已经赢得了“年轻有为的科学家”之声誉。他参加了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8D%8F%E4%BC%9A" class="mw-redirect" title="英国科学协会">英国科学促进会</a>在牛津的年会;在那次会议上,他听到了<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·普雷斯科特·焦耳">詹姆斯·普雷斯科特·焦耳</a>的一个报告。那段时间,焦耳多次试图推翻<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%AF%BA" title="尼古拉·卡诺">尼古拉·卡诺</a>和<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E4%BD%A9%E9%BE%99" title="埃米尔·克拉佩龙">埃米尔·克拉佩龙</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E8%B4%A8%E8%AF%B4" title="热质说">热质说</a>和在其上建造的热机理论,但都没有成功;焦耳认为,热和<a href="/wiki/%E6%A9%9F%E6%A2%B0%E5%8A%9F" class="mw-redirect" title="機械功">机械功</a>可以相互转化,并且两者在力学上是等价的。 </p><p>汤姆森很感兴趣,但是持怀疑态度。虽然他觉得焦耳的结果需要理论解释,他还是更深地退入到卡诺-克拉伯龙学派中。他预测,冰的<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%94%E7%82%B9" title="熔点">熔点</a>必定随压力增加而下降,否则其凝固时的膨胀可以作为一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%B8%E5%8A%A8%E6%9C%BA" title="永动机">永动机</a>被利用。他的实验室的结果证实了这一点,加强了他的信念。 </p><p>1848年,由于不满<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="气体温度计" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="gas thermometer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B0%94%E4%BD%93%E6%B8%A9%E5%BA%A6%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="气体温度计(页面不存在)">气体温度计</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/gas_thermometer" class="extiw" title="en:gas thermometer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">gas thermometer</span></a></span>)</span></span>只给出了温度的一个<a href="/wiki/%E6%93%8D%E4%BD%9C%E5%AE%9A%E4%B9%89" title="操作定义">操作性的定义</a>,他进一步扩大了卡诺-克拉伯龙的理论。他提出了一种“<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%9D%E5%AF%B9%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" class="mw-redirect" title="绝对温标">绝对温标</a>”<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,其中“单位热量从在该温标下温度为 T° 的物体 A,转移到温度为 (T−1)° 的物体 B,将给出相同的机械作用(功),无论 T 是多少”。这样的温标将“独立于任何特定物质的物理性质”<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。通过采用这样的“瀑布”,汤姆逊猜想,将达到一个点,在此处无法有进一步的热(热量)可以转移,也即1702年<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉勞米·阿芒顿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Guillaume Amontons"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%8B%9E%E7%B1%B3%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%8A%92%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉勞米·阿芒顿(页面不存在)">吉勞米·阿芒顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guillaume_Amontons" class="extiw" title="en:Guillaume Amontons"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Guillaume Amontons</span></a></span>)</span></span>曾猜想过的绝对零度。汤姆森使用了勒尼奥发表的测量数据来校准他的换算刻度。 </p><p>在他的文章中,汤姆逊写道: </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); color: inherit; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">...热(或热量)转换成机械作用的过程,至今未被发现,很可能是不可能的</div></blockquote> <p>——但是从一个注脚能看出,他援引焦耳很显着的发现,对热量的理论第一次产生了怀疑。出人意料的是,汤姆逊没有把他的论文寄给焦耳,但是当焦耳稍后读到它时,他写信给汤姆森(10月6日)声称他的研究已经证明热可以转换为功,但他正在计划进一步的实验。10月27日,汤姆森回信,透露道他正在计划自己的实验,并希望他们两人的观点能得到和解。 </p><p>汤姆森退了回来,开始批判卡诺的原始著作,并且阅读他自己1849年1月致<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="爱丁堡皇家学会">爱丁堡皇家学会</a>的分析<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,仍然相信该理论从根本上是健全的。然而,在接下来的两年中,虽然汤姆逊没有进行新的实验,他越来越不满卡诺的理论,并开始相信焦耳。1851年2月,他坐下来阐明他的新思维。然而,他不确定如何构建他的理论;几易其稿,他最终确定要调和卡诺和焦耳。在他重写的过程中,他似乎已经萌生出了一些初步的关于<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E5%AE%9A%E5%BE%8B" title="热力学第二定律">热力学第二定律</a>的想法。在卡诺的理论中,热损失是完全的丢失,但汤姆森认为,这是“对人类而言无可挽回地失去了,但对物质世界而言并没有失去”。此外,他的神学信仰引发了宇宙<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E5%AF%82" title="热寂">热寂</a>(heat death)之猜想。 </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); color: inherit; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">我相信,物质世界的趋势,是运动会变得扩散开来,整体来说浓缩的反向动作在逐渐发生——我相信,没有物理动作可以将从太阳发出的热量恢复如初,这个源泉也并不是取之不尽用之不竭的;还有,地球和其他行星的运动正在失去“活力”(vis viva)并转化为热能,虽然有些“活力”可以恢复,例如地球通过接收太阳的热量,或通过其他方式,但该损失无法“精确”补偿——我认为可能是在不充足地补偿。<sup id="cite_ref-Sharlin_1979_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharlin_1979-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote> <p>补偿将需要一个创世的行为或具有类似能力的行为。<sup id="cite_ref-Sharlin_1979_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sharlin_1979-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>在最终出版,汤姆逊从一个激进的出发撤退,并宣布“热的动力的全部理论建立在…两个…命题上,分别归功于焦耳以及卡诺和克劳修斯”<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。接着,汤姆逊给出了第二定律的一种陈述形式: </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); color: inherit; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">由无生命物质的机构的手段,试图将物体的温度冷却到它周围环境中最冷温度之下,以获得从物质的任何部分的机械作用,是不可能的。<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote> <p>在这篇论文中,汤姆逊支持“热是运动的一种形式”的理论,但也承认他只是受<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">汉弗里·戴维</a>爵士的想法和焦耳和<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" title="尤利乌斯·冯·迈尔">尤利乌斯·冯·迈尔</a>的实验的启发而有所感想,关于热可以转换为功的实验证明仍然悬而未决。<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>焦耳读到该文之后,立刻写信给汤姆逊,表达了他的意见和问题。自此开始了两人之间一段卓有成效(虽然主要通过书信)的协作:<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">焦耳</a>进行实验,汤姆逊分析结果并提出进一步的实验。该合作历时1852年至1856年,其成果便是<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3-%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E9%80%8A%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" class="mw-redirect" title="焦耳-汤姆逊效应">焦耳-汤姆逊效应</a>,有时也被称为开尔文-焦耳效应,而且发表的结果<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>在让焦耳的研究和分子运动论得到普遍接受上起了很大作用。 </p><p>汤姆逊发表了超过650篇科学论文<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,并申请了70项专利(未全部批准)。关于科学,汤姆逊写了以下这段话: </p> <blockquote class="quote-frame pullquote" style="font-size: 95%; padding: 0.5em 2em; background-color: var(--background-color-neutral-subtle, #f8f9fa); border: 1px solid var(--border-color-base, #a2a9b1); color: inherit; display:table; float:none;"><div style="padding: 0.6em 1em;">在物理科学中学习任何科目的方向的第一个重要步骤,就是找到数值推算和可行的方法测量一些质量与它相连的原则。我常说,当你能测量你所说的事物并以数字表达它时,说明关于这个事物你的确是知道一些的,但是当你无法测量它、无法以数字表达它时,说明你的所知就是贫乏的、难以令人满意的:它可能是知识的开端,但你几乎没有从思想上达到科学的阶段,无论这个事物是什么。<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="跨大西洋电报电缆"><span id=".E8.B7.A8.E5.A4.A7.E8.A5.BF.E6.B4.8B.E7.94.B5.E6.8A.A5.E7.94.B5.E7.BC.86"></span>跨大西洋电报电缆</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节:跨大西洋电报电缆"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="数据速率的计算"><span id=".E6.95.B0.E6.8D.AE.E9.80.9F.E7.8E.87.E7.9A.84.E8.AE.A1.E7.AE.97"></span>数据速率的计算</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=7" title="编辑章节:数据速率的计算"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>虽然在学术领域已经是名声显赫,汤姆森尚未被广大公众所知。1852年9月,他娶了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沃尔特·克拉姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Walt Crum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沃尔特·克拉姆(页面不存在)">沃尔特·克拉姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walt_Crum" class="extiw" title="en:Walt Crum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Walt Crum</span></a></span>)</span></span>的女儿,青梅竹马的玛格丽特·克拉姆<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,但在他们度蜜月时她的身体垮了,并在接下来的17年里,汤姆森一直在分心担忧她的病疾。1854年10月16日,乔治·加布里埃尔·<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" class="mw-redirect" title="斯托克斯">斯托克斯</a>写信给汤姆森试图让他重新对工作提起兴趣,问他对拟议<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%A8%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5%E7%94%B5%E7%BC%86" title="跨大西洋电报电缆">跨大西洋电报电缆</a>之事和迈克尔·<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" class="mw-redirect" title="法拉第">法拉第</a>的一些相关实验的看法。 </p><p>法拉第曾演示了电缆的建造方式将限制消息发送的速度(也即现代所说的传输速率之“<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%A6%E5%AE%BD" title="带宽">带宽</a>”)。汤姆森抓住了这个问题,并且在当月发表了他的回应<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,不仅预测了可以实现的数据传输速率,而且还评估了跨大西洋计划的潜在收益和经济效益。在1855年进一步的分析<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>中汤姆森强调,电缆的设计将对其收益性有很大影响。 </p><p>汤姆森认为,信号通过缆线的速度与芯部的长度的平方成反比。该结果在1856年英国协会会议上被<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大西洋电报公司" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Atlantic Telegraph Company"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E7%94%B5%E6%8A%A5%E5%85%AC%E5%8F%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大西洋电报公司(页面不存在)">大西洋电报公司</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atlantic_Telegraph_Company" class="extiw" title="en:Atlantic Telegraph Company"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Atlantic Telegraph Company</span></a></span>)</span></span>的<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B0%94%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="电气工程">电气工程</a>师<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="怀尔德曼·怀特豪斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wildman Whitehouse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%80%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="怀尔德曼·怀特豪斯(页面不存在)">怀尔德曼·怀特豪斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wildman_Whitehouse" class="extiw" title="en:Wildman Whitehouse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wildman Whitehouse</span></a></span>)</span></span>驳斥。怀特豪斯可能曲解了他自己的实验结果,但无疑是感到财政上的压力,因为电缆计划已经有条不紊地进行。他认为,汤姆森的计算暗示电缆必须“被抛弃,因为实用上和商业上都不现实”。 </p><p>汤姆森在与著名杂志《Athenaeum》的通信中<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>批判了怀特豪斯的论点,使得自己进入公众视线。汤姆森推荐一个较大的导体与绝缘的更大的横截面<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F%E6%89%8B%E5%86%8A/%E4%B8%8D%E8%A6%81%E6%A8%A1%E7%A8%9C%E5%85%A9%E5%8F%AF" title="Wikipedia:格式手冊/不要模稜兩可"><span title="需要解釋或改寫">需要解释</span></a>]</sup>。不过,他认为怀特豪斯不是傻瓜,并觉得他可能有足够的实践技能,实现现有的设计。然而,汤姆森的研究已经吸引了项目的承担者的眼球;在1856年12月,他当选为大西洋电报公司的董事会成员。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="从科学家到工程师"><span id=".E4.BB.8E.E7.A7.91.E5.AD.A6.E5.AE.B6.E5.88.B0.E5.B7.A5.E7.A8.8B.E5.B8.88"></span>从科学家到工程师</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节:从科学家到工程师"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>汤姆森成为了团队的科学顾问,怀特豪斯担任首席电工,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查尔斯·蒂尔斯顿·布莱特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Tilston Bright"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%92%82%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·蒂尔斯顿·布莱特(页面不存在)">查尔斯·蒂尔斯顿·布莱特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Tilston_Bright" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Tilston Bright"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Tilston Bright</span></a></span>)</span></span>爵士担任首席工程师。但怀特豪斯在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A8%AD%E8%A8%88%E8%A6%8F%E6%A0%BC" title="設計規格">設計規格</a>上有他的想法,法拉第和<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="莫尔斯">莫尔斯</a>也支持他。 </p><p>1857年8月,汤姆森登上了电缆敷设船<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="HMS Agamemnon (1852)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="HMS Agamemnon (1852)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Agamemnon_(1852)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Agamemnon (1852)(页面不存在)">阿伽门农号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Agamemnon_(1852)" class="extiw" title="en:HMS Agamemnon (1852)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">HMS Agamemnon (1852)</span></a></span>)</span></span>,开始航行,怀特豪斯则因病留在岸上,但航行380英里(610 km)后电缆不幸断开了。对此,汤姆森在《Engineer》发表了铺设<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%BA%95%E9%9B%BB%E7%BA%9C" title="海底電纜">海底电缆</a>所涉及到的<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%94%E5%8A%9B" class="mw-redirect" title="应力">应力</a>的完整理论,并表明,当缆线以恒定的速度离开船体,进入到深度均匀的水中时,它会保持倾斜的直线的形状下沉,该直线从入水点延伸到触及底部的点。<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>汤姆森开发了一个完整操作海底电报的系统,能够每3.5秒发送一个字母。1858年,他给他的系统中的关键部分,也即<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="反射镜检流计" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="mirror galvanometer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%8D%E5%B0%84%E9%95%9C%E6%A3%80%E6%B5%81%E8%AE%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="反射镜检流计(页面不存在)">反射镜检流计</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/mirror_galvanometer" class="extiw" title="en:mirror galvanometer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">mirror galvanometer</span></a></span>)</span></span>(镜式检流计)和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="虹吸记录器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Syphon recorder"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%99%B9%E5%90%B8%E8%AE%B0%E5%BD%95%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="虹吸记录器(页面不存在)">虹吸记录器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syphon_recorder" class="extiw" title="en:Syphon recorder"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Syphon recorder</span></a></span>)</span></span>,申请了专利。 </p><p>怀特豪斯还是觉得能够忽略汤姆森的许多意见和建议。直到汤姆森说服董事会,使用更加纯净的铜更换电缆的丢失部分,以改善数据输送能力,汤姆森才第一次对项目的执行产生了影响。<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>董事会坚持让汤姆森加入1858年的电缆敷设远征,没有任何经济补偿,并在项目中的积极参与。作为回报,汤姆森获得了试验他的反射镜检流计的机会,对此董事会不甚感兴趣,怀特豪斯旁边的装备。然而,在1858年6月的灾难性风暴之后,阿伽门农号只好打道回府。回到伦敦后,董事会几乎要放弃该项目,并打算通过销售电缆减轻其损失的程度。汤姆森、<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="赛勒斯·韦斯特·菲尔德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cyrus West Field"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%9B%E5%8B%92%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赛勒斯·韦斯特·菲尔德(页面不存在)">赛勒斯·韦斯特·菲尔德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyrus_West_Field" class="extiw" title="en:Cyrus West Field"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cyrus West Field</span></a></span>)</span></span>和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="柯蒂斯·米兰达·兰普森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Curtis Lampson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%AF%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%85%B0%E8%BE%BE%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E6%99%AE%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="柯蒂斯·米兰达·兰普森(页面不存在)">柯蒂斯·米兰达·兰普森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Curtis_Lampson" class="extiw" title="en:Curtis Lampson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Curtis Lampson</span></a></span>)</span></span>说服了董事会再尝试一次,汤姆森坚持认为技术问题是容易处理的。虽然仅以顾问的身份参与,汤姆森已经在航行中获得了在压力下解决实际问题的真正的工程师的直觉和技能,往往率先在处理突发事件,并且不畏惧对体力活伸出援助之手。8月5日,电缆终于贯通了。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="灾难和胜利"><span id=".E7.81.BE.E9.9A.BE.E5.92.8C.E8.83.9C.E5.88.A9"></span>灾难和胜利</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节:灾难和胜利"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>汤姆森担忧的事情终于发生了:怀特豪斯的设备被证明不够敏感,必须由汤姆森的反射镜检流计所取代。但怀特豪斯坚持认为,是他的装置提供了服务,并开始涉足绝望的措施来做出一些补救。结果,他只是成功地用 2,000 V 的电压彻底损坏了电缆。当电缆完全失败,怀特豪斯被开除;汤姆森表示反对,还被董事会谴责他的干扰。这之后汤姆森感到后悔,他太随便地默许了许多怀特豪斯的提议,并没有花足够的力气去质疑他。<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>贸易委员会和大西洋电报公司联合设立了调查委员会,发现关于电缆的故障,怀特豪斯应当承担大多数的责任<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。该委员会发现,虽然海底电缆缺乏可靠性确实臭名远扬,但大多数问题都源于已知的和可避免的原因。汤姆森被选入一个五人委员会,受命为新的电缆制定规范。1863年10月,该委员会发表了报告<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>1865年7月,汤姆森参与了<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%99%9F" title="大東方號">大東方號</a>(SS Great Eastern)的电缆敷设远征航行,但航程再次受到技术问题的困扰。在铺设了1200英里(1900千米)后电缆又不幸丢失,远征不得不放弃。进一步的探险队于1866年成功地在两周内铺设新的电缆,然后继续恢复并完成了1865线。团队凯旋而归,受到公众的盛情款待,汤姆森尤其受到了褒奖。1866年11月10日,汤姆森与该项目的其他主要负责人一起被封为爵士。<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>利用他的长距离海底电缆信号传输的发明,汤姆森与C.F. Varley和<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗莱明·詹金" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Fleeming Jenkin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E9%87%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗莱明·詹金(页面不存在)">弗莱明·詹金</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fleeming_Jenkin" class="extiw" title="en:Fleeming Jenkin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Fleeming Jenkin</span></a></span>)</span></span>签订了合作。与后者一起,他还设计了一个<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="自动控制传感器" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="automatic curb sender"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E6%8E%A7%E5%88%B6%E4%BC%A0%E6%84%9F%E5%99%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自动控制传感器(页面不存在)">自动控制传感器</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/automatic_curb_sender" class="extiw" title="en:automatic curb sender"><span lang="en" dir="auto">automatic curb sender</span></a></span>)</span></span>,一种在电缆上发送消息的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="发报电键" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="telegraph key"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%91%E6%8A%A5%E7%94%B5%E9%94%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="发报电键(页面不存在)">发报电键</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/telegraph_key" class="extiw" title="en:telegraph key"><span lang="en" dir="auto">telegraph key</span></a></span>)</span></span>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="后来的探险"><span id=".E5.90.8E.E6.9D.A5.E7.9A.84.E6.8E.A2.E9.99.A9"></span>后来的探险</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节:后来的探险"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>汤姆森参加了1869年法国大西洋海底通信电缆的敷设,并与詹金一道担任Western and Brazilian和Platino-Brazilian电缆的工程师,同时还有假期学生<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%A4%E5%9B%A0" title="詹姆斯·阿尔弗雷德·尤因">詹姆斯·阿尔弗雷德·尤因</a>协助。他还亲临1873年巴西海岸电缆的<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%8B%89%E5%B7%9E" title="帕拉州">帕拉州</a>(贝伦市)到<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E5%8D%97%E5%B8%83%E5%93%A5%E5%B7%9E" title="伯南布哥州">伯南布哥州</a>部分的铺设现场。 </p><p>1870年6月17日,汤姆森的妻子去世;他也决心改变他的生活。正深深沉迷于航海的他在9月购买了一艘126吨的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%8C%E6%A1%85%E7%BA%B5%E5%B8%86%E8%88%B9" class="mw-redirect" title="双桅纵帆船">双桅纵帆船</a>“Lalla Rookh”号,作为招待朋友和同事的科学基地。他对海洋的兴趣不断增加。1871年,他受命于<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="HMS Captain (1869)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="HMS Captain (1869)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=HMS_Captain_(1869)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="HMS Captain (1869)(页面不存在)">陛下之舰上校号</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMS_Captain_(1869)" class="extiw" title="en:HMS Captain (1869)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">HMS Captain (1869)</span></a></span>)</span></span>沉没事件调查委员会。 </p><p>1873年6月,汤姆森和詹金驶着Hooper号开往里斯本,带着2500英里(4020千米)长的电缆。电缆出现了故障,便在<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89" class="mw-redirect" title="马德拉">马德拉</a>逗留了16天,此间汤姆森与查尔斯·布兰迪和他的三个女儿成为了好朋友。1874年5月2日,他驶着Lalla Rookh又来到马德拉群岛。当他靠近港口时,他向布兰迪府发送电报“你愿意嫁给我吗?”而Fanny回信“是”。1874年6月24日,汤姆森与比他年少13年的Fanny结婚。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="其他贡献和琐事"><span id=".E5.85.B6.E4.BB.96.E8.B4.A1.E7.8C.AE.E5.92.8C.E7.90.90.E4.BA.8B"></span>其他贡献和琐事</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节:其他贡献和琐事"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="汤姆森和泰特:《自然哲学论文》"><span id=".E6.B1.A4.E5.A7.86.E6.A3.AE.E5.92.8C.E6.B3.B0.E7.89.B9.EF.BC.9A.E3.80.8A.E8.87.AA.E7.84.B6.E5.93.B2.E5.AD.A6.E8.AE.BA.E6.96.87.E3.80.8B"></span>汤姆森和泰特:《自然哲学论文》</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=12" title="编辑章节:汤姆森和泰特:《自然哲学论文》"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1855至1867年间,汤姆逊与<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·格思里·泰特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter Tait (physicist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%80%9D%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·格思里·泰特(页面不存在)">彼得·格思里·泰特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Tait_(physicist)" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Tait (physicist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter Tait (physicist)</span></a></span>)</span></span>合作写了一本<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%99%E7%A7%91%E6%9B%B8" title="教科書">教科書</a>,首次将<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="力学">力学</a>研究基于<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%90%E5%8A%A8%E5%AD%A6" title="运动学">运动学</a>(对质点/刚体运动的描述,不考虑<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9B" title="力">力</a>和质量的作用)的数学之上。该书在各种领域对<a href="/wiki/%E5%8B%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8" title="動力學">動力學</a>展开讨论,但一直都以<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F" title="能量">能量</a>作为统一普适的衡量标准。 </p><p>第二版于1879年发行,扩展为两个分开的卷目。该书为早期的<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86" title="数学物理">数学物理</a>教学设定了一个标准。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="开尔文的原子涡理论"><span id=".E5.BC.80.E5.B0.94.E6.96.87.E7.9A.84.E5.8E.9F.E5.AD.90.E6.B6.A1.E7.90.86.E8.AE.BA"></span>开尔文的原子涡理论</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=13" title="编辑章节:开尔文的原子涡理论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1870至1890年间,有一种理论在英国的物理学界和数学界非常流行,声称<a href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90" title="原子">原子</a>即是在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA" title="以太">以太</a>中的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%A9%E6%B6%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="漩涡">漩涡</a>;前后有25位科学家,撰写了大约60篇科学论文。在汤姆森和泰特的领导下<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,学界发展了称作<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%90%E7%B5%90%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96" title="紐結理論">紐結理論</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%93%E6%89%91%E5%AD%A6" title="拓扑学">拓扑学</a>分支。开尔文对这个复杂的研究的倡导,持续启发了新的数学,使得这个课题在<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2" title="科学史">科学史</a>上一直得以进行<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="海洋"><span id=".E6.B5.B7.E6.B4.8B"></span>海洋</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=14" title="编辑章节:海洋"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSCN1739-thomson-tide-machine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DSCN1739-thomson-tide-machine.jpg/220px-DSCN1739-thomson-tide-machine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DSCN1739-thomson-tide-machine.jpg/330px-DSCN1739-thomson-tide-machine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/DSCN1739-thomson-tide-machine.jpg/440px-DSCN1739-thomson-tide-machine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="700" /></a><figcaption>汤姆森的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="潮汐预测机" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="tide-predicting machine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90%E9%A2%84%E6%B5%8B%E6%9C%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="潮汐预测机(页面不存在)">潮汐预测机</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/tide-predicting_machine" class="extiw" title="en:tide-predicting machine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">tide-predicting machine</span></a></span>)</span></span></figcaption></figure> <p>汤姆森是一位热心的帆船运动员;他对所有有关海的事情的兴趣或许是产生于他在阿伽门农号和<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E6%9D%B1%E6%96%B9%E8%99%9F" title="大東方號">大東方號</a>上的经历。 </p><p>汤姆森引入了一种深海<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9E%E9%9F%B3%E6%B5%8B%E6%B7%B1%E6%9C%AF" title="回音测深术">探测</a>方法,用<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%A2%E7%90%B4" title="钢琴">钢琴</a>丝代替普通的手线。这种线滑到底部是如此容易,以至于船舶全速度航行的“飞行测深”成为可能。汤姆森还添加了记录测深锤深度的压力计。 </p><p>大约同一时间他复兴了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托马斯·哈伯德·萨姆纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas Hubbard Sumner"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托马斯·哈伯德·萨姆纳(页面不存在)">萨姆纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Hubbard_Sumner" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Hubbard Sumner"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas Hubbard Sumner</span></a></span>)</span></span>的寻找海上船舶的方法,并计算得出的一组表,可以直接对照使用。他还研发了一种预测<a href="/wiki/%E6%BD%AE%E6%B1%90" title="潮汐">潮汐</a>的机器。 </p><p>在1880年代,汤姆森致力于完善可调节<a href="/wiki/%E6%8C%87%E5%8D%97%E9%92%88" title="指南针">指南针</a>,以便纠正由于<a href="/wiki/%E8%88%B9%E8%88%B6%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B" title="船舶工程">船舶制造</a>中大量使用铁而产生的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="磁偏差" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="magnetic deviation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A3%81%E5%81%8F%E5%B7%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="磁偏差(页面不存在)">磁偏差</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/magnetic_deviation" class="extiw" title="en:magnetic deviation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">magnetic deviation</span></a></span>)</span></span>。汤姆森的设计是对原有仪器的一个很大的改进,更加稳定,更少受摩擦力影响,船舶自身磁场导致的偏差被<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗经座" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="binnacle"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E7%BB%8F%E5%BA%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗经座(页面不存在)">罗经座</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/binnacle" class="extiw" title="en:binnacle"><span lang="en" dir="auto">binnacle</span></a></span>)</span></span>中可移动调节的铁块所纠正抵消。汤姆森的创新涉及了很多在<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E9%87%8C" title="喬治·比德爾·艾里">喬治·比德爾·艾里</a>和其他人已经建立的理论原理之基础上的细节工作,但并没有贡献太多新颖的物理思考。汤姆森有力的游说和人脉关系,成功地使<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E6%B5%B7%E5%86%9B%E9%83%A8_(1709%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31964%E5%B9%B4)" title="英国海军部 (1709年至1964年)">海军部</a>接受了他的仪器。 </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Lord_Kelvin_Mariner%27s_Compass_with_Sun_Dial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sir_Lord_Kelvin_Mariner%27s_Compass_with_Sun_Dial.jpg/220px-Sir_Lord_Kelvin_Mariner%27s_Compass_with_Sun_Dial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sir_Lord_Kelvin_Mariner%27s_Compass_with_Sun_Dial.jpg/330px-Sir_Lord_Kelvin_Mariner%27s_Compass_with_Sun_Dial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Sir_Lord_Kelvin_Mariner%27s_Compass_with_Sun_Dial.jpg/440px-Sir_Lord_Kelvin_Mariner%27s_Compass_with_Sun_Dial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3513" data-file-height="3745" /></a><figcaption>开尔文的指南针</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61209892"> <blockquote class="templatequote"><p>撰写汤姆森传记的作者,如果对他的指南针的创新稍有了解,一般都会把这件事情当成一个遗憾的传奇,愚钝的海军领导层拒绝一个顶尖科学头脑的奇思妙想。另一方面,同情海军的作者则把汤姆森描绘成一个毫无疑问的具有天才和热情的人,有一些真正的海洋知识,但设法将一小撮罗盘设计的平庸的想法变成了有利于他自己的生产制造的商业垄断,在法庭上利用自己的声誉作为威胁,击溃别人的每一点哪怕小小的独创性声明,说服海军部和法律部门忽视自己的设计缺陷和竞争对手的优点。 </p><p><br /> </p><p> 而事实真相则是处于在两个极端之间。<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E8%B4%9D%E5%A5%87" title="查尔斯·巴贝奇">查尔斯·巴贝奇</a>是最早提出<a href="/wiki/%E7%81%AF%E5%A1%94" title="灯塔">灯塔</a>可以通过遮掩光而发送一个特定数字之信号的人之一,但是是汤姆森指出了<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E7%94%B5%E7%A0%81" class="mw-redirect" title="莫尔斯电码">莫尔斯电码</a>在此用途中的优点,并强调信号应该包括用短的和长的闪光来表示(电码)点和线。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="电气标准"><span id=".E7.94.B5.E6.B0.94.E6.A0.87.E5.87.86"></span>电气标准</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=15" title="编辑章节:电气标准"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>汤姆森在引入用于测量电力的准确方法和装置方面,比他同时期的任何其他电学家做得都多。早在1845年他就指出,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·斯诺·哈里斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Snow Harris"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·斯诺·哈里斯(页面不存在)">威廉·斯诺·哈里斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Snow_Harris" class="extiw" title="en:William Snow Harris"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Snow Harris</span></a></span>)</span></span>的实验结果是符合的<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91" title="夏尔·库仑">库伦</a>定律的。在1857年的《罗马科学院备忘录》中,他发表了介绍他的新的划分的环静电计,根据<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·戈特利布·弗里德里希·冯·波嫩贝格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E5%AB%A9%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·戈特利布·弗里德里希·冯·波嫩贝格(页面不存在)">J.G.F. von Bohnenberger</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Gottlieb_Friedrich_von_Bohnenberger" class="extiw" title="en:Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Johann Gottlieb Friedrich von Bohnenberger</span></a></span>)</span></span>的旧的验电器,并且引入了一系列有效的仪器,包括象限静电计,覆盖整个静电计量之领域。他发明了<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="电流天平" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="ampere balance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81%E5%A4%A9%E5%B9%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="电流天平(页面不存在)">电流天平</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ampere_balance" class="extiw" title="en:ampere balance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">ampere balance</span></a></span>)</span></span>,也被称为“开尔文天平”或“安培天平”(<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r83946278">.mw-parser-output .template-facttext{background-color:var(--background-color-neutral,#eaecf0);color:inherit;margin:-.3em 0;padding:.3em 0}</style><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源">SiC</mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>),可以<a href="/wiki/%E6%BA%96%E7%A2%BA%E8%88%87%E7%B2%BE%E5%AF%86" class="mw-redirect" title="準確與精密">精确</a>测量<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9" title="安培">安培</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%B5%E6%B5%81" title="电流">电流</a>的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E5%8C%96" title="标准化">标准</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A1%E9%87%8F%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="计量单位">计量单位</a>)。从1880年左右开始,电气工程师Magnus MacLean(<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E4%BC%9A%E5%91%98" title="爱丁堡皇家学会会员">FRSE</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>帮助他做电学实验。 </p><p>1893年,汤姆森领导的一个国际委员会拟定了<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E4%BA%9A%E5%8A%A0%E6%8B%89%E7%80%91%E5%B8%83" title="尼亚加拉瀑布">尼亚加拉瀑布</a><a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%91%E7%94%B5%E7%AB%99" class="mw-redirect" title="发电站">发电站</a>的设计。尽管他相信<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="直流電">直流電</a><a href="/wiki/%E8%BC%B8%E9%9B%BB%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1" title="輸電系統">輸電系統</a>更为优异,他赞同Westinghouse的<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A4%E6%B5%81%E9%9B%BB" title="交流電">交流电</a>系统,该系统已在那年的<a href="/wiki/%E8%8A%9D%E5%8A%A0%E5%93%A5%E4%B8%96%E7%95%8C%E5%8D%9A%E8%A6%BD%E6%9C%83" class="mw-redirect" title="芝加哥世界博覽會">芝加哥世界博览会</a>上展示。但就在尼亚加拉大瀑布工程之后,汤姆森仍然坚持相信直流电是更好的系统。<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>1906年6月26-27日,为了认可他对电气标准化的贡献,<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E7%94%B5%E5%B7%A5%E5%A7%94%E5%91%98%E4%BC%9A" title="国际电工委员会">国际电工委员会</a>在其初步会议(举行于伦敦)中选举汤姆森为其第一任主席。会议的报告记载道<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:“根据主席[亚历山大·西门子]的提议,Mailloux先生[美国电气工程师学会]的资持[原文],正直的光荣开尔文勋爵(<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0" title="皇家維多利亞勳章">GCVO</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%B8%BE%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="功績勳章 (英國)">OM</a>)被一致推选为第一委员会主席。” </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="地球的年龄:地质学和神学"><span id=".E5.9C.B0.E7.90.83.E7.9A.84.E5.B9.B4.E9.BE.84.EF.BC.9A.E5.9C.B0.E8.B4.A8.E5.AD.A6.E5.92.8C.E7.A5.9E.E5.AD.A6"></span>地球的年龄:地质学和神学</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=16" title="编辑章节:地球的年龄:地质学和神学"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Kelvin_Vanity_Fair_1897-04-29.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lord_Kelvin_Vanity_Fair_1897-04-29.jpg/170px-Lord_Kelvin_Vanity_Fair_1897-04-29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="290" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Lord_Kelvin_Vanity_Fair_1897-04-29.jpg/255px-Lord_Kelvin_Vanity_Fair_1897-04-29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b2/Lord_Kelvin_Vanity_Fair_1897-04-29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="330" data-file-height="562" /></a><figcaption>开尔文勋爵的讽刺漫画,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="莱斯利·马修·沃德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Leslie Ward"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E4%BF%AE%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莱斯利·马修·沃德(页面不存在)">Spy</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leslie_Ward" class="extiw" title="en:Leslie Ward"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Leslie Ward</span></a></span>)</span></span>为《Vanity Fair》杂志所绘,1897年</figcaption></figure> <p>终其一生,汤姆森都是一个虔诚的基督教信徒;去教堂是他的日常生活的一部分<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在他看来,他的基督教信仰是对他的科学研究的支持和解惑;从他在<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r83946278"><mark class="template-facttext" title="需要提供文献来源"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E8%AF%81%E6%8D%AE%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基督证据学会(页面不存在)">基督证据学会</a></mark><sup class="noprint Template-Fact"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E5%88%97%E6%98%8E%E6%9D%A5%E6%BA%90" title="Wikipedia:列明来源"><span style="white-space: nowrap;" title="来源请求。">[來源請求]</span></a></sup>年度会议(1889年5月23日)上的讲话<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>可以明显看出这一点。 </p><p>这种相互作用的最明显的一个实例便是他对<a href="/wiki/%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B4%E9%BD%A1" title="地球的年齡">地球的年齡</a>的估计。鉴于他的年轻的工作,对图的地球和他在热传导上的兴趣,这是毫不奇怪,他选择了调查地球的冷却,并从他的计算做出对地球年龄的历史推论。汤姆森是一个广义上的<a href="/wiki/%E5%89%B5%E9%80%A0%E8%AB%96" title="創造論">創造論</a>者,但他不是一个(圣经)“大洪水地质学家”<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他强调说,热力学定律从宇宙诞生起就在运作,并设想了一个动态的过程,其中<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%AA%E9%98%B3%E7%B3%BB" title="太阳系">太阳系</a>和其他结构的形成和演变,随后则是一个逐渐的“热死亡”。他认为,地球曾经一度过于炽热,无法维持生命;这个观点与<a href="/wiki/%E5%9D%87%E8%AE%8A%E8%AB%96" title="均變論">均變論</a>(自从无限远的过去条件一直是恒定的)针锋相对。他争辩说<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>:“这个地球,在数个百万年之前,必定是一个火红炽热的球……。” </p><p><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">查尔斯·达尔文</a>的《<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%A9%E7%A7%8D%E8%B5%B7%E6%BA%90" title="物种起源">物种起源</a>》于1859年出版。在汤姆森看来,地球适合居住的年龄其实相对较短的证据,和达尔文的渐进、缓慢的<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E9%80%89%E6%8B%A9" title="自然选择">自然选择</a>导致了<a href="/wiki/%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%A4%9A%E6%A8%A3%E6%80%A7" title="生物多樣性">生物多樣性</a>的解释是相左的<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。汤姆森的观点更接近于一种在神的指引下加速了的<a href="/wiki/%E7%A5%9E%E5%AF%BC%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96%E8%AE%BA" title="神导演化论">神导演化论</a>。他的计算表明,太阳可能的存在时间不是很长,无法允许缓慢的一步一步发展的<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E5%8C%96" title="演化">演化</a>——除非发现了在他或任何其他<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E6%97%B6%E4%BB%A3" title="维多利亚时代">维多利亚时代</a>的人所了解的之外的能量来源。他很快就卷入公开的与地质学家以及达尔文的支持者约翰·廷德尔和<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%83%A5%E9%BB%8E" title="托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎">T.H.赫胥黎</a>的意见分歧<sup id="cite_ref-England_et_al_2007_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England_et_al_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。作为对在赫胥黎在伦敦地质学学会的讲话(1868年)的响应,他做出了讲话“关于地质动力学”(1869年)<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,与他的其他著作一道,质疑了地质学家所接受的地球必然有无限年龄的观念<sup id="cite_ref-England_et_al_2007_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England_et_al_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>最初在1864年,汤姆森对地球的年龄的估计是2000万到4亿年。该估计的范围如此宽广,是因为他对岩石熔化温度(他将其等同于地球内部的温度)的不确定性<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,以及岩石的热导率和比热的不确定性。多年来,他逐渐完善他的论证,将上限降低了十倍;1897年,汤姆森(此时已成为开尔文勋爵)最终得出估计,地球年龄为2000万至4000万年<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1895年发表在《科学美国人》增补上的一封信中<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,开尔文批评地质学家对岩石的年龄和地球的年龄的估计(譬如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">达尔文</a>的),称之为“含糊的宽广的年龄”。 </p><p>他对这一估计数的探讨可以在1897年他受学会会长<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·斯托克斯">乔治·斯托克斯</a>之邀给<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="维多利亚学会" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Victoria Institute"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%B4%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9A%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="维多利亚学会(页面不存在)">维多利亚学会</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victoria_Institute" class="extiw" title="en:Victoria Institute"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Victoria Institute</span></a></span>)</span></span>的讲话中看到<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;此讲话在学会的《<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="科学与基督信仰" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Science and Christian Belief"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E4%B8%8E%E5%9F%BA%E7%9D%A3%E4%BF%A1%E4%BB%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="科学与基督信仰(页面不存在)">会刊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_Christian_Belief" class="extiw" title="en:Science and Christian Belief"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Science and Christian Belief</span></a></span>)</span></span>》上记载<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。尽管他的前任助理John Perry在1895年发表了一篇文章,挑战开尔文的地球内部低<a href="/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%B0%8E%E7%8E%87" title="熱導率">熱導率</a>的假设,因此可得出更大的年龄,开尔文的理论还是没有受到直接影响<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。1903年发现的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7" title="放射性">放射性衰变</a>释放热量的现象,导致了开尔文的估测受到挑战;<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F" title="欧内斯特·卢瑟福">欧内斯特·卢瑟福</a>在一个讲座(开尔文也在场)中做出了著名的论证,即这个(放射)现象恰好提供了开尔文所说的未知的能量来源;但直到1907年研发了对岩石的<a href="/wiki/%E6%94%BE%E5%B0%84%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%9A%E5%B9%B4%E6%B3%95" title="放射性定年法">放射性定年法</a>,开尔文的估测才被推翻<sup id="cite_ref-England_et_al_2007_49-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-England_et_al_2007-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>后人普遍认为,放射性的发现就已经推翻了汤姆森对地球年龄的估计。但汤姆森本人从来没有公开承认这一点,因为他认为他有一个更强大的论证,限制的年龄太阳到不超过2000万年。没有阳光,就无法解释地球表面的沉积物(化石)记录。当时,唯一已知的太阳能输出来源是<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%95%E5%8A%9B%E5%9D%8D%E7%BC%A9" title="引力坍缩">引力坍缩</a>。只有当<a href="/wiki/%E7%83%AD%E6%A0%B8%E8%81%9A%E5%8F%98" class="mw-redirect" title="热核聚变">热核聚变</a>在1930年代被发现时,汤姆森的地球年龄悖论才真正被解决。<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="晚年和逝世"><span id=".E6.99.9A.E5.B9.B4.E5.92.8C.E9.80.9D.E4.B8.96"></span>晚年和逝世</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=17" title="编辑章节:晚年和逝世"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lord_Kelvin,_Botanic_park_Belfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lord_Kelvin%2C_Botanic_park_Belfast.jpg/170px-Lord_Kelvin%2C_Botanic_park_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lord_Kelvin%2C_Botanic_park_Belfast.jpg/255px-Lord_Kelvin%2C_Botanic_park_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Lord_Kelvin%2C_Botanic_park_Belfast.jpg/340px-Lord_Kelvin%2C_Botanic_park_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2120" data-file-height="2816" /></a><figcaption>开尔文勋爵的雕像,贝尔法斯特植物园</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Thomson_family_grave_and_memorial,_Glasgow_Necropolis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Thomson_family_grave_and_memorial%2C_Glasgow_Necropolis.jpg/170px-The_Thomson_family_grave_and_memorial%2C_Glasgow_Necropolis.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="255" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Thomson_family_grave_and_memorial%2C_Glasgow_Necropolis.jpg/255px-The_Thomson_family_grave_and_memorial%2C_Glasgow_Necropolis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/The_Thomson_family_grave_and_memorial%2C_Glasgow_Necropolis.jpg/340px-The_Thomson_family_grave_and_memorial%2C_Glasgow_Necropolis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2056" data-file-height="3088" /></a><figcaption>汤姆森家族的墓群,格拉斯哥大墓地</figcaption></figure> <p>在1860-1861年的冬天,汤姆森在在冰上滑倒,他的腿骨折了,导致他自此一直都跛行<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。直到去世,他在大西洋两岸都保持着相当的声誉。 </p><p>在公布于1902年6月26日(<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E4%B8%83%E4%B8%96" title="爱德华七世">爱德华七世</a>原定的加冕日)的1902年加冕礼的荣誉名单中<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,开尔文勋爵被任命为<a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%A8%9E%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2" title="英國樞密院">枢密院顾问</a>和新的<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%B8%BE%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="功績勳章 (英國)">功绩勋章</a>(OM)的第一批受勋者。他于1902年8月8日收到了国王颁发的勋章<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,并于1902年8月11日在<a href="/wiki/%E7%99%BD%E9%87%91%E6%B1%89%E5%AE%AB" title="白金汉宫">白金汉宫</a>宣誓就职为枢密院顾问<sup id="cite_ref-LG27464_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG27464-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>在1907年11月,他得了一场感冒,随后他的健康状况恶化,直到他于12月17日在苏格兰的住所(拉格斯的Netherhall)去世<sup id="cite_ref-Times_digital_archive_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Times_digital_archive-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>多年来,开尔文勋爵是拉格斯的<a href="/wiki/%E8%81%96%E9%AB%98%E9%9A%86" title="聖高隆">聖高隆</a>教区教堂(<a href="/wiki/%E8%98%87%E6%A0%BC%E8%98%AD%E6%95%99%E6%9C%83" title="蘇格蘭教會">蘇格蘭教會</a>)的一个长老。1907年12月17日他在拉格斯辞世后,他的遗体就是被带到这个教堂<sup id="cite_ref-TT411_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TT411-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在殡葬仪式后,遗体被带到他心爱的<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="格拉斯哥大學">格拉斯哥大學</a>的布特厅,以缅怀他的贡献,然后,遗体被带到伦敦,安葬在<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%8F%E5%AF%BA" title="西敏寺">威斯敏斯特教堂</a>,<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a>爵士的最后安息之地附近。<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西尔瓦努斯·汤普森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Silvanus P. Thompson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E5%8A%AA%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E6%99%AE%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西尔瓦努斯·汤普森(页面不存在)">西尔瓦努斯·汤普森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silvanus_P._Thompson" class="extiw" title="en:Silvanus P. Thompson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Silvanus P. Thompson</span></a></span>)</span></span>的开尔文传记没有提到他在聖高隆教堂是长老的事实,或殡葬仪式是在该教堂举行,而是“只要他在拉格斯,他都会参加那里的[苏格兰]自由教堂的主事,其妻子的姐/妹夫查尔斯·沃特森是牧师。<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>” </p><p>威廉的墓碑位于<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="格拉斯哥大墓地" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Glasgow Necropolis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%A2%93%E5%9C%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="格拉斯哥大墓地(页面不存在)">格拉斯哥大墓地</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glasgow_Necropolis" class="extiw" title="en:Glasgow Necropolis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Glasgow Necropolis</span></a></span>)</span></span>的汤姆森家族的区域。家族墓碑旁是一个现代的纪念碑,由格拉斯哥皇家哲学学会竖立。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="身后影响和遗产"><span id=".E8.BA.AB.E5.90.8E.E5.BD.B1.E5.93.8D.E5.92.8C.E9.81.97.E4.BA.A7"></span>身后影响和遗产</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=18" title="编辑章节:身后影响和遗产"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="经典物理学的局限"><span id=".E7.BB.8F.E5.85.B8.E7.89.A9.E7.90.86.E5.AD.A6.E7.9A.84.E5.B1.80.E9.99.90"></span>经典物理学的局限</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=19" title="编辑章节:经典物理学的局限"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>1884年,汤姆森在<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="约翰·霍普金斯大学">约翰·霍普金斯大学</a>做了一系列特别讲座<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>,“光的分子动力学和波动理论”。开尔文指出,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="声波方程" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Acoustic wave equation"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A3%B0%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="声波方程(页面不存在)">声波方程</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acoustic_wave_equation" class="extiw" title="en:Acoustic wave equation"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Acoustic wave equation</span></a></span>)</span></span>将声音描述为空气的压力波,因此他试图在<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%BB%E7%A3%81%E6%B3%A2%E6%96%B9%E7%A8%8B%E5%BC%8F" title="電磁波方程式">電磁波方程式</a>中寻找相似性,假定<a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E5%A4%AA" title="以太">以太</a>也容易受到振动的影响。研究小组包括迈克耳孙和莫雷,二人后来进行了<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B3%E5%AD%99-%E8%8E%AB%E9%9B%B7%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="迈克耳孙-莫雷实验">迈克耳孙-莫雷实验</a>,削弱了以太理论。汤姆没有提供课本,但<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚瑟·斯塔福德·海瑟薇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arthur Stafford Hathaway"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E7%91%9F%E8%96%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚瑟·斯塔福德·海瑟薇(页面不存在)">亚瑟·斯塔福德·海瑟薇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Stafford_Hathaway" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Stafford Hathaway"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arthur Stafford Hathaway</span></a></span>)</span></span>记了笔记,并做了<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%B9%E5%8D%B0" title="油印">油印</a>。由于这个课题正在积极发展,汤姆森修订了课本,并于1904年将其排版和出版。汤姆森的提供力学模型的努力,最终在电磁学范畴还是失败了。 </p><p>1900年4月27日,他给<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="英国皇家研究院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Royal Institution"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%B1%E5%9B%BD%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="英国皇家研究院(页面不存在)">英国皇家研究院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Institution" class="extiw" title="en:Royal Institution"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Royal Institution</span></a></span>)</span></span>做了一个广为人知的演讲,题为《覆盖热量和光线的动力学理论的十九世纪的乌云》(Nineteenth-Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light)<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。他所说的“乌云”是指:物质如何穿过以太而运动(例如<a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B3%E5%AD%99-%E8%8E%AB%E9%9B%B7%E5%AE%9E%E9%AA%8C" title="迈克耳孙-莫雷实验">迈克耳孙-莫雷实验</a>令人费解的结果)的难题;以及统计力学中的<a href="/wiki/%E8%83%BD%E9%87%8F%E5%9D%87%E5%88%86" class="mw-redirect" title="能量均分">能量均分</a>原理可能会被打破的担忧。而在二十世纪,针对这两个问题,产生了两个主要的物理理论:针对前者产生了<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="相对论">相对论</a>;针对后者产生了<a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6" title="量子力学">量子力学</a>。<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a>在1905年发表了所谓的"<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%87%E8%BF%B9%E5%B9%B4" title="奇迹年">奇迹年</a>论文",其中一篇解释了<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E7%94%B5%E6%95%88%E5%BA%94" title="光电效应">光电效应</a>(量子力学的前奏),另一篇则描述了<a href="/wiki/%E7%8B%AD%E4%B9%89%E7%9B%B8%E5%AF%B9%E8%AE%BA" title="狭义相对论">狭义相对论</a>。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="后来被证明是错的论断"><span id=".E5.90.8E.E6.9D.A5.E8.A2.AB.E8.AF.81.E6.98.8E.E6.98.AF.E9.94.99.E7.9A.84.E8.AE.BA.E6.96.AD"></span>后来被证明是错的论断</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=20" title="编辑章节:后来被证明是错的论断"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>和许多科学家一样,汤姆森对未来技术的预测有不少错误。 </p><p>他的传记作者西尔瓦努斯·汤普森写道,“在1895年年底<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%B4" title="威廉·伦琴">伦琴</a>宣布发现X-射线时,开尔文勋爵完全是持怀疑态度,并认为这是一个恶作剧。多篇文章都称赞伦琴射线的奇迹,而开尔文勋爵对此抱有强烈的怀疑态度,直到伦琴自己给他发了一份回忆录”。1896年1月17日,在读到论文和看到(X光)照片之后,他给伦琴写信说,“我都不用说当我阅读报纸我有多惊讶和高兴。我只能说,衷心祝贺你的伟大的发现。<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”1896年5月,他还给他自己的手做了X光检查<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。(参见<a href="/wiki/N%E5%B0%84%E7%BA%BF" title="N射线">N射线</a>) </p><p>他对实用航空的预测(即重于空气的飞机)是否定的。1896年,他拒绝了加入航空学会的邀请,回复道:“对于热气球以外的航空,我还没有最小‘微粒’的信心,或期待我们听说的任何试验会有良好结果。<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”在1902年的一个报纸采访中,他预测道:“热气球和飞机将永远不会在实用层面上成功。<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>” </p><p>自1980年代以来,有一段话广泛被误认为是开尔文所说:“物理学没有什么新的可以发现的事物了;所有剩下的只是更多和更精确的测量”;这段话要么没有引用,要么说是引自对<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8D%E5%88%97%E9%A1%9B%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%94%E6%9C%83" title="不列顛科學協會">英国科学促进会</a>的讲话(1900年)中<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。没有任何证据表明开尔文说了这段话<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-horgan_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horgan-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>;这段话其实是根据<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B3%E5%AD%99" title="阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙">阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙</a>所说的话改编的,他在1894年中指出:“……似乎可以说,物理学宏大的基本原则已经牢固确立……一个着名的物理学家说,未来物理科学的真理应当从六位小数中寻找。<sup id="cite_ref-horgan_77-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-horgan-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>”此前其他人,例如<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲利普·冯·乔利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philipp von Jolly"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲利普·冯·乔利(页面不存在)">菲利普·冯·乔利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philipp_von_Jolly" class="extiw" title="en:Philipp von Jolly"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philipp von Jolly</span></a></span>)</span></span>,也有过类似的声称<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。将其归为开尔文,大概是与他1900年对英国皇家研究院的“两朵乌云”的讲话(见上文)弄混了;这反而指出了后来发生了科学革命的两个领域。 </p><p>在1898年,开尔文预测道,这个星球上只剩下400多年的氧气供应,按照当时(人类)燃烧燃料的速率<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在他的计算中,开尔文假设<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%89%E5%90%88%E4%BD%9C%E7%94%A8" title="光合作用">光合作用</a>是唯一的氧气来源;他当时不知道<a href="/wiki/%E6%B0%A7%E5%BE%AA%E7%92%B0" title="氧循環">氧循環</a>的所有组成部分<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:%E4%BA%89%E8%AE%AE%E6%80%A7%E9%99%88%E8%BF%B0" title="Wikipedia:争议性陈述"><span title="自2015年3月But isn't it overwhelmingly photosynthesis? See talk page.">可疑</span></a>]</sup>。他当时甚至不知道光合作用的所有来源:例如,占海洋光合作用超过一半的<a href="/wiki/%E8%97%8D%E8%8F%8C%E9%96%80" title="藍菌門">蓝细菌</a>Prochlorococcus直到1986年才被发现。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="以其名字命名的事物"><span id=".E4.BB.A5.E5.85.B6.E5.90.8D.E5.AD.97.E5.91.BD.E5.90.8D.E7.9A.84.E4.BA.8B.E7.89.A9"></span>以其名字命名的事物</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=21" title="编辑章节:以其名字命名的事物"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>诸多与汤姆森有关的物理现象和概念都以<b>开尔文</b>为名: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r79074265">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-count:2; column-width:auto;"> <ul><li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开尔文-沃伊特材料" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kelvin-Voigt material"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87-%E6%B2%83%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%E6%9D%90%E6%96%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开尔文-沃伊特材料(页面不存在)">开尔文-沃伊特材料</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin-Voigt_material" class="extiw" title="en:Kelvin-Voigt material"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kelvin-Voigt material</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E6%BB%B4%E6%B0%B4%E8%B5%B7%E7%94%B5%E6%9C%BA" title="开尔文滴水起电机">开尔文滴水起电机</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E6%B3%A2" title="开尔文波">开尔文波</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87-%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E4%B8%8D%E7%A8%B3%E5%AE%9A%E6%80%A7" title="开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性">开尔文-亥姆霍兹不稳定性</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87-%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9%E6%9C%BA%E5%88%B6" class="mw-redirect" title="开尔文-亥姆霍兹机制">开尔文-亥姆霍兹机制</a>(克赫歷程)</li> <li>开尔文-亥姆霍兹光度(参见克赫歷程)</li> <li>国际单位制中温度的单位,<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">开尔文</a></li> <li>位势论中的<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="开尔文变换" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kelvin transform"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8F%98%E6%8D%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="开尔文变换(页面不存在)">开尔文变换</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelvin_transform" class="extiw" title="en:Kelvin transform"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kelvin transform</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E7%92%B0%E6%B5%81%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="開爾文環流定理">開爾文環流定理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E7%94%B5%E6%A1%A5" title="开尔文电桥">开尔文电桥</a>(也称汤姆森电桥)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all ilh-blue" data-orig-title="开尔文-斯托克斯定理" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kelvin–Stokes theorem"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87-%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" class="mw-redirect" title="开尔文-斯托克斯定理">开尔文-斯托克斯定理</a></span></span>,<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86" title="斯托克斯定理">斯托克斯定理</a>在ℝ³ 上的特殊形式</li> <li>Kelvin–Varley divider</li> <li>开尔文测量法(即<a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%9B%E7%AB%AF%E7%82%B9%E6%B5%8B%E9%87%8F%E6%8A%80%E6%9C%AF" title="四端点测量技术">四端点测量技术</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%87%BD%E6%95%B0" title="开尔文函数">开尔文函数</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="荣誉"><span id=".E8.8D.A3.E8.AA.89"></span>荣誉</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=22" title="编辑章节:荣誉"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_memorial_of_William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin,_University_of_Glasgow.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_memorial_of_William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin%2C_University_of_Glasgow.jpg/220px-The_memorial_of_William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin%2C_University_of_Glasgow.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_memorial_of_William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin%2C_University_of_Glasgow.jpg/330px-The_memorial_of_William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin%2C_University_of_Glasgow.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_memorial_of_William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin%2C_University_of_Glasgow.jpg/440px-The_memorial_of_William_Thomson%2C_1st_Baron_Kelvin%2C_University_of_Glasgow.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3504" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>第一代开尔文男爵威廉·汤姆森的纪念雕像,位于格拉斯哥大学旁的<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E5%A4%AB%E5%85%AC%E5%9C%92" title="開爾文格羅夫公園">開爾文格羅夫公園</a> </figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E5%A0%A1%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E4%BC%9A%E5%91%98" title="爱丁堡皇家学会会员">爱丁堡皇家学会会员</a>,1847年 <ul><li>Keith Medal,1864年</li> <li>Gunning Victoria Jubilee Prize,1887年</li> <li>会长,1873-1878年,1886-1890年,1895-1907年</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%85%B8%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2" title="瑞典皇家科学院">瑞典皇家科学院</a>外籍院士,1851年</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A" title="皇家学会">皇家学会</a>会员(FRS),1851年 <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="皇家獎章">皇家獎章</a>,1856年</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="科普利獎章">科普利獎章</a>,1883年</li> <li>会长,1890-1895年</li></ul></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="皇家教师学院" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="College of Preceptors"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E6%95%99%E5%B8%88%E5%AD%A6%E9%99%A2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皇家教师学院(页面不存在)">皇家教师学院</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/College_of_Preceptors" class="extiw" title="en:College of Preceptors"><span lang="en" dir="auto">College of Preceptors</span></a></span>)</span></span>荣誉会员,1858年</li> <li>苏格兰工程师和造船者协会荣誉会员,1859年<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E7%B4%9A%E5%8B%B3%E4%BD%8D%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB" title="下級勳位爵士">授勋为骑士</a>,1866年<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>帝国玫瑰勋章(巴西)司令官勋位,1873年</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%9C%8B%E6%A6%AE%E8%AD%BD%E8%BB%8D%E5%9C%98%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0" title="法國榮譽軍團勳章">法國榮譽軍團勳章</a>司令官勋位,1881年 <ul><li>荣誉军团的大军官勋位,1889年</li></ul></li> <li>普鲁士<a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E5%8B%8B%E5%8B%8B%E7%AB%A0_(%E6%99%AE%E9%B2%81%E5%A3%AB)" title="功勋勋章 (普鲁士)">功勳勳章</a>骑士,1884年</li> <li>利奥波德勋章(比利时)司令官勋位,1890年</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E9%83%A1" title="北艾尔郡">艾尔郡</a>拉格斯的<b>开尔文男爵</b>(Baron Kelvin),1892年<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。该头衔得名于<a href="/wiki/%E9%96%8B%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87%E6%B2%B3" title="開爾文河">開爾文河</a>,流淌于<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%93%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%B8" title="格拉斯哥大學">格拉斯哥大學</a>。开尔文身后没有子嗣或近亲,因此该头衔也随着他的逝世而中断。</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%B6%AD%E5%A4%9A%E5%88%A9%E4%BA%9E%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0" title="皇家維多利亞勳章">皇家維多利亞勳章</a>,1896年<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>荣誉<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E5%AD%B8%E5%8D%9A%E5%A3%AB" title="法學博士">法學博士</a>(LL.D.)学位,<a href="/wiki/%E8%80%B6%E9%B2%81%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="耶鲁大学">耶鲁大学</a>,1902年5月5日<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8A%9F%E7%B8%BE%E5%8B%B3%E7%AB%A0_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B)" title="功績勳章 (英國)">功績勳章</a>第一批受勋者,1902年<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E6%A8%9E%E5%AF%86%E9%99%A2" title="英國樞密院">枢密院</a>顾问,1902年8月11日<sup id="cite_ref-LG27464_64-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-LG27464-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>约翰·弗里茨奖章的第一个外籍获得者,1905年</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%9E%E5%AF%B6%E7%AB%A0" title="瑞寶章">瑞寶章</a>勳一等,1901年</li> <li>他被安葬于<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E6%95%8F%E5%AF%BA" title="西敏寺">西敏寺</a>,在<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a>旁边</li> <li>开尔文被印在<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B2%E6%88%B4%E7%88%BE%E9%8A%80%E8%A1%8C" title="克萊茲戴爾銀行">克萊茲戴爾銀行</a>1971年发行的£20钞票上;在2015年版克萊茲戴爾钞票中,他被印在£100钞票上。在这两张钞票上,都画着他手拿他的可调节罗盘,背景则是跨大西洋电缆的地图。<sup id="cite_ref-scotbanks_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-scotbanks-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E5%88%A9%E6%A1%91%E9%82%A3%E5%B7%9E" title="亞利桑那州">亞利桑那州</a>的开尔文镇以他的名字命名,因为他曾经对该镇的矿业进行过投资。</li> <li>2011年,<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏格兰工程名人堂" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%90%8D%E4%BA%BA%E5%A0%82&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏格兰工程名人堂(页面不存在)">苏格兰工程名人堂</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scottish_Engineering_Hall_of_Fame" class="extiw" title="en:Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame</span></a></span>)</span></span>成立;他是七名第一批入选者之一<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="紋章"><span id=".E7.B4.8B.E7.AB.A0"></span>紋章</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=23" title="编辑章节:紋章"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable collapsible" style="width: 100%"> <caption class="nowrap">开尔文勋爵的紋章 </caption> <tbody><tr> <td style="width: 220px; min-width:220px;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:William_Thomson_Arms.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/William_Thomson_Arms.svg/220px-William_Thomson_Arms.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="242" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/William_Thomson_Arms.svg/330px-William_Thomson_Arms.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/William_Thomson_Arms.svg/440px-William_Thomson_Arms.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="660" /></a></span> </td> <td> <dl><dt>備注</dt> <dd>开尔文勋爵的紋章包括:<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dt>飾章</dt> <dd>一只前臂向上伸立,着衣,衣袖蓝色,翻袖,袖口银色,手抓五束黑麦麦穗,原色。</dd> <dt>盾紋</dt> <dd>银底,红色雄鹿头,无颈;上部底色为蓝,正中为闪电杖,翅膀金色,两边为银色星芒。</dd> <dt>扶盾者</dt> <dd>盾右,一个格拉斯哥大学的学生,着学士服,右手拿着一个海事伏特计,全为原色。 盾左,一个水手,着水手服,右手拿着盘绕的绳索,绳索穿过左手,悬挂着测深机的沉锤,也全为原色。</dd> <dt>銘言</dt> <dd>诚实无惧</dd></dl> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="参考文献"><span id=".E5.8F.82.E8.80.83.E6.96.87.E7.8C.AE"></span>参考文献</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=24" title="编辑章节:参考文献"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 30em; -webkit-column-width: 30em; column-width: 30em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-death-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-death_1-0"><sup><b>1.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-death_1-1"><sup><b>1.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Hellemans, Alexander; Bryan Bunch (1988). The Timetables of Science. New York, New York: Simon and Schuster. pp. 411. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0671621300" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-671-62130-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/158/1/011001">Kelvin and Ireland</a> Raymond Flood, Mark McCartney and Andrew Whitaker (2009) J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 158 011001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Randall, Lisa. Warped Passages. 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(原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110503184705/http://iopscience.iop.org/1742-6596/158/1/012004/pdf/jpconf9_158_012004.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2011-05-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.btitle=Hutchison%2C+Iain+%22Lord+Kelvin+and+Liberal+Unionism%22&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2F1742-6596%2F158%2F1%2F012004%2Fpdf%2Fjpconf9_158_012004.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Biographies/Thomson_James.html">Biography of William Thomson's father</a>. Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-10-29</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120510085456/http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/%7Ehistory/Biographies/Thomson_James.html">存档</a>于2012-05-10).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.btitle=Biography+of+William+Thomson%27s+father&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk%2F~history%2FBiographies%2FThomson_James.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.Q.R (1841) "On Fourier's expansions of functions in trigonometric series" <i>Cambridge Mathematical Journal</i> <b>2</b>, 258–259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.Q.R (1841) "Note on a passage in Fourier's 'Heat'" <i>Cambridge Mathematical Journal</i> <b>3</b>, 25–27</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">P.Q.R (1842) "On the uniform motion of heat [in homogeneous solid bodies], and its connection with the mathematical theory of electricity" <i>Cambridge Mathematical Journal</i> <b>3</b>, 71–84</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Niven, W.D. (ed.). The Scientific Papers of James Clerk Maxwell, 2 vols. New York: Dover. 1965. Vol. 2, p. 301.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Niven%2C+W.D.+%28ed.%29&rft.btitle=The+Scientific+Papers+of+James+Clerk+Maxwell%2C+2+vols&rft.date=1965&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=Vol.+2%2C+p.+301&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFACADTHN841W" class="citation encyclopaedia"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://venn.lib.cam.ac.uk/cgi-bin/search-2018.pl?sur=&suro=w&fir=&firo=c&cit=&cito=c&c=all&z=all&tex=THN841W&sye=&eye=&col=all&maxcount=50">Thomson, William (THN841W)</a>. <span></span><i>A Cambridge Alumni Database</i><span></span>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%89%91%E6%A1%A5%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6" title="剑桥大学">University of Cambridge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Thomson%2C+William+%28THN841W%29&rft.btitle=A+Cambridge+Alumni+Database&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=University+of+Cambridge&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvenn.lib.cam.ac.uk%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsearch-2018.pl%3Fsur%3D%26suro%3Dw%26fir%3D%26firo%3Dc%26cit%3D%26cito%3Dc%26c%3Dall%26z%3Dall%26tex%3DTHN841W%26sye%3D%26eye%3D%26col%3Dall%26maxcount%3D50&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson (1910) vol. 1, <i>p.</i>98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111004103813/http://www.pbcf.org/history/timeline.php">Peterhouse Boat Club Fund – Timeline</a>. Pbcf.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-10-29</span>]</span>. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbcf.org/history/timeline.php">原始内容</a>存档于2011年10月4日).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.btitle=Peterhouse+Boat+Club+Fund+%E2%80%93+Timeline&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Pbcf.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbcf.org%2Fhistory%2Ftimeline.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.peterhousebc.org/about/">About the Boat Club</a>. www.peterhousebc.org. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-16</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180117131410/http://www.peterhousebc.org/about/">存档</a>于2018-01-17).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=About+the+Boat+Club&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.peterhousebc.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.peterhousebc.org%2Fabout%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-physicsworld-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-physicsworld_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">McCartney, Mark. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/16484">William Thomson: king of Victorian physics</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Physics_World&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Physics World(页面不存在)">Physics World</a>. 2002-12-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-07-16</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080715173557/http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/print/16484">存档</a>于2008-07-15).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=William+Thomson%3A+king+of+Victorian+physics&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft.aulast=McCartney&rft.date=2002-12-01&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physics+World&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fphysicsworld.com%2Fcws%2Farticle%2Fprint%2F16484&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chang (2004), Ch.4</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, W. (1848) "On an Absolute Thermometric Scale founded on Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat, and calculated from Regnault's observations" <i>Math. and Phys. Papers</i> vol. 1, <i>pp</i> 100–106</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, William. (1949) "An Account of Carnot's Theory of the Motive Power of Heat; with Numerical Results deduced from Regnault's Experiments on Steam" <i>Math. and Phys. Papers</i> vol.1, <i>pp</i> 113–155</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharlin_1979-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sharlin_1979_18-0"><sup><b>18.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sharlin_1979_18-1"><sup><b>18.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharlin (1979), <i>p.</i>112</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, W. (1851) "On the dynamical theory of heat; with numerical results deduced from Mr. Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit and M. Regnault's observations on steam" <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=NGGOnRx4aakC&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false"><i>Math. and Phys. Papers</i> vol. 1</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20140131045539/http://www.google.com/books?id=NGGOnRx4aakC&pg=PA1&source=gbs_toc_r&cad=4#v=onepage&q&f=false">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), <i>pp</i> 175–183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thomson, W. On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule’s equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault’s Observations on Steam. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. March 1851, <b>XX</b> (part II): 261–268; 289–298.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=On+the+Dynamical+Theory+of+Heat%2C+with+numerical+results+deduced+from+Mr+Joule%E2%80%99s+equivalent+of+a+Thermal+Unit%2C+and+M.+Regnault%E2%80%99s+Observations+on+Steam&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.date=1851-03&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=part+II&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.pages=261-268%3B+289-298&rft.volume=XX&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Also published in <cite class="citation journal">Thomson, W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/londonedinburghp04maga">On the Dynamical Theory of Heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule’s equivalent of a Thermal Unit, and M. Regnault’s Observations on Steam</a>. Philos. Mag. 4. December 1852, <b>IV</b> (22): 8–21 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-06-25</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=On+the+Dynamical+Theory+of+Heat%2C+with+numerical+results+deduced+from+Mr+Joule%E2%80%99s+equivalent+of+a+Thermal+Unit%2C+and+M.+Regnault%E2%80%99s+Observations+on+Steam&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.date=1852-12&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=22&rft.jtitle=Philos.+Mag&rft.pages=8-21&rft.volume=IV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flondonedinburghp04maga&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, W. (1851) <i>p.</i>183</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, W. (1856) "On the thermal effects of fluids in motion" <i>Math. and Phys. Papers</i> vol.1, <i>pp</i> 333–455</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314541/William-Thomson-Baron-Kelvin">William Thomson, Baron Kelvin (Scottish engineer, mathematician, and physicist) - Encyclopedia Britannica</a>. Britannica.com. 1907-12-17 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-09-04</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130821212044/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/314541/William-Thomson-Baron-Kelvin">存档</a>于2013-08-21).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.btitle=William+Thomson%2C+Baron+Kelvin+%28Scottish+engineer%2C+mathematician%2C+and+physicist%29+-+Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.date=1907-12-17&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Britannica.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F314541%2FWilliam-Thomson-Baron-Kelvin&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thomson, W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com/books?id=JcMKAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">Popular Lectures and Addresses, Vol. I</a>. London: MacMillan. 1891: 80 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-06-25</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140131025850/http://www.google.com/books?id=JcMKAAAAIAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2014-01-31).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.btitle=Popular+Lectures+and+Addresses%2C+Vol.+I&rft.date=1891&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=80&rft.place=London&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJcMKAAAAIAAJ%26printsec%3Dfrontcover%26source%3Dgbs_ge_summary_r%26cad%3D0%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Smith, Crosbie. <span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Thomson, William<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>. <a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E5%9C%8B%E5%AE%B6%E4%BA%BA%E7%89%A9%E5%82%B3%E8%A8%98%E5%A4%A7%E8%BE%AD%E5%85%B8" title="牛津國家人物傳記大辭典"><i>Oxford Dictionary of National Biography</i></a> (online ed.). Oxford University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36507"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/36507</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=%22Thomson%2C+William%22&rft.aufirst=Crosbie&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%27%27Oxford+Dictionary+of+National+Biography%27%27+%28online+ed.%29&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fref%3Aodnb%2F36507&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">缺少或<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code>为空 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#cite_web_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, W. (1854) "On the theory of the electric telegraph" <i>Math. and Phys. Papers</i> vol.2, <i>p.</i>61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, W. (1855) "On the peristaltic induction of electric currents in submarine telegraph wires" <i>Math. and Phys. Papers</i> vol.2, <i>p.</i>87</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, W. (1855) "Letters on telegraph to America" <i>Math. and Phys. Papers</i> vol.2, <i>p.</i>92</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, W. (1857) <i>Math. and Phys. Papers</i> vol.2, <i>p.</i>154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharlin (1979) <i>p.</i>141</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharlin (1979) <i>p.</i>144</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Board of Trade Committee to Inquire into … Submarine Telegraph Cables’, Parl. papers (1860), 52.591, no. 2744</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Report of the Scientific Committee Appointed to Consider the Best Form of Cable for Submersion Between Europe and America" (1863)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://story.kedo.gov.cn/c/2017-07-12/737232.shtml">开尔文勋爵:铺设大西洋海底电缆的英雄</a>. 蝌蚪五线谱. 2017-07-12 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-23</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124075800/http://story.kedo.gov.cn/c/2017-07-12/737232.shtml">存档</a>于2018-01-24).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5%EF%BC%9A%E9%93%BA%E8%AE%BE%E5%A4%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%B4%8B%E6%B5%B7%E5%BA%95%E7%94%B5%E7%BC%86%E7%9A%84%E8%8B%B1%E9%9B%84&rft.date=2017-07-12&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%9D%8C%E8%9A%AA%E4%BA%94%E7%BA%BF%E8%B0%B1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstory.kedo.gov.cn%2Fc%2F2017-07-12%2F737232.shtml&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://club.kedo.gov.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=4540">开尔文勋爵:十岁读大学的神童</a>. 蝌蚪社区. 2013-08-09 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-23</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180124081600/http://club.kedo.gov.cn/forum.php?mod=viewthread&tid=4540">存档</a>于2018-01-24).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5%EF%BC%9A%E5%8D%81%E5%B2%81%E8%AF%BB%E5%A4%A7%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E7%A5%9E%E7%AB%A5&rft.date=2013-08-09&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=%E8%9D%8C%E8%9A%AA%E7%A4%BE%E5%8C%BA&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fclub.kedo.gov.cn%2Fforum.php%3Fmod%3Dviewthread%26tid%3D4540&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wm. Thomson (1867) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_vortex_atoms.html">On Vortex Atoms</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180116012117/http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/on_vortex_atoms.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>), <i>Proceedings of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Royal_Society_of_Edinburgh&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Royal Society of Edinburgh(页面不存在)">Royal Society of Edinburgh</a></i> 6: 94–105</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silliman, Robert H. (1963) <i>William Thomson: Smoke Rings and Nineteenth-Century Atomism</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Isis_(journal)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isis (journal)(页面不存在)">Isis</a> 54(4): 461–474. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/228151">JSTOR link</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190524162452/https://www.jstor.org/stable/228151">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Helge Kragh (211) <i>Higher Speculations, Grand Theories and Failed Revolutions in Physics and Cosmology</i>,<a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lindley (2004), <i>p.</i>259</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://strathclyde.ica-atom.org/maclean-magnus-1857-1937-electrical-engineer">Maclean, Magnus, 1857-1937, electrical engineer</a>. University of Strathclyde Archives. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-19</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180120124226/http://strathclyde.ica-atom.org/maclean-magnus-1857-1937-electrical-engineer">存档</a>于2018-01-20).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Maclean%2C+Magnus%2C+1857-1937%2C+electrical+engineer&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=University+of+Strathclyde+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstrathclyde.ica-atom.org%2Fmaclean-magnus-1857-1937-electrical-engineer&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">David Lindley, <i>Degrees Kelvin: A Tale of Genius, Invention, and Tragedy</i>, page 293</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">IEC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iec.ch/about/history/documents/pdf/IEC_Founding_Meeting_Report_1906.pdf">1906 Preliminary Meeting Report, pp 46-48</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. The minutes from our first meeting. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-10-21</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502223234/https://www.iec.ch/about/history/documents/pdf/IEC_Founding_Meeting_Report_1906.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2019-05-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=1906+Preliminary+Meeting+Report%2C+pp+46-48&rft.au=IEC&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+minutes+from+our+first+meeting&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iec.ch%2Fabout%2Fhistory%2Fdocuments%2Fpdf%2FIEC_Founding_Meeting_Report_1906.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McCartney & Whitaker (2002), reproduced on <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/15/12/6">Institute of Physics website</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070713101250/http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/15/12/6">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thomson, W. (1889) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:William_Thomson%27s_account_of_his_Christian_faith" class="extiw" title="en:s:William Thomson's account of his Christian faith">Address to the Christian Evidence Society</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Finality of this Globe, Hampshire Telegraph, 15 June 1889, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sharlin (1979) <i>p.</i>169</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Burchfield (1990)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_J._Bowler&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter J. Bowler(页面不存在)">Bowler, Peter J.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eclipseofdarwini0000bowl">The eclipse of Darwinism: anti-Darwinian evolution theories in the decades around 1900</a> paperback. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. 1983: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/eclipseofdarwini0000bowl/page/n23">23</a>–24. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-8018-4391-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-8018-4391-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-8018-4391-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Bowler%2C+Peter+J.&rft.btitle=The+eclipse+of+Darwinism%3A+anti-Darwinian+evolution+theories+in+the+decades+around+1900&rft.date=1983&rft.edition=paperback&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-8018-4391-X&rft.pages=23-24&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Feclipseofdarwini0000bowl&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-England_et_al_2007-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-England_et_al_2007_49-0"><sup><b>49.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-England_et_al_2007_49-1"><sup><b>49.1</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-England_et_al_2007_49-2"><sup><b>49.2</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kelvin did pay off gentleman's bet with Strutt on the importance of radioactivity in the Earth. The Kelvin period does exist in the evolution of stars. They shine from gravitational energy for a while (correctly calculated by Kelvin) before fusion and the main sequence begins. Fusion was not understood until well after Kelvin's time。参考文献:<cite class="citation journal">England, P.; Molnar, P.; Righter, F. John Perry's neglected critique of Kelvin's age for the Earth: A missed opportunity in geodynamics. GSA Today. January 2007, <b>17</b> (1): 4–9. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1130%2FGSAT01701A.1"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1130/GSAT01701A.1</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=John+Perry%27s+neglected+critique+of+Kelvin%27s+age+for+the+Earth%3A+A+missed+opportunity+in+geodynamics&rft.au=England%2C+P.&rft.au=Molnar%2C+P.&rft.au=Righter%2C+F.&rft.date=2007-01&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=GSA+Today&rft.pages=4-9&rft.volume=17&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1130%2FGSAT01701A.1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/of_geological_dynamics.html"><span style="padding-left:0.2em;">"</span>Of Geological Dynamics" excerpts</a>. Zapatopi.net. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2011-10-29</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080518015451/http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/of_geological_dynamics.html">存档</a>于2008-05-18).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.btitle=%22Of+Geological+Dynamics%22+excerpts&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Zapatopi.net&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fzapatopi.net%2Fkelvin%2Fpapers%2Fof_geological_dynamics.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tung, K.K. "Topics in Mathematical Modeling" (Princeton University Press 2007), p.243-251. In Thomson's theory the earth's age is proportional to the <i>square</i> of the difference between interior temperature and surface temperature, so that the uncertainty in the former leads to an even larger relative uncertainty in the age.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Thomson, William. On the Secular Cooling of the Earth. Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: 160–161.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=On+the+Secular+Cooling+of+the+Earth&rft.aufirst=William&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Transactions+of+the+Royal+Society+of+Edinburgh&rft.pages=160-161&rft.volume=XXIII&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Burchfield, Joe D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordkelvinageofe0000burc_d4q5">Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1990: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordkelvinageofe0000burc_d4q5/page/n43">43</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-226-08043-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-226-08043-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-226-08043-7</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=Joe+D.&rft.aulast=Burchfield&rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin+and+the+Age+of+the+Earth&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-226-08043-7&rft.pages=43&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flordkelvinageofe0000burc_d4q5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hamblin, W. Kenneth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthsdynamicsys00hamb_1">The Earth's Dynamic Systems 5th ed.</a>. Macmillian Publishing Company. 1989: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/earthsdynamicsys00hamb_1/page/135">135</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-02-349381-X" title="Special:网络书源/0-02-349381-X"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-02-349381-X</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=W.+Kenneth&rft.aulast=Hamblin&rft.btitle=The+Earth%27s+Dynamic+Systems+5th+ed.&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-02-349381-X&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Macmillian+Publishing+Company&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fearthsdynamicsys00hamb_1&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Heuel-Fabianek, Burkhard. Natürliche Radioisotope: die "Atomuhr" für die Bestimmung des absoluten Alters von Gesteinen und archäologischen Funden. StrahlenschutzPraxis: 31–42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Nat%C3%BCrliche+Radioisotope%3A+die+%22Atomuhr%22+f%C3%BCr+die+Bestimmung+des+absoluten+Alters+von+Gesteinen+und+arch%C3%A4ologischen+Funden&rft.aufirst=Burkhard&rft.aulast=Heuel-Fabianek&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=StrahlenschutzPraxis&rft.pages=31-42&rft.volume=1%2F2017&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Silvanus Phillips Thompson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sSeKh7OWAcgC">The life of Lord Kelvin</a>. January 1977: 1095 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-21</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8284-0292-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8284-0292-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8284-0292-7</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502061911/https://books.google.com/books?id=sSeKh7OWAcgC">存档</a>于2019-05-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Silvanus+Phillips+Thompson&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Lord+Kelvin&rft.date=1977-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8284-0292-7&rft.pages=1095&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsSeKh7OWAcgC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Silvanus Phillips Thompson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sSeKh7OWAcgC">The life of Lord Kelvin</a>. January 1977: 998 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-21</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-8284-0292-7" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-8284-0292-7"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 978-0-8284-0292-7</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190502061911/https://books.google.com/books?id=sSeKh7OWAcgC">存档</a>于2019-05-02).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Silvanus+Phillips+Thompson&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Lord+Kelvin&rft.date=1977-01&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=978-0-8284-0292-7&rft.pages=998&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsSeKh7OWAcgC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Perry, John (1895) "On the age of the earth," <i>Nature</i>, <b>51</b> : <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015038750868;view=1up;seq=266">224-227</a> <a href="/wiki/Archive.is" title="Archive.is">Archive.is</a>的<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20150217234720/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015038750868;view=1up;seq=266">存檔</a>,存档日期2015-02-17, 341-342, 582-585. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/naturelo51londuoft#page/224/mode/2up">51:224</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/naturelo51londuoft#page/340/mode/2up">51:341</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/naturelo51londuoft#page/582/mode/2up">51:582</a> at Internet Archive)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation journal">Stacey, Frank D. Kelvin's age of the Earth paradox revisited. <a href="/wiki/Journal_of_Geophysical_Research" class="mw-redirect" title="Journal of Geophysical Research">Journal of Geophysical Research</a>. 2000, <b>105</b> (B6): 13155–13158. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2000JGR...10513155S"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:2000JGR...10513155S</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1029%2F2000JB900028"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1029/2000JB900028</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Kelvin%27s+age+of+the+Earth+paradox+revisited&rft.aufirst=Frank+D.&rft.aulast=Stacey&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=B6&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geophysical+Research&rft.pages=13155-13158&rft.volume=105&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2000JGR...10513155S&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1029%2F2000JB900028&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Philips, Thompson S. The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=Thompson+S&rft.aulast=Philips&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+William+Thomson%2C+Baron+Kelvin+of+Largs&rft.genre=book&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">The Coronation Honours. <span></span><i><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%99%A4%E5%A3%AB%E6%8A%A5" title="泰晤士报">The Times</a></i><span></span> (36804) (London). 1902-06-26. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=The+Coronation+Honours&rft.date=1902-06-26&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=36804&rft.jtitle=%27%27The+Times%27%27&rft.pages=p.+5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="color:#d33">模板中使用了待废弃的参数(<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newspaper_The_Times" title="Template:Cite newspaper The Times">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Court Circular. <span></span><i><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%99%A4%E5%A3%AB%E6%8A%A5" title="泰晤士报">The Times</a></i><span></span> (36842) (London). 1902-08-09. p. 6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Court+Circular&rft.date=1902-08-09&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=36842&rft.jtitle=%27%27The+Times%27%27&rft.pages=p.+6&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="color:#d33">模板中使用了待废弃的参数(<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newspaper_The_Times" title="Template:Cite newspaper The Times">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27470" class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27470/page/">第27470號憲報</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1" title="倫敦憲報">倫敦憲報</a>. 1902-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC27470%E8%99%9F%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft.date=1902-09-02&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27470%2Fpage%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-LG27464-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LG27464_64-0"><sup><b>64.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-LG27464_64-1"><sup><b>64.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27464" class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27464/page/">第27464號憲報</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1" title="倫敦憲報">倫敦憲報</a>. 1902-08-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC27464%E8%99%9F%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft.date=1902-08-12&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27464%2Fpage%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Times_digital_archive-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Times_digital_archive_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Death of Lord Kelvin. Times.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Death+of+Lord+Kelvin&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Times&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">缺少或<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|url=</code>为空 (<a href="/wiki/Help:%E5%BC%95%E6%96%87%E6%A0%BC%E5%BC%8F1%E9%94%99%E8%AF%AF#cite_web_url" title="Help:引文格式1错误">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TT411-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-TT411_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Hellemans, Alexander; Bunch, Bryan. The Timetables of Science. Simon & Schuster. 1988: 411. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0671621300" title="Special:网络书源/0671621300"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0671621300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Bunch%2C+Bryan&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft.aulast=Hellemans&rft.btitle=The+Timetables+of+Science&rft.date=1988&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0671621300&rft.pages=411&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Silvanus P. Thompson, The Life of William Thomson: Baron Kelvin of Largs (London: Macmillan, 1910), p.1087, 1209</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert Kargon and Peter Achinstein (1987) <i>Kelvin’s Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics: historical and philosophical perspectives</i>, <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r61200749">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Lock-green.svg/9px-Lock-green.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-gray-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg/9px-Lock-red-alt-2.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration{color:#555}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription span,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration span{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png")no-repeat;background-position:right .1em center}.mw-parser-output code.cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:inherit;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#33aa33;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-subscription,.mw-parser-output .cs1-registration,.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right,.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-wl-right{padding-right:0.2em}</style><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-262-11117-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-262-11117-9">0-262-11117-9</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Lord Kelvin, Nineteenth Century Clouds over the Dynamical Theory of Heat and Light", reproduced in <i>Notices of the Proceedings at the Meetings of the Members of the Royal Institution of Great Britain with Abstracts of the Discourses</i>, Volume 16, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA363">p. 363–397</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190502040256/https://books.google.com/books?id=YvoAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA363">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philosophical_Magazine" class="extiw" title="w:Philosophical Magazine">The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science</a></i>, Series 6, volume 2, pages 1–40 (1901)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The life of William Thomson, baron Kelvin of Largs</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeofwillthom02thomrich/lifeofwillthom02thomrich_djvu.txt">vol2</a>, "Views and Opinions"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=6002">The Royal Society, London</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-21</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122125652/https://royalsociety.org/page.asp?id=6002">存档</a>于2018-01-22).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Society%2C+London&rft.genre=unknown&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Froyalsociety.org%2Fpage.asp%3Fid%3D6002&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/letters.html#baden-powell">Letter from Lord Kelvin to Baden Powell</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20171217191055/http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/letters.html#baden-powell">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) 8 December 1896</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/interview_aeronautics_and_wireless.html">Interview</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180114230541/http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/interview_aeronautics_and_wireless.html">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) in the <i>Newark Advocate</i> 26 April 1902</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Superstring: A theory of everything?</i> (1988) by Paul Davies and Julian Brown</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Einstein</i> (2007) by Walter Isaacson, page 575</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-horgan-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-horgan_77-0"><sup><b>77.0</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-horgan_77-1"><sup><b>77.1</b></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The End of Science</i> (1996), by <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Horgan_(journalist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Horgan (journalist)(页面不存在)">John Horgan</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=S1Lmqh79dOoC&pg=PA19">p. 19</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190502040439/https://books.google.com/books?id=S1Lmqh79dOoC&pg=PA19">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Lightman, Alan P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveriesgreat0000ligh">The discoveries: great breakthroughs in twentieth-century science, including the original papers</a>. Toronto: Alfred A. Knopf Canada. 2005: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/discoveriesgreat0000ligh/page/8">8</a>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-676-97789-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-676-97789-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-676-97789-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=Alan+P.&rft.aulast=Lightman&rft.btitle=The+discoveries%3A+great+breakthroughs+in+twentieth-century+science%2C+including+the+original+papers&rft.date=2005&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-676-97789-8&rft.pages=8&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Alfred+A.+Knopf+Canada&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdiscoveriesgreat0000ligh&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP18980730.2.105">Papers Past — Evening Post — 30 July 1898 — A Startling Scientific Prediction</a>. Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2013-09-04</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008122747/http://paperspast.natlib.govt.nz/cgi-bin/paperspast?a=d&d=EP18980730.2.105">存档</a>于2013-10-08).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.btitle=Papers+Past+%E2%80%94+Evening+Post+%E2%80%94+30+July+1898+%E2%80%94+A+Startling+Scientific+Prediction&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Paperspast.natlib.govt.nz&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpaperspast.natlib.govt.nz%2Fcgi-bin%2Fpaperspast%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DEP18980730.2.105&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.today/20120712214331/http://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1982&dat=19010716&id=yCYiAAAAIBAJ&sjid=AaQFAAAAIBAJ&pg=5236,534844">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iesis.org/honorary-fellows.html">Honorary Members and Fellows</a>. Institution of Engineers in Scotland. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-10-06</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130310101457/http://www.iesis.org/honorary-fellows.html">存档</a>于2013-03-10).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.btitle=Honorary+Members+and+Fellows&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=Institution+of+Engineers+in+Scotland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iesis.org%2Fhonorary-fellows.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGazette23185" class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/23185/page/">第23185號憲報</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1" title="倫敦憲報">倫敦憲報</a>. 1866-11-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC23185%E8%99%9F%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft.date=1866-11-16&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F23185%2Fpage%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGazette26260" class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26260/page/">第26260號憲報</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1" title="倫敦憲報">倫敦憲報</a>. 1892-02-23.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC26260%E8%99%9F%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft.date=1892-02-23&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26260%2Fpage%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGazette26758" class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26758/page/">第26758號憲報</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1" title="倫敦憲報">倫敦憲報</a>. 1896-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC26758%E8%99%9F%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft.date=1896-07-14&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26758%2Fpage%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news">Court Circular. <span></span><i><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%B0%E6%99%A4%E5%A3%AB%E6%8A%A5" title="泰晤士报">The Times</a></i><span></span> (36760) (London). 1902-05-06. p. 5.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Court+Circular&rft.date=1902-05-06&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=36760&rft.jtitle=%27%27The+Times%27%27&rft.pages=p.+5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="color:#d33">模板中使用了待废弃的参数(<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_newspaper_The_Times" title="Template:Cite newspaper The Times">帮助</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGazette27470" class="citation magazine"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/27470/page/">第27470號憲報</a>. <a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1" title="倫敦憲報">倫敦憲報</a>. 1902-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=%E7%AC%AC27470%E8%99%9F%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft.date=1902-09-02&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%E5%80%AB%E6%95%A6%E6%86%B2%E5%A0%B1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F27470%2Fpage%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-scotbanks-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-scotbanks_87-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banknotes_current_clydesdale_bank.php">Current Banknotes : Clydesdale Bank</a>. The Committee of Scottish Clearing Bankers. <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2008-10-15</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081003071439/http://www.scotbanks.org.uk/banknotes_current_clydesdale_bank.php">存档</a>于2008-10-03).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.btitle=Current+Banknotes+%3A+Clydesdale+Bank&rft.genre=unknown&rft.pub=The+Committee+of+Scottish+Clearing+Bankers&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scotbanks.org.uk%2Fbanknotes_current_clydesdale_bank.php&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/index.html">Scottish Engineering Hall of Fame</a>. engineeringhalloffame.org. 2012 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2012-08-27</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121013134647/http://www.engineeringhalloffame.org/index.html">存档</a>于2012-10-13).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Scottish+Engineering+Hall+of+Fame&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=engineeringhalloffame.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engineeringhalloffame.org%2Findex.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation book">Thompson, Silvanus. The Life of William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs. Volume: 2.. MacMillan and Co., Limited. 1910: 914.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=Silvanus&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.btitle=The+Life+of+William+Thomson%2C+Baron+Kelvin+of+Largs.+Volume%3A+2.&rft.date=1910&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=914&rft.pub=MacMillan+and+Co.%2C+Limited&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="开尔文本人的著作"><span id=".E5.BC.80.E5.B0.94.E6.96.87.E6.9C.AC.E4.BA.BA.E7.9A.84.E8.91.97.E4.BD.9C"></span>开尔文本人的著作</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=25" title="编辑章节:开尔文本人的著作"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r80540462">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-100{font-size:100%}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><cite class="citation book">Thomson, W.; Tait, P.G. Treatise on Natural Philosophy. Oxford. 1867.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Tait%2C+P.G.&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+Natural+Philosophy&rft.date=1867&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Oxford&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> 2nd edition, 1883. (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2009. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-108-00537-1" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-108-00537-1">978-1-108-00537-1</a>) <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatisnatphil01kelvrich">Treatise on Natural Philosophy (Part I)</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/treatisnatphil02kelvrich">Treatise on Natural Philosophy (Part II)</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><cite class="citation book">——; Tait, P.G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsnatural00kelvgoog">Elements of Natural Philosophy</a>. 1872.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Tait%2C+P.G&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Natural+Philosophy&rft.date=1872&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsnatural00kelvgoog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-108-01448-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-108-01448-9">978-1-108-01448-9</a>) 2nd edition, 1879.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">Thomson, W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-KcNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=Bacon+and+Shakespeare+on+Vivisection&source=bl&ots=PZmLrJss4P&sig=u91V1tU4YJOXcjohnByAsaElx1I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9xbSCnMnPAhVY5GMKHSjGCGEQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=Bacon%20and%20Shakespeare%20on%20Vivisection&f=false">Shakespeare and Bacon on Vivisection</a>. Sands & McDougall. 1881 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-21</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170325144044/https://books.google.com/books?id=-KcNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=Bacon+and+Shakespeare+on+Vivisection&source=bl&ots=PZmLrJss4P&sig=u91V1tU4YJOXcjohnByAsaElx1I&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi9xbSCnMnPAhVY5GMKHSjGCGEQ6AEIJzAC#v=onepage&q=Bacon%20and%20Shakespeare%20on%20Vivisection&f=false">存档</a>于2017-03-25).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.btitle=Shakespeare+and+Bacon+on+Vivisection&rft.date=1881&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Sands+%26+McDougall&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-KcNAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA5%26lpg%3DPA5%26dq%3DBacon%2Band%2BShakespeare%2Bon%2BVivisection%26source%3Dbl%26ots%3DPZmLrJss4P%26sig%3Du91V1tU4YJOXcjohnByAsaElx1I%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ved%3D0ahUKEwi9xbSCnMnPAhVY5GMKHSjGCGEQ6AEIJzAC%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBacon%2520and%2520Shakespeare%2520on%2520Vivisection%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">——; Tait, P.G. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/elementsnatural00kelvgoog">Elements of Natural Philosophy</a>. 1872.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Tait%2C+P.G&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.btitle=Elements+of+Natural+Philosophy&rft.date=1872&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Felementsnatural00kelvgoog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-108-01448-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-108-01448-9">978-1-108-01448-9</a>) 2nd edition, 1879.</li> <li><cite class="citation book">——. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000167345">Mathematical and Physical Papers</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1882–1911 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-21</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122072749/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000167345">存档</a>于2018-01-22).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.btitle=Mathematical+and+Physical+Papers&rft.date=1882%2F1911&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hathitrust.org%2FRecord%2F000167345&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (6 volumes) <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicaland01kelvgoog">Volume I. 1841-1853 </a> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicaland02kelvgoog">Volume II. 1853-1856 </a> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicaland03kelvgoog">Volume III. Elasticity, heat, electro-magnetism </a> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.aat1571.0004.001;view=1up;seq=3">Volume IV. Hydrodynamics and general dynamics </a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20210602002512/http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=miun.aat1571.0004.001;view=1up;seq=3">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) (Hathitrust)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicalphys05kelvuoft">Volume V. Thermodynamics, cosmical and geological physics, molecular and crystalline theory, electrodynamics </a> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mathematicalphys06kelvuoft">Volume VI. Voltaic theory, radioactivity, electrions, navigation and tides, miscellaneous </a> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><cite class="citation book">——. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/baltimorelecture00kelviala">Baltimore Lectures on Molecular Dynamics and the Wave Theory of Light</a>. 1904.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.btitle=Baltimore+Lectures+on+Molecular+Dynamics+and+the+Wave+Theory+of+Light&rft.date=1904&rft.genre=book&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbaltimorelecture00kelviala&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> (reissued by <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>, 2010. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r61200749"><a href="/wiki/%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E6%A0%87%E5%87%86%E4%B9%A6%E5%8F%B7" title="国际标准书号">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-1-108-00767-2" title="Special:网络书源/978-1-108-00767-2">978-1-108-00767-2</a>)</li> <li><cite class="citation book">——. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/collectedpapersi0000thom">Collected Papers in Physics and Engineering</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1912. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B0000EFOL8"><span title="亚马逊标准识别码">ASIN B0000EFOL8</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=W.&rft.aulast=Thomson&rft.btitle=Collected+Papers+in+Physics+and+Engineering&rft.date=1912&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcollectedpapersi0000thom&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wilson, D.B. (ed.). The Correspondence Between Sir George Gabriel Stokes and Sir William Thomson, Baron Kelvin of Largs. (2 vols), Cambridge University Press. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-32831-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-32831-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-32831-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=D.B.+%28ed.%29&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.btitle=The+Correspondence+Between+Sir+George+Gabriel+Stokes+and+Sir+William+Thomson%2C+Baron+Kelvin+of+Largs&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-32831-4&rft.pub=%282+vols%29%2C+Cambridge+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Hörz, H. Naturphilosophie als Heuristik?: Korrespondenz zwischen Hermann von Helmholtz und Lord Kelvin (William Thomson). Basilisken-Presse. 2000. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/3-925347-56-9" title="Special:网络书源/3-925347-56-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 3-925347-56-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.aulast=H%C3%B6rz&rft.btitle=Naturphilosophie+als+Heuristik%3F%3A+Korrespondenz+zwischen+Hermann+von+Helmholtz+und+Lord+Kelvin+%28William+Thomson%29&rft.date=2000&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=3-925347-56-9&rft.pub=Basilisken-Presse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="传记和评论"><span id=".E4.BC.A0.E8.AE.B0.E5.92.8C.E8.AF.84.E8.AE.BA"></span>传记和评论</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=26" title="编辑章节:传记和评论"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r80540462"><div class="refbegin columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2;"> <ul><li><cite class="citation journal">Buchwald, J.Z. William Thomson and the mathematization of Faraday's electrostatics. Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences. 1977, <b>8</b>: 101–136. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F27757369"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.2307/27757369</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=William+Thomson+and+the+mathematization+of+Faraday%27s+electrostatics&rft.au=Buchwald%2C+J.Z.&rft.date=1977&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Historical+Studies+in+the+Physical+Sciences&rft.pages=101-136&rft.volume=8&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F27757369&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Burchfield, J.D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordkelvinageofe0000burc_d4q5">Lord Kelvin and the Age of the Earth</a>. University of Chicago Press. 1990. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-226-08043-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-226-08043-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-226-08043-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Burchfield%2C+J.D.&rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin+and+the+Age+of+the+Earth&rft.date=1990&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-226-08043-9&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flordkelvinageofe0000burc_d4q5&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Cardoso Dias, D.M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_annals-of-science_1996-09_53_5/page/511">William Thomson and the Heritage of Caloric</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Annals_of_Science&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annals of Science(页面不存在)">Annals of Science</a>. 1996, <b>53</b> (5): 511–520. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033799600200361"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/00033799600200361</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=William+Thomson+and+the+Heritage+of+Caloric&rft.au=Cardoso+Dias%2C+D.M.&rft.date=1996&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.pages=511-520&rft.volume=53&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_annals-of-science_1996-09_53_5%2Fpage%2F511&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033799600200361&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Chang, H. Inventing Temperature: Measurement and Scientific Progress. Oxford University Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-19-517127-6" title="Special:网络书源/0-19-517127-6"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-19-517127-6</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Chang%2C+H.&rft.btitle=Inventing+Temperature%3A+Measurement+and+Scientific+Progress&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-19-517127-6&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Gooding, D. Faraday, Thomson, and the concept of the magnetic field. British Journal of the History of Science. 1980, <b>13</b> (2): 91–120. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0007087400017726"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S0007087400017726</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Faraday%2C+Thomson%2C+and+the+concept+of+the+magnetic+field&rft.au=Gooding%2C+D.&rft.date=1980&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=2&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+the+History+of+Science&rft.pages=91-120&rft.volume=13&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0007087400017726&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Gossick, B.R. Heaviside and Kelvin: a study in contrasts. Annals of Science. 1976, <b>33</b> (3): 275–287. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00033797600200561"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1080/00033797600200561</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Heaviside+and+Kelvin%3A+a+study+in+contrasts&rft.au=Gossick%2C+B.R.&rft.date=1976&rft.genre=article&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Science&rft.pages=275-287&rft.volume=33&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00033797600200561&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Gray, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.53570">Lord Kelvin: An Account of His Scientific Life and Work</a>. London: J. M. Dent & Co. 1908.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Gray%2C+A.&rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin%3A+An+Account+of+His+Scientific+Life+and+Work&rft.date=1908&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent+%26+Co&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fin.ernet.dli.2015.53570&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Green, G. & Lloyd, J.T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kelvinsinstrumen0000gree">Kelvin's instruments and the Kelvin Museum</a>. Glasgow: University of Glasgow. 1970. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-85261-016-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-85261-016-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-85261-016-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Green%2C+G.&rft.au=Lloyd%2C+J.T.&rft.btitle=Kelvin%27s+instruments+and+the+Kelvin+Museum&rft.date=1970&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-85261-016-5&rft.place=Glasgow&rft.pub=University+of+Glasgow&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkelvinsinstrumen0000gree&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Kargon, R.H. & <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Achinstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Achinstein(页面不存在)">Achinstein, P.</a> (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kelvinsbaltimore00lord">Kelvin's Baltimore Lectures and Modern Theoretical Physics; Historical and Philosophical Perspectives</a>. Cambridge Massachusetts: MIT Press. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-262-11117-9" title="Special:网络书源/0-262-11117-9"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-262-11117-9</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Kargon%2C+R.H.+%26+Achinstein%2C+P.+%28eds.%29&rft.btitle=Kelvin%27s+Baltimore+Lectures+and+Modern+Theoretical+Physics%3B+Historical+and+Philosophical+Perspectives&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-262-11117-9&rft.pub=Cambridge+Massachusetts%3A+MIT+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkelvinsbaltimore00lord&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">King, A.G. Kelvin the Man. London: Hodder & Stoughton. 1925.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=King%2C+A.G.&rft.btitle=Kelvin+the+Man&rft.date=1925&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=London%3A+Hodder+%26+Stoughton&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">King, E.T. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/b28985229">Lord Kelvin's Early Home</a>. London: Macmillan. 1909.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=King%2C+E.T.&rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin%27s+Early+Home&rft.date=1909&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=London%3A+Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fb28985229&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Knudsen, O. From Lord Kelvin's notebook: aether speculations. Centaurus. 1972, <b>16</b>: 41–53. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1972Cent...16...41K"><span title="Bibcode">Bibcode:1972Cent...16...41K</span></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1972.tb00164.x"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1111/j.1600-0498.1972.tb00164.x</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=From+Lord+Kelvin%27s+notebook%3A+aether+speculations&rft.au=Knudsen%2C+O.&rft.date=1972&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Centaurus&rft.pages=41-53&rft.volume=16&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1972Cent...16...41K&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1600-0498.1972.tb00164.x&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">Lekner, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victoria.ac.nz/scps/about/staff/pdf/Nurturing-genius.pdf">Nurturing genius: the childhood and youth of Kelvin and Maxwell</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. New Zealand Science Review. 2012 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2018-01-21</span>]</span>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180122235021/https://www.victoria.ac.nz/scps/about/staff/pdf/Nurturing-genius.pdf">存档</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>于2018-01-22).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Nurturing+genius%3A+the+childhood+and+youth+of+Kelvin+and+Maxwell&rft.au=Lekner%2C+J.&rft.date=2012&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+Zealand+Science+Review&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.victoria.ac.nz%2Fscps%2Fabout%2Fstaff%2Fpdf%2FNurturing-genius.pdf&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Lindley, D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/degreeskelvintal0000lind">Degrees Kelvin: A Tale of Genius, Invention and Tragedy</a>. Joseph Henry Press. 2004. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-309-09073-3" title="Special:网络书源/0-309-09073-3"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-309-09073-3</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Lindley%2C+D.&rft.btitle=Degrees+Kelvin%3A+A+Tale+of+Genius%2C+Invention+and+Tragedy&rft.date=2004&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-309-09073-3&rft.pub=Joseph+Henry+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdegreeskelvintal0000lind&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">McCartney, M. & Whitaker, A. (eds). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/physicistsofirel0000unse">Physicists of Ireland: Passion and Precision</a>. Institute of Physics Publishing. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-7503-0866-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-7503-0866-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-7503-0866-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=McCartney%2C+M.+%26+Whitaker%2C+A.+%28eds%29&rft.btitle=Physicists+of+Ireland%3A+Passion+and+Precision&rft.date=2002&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-7503-0866-4&rft.pub=Institute+of+Physics+Publishing&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fphysicistsofirel0000unse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation journal">May, W.E. Lord Kelvin and his compass. Journal of Navigation. 1979, <b>32</b>: 122–134. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS037346330003318X"><span title="數位物件識別號">doi:10.1017/S037346330003318X</span></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Lord+Kelvin+and+his+compass&rft.au=May%2C+W.E.&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Navigation&rft.pages=122-134&rft.volume=32&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS037346330003318X&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Munro, J. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/heroestelegraph00munrgoog">Heroes of the Telegraph</a>. London: Religious Tract Society. 1891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Munro%2C+J.&rft.btitle=Heroes+of+the+Telegraph&rft.date=1891&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=London%3A+Religious+Tract+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fheroestelegraph00munrgoog&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Murray, D. Lord Kelvin as Professor in the Old College of Glasgow. Glasgow: Maclehose & Jackson. 1924.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Murray%2C+D.&rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin+as+Professor+in+the+Old+College+of+Glasgow&rft.date=1924&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Glasgow%3A+Maclehose+%26+Jackson&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Russell, A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lordkelvinhislif00russ#page/n5/mode/2up">Lord Kelvin: His Life and Work</a>. London: T.C. & E.C.Jack. 1912 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-25</span>]</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Russell%2C+A.&rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin%3A+His+Life+and+Work&rft.date=1912&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=London%3A+T.C.+%26+E.C.Jack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Flordkelvinhislif00russ%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Sharlin, H.I. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordkelvindynami0000shar">Lord Kelvin: The Dynamic Victorian</a>. Pennsylvania State University Press. 1979. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-271-00203-4" title="Special:网络书源/0-271-00203-4"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-271-00203-4</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Sharlin%2C+H.I.&rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin%3A+The+Dynamic+Victorian&rft.date=1979&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-271-00203-4&rft.pub=Pennsylvania+State+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flordkelvindynami0000shar&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Smith, C. & Wise, M.N. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2JYWeyAXpHUC&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false">Energy and Empire: A Biographical Study of Lord Kelvin</a>. Cambridge University Press. 1989 <span class="reference-accessdate"> [<span class="nowrap">2014-03-25</span>]</span>. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-521-26173-2" title="Special:网络书源/0-521-26173-2"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-521-26173-2</a>. (原始内容<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160513100635/https://books.google.com/books?id=2JYWeyAXpHUC&pg=PR7#v=onepage&q&f=false">存档</a>于2016-05-13).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Smith%2C+C.&rft.au=Wise%2C+M.N.&rft.btitle=Energy+and+Empire%3A+A+Biographical+Study+of+Lord+Kelvin&rft.date=1989&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-521-26173-2&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2JYWeyAXpHUC%26pg%3DPR7%23v%3Donepage%26q%26f%3Dfalse&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Thompson, S.P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifeofwillthom01thomrich">Life of William Thomson: Baron Kelvin of Largs</a>. London: Macmillan. 1910.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Thompson%2C+S.P.&rft.btitle=Life+of+William+Thomson%3A+Baron+Kelvin+of+Largs&rft.date=1910&rft.genre=book&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifeofwillthom01thomrich&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> In two volumes <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeofwilliamtho01thomuoft#page/n9/mode/2up">Volume 1</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/lifeofwillthom02thomrich#page/n7/mode/2up">Volume 2</a></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Tunbridge, P. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lordkelvinhisinf0000tunb">Lord Kelvin: His Influence on Electrical Measurements and Units</a>. Peter Peregrinus: London. 1992. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-86341-237-8" title="Special:网络书源/0-86341-237-8"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-86341-237-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Tunbridge%2C+P.&rft.btitle=Lord+Kelvin%3A+His+Influence+on+Electrical+Measurements+and+Units&rft.date=1992&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-86341-237-8&rft.place=Peter+Peregrinus&rft.pub=London&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flordkelvinhisinf0000tunb&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wilson, D. William Thomson, Lord Kelvin: His Way of Teaching. Glasgow: John Smith & Son. 1910.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Wilson%2C+D.&rft.btitle=William+Thomson%2C+Lord+Kelvin%3A+His+Way+of+Teaching&rft.date=1910&rft.genre=book&rft.pub=Glasgow%3A+John+Smith+%26+Son&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><cite class="citation book">Wilson, D.B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/kelvinstokescomp0000wils">Kelvin and Stokes: A Comparative Study in Victorian Physics</a>. Bristol: Hilger. 1987. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0-85274-526-5" title="Special:网络书源/0-85274-526-5"><span title="国际标准书号">ISBN</span> 0-85274-526-5</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.au=Wilson%2C+D.B.&rft.btitle=Kelvin+and+Stokes%3A+A+Comparative+Study+in+Victorian+Physics&rft.date=1987&rft.genre=book&rft.isbn=0-85274-526-5&rft.place=Bristol&rft.pub=Hilger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkelvinstokescomp0000wils&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部链接"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.93.BE.E6.8E.A5"></span>外部链接</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=27" title="编辑章节:外部链接"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r82655521">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:#f9f9f9;display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><style 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href="https://zh.wikisource.org/wiki/" class="extiw" title="s:">第一代开尔文男爵威廉·汤姆森</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E8%AF%AD%E5%BD%95" title="维基语录">维基语录</a>上的<b><a href="https://zh.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/开尔文勋爵">开尔文勋爵语录</a></b></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E5%85%B1%E4%BA%AB%E8%B5%84%E6%BA%90" title="维基共享资源">维基共享资源</a>上的相关多媒体资源:<a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin"><span style="font-weight:bold;">开尔文勋爵</span></a></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655521"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox" style="font-size:small;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r82655520"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/38px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="38" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/57px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/76px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%9F%BA%E6%96%87%E5%BA%93" title="维基文库">英文维基文库</a>中的《<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E8%8B%B1%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91%E5%85%A8%E6%9B%B8%E7%AC%AC%E5%8D%81%E4%B8%80%E7%89%88" title="大英百科全書第十一版">1911年版大英百科全書</a>》條目:<b><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Kelvin,_William_Thomson,_Baron" class="extiw" title="wikisource:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron">Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron</a></b></div></div> </div> <ul><li><cite id="CITEREF約翰·J·奧康納埃德蒙·F·羅伯遜" class="citation">約翰·J·奧康納; <a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7F%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E9%81%9C" title="埃德蒙·F·羅伯遜">埃德蒙·F·羅伯遜</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Thomson.html">Thomson</a>, <a href="/wiki/MacTutor%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88" title="MacTutor数学史档案">MacTutor数学史档案</a> <span style="font-family: sans-serif; cursor: default; color:var(--color-subtle, #54595d); font-size: 0.8em; bottom: 0.1em; font-weight: bold;" title="连接到英语网页">(英语)</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fzh.wikipedia.org%3A%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&rft.atitle=Thomson&rft.au=%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7F%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E9%81%9C&rft.au=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E5%BA%B7%E7%B4%8D&rft.btitle=-%7Bzh-hans%3AMacTutor%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8F%B2%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%3Bzh-hant%3AMacTutor%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%8F%B2%E6%AA%94%E6%A1%88%3B%7D-&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FThomson.html&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>中<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28William+Thomson%2C+1st+Baron+Kelvin%29%20OR%20%28%221824-1907%22%20AND%20Kelvin%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">开尔文勋爵的作品或与之相关的作品</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Speaker_Icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/20px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/40px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> 來自<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/10522">开尔文勋爵</a>的<a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a>公共領域有聲讀物</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=979"><i>Heroes of the Telegraph</i></a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080507024136/http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=979">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Online_Books_Page&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Online Books Page(页面不存在)">The Online Books Page</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203034027/https://sheemere.hautetfort.com/archive/2007/10/16/des-chevaux-sur-mars.html">"Horses on Mars", from Lord Kelvin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/15/12/6">William Thomson: king of Victorian physics</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070713101250/http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/15/12/6">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>) at <a href="/w/index.php?title=Institute_of_Physics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Institute of Physics(页面不存在)">Institute of Physics</a> website</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/CPNSS/pdf/DP_withCover_Measurement/Meas-DP%2026%2002%20C.pdf">Measuring the Absolute: William Thomson and Temperature</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20190502045339/http://www.lse.ac.uk/CPNSS/pdf/DP_withCover_Measurement/Meas-DP%2026%2002%20C.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasok_Chang&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasok Chang(页面不存在)">Hasok Chang</a> and Sang Wook Yi (<a href="/wiki/PDF" class="mw-redirect" title="PDF">PDF</a> file)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/notice?N=FRBNF37278042">Reprint of papers on electrostatics and magnetism</a></i> (gallica)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/moleculartactics00kelviala">The molecular tactics of a crystal</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" class="mw-redirect" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>)</li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/quotes/">Quotations. This collection includes sources for many quotes.</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180122234943/http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/quotes/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100412061437/http://science.theleys.net/kelvin.htm">Kelvin Building Opening – The Leys School, Cambridge (1893)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/">The Kelvin Library</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180122234952/http://zapatopi.net/kelvin/papers/">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="传记介绍"><span id=".E4.BC.A0.E8.AE.B0.E4.BB.8B.E7.BB.8D"></span>传记介绍</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=28" title="编辑章节:传记介绍"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080415193210/http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/Physics3/Kelvin_online/Kelvin_society/society.htm">Kelvin Society of Glasgow</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080919072030/http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/Physics3/Kelvin_online/">Lord Kelvin Online</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080510071938/http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/Physics3/Kelvin_online/exhibit.html">Lord Kelvin Exhibit: Image and Reality</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081212100052/http://www.physics.gla.ac.uk/Physics3/Kelvin_online/Patents.htm">Lord Kelvin's Patents</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://story.kedo.gov.cn/c/2017-07-12/737232.shtml">开尔文勋爵:铺设大西洋海底电缆的英雄</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20180124075800/http://story.kedo.gov.cn/c/2017-07-12/737232.shtml">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071203034027/https://sheemere.hautetfort.com/archive/2007/10/16/des-chevaux-sur-mars.html">Horses on Mars, from Lord Kelvin</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/15/12/6">William Thomson: king of Victorian physics</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20070713101250/http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/15/12/6">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="原著"><span id=".E5.8E.9F.E8.91.97"></span>原著</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&section=29" title="编辑章节:原著"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=979">Heroes of the Telegraph</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080507024136/http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/gutbook/lookup?num=979">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CPNSS/pdf/DP_withCover_Measurement/Meas-DP%2026%2002%20C.pdf">Measuring the Absolute: William Thomson and Temperature</a> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20080627020957/http://www.lse.ac.uk/collections/CPNSS/pdf/DP_withCover_Measurement/Meas-DP%2026%2002%20C.pdf">页面存档备份</a>,存于<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%92%E8%81%94%E7%BD%91%E6%A1%A3%E6%A1%88%E9%A6%86" title="互联网档案馆">互联网档案馆</a>)</i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/notice?N=FRBNF37283720"> Mathematical and physical papers. Volume I </a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/notice?N=FRBNF37283723"> Mathematical and physical papers. Volume II</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/notice?N=FRBNF37283725">Mathematical and physical papers. Volume III</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/mathematicalandp029217mbp">Mathematical and physical papers. Volume V</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/notice?N=FRBNF37278042">Reprint of papers on electrostatics and magnetism</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gallica.bnf.fr/notice?N=FRBNF37270966"> Elements of natural philosophy : Part I</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/treatisnatphil01kelvrich">Treatise on natural philosophy (Volume 1)</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/treatisnatphil02kelvrich">Treatise on natural philosophy (Volume 2)</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/moleculartactics00kelviala">The molecular tactics of a crystal</a></i></li> <li><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.archive.org/details/baltimorelecture00kelviala"> Baltimore lectures on molecular dynamics and the wave theory of light</a></i></li></ul> <div style="clear: both; height: 1em"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84265675">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:" :"}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r84244141">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:110%;margin:0 8em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:110%;margin:0 5em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="Template:以人名命名的国际单位制单位"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="Template talk:以人名命名的国际单位制单位"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:以人名命名的国际单位制单位"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="以人名命名的国际单位制单位" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">以人名命名的国际单位制单位</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">基本单位</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%88-%E9%A6%AC%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9" title="安德烈-馬里·安培">安德烈-馬里·安培</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%9F%B9" title="安培">安培</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">第一代开尔文男爵威廉·汤姆森</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%80%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="开尔文">开尔文</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">导出单位</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92" title="亨利·貝克勒">亨利·貝克勒</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94" title="贝克勒尔">贝克勒尔</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%94%9D%E7%88%BE%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="安德斯·攝爾修斯">安德斯·攝爾修斯</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%91%84%E6%B0%8F%E6%B8%A9%E6%A0%87" title="摄氏温标">摄氏度</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91" title="夏尔·库仑">夏尔·库仑</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E4%BB%91" title="库仑">库仑</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" title="麥可·法拉第">麥可·法拉第</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89" title="法拉">法拉</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%88%88%E7%91%9E" title="路易斯·哈罗德·戈瑞">路易斯·哈罗德·戈瑞</a> (<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%91%9E" title="戈瑞">戈瑞</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9" title="約瑟·亨利">約瑟·亨利</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="亨利 (单位)">亨利</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">海因里希·赫兹</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="赫兹">赫兹</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="詹姆斯·普雷斯科特·焦耳">詹姆斯·普雷斯科特·焦耳</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="焦耳">焦耳</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%9B%E9%A0%93_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" title="牛頓 (單位)">牛顿</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E5%A7%86" title="格奥尔格·欧姆">格奥尔格·欧姆</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E6%AD%90%E5%A7%86" title="歐姆">歐姆</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="布莱兹·帕斯卡">布莱兹·帕斯卡</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1" title="帕斯卡">帕斯卡</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E9%97%A8%E5%AD%90" title="维尔纳·冯·西门子">维尔纳·冯·西门子</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%96%80%E5%AD%90_(%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D)" title="西門子 (單位)">西门子</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9" title="羅爾夫·馬克西米利安·希沃特">羅爾夫·馬克西米利安·希沃特</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BC%97" title="西弗">西弗</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89" title="尼古拉·特斯拉">尼古拉·特斯拉</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%8B%89_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="特斯拉 (单位)">特斯拉</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%BE%B7%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E4%BC%8F%E6%89%93" title="亞歷山德羅·伏打">亞歷山德羅·伏打</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8F%E7%89%B9" title="伏特">伏特</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9" title="詹姆斯·瓦特">詹姆斯·瓦特</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E7%93%A6%E7%89%B9" title="瓦特">瓦特</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="威廉·爱德华·韦伯">威廉·爱德华·韦伯</a>(<a href="/wiki/%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF_(%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D)" title="韦伯 (单位)">韦伯</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">另见</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%9E%E5%9C%8B%E9%9A%9B%E5%96%AE%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="以科學家命名的非國際單位列表">以科學家命名的非國際單位列表</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%9A%84%E9%9D%9E%E5%9B%BD%E9%99%85%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D%E5%88%B6%E5%8D%95%E4%BD%8D" title="Template:以人名命名的非国际单位制单位">模板</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B8" title="以人名命名的常數">以人名命名的常數</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:%E4%BB%A5%E4%BA%BA%E5%90%8D%E5%91%BD%E5%90%8D%E7%9A%84%E5%B8%B8%E6%95%B0" title="Template:以人名命名的常数">模板</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="皇家学会会长" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E4%BC%9A%E9%95%BF" title="Template:皇家学会会长"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E4%BC%9A%E9%95%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:皇家学会会长(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E4%BC%9A%E9%95%BF" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:皇家学会会长"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="皇家学会会长" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%E4%BC%9A%E9%95%BF%E5%88%97%E8%A1%A8" title="皇家学会会长列表">皇家学会会长</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">17世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%83%E9%9A%86%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E5%AD%90%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="布隆克尔子爵(页面不存在)">布隆克尔子爵</a> (1662)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约瑟夫·威廉姆斯爵士(页面不存在)">约瑟夫·威廉姆斯爵士</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E6%81%A9" title="克里斯托弗·雷恩">克里斯托弗·雷恩爵士</a> (1680)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%96%AF%E9%87%91%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·霍斯金爵士(页面不存在)">约翰·霍斯金爵士</a> (1682)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西里尔·威奇(页面不存在)">西里尔·威奇</a> (1683)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E7%BC%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E6%99%AE%E6%96%AF" title="塞缪尔·皮普斯">塞缪尔·佩皮斯</a> (1684)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡伯里伯爵(页面不存在)">卡伯里伯爵</a> (1686)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%AD%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彭布鲁克伯爵(页面不存在)">彭布鲁克伯爵</a> (1689)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%80%9D%E9%9F%A6%E5%B0%94%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伯特·索思韦尔爵士(页面不存在)">罗伯特·索思韦尔爵士</a> (1690)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E6%B3%95%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%AD%9F%E5%A1%94%E5%8F%A4" title="第一代哈利法克斯伯爵查尔斯·孟塔古">哈利法克斯伯爵</a> (1695)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%90%A8%E9%BB%98%E6%96%AF%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="萨默斯勋爵(页面不存在)">萨默斯勋爵</a> (1698)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">18世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E8%90%A8%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="艾萨克·牛顿">艾萨克·牛顿爵士</a> (1703)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E9%9A%86" title="汉斯·斯隆">汉斯·斯隆爵士</a> (1727)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="马丁·福克斯(页面不存在)">马丁·福克斯</a> (1741)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麦克莱斯菲尔德伯爵(页面不存在)">麦克莱斯菲尔德伯爵</a> (1752)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8E%AB%E9%A1%BF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="莫顿伯爵(页面不存在)">莫顿伯爵</a> (1764)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·伯罗斯(页面不存在)">詹姆斯·伯罗斯</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9_(%E8%80%83%E5%8F%A4%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·韦斯特 (考古学家)(页面不存在)">詹姆斯·韦斯特</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·伯罗斯(页面不存在)">詹姆斯·伯罗斯</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E6%9E%97%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·普林格爵士(页面不存在)">约翰·普林格爵士</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="约瑟夫·班克斯">约瑟夫·班克斯爵士</a> (1778)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">19世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B8%A5%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·海德·渥拉斯頓">威廉·海德·渥拉斯頓</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">汉弗里·戴维爵士</a> (1820)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="戴维斯·吉尔伯特(页面不存在)">戴维斯·吉尔伯特</a> (1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%96%A9%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E5%85%AC%E7%88%B5%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%E7%8E%8B%E5%AD%90" title="薩塞克斯公爵奧古斯都·弗雷德里克王子">萨塞克斯公爵殿下</a> (1830)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E7%B6%AD%E6%98%8E%E9%A0%93%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E6%96%AF%E8%B3%93%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A0%93" title="第一代維明頓伯爵斯賓塞·康普頓">北安普敦侯爵</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%A3%AE%E6%80%9D" title="第三代羅斯伯爵威廉·帕森思">罗斯伯爵</a> (1848)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Wrottesley,_2nd_Baron_Wrottesley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley(页面不存在)">John Wrottesley, 2nd Baron Wrottesley</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9C%AC%E6%9D%B0%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BD%97%E8%BF%AA" title="本杰明·柯林斯·布罗迪">本杰明·柯林斯·布罗迪爵士</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%B5%9B%E5%AE%BE" title="爱德华·赛宾">爱德华·赛宾</a>爵士 (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E9%87%8C" title="喬治·比德爾·艾里">乔治·比德尔·艾里爵士</a> (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克">约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克爵士</a> (1873)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%B3%A2%E8%92%82%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·斯波蒂伍德(页面不存在)">威廉·斯波蒂伍德</a> (1878)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%83%A5%E9%BB%8E" title="托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎">托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎</a> (1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·斯托克斯">乔治·斯托克斯爵士</a> (1885)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">开尔文勋爵</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·李斯特">李斯特勋爵</a> (1895)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·哈金斯">威廉·哈金斯爵士</a> (1900)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="第三代瑞利男爵約翰·斯特拉特">瑞利勋爵</a> (1905)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E5%9F%BA" title="阿奇博尔德·盖基">阿奇博尔德·盖基爵士</a> (1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·克鲁克斯">威廉·克鲁克斯爵士</a> (1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="J·J·湯姆森">约瑟夫·约翰·汤姆孙爵士</a> (1915)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E7%81%B5%E9%A1%BF" title="查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿">查尔斯·谢灵顿爵士</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F" title="欧内斯特·卢瑟福">纳尔逊的卢瑟福勋爵</a> (1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="弗雷德里克·霍普金斯">弗雷德里克·霍普金斯爵士</a> (1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="威廉·亨利·布拉格">威廉·亨利·布拉格爵士</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E5%B0%94" title="亨利·哈利特·戴尔">亨利·哈利特·戴尔爵士</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E8%B3%93%E9%81%9C" title="羅伯特·魯賓遜">罗伯特·鲁宾逊爵士</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8A%A0%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89" title="第一代阿德里安男爵埃德加·阿德里安">阿德里安勋爵</a> (1950)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%AC%A3%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="西里尔·欣谢尔伍德">西里尔·欣谢尔伍德爵士</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E8%8F%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%8C%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8C%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="霍華德·弗洛里,弗洛里男爵">弗洛里勋爵</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9" title="帕特里克·布莱克特">布莱克特勋爵</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A5%87%E9%87%91" title="艾倫·勞埃德·霍奇金">艾伦·劳埃德·霍奇金爵士</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7" title="托德男爵亚历山大·罗伯图斯·托德">托德勋爵</a> (1975)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%83%A5%E9%BB%8E" title="安德魯·赫胥黎">安德鲁·赫胥黎爵士</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="乔治·波特">陆登汉姆的波特勋爵</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A" title="迈克尔·阿蒂亚">迈克尔·阿蒂亚爵士</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%BE%99%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8D%A2%E6%A0%BC" title="阿龙·克卢格">阿龙·克卢格爵士</a> (1995)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">21世纪</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%89%9B%E6%B4%A5%E7%9A%84%E6%A2%85%E5%8B%8B%E7%88%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="牛津的梅勋爵(页面不存在)">牛津的梅勋爵</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="马丁·里斯">拉德洛的瑞斯勋爵</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF" title="保罗·纳斯">保罗·纳斯爵士</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%96%87%E5%8D%A1%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%E5%8D%97" title="文卡·拉马克里希南">文卡特拉曼·拉马克里希南爵士</a> (2015)</li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿德里安·史密斯爵士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Adrian Smith (statistician)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿德里安·史密斯爵士(页面不存在)">阿德里安·史密斯爵士</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrian_Smith_(statistician)" class="extiw" title="en:Adrian Smith (statistician)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Adrian Smith (statistician)</span></a></span>)</span></span> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="皇家奖章获得者" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:皇家奖章获得者"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:皇家奖章获得者(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:皇家奖章获得者"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="皇家奖章获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="皇家獎章">皇家奖章</a>获得者</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1820年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1826年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E6%B2%83%E9%87%8C" title="詹姆斯·艾沃里">詹姆斯·艾沃里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" title="约翰·道尔顿">约翰·道尔顿</a></li> <li>1827年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E9%B2%81%E7%BB%B4" title="弗里德里希·冯·斯特鲁维">弗里德里希·冯·斯特鲁维</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4" title="汉弗里·戴维">汉弗里·戴维</a></li> <li>1828年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E5%85%8B" title="约翰·弗朗茨·恩克">约翰·弗朗茨·恩克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E9%A0%93" class="mw-redirect" title="威廉·海德·沃拉斯頓">威廉·海德·沃拉斯顿</a></li> <li>1829年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="查尔斯·贝尔">查尔斯·贝尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E4%BF%AE%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C" title="伊尔哈德·米修里希">伊爾哈德·米修里希</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1830年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1830年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安托萬·傑羅姆·巴拉爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Antoine Jerome Balard"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E6%89%98%E8%90%AC%C2%B7%E5%82%91%E7%BE%85%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安托萬·傑羅姆·巴拉爾(页面不存在)">安托萬·傑羅姆·巴拉爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antoine_Jerome_Balard" class="extiw" title="en:Antoine Jerome Balard"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Antoine Jerome Balard</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%84%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="大卫·布儒斯特">大卫·布儒斯特</a></li> <li>1831年:<i>未颁发</i></li> <li>1832年:<i>未颁发</i></li> <li>1833年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E5%A0%AA%E5%A4%9A" title="奥古斯丁·彼拉姆斯·德堪多">奥古斯丁·彼拉姆斯·德堪多</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE" title="約翰·赫歇爾">約翰·赫歇爾</a></li> <li>1834年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE" title="查爾斯·萊爾">查爾斯·萊爾</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·威廉·拉伯克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John William Lubbock"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·威廉·拉伯克(页面不存在)">約翰·威廉·拉伯克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_William_Lubbock" class="extiw" title="en:John William Lubbock"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John William Lubbock</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1835年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" title="麥可·法拉第">麥可·法拉第</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%AF%86%E9%A0%93" title="威廉·哈密頓">威廉·哈密頓</a></li> <li>1836年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%BA%BD%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="乔治·纽波特">乔治·纽波特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE" title="約翰·赫歇爾">約翰·赫歇爾</a></li> <li>1837年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE" title="威廉·惠威爾">威廉·惠威尔</a></li> <li>1838年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E5%B0%94%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%B9" title="威廉·福克斯·塔尔博特">威廉·福克斯·塔尔博特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86" title="托馬斯·格雷姆">托马斯·格雷姆</a></li> <li>1839年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E6%B2%83%E9%87%8C" title="詹姆斯·艾沃里">詹姆斯·艾沃里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E9%87%8C" title="马丁·巴里">马丁·巴里</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1840年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1840年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="查爾斯·惠斯通">查尔斯·惠斯通</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE" title="約翰·赫歇爾">約翰·赫歇爾</a></li> <li>1841年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊顿·霍金森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eaton Hodgkinson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊顿·霍金森(页面不存在)">伊顿·霍金森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eaton_Hodgkinson" class="extiw" title="en:Eaton Hodgkinson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eaton Hodgkinson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E6%81%A9_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="罗伯特·凯恩 (化学家)">罗伯特·凯恩</a></li> <li>1842年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·弗雷德里克·丹尼尔">约翰·弗雷德里克·丹尼尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第一從男爵威廉·鮑曼爵士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sir William Bowman, 1st Baronet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%BE%9E%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E6%9B%BC%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第一從男爵威廉·鮑曼爵士(页面不存在)">威廉·鮑曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_William_Bowman,_1st_Baronet" class="extiw" title="en:Sir William Bowman, 1st Baronet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sir William Bowman, 1st Baronet</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1843年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="查爾斯·惠斯通">查尔斯·惠斯通</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="詹姆斯·大衛·福布斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="James David Forbes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詹姆斯·大衛·福布斯(页面不存在)">詹姆斯·大衛·福布斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_David_Forbes" class="extiw" title="en:James David Forbes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">James David Forbes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1844年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·布尔">乔治·布尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF_(%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="托马斯·安德鲁斯 (科学家)">托马斯·安德鲁斯</a></li> <li>1845年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%AF%94%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E9%87%8C" title="喬治·比德爾·艾里">乔治·比德尔·艾里</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托馬斯·斯諾·貝克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas Snow Beck"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托馬斯·斯諾·貝克(页面不存在)">托馬斯·斯諾·貝克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Snow_Beck" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Snow Beck"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas Snow Beck</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1846年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%BA%A5%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E6%8B%89%E7%AC%AC" title="麥可·法拉第">麥可·法拉第</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87" title="理查德·欧文">理查德·欧文</a></li> <li>1847年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔治·福恩斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George Fownes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·福恩斯(页面不存在)">乔治·福恩斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Fownes" class="extiw" title="en:George Fownes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George Fownes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·罗伯特·格罗夫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Robert Grove"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·罗伯特·格罗夫(页面不存在)">威廉·罗伯特·格罗夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Robert_Grove" class="extiw" title="en:William Robert Grove"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Robert Grove</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1848年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查尔斯·詹姆斯·哈格里夫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles James Hargreave"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·詹姆斯·哈格里夫(页面不存在)">查尔斯·詹姆斯·哈格里夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Hargreave" class="extiw" title="en:Charles James Hargreave"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles James Hargreave</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托马斯·加洛韦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas Galloway"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E6%B4%9B%E9%9F%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托马斯·加洛韦(页面不存在)">托马斯·加洛韦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Galloway" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Galloway"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas Galloway</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1849年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%B5%9B%E5%AE%BE" title="爱德华·赛宾">爱德华·赛宾</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E8%BF%AA%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE" title="吉迪恩·曼特爾">吉迪恩·曼特尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1850年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1850年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第二代從男爵班傑明·柯林斯·布羅迪爵士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 2nd Baronet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%BA%8C%E4%BB%A3%E5%BE%9E%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%8F%AD%E5%82%91%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E6%9E%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E7%BE%85%E8%BF%AA%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第二代從男爵班傑明·柯林斯·布羅迪爵士(页面不存在)">班傑明·布羅迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Benjamin_Collins_Brodie,_2nd_Baronet" class="extiw" title="en:Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 2nd Baronet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 2nd Baronet</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86" title="托馬斯·格雷姆">托马斯·格雷姆</a></li> <li>1851年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E6%A3%AE%E6%80%9D" title="第三代羅斯伯爵威廉·帕森思">威廉·帕森斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%BA%BD%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="乔治·纽波特">乔治·纽波特</a></li> <li>1852年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·焦耳">詹姆斯·焦耳</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%83%A5%E9%BB%8E" title="托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎">托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎</a></li> <li>1853年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">查尔斯·达尔文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%B8%81%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·丁达尔">约翰·丁达尔</a></li> <li>1854年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="奧古斯特·威廉·馮·霍夫曼">奥古斯特·威廉·冯·霍夫曼</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克">约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克</a></li> <li>1855年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%A1%8D%E5%B7%B4%E8%BF%AA%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="約翰·額巴迪·韋斯特伍德">约翰·额巴迪·韦斯特伍德</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0%C2%B7%E6%AC%A3%E5%BE%B7" title="约翰·罗素·欣德">约翰·罗素·欣德</a></li> <li>1856年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·理查德森 (博物学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Richardson (naturalist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE_(%E5%8D%9A%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·理查德森 (博物学家)(页面不存在)">约翰·理查德森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Richardson_(naturalist)" class="extiw" title="en:John Richardson (naturalist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Richardson (naturalist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">威廉·汤姆森</a></li> <li>1857年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="爱德华·弗兰克兰">爱德华·弗兰克兰</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9" title="约翰·林德利">约翰·林德利</a></li> <li>1858年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奥尔巴尼·汉考克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Albany Hancock"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%B1%89%E8%80%83%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奥尔巴尼·汉考克(页面不存在)">奥尔巴尼·汉考克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albany_Hancock" class="extiw" title="en:Albany Hancock"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Albany Hancock</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94" title="威廉·拉塞尔">威廉·拉塞尔</a></li> <li>1859年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E8%90%8A" title="阿瑟·凱萊">阿瑟·凱萊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%BE%B9%E6%B2%81" title="乔治·边沁">乔治·边沁</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1860年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1860年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧古斯塔·沃爾尼·沃勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Augustus Volney Waller"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧古斯塔·沃爾尼·沃勒(页面不存在)">奧古斯塔·沃爾尼·沃勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Volney_Waller" class="extiw" title="en:Augustus Volney Waller"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Augustus Volney Waller</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·费尔贝恩 (工程师)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Fairbairn"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E6%81%A9_(%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%88)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·费尔贝恩 (工程师)(页面不存在)">威廉·费尔贝恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Fairbairn" class="extiw" title="en:William Fairbairn"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Fairbairn</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1861年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="詹姆斯·約瑟夫·西爾維斯特">詹姆斯·約瑟夫·西爾維斯特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·班傑明·卡本特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Benjamin Carpenter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%8F%AD%E5%82%91%E6%98%8E%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%AC%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·班傑明·卡本特(页面不存在)">威廉·班傑明·卡本特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Benjamin_Carpenter" class="extiw" title="en:William Benjamin Carpenter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Benjamin Carpenter</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1862年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%A7%86%E9%80%8A" title="亚历山大·威廉·威廉姆逊">亚历山大·威廉·威廉姆逊</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%A7%86%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%BE%E9%80%8A" title="约翰·托马斯·罗姆尼·罗宾逊">约翰·托马斯·罗姆尼·罗宾逊</a></li> <li>1863年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·彼得·葛西歐" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Peter Gassiot"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E8%91%9B%E8%A5%BF%E6%AD%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·彼得·葛西歐(页面不存在)">約翰·彼得·葛西歐</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Peter_Gassiot" class="extiw" title="en:John Peter Gassiot"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Peter Gassiot</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="迈尔斯·约瑟夫·伯克利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Miles Joseph Berkeley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="迈尔斯·约瑟夫·伯克利(页面不存在)">迈尔斯·约瑟夫·伯克利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Miles_Joseph_Berkeley" class="extiw" title="en:Miles Joseph Berkeley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Miles Joseph Berkeley</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1864年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雅各布·洛克哈特·克拉克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jacob Lockhart Clarke"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%85%E5%90%84%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E5%85%8B%E5%93%88%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雅各布·洛克哈特·克拉克(页面不存在)">雅各布·洛克哈特·克拉克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob_Lockhart_Clarke" class="extiw" title="en:Jacob Lockhart Clarke"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jacob Lockhart Clarke</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沃倫·德拉魯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Warren De la Rue"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E9%AD%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沃倫·德拉魯(页面不存在)">沃倫·德拉魯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Warren_De_la_Rue" class="extiw" title="en:Warren De la Rue"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Warren De la Rue</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1865年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿奇博尔德·史密斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Archibald Smith"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿奇博尔德·史密斯(页面不存在)">阿奇博尔德·史密斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Smith" class="extiw" title="en:Archibald Smith"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Archibald Smith</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="约瑟夫·普雷斯特维奇">约瑟夫·普雷斯特维奇</a></li> <li>1866年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·哈金斯">威廉·哈金斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·凱特恩·派克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Kitchen Parker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E7%89%B9%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E6%B4%BE%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·凱特恩·派克(页面不存在)">威廉·凱特恩·派克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Kitchen_Parker" class="extiw" title="en:William Kitchen Parker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Kitchen Parker</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1867年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·贝内特·劳斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Bennet Lawes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%86%85%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·贝内特·劳斯(页面不存在)">约翰·贝内特·劳斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bennet_Lawes" class="extiw" title="en:John Bennet Lawes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Bennet Lawes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约瑟夫·亨利·吉尔伯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joseph Henry Gilbert"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约瑟夫·亨利·吉尔伯特(页面不存在)">约瑟夫·亨利·吉尔伯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Henry_Gilbert" class="extiw" title="en:Joseph Henry Gilbert"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joseph Henry Gilbert</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·埃德蒙德·洛根" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Edmond Logan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E8%92%99%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·埃德蒙德·洛根(页面不存在)">威廉·埃德蒙德·洛根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edmond_Logan" class="extiw" title="en:William Edmond Logan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Edmond Logan</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1868年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%8E%E8%8E%B1%E5%A3%AB" title="阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士">阿尔弗雷德·拉塞尔·华莱士</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E8%92%99" title="乔治·萨蒙">乔治·萨蒙</a></li> <li>1869年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="奧古斯都·馬修森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Augustus Matthiessen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E9%83%BD%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E4%BF%AE%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="奧古斯都·馬修森(页面不存在)">奧古斯都·馬修森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustus_Matthiessen" class="extiw" title="en:Augustus Matthiessen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Augustus Matthiessen</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托马斯·麦克利尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas Maclear"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托马斯·麦克利尔(页面不存在)">托马斯·麦克利尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Maclear" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Maclear"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas Maclear</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1870年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托馬斯·戴維森 (古生物學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas Davidson (palaeontologist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%A3%AE_(%E5%8F%A4%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托馬斯·戴維森 (古生物學家)(页面不存在)">托馬斯·戴維森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Davidson_(palaeontologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Davidson (palaeontologist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas Davidson (palaeontologist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·哈洛威斯·米勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Hallowes Miller"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%B4%9B%E5%A8%81%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·哈洛威斯·米勒(页面不存在)">威廉·哈洛威斯·米勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hallowes_Miller" class="extiw" title="en:William Hallowes Miller"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Hallowes Miller</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1871年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="喬治·布斯克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George Busk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喬治·布斯克(页面不存在)">喬治·布斯克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Busk" class="extiw" title="en:George Busk"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George Busk</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·斯登豪斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Stenhouse"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%99%BB%E8%B1%AA%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·斯登豪斯(页面不存在)">約翰·斯登豪斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Stenhouse" class="extiw" title="en:John Stenhouse"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Stenhouse</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1872年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·约翰·卡特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry John Carter"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·约翰·卡特(页面不存在)">亨利·约翰·卡特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_John_Carter" class="extiw" title="en:Henry John Carter"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry John Carter</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE" title="托马斯·安德森">托马斯·安德森</a></li> <li>1873年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC" title="乔治·詹姆斯·奥尔曼">乔治·詹姆斯·奥尔曼</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·羅斯科 (化學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Roscoe (chemist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·羅斯科 (化學家)(页面不存在)">亨利·羅斯科</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Roscoe_(chemist)" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Roscoe (chemist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Roscoe (chemist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1874年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·克利夫頓·索爾比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Clifton Sorby"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%A4%AB%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E7%88%BE%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·克利夫頓·索爾比(页面不存在)">亨利·克利夫頓·索爾比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Clifton_Sorby" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Clifton Sorby"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Clifton Sorby</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·克勞佛·威廉森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Crawford Williamson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E4%BD%9B%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·克勞佛·威廉森(页面不存在)">威廉·克勞佛·威廉森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Crawford_Williamson" class="extiw" title="en:William Crawford Williamson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Crawford Williamson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1875年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托馬斯·歐丹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas Oldham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%AD%90%E4%B8%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托馬斯·歐丹(页面不存在)">托馬斯·歐丹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Oldham" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Oldham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas Oldham</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%B2%81%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·克鲁克斯">威廉·克鲁克斯</a></li> <li>1876年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="查尔斯·威维尔·汤姆森">查尔斯·威维尔·汤姆森</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·弗劳德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Froude"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%8A%B3%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·弗劳德(页面不存在)">威廉·弗劳德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Froude" class="extiw" title="en:William Froude"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Froude</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1877年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗雷德里克·阿贝尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frederick Abel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗雷德里克·阿贝尔(页面不存在)">弗雷德里克·阿贝尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Abel" class="extiw" title="en:Frederick Abel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frederick Abel</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%BB%91%E5%B0%94" title="奥斯瓦尔德·黑尔">奥斯瓦尔德·黑尔</a></li> <li>1878年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E7%89%B9" title="阿尔贝特·金特">阿尔伯特·甘瑟</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·艾倫·布隆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Allan Broun"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%9A%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·艾倫·布隆(页面不存在)">約翰·艾倫·布隆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Allan_Broun" class="extiw" title="en:John Allan Broun"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Allan Broun</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1879年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安德魯·拉姆齊 (地質學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Andrew Ramsay (geologist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%8A_(%E5%9C%B0%E8%B3%AA%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安德魯·拉姆齊 (地質學家)(页面不存在)">安德魯·拉姆齊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Ramsay_(geologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Andrew Ramsay (geologist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Andrew Ramsay (geologist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%8F%80%E9%87%91" title="威廉·珀金">威廉·珀金</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1880年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="第一從男爵安德魯·諾貝爾爵士" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sir Andrew Noble, 1st Baronet"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E5%BE%9E%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E7%88%B5%E5%A3%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="第一從男爵安德魯·諾貝爾爵士(页面不存在)">安德魯·諾貝爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sir_Andrew_Noble,_1st_Baronet" class="extiw" title="en:Sir Andrew Noble, 1st Baronet"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sir Andrew Noble, 1st Baronet</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·李斯特">约瑟夫·李斯特</a></li> <li>1881年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·休伊特·吉萊特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Hewitt Jellett"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E4%BC%8A%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E8%90%8A%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·休伊特·吉萊特(页面不存在)">約翰·休伊特·吉萊特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hewitt_Jellett" class="extiw" title="en:John Hewitt Jellett"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Hewitt Jellett</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法蘭西斯·梅特蘭·巴爾福" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Francis Maitland Balfour"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E8%98%AD%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E7%A6%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法蘭西斯·梅特蘭·巴爾福(页面不存在)">法蘭西斯·梅特蘭·巴爾福</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Maitland_Balfour" class="extiw" title="en:Francis Maitland Balfour"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Francis Maitland Balfour</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1882年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="第三代瑞利男爵約翰·斯特拉特">約翰·斯特拉特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·亨利·弗羅爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Henry Flower"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E7%BE%85%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·亨利·弗羅爾(页面不存在)">威廉·亨利·弗羅爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Flower" class="extiw" title="en:William Henry Flower"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Henry Flower</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1883年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托馬斯·阿徹·赫斯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas Archer Hirst"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托馬斯·阿徹·赫斯特(页面不存在)">托馬斯·阿徹·赫斯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Archer_Hirst" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Archer Hirst"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas Archer Hirst</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E9%A1%BF-%E6%A1%91%E5%BE%B7%E6%A3%AE" title="约翰·伯顿-桑德森">约翰·伯顿-桑德森</a></li> <li>1884年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E7%88%BE%E6%96%87" title="喬治·達爾文">喬治·達爾文</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97" title="丹尼尔·奥利弗">丹尼尔·奥利弗</a></li> <li>1885年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大衛·愛德華·休斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="David Edward Hughes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%91%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大衛·愛德華·休斯(页面不存在)">大衛·愛德華·休斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Edward_Hughes" class="extiw" title="en:David Edward Hughes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">David Edward Hughes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="雷·兰克斯特">雷·兰克斯特</a></li> <li>1886年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·格思里·泰特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter Guthrie Tait"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%80%9D%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·格思里·泰特(页面不存在)">彼得·格思里·泰特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Guthrie_Tait" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Guthrie Tait"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter Guthrie Tait</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93" title="法蘭西斯·高爾頓">法蘭西斯·高爾頓</a></li> <li>1887年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚历山大·罗斯·克拉克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alexander Ross Clarke"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚历山大·罗斯·克拉克(页面不存在)">亚历山大·罗斯·克拉克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Ross_Clarke" class="extiw" title="en:Alexander Ross Clarke"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alexander Ross Clarke</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%AF%BA%E6%9B%BF%E5%90%89%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%A1%9E%E8%8E%B1" title="亨利·诺替吉·莫塞莱">亨利·诺替吉·莫塞莱</a></li> <li>1888年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E6%96%AF%E9%B2%8D%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E8%AF%BA" title="奥斯鲍恩·雷诺">奥斯鲍恩·雷诺</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E8%BF%AA%E5%8D%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%E7%A9%86%E5%8B%92" title="费迪南德·冯穆勒">费迪南德·冯穆勒</a></li> <li>1889年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="托马斯·爱德华·索普" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Thomas Edward Thorpe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%99%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="托马斯·爱德华·索普(页面不存在)">托马斯·爱德华·索普</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edward_Thorpe" class="extiw" title="en:Thomas Edward Thorpe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Thomas Edward Thorpe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="W·H·加斯克爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="W. H. Gaskell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W·H·加斯克爾(页面不存在)">W·H·加斯克爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._Gaskell" class="extiw" title="en:W. H. Gaskell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">W. H. Gaskell</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1890年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·霍普金森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Hopkinson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·霍普金森(页面不存在)">约翰·霍普金森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Hopkinson" class="extiw" title="en:John Hopkinson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Hopkinson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94" title="大卫·费里尔">大卫·费里尔</a></li> <li>1891年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞瑟·拉克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arthur Rucker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞瑟·拉克(页面不存在)">亞瑟·拉克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Rucker" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Rucker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arthur Rucker</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查尔斯·拉普沃思" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Lapworth"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%99%AE%E6%B2%83%E6%80%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·拉普沃思(页面不存在)">查尔斯·拉普沃思</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lapworth" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Lapworth"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Lapworth</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1892年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查尔斯·普里查德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Pritchard"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%87%8C%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·普里查德(页面不存在)">查尔斯·普里查德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Pritchard" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Pritchard"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Pritchard</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·纽波特·兰利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Newport Langley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%BA%BD%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·纽波特·兰利(页面不存在)">约翰·纽波特·兰利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Newport_Langley" class="extiw" title="en:John Newport Langley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Newport Langley</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1893年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈里·馬歇爾·沃德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harry Marshall Ward"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈里·馬歇爾·沃德(页面不存在)">哈里·馬歇爾·沃德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harry_Marshall_Ward" class="extiw" title="en:Harry Marshall Ward"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harry Marshall Ward</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亚瑟·舒斯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arthur Schuster"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E8%88%92%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚瑟·舒斯特(页面不存在)">亚瑟·舒斯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Schuster" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Schuster"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arthur Schuster</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1894年:<a href="/wiki/J%C2%B7J%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE" title="J·J·湯姆森">J·J·湯姆森</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="維克多·霍斯利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Victor Horsley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維克多·霍斯利(页面不存在)">維克多·霍斯利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Victor_Horsley" class="extiw" title="en:Victor Horsley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Victor Horsley</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1895年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E9%87%8C_(%E6%B5%B7%E6%B4%8B%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="约翰·默里 (海洋学家)">约翰·默里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B0%A4%E5%9B%A0" title="詹姆斯·阿尔弗雷德·尤因">詹姆斯·阿尔弗雷德·尤因</a></li> <li>1896年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%9A%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%9B%96%E5%9F%BA" title="阿奇博尔德·盖基">阿奇博尔德·盖基</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%90%86%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E5%87%A1%E8%80%8C%E5%84%82%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E4%BC%8A%E6%96%AF" title="查理士·凡而儂·波伊斯">查理士·凡而儂·波伊斯</a></li> <li>1897年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理查德·史崔奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Richard Strachey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%B4%94%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查德·史崔奇(页面不存在)">理查德·史崔奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Strachey" class="extiw" title="en:Richard Strachey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Richard Strachey</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E8%B5%9B%E6%96%AF" title="安德鲁·福赛斯">安德鲁·福赛斯</a></li> <li>1898年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="约翰·克尔 (物理学家)">约翰·克尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沃尔特·加德纳" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Walter Gardiner"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沃尔特·加德纳(页面不存在)">沃尔特·加德纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Gardiner" class="extiw" title="en:Walter Gardiner"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Walter Gardiner</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1899年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·姆因托什" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William M'Intosh"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A7%86%E5%9B%A0%E6%89%98%E4%BB%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·姆因托什(页面不存在)">威廉·姆因托什</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_M%27Intosh" class="extiw" title="en:William M'Intosh"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William M'Intosh</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E8%8C%B2%E5%82%91%E7%BE%85" title="喬治·費茲傑羅">喬治·費茲傑羅</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1900年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%89%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="阿尔弗雷德·牛顿">阿尔弗雷德·牛顿</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="珀西·亚历山大·麦克马洪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Percy Alexander MacMahon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%80%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E9%A9%AC%E6%B4%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="珀西·亚历山大·麦克马洪(页面不存在)">珀西·亚历山大·麦克马洪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Alexander_MacMahon" class="extiw" title="en:Percy Alexander MacMahon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Percy Alexander MacMahon</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1901年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·爱德华·艾尔顿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Edward Ayrton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·爱德华·艾尔顿(页面不存在)">威廉·爱德华·艾尔顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Ayrton" class="extiw" title="en:William Edward Ayrton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Edward Ayrton</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·托马斯·布兰福德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Edward Ayrton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%85%B0%E7%A6%8F%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·托马斯·布兰福德(页面不存在)">威廉·托马斯·布兰福德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Edward_Ayrton" class="extiw" title="en:William Edward Ayrton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Edward Ayrton</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1902年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E4%BD%A9-%E8%B0%A2%E5%BC%97" title="爱德华·阿尔伯特·沙佩-谢弗">爱德华·阿尔伯特·沙佩-谢弗</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%BA%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%B0%E5%A7%86" title="贺拉斯·兰姆">贺拉斯·兰姆</a></li> <li>1903年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E5%90%89%E5%B0%94" title="戴维·吉尔">戴维·吉尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="賀拉斯·特伯勒·布朗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Horace Tabberer Brown"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B3%80%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E4%BC%AF%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="賀拉斯·特伯勒·布朗(页面不存在)">賀拉斯·特伯勒·布朗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Tabberer_Brown" class="extiw" title="en:Horace Tabberer Brown"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Horace Tabberer Brown</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1904年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E6%96%AF" title="戴维·布鲁斯">戴维·布鲁斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·伯恩赛德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Burnside"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%81%A9%E8%B5%9B%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·伯恩赛德(页面不存在)">威廉·伯恩赛德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Burnside" class="extiw" title="en:William Burnside"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Burnside</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1905年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E7%81%B5%E9%A1%BF" title="查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿">查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%9D%A1%E5%8D%B0%E5%BB%B7" title="约翰·亨利·坡印廷">约翰·亨利·坡印廷</a></li> <li>1906年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿尔弗雷德·乔治·格林希尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alfred George Greenhill"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔弗雷德·乔治·格林希尔(页面不存在)">阿尔弗雷德·乔治·格林希尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_George_Greenhill" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred George Greenhill"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alfred George Greenhill</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E9%87%91%E8%8F%B2%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9" title="达金菲尔德·亨利·斯科特">达金菲尔德·亨利·斯科特</a></li> <li>1907年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="E·W·霍布森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="E. W. Hobson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=E%C2%B7W%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B8%83%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="E·W·霍布森(页面不存在)">E·W·霍布森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E._W._Hobson" class="extiw" title="en:E. W. Hobson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">E. W. Hobson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="拉姆齊·特拉奎爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ramsay Traquair"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%8A%C2%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%8E%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="拉姆齊·特拉奎爾(页面不存在)">拉姆齊·特拉奎爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramsay_Traquair" class="extiw" title="en:Ramsay Traquair"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ramsay Traquair</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1908年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·海德 (1861年)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Head"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7_(1861%E5%B9%B4)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·海德 (1861年)(页面不存在)">亨利·海德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Head" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Head"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Head</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·米尔恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Milne"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·米尔恩(页面不存在)">约翰·米尔恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Milne" class="extiw" title="en:John Milne"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Milne</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1909年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%B9%90%E7%94%AB" title="奥古斯塔斯·乐甫">奥古斯塔斯·乐甫</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="罗纳德·罗斯">罗纳德·罗斯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1910年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗雷德里克·奧爾彭·鮑爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frederick Orpen Bower"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%A5%A7%E7%88%BE%E5%BD%AD%C2%B7%E9%AE%91%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗雷德里克·奧爾彭·鮑爾(页面不存在)">弗雷德里克·奧爾彭·鮑爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Orpen_Bower" class="extiw" title="en:Frederick Orpen Bower"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frederick Orpen Bower</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%96%AC%E5%88%A9" title="約翰·喬利">约翰·乔利</a></li> <li>1911年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔治·克里斯托尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George Chrystal"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·克里斯托尔(页面不存在)">乔治·克里斯托尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Chrystal" class="extiw" title="en:George Chrystal"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George Chrystal</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·贝利斯">威廉·贝利斯</a></li> <li>1912年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E5%A4%AB%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7E%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="格拉夫顿·E·史密斯">格拉夫顿·E·史密斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·米欽森·希克斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Mitchinson Hicks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E6%AC%BD%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·米欽森·希克斯(页面不存在)">威廉·米欽森·希克斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Mitchinson_Hicks" class="extiw" title="en:William Mitchinson Hicks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Mitchinson Hicks</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1913年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E4%BB%96%E6%9E%97" title="恩斯特·斯他林">恩斯特·斯他林</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈羅德·貝利·迪克森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harold Baily Dixon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E5%85%8B%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈羅德·貝利·迪克森(页面不存在)">哈羅德·貝利·迪克森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Baily_Dixon" class="extiw" title="en:Harold Baily Dixon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harold Baily Dixon</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1914年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="欧内斯特·威廉·布朗" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ernest William Brown"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="欧内斯特·威廉·布朗(页面不存在)">欧内斯特·威廉·布朗</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_William_Brown" class="extiw" title="en:Ernest William Brown"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ernest William Brown</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E9%80%8A%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·约翰逊·索拉斯">威廉·约翰逊·索拉斯</a></li> <li>1915年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E8%8E%AB%E5%B0%94" title="约瑟夫·拉莫尔">约瑟夫·拉莫尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="W·H·R·里弗斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="W. H. R. Rivers"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C2%B7H%C2%B7R%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%BC%97%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W·H·R·里弗斯(页面不存在)">W·H·R·里弗斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._H._R._Rivers" class="extiw" title="en:W. H. R. Rivers"><span lang="en" dir="auto">W. H. R. Rivers</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1916年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="赫克托·門若·麥克唐納" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hector Munro Macdonald"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%96%80%E8%8B%A5%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫克托·門若·麥克唐納(页面不存在)">赫克托·門若·麥克唐納</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hector_Munro_Macdonald" class="extiw" title="en:Hector Munro Macdonald"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hector Munro Macdonald</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%A7%91%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%B0%94%E4%B8%B9" title="约翰·斯科特·霍尔丹">约翰·斯科特·霍尔丹</a></li> <li>1917年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%BE%B7" title="亚瑟·史密斯·伍德沃德">亚瑟·史密斯·伍德沃德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·艾特肯 (气象学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Aitken (meteorologist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E7%89%B9%E8%82%AF_(%E6%B0%94%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·艾特肯 (气象学家)(页面不存在)">约翰·艾特肯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Aitken_(meteorologist)" class="extiw" title="en:John Aitken (meteorologist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Aitken (meteorologist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1918年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%8B%92" title="艾尔弗雷德·福勒">艾尔弗雷德·福勒</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="弗雷德里克·霍普金斯">弗雷德里克·霍普金斯</a></li> <li>1919年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="詹姆士·金斯">詹姆士·金斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·布莱特兰·法默" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Bretland Farmer"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E6%B3%95%E9%BB%98&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·布莱特兰·法默(页面不存在)">约翰·布莱特兰·法默</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Bretland_Farmer" class="extiw" title="en:John Bretland Farmer"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Bretland Farmer</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1920年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BB%A3" title="戈弗雷·哈罗德·哈代">戈弗雷·哈罗德·哈代</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%A3%AE" title="威廉·贝特森">威廉·贝特森</a></li> <li>1921年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%94%9F%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE" title="弗兰克·沃生·戴森">弗兰克·沃生·戴森</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E6%9B%BC" title="弗雷德里克·布莱克曼">弗雷德里克·布莱克曼</a></li> <li>1922年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%E6%A3%AE%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E9%81%9C" title="查爾斯·湯姆森·里斯·威爾遜">查爾斯·湯姆森·里斯·威爾遜</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E7%BD%97%E5%A4%AB%E7%89%B9" title="约瑟夫·巴克罗夫特">约瑟夫·巴克罗夫特</a></li> <li>1923年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查尔斯·詹姆斯·马丁 (生理学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles James Martin (physiologist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81_(%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·詹姆斯·马丁 (生理学家)(页面不存在)">查尔斯·詹姆斯·马丁</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_James_Martin_(physiologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Charles James Martin (physiologist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles James Martin (physiologist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="納皮爾·肖" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Napier Shaw"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%8D%E7%9A%AE%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%82%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="納皮爾·肖(页面不存在)">納皮爾·肖</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Napier_Shaw" class="extiw" title="en:Napier Shaw"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Napier Shaw</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1924年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="杜格爾德·柯拉克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Dugald Clerk"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9D%9C%E6%A0%BC%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9F%AF%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="杜格爾德·柯拉克(页面不存在)">杜格爾德·柯拉克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dugald_Clerk" class="extiw" title="en:Dugald Clerk"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Dugald Clerk</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E5%B0%94" title="亨利·哈利特·戴尔">亨利·哈利特·戴尔</a></li> <li>1925年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8B%8F%E5%8E%84%E5%BE%B7" title="阿尔伯特·查尔斯·苏厄德">阿尔伯特·查尔斯·苏厄德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="小威廉·亨利·普爾金" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Henry Perkin Jr."><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%8F%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E7%88%BE%E9%87%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="小威廉·亨利·普爾金(页面不存在)">小威廉·亨利·普爾金</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Perkin_Jr." class="extiw" title="en:William Henry Perkin Jr."><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Henry Perkin Jr.</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1926年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE" title="阿奇博爾德·希爾">阿奇博爾德·希爾</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·貝特·哈迪" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Bate Hardy"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E8%BF%AA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·貝特·哈迪(页面不存在)">威廉·貝特·哈迪</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Bate_Hardy" class="extiw" title="en:William Bate Hardy"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Bate Hardy</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1927年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·坎寧安·麥肯南" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Cunningham McLennan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E5%AF%A7%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E8%82%AF%E5%8D%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·坎寧安·麥肯南(页面不存在)">約翰·坎寧安·麥肯南</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Cunningham_McLennan" class="extiw" title="en:John Cunningham McLennan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Cunningham McLennan</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%88%98%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF_(%E5%BF%83%E8%84%8F%E7%97%85%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="托马斯·刘易斯 (心脏病学家)">托马斯·刘易斯</a></li> <li>1928年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E4%B8%81%E9%A1%BF" title="亚瑟·爱丁顿">亚瑟·爱丁顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E5%A7%86" class="mw-disambig" title="羅伯特·布魯姆">罗伯特·布鲁姆</a></li> <li>1929年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="約翰·恩瑟·李特爾伍德">約翰·恩瑟·李特爾伍德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅伯特·繆爾 (病理學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Muir (pathologist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%B9%86%E7%88%BE_(%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯特·繆爾 (病理學家)(页面不存在)">羅比·繆爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Muir_(pathologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Muir (pathologist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Muir (pathologist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1930年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94" title="约翰·爱德华·马尔">约翰·爱德华·马尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E6%A3%AE" title="欧文·理查森">欧文·理查森</a></li> <li>1931年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理查德·格萊茲布魯克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Richard Glazebrook"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E8%90%8A%E8%8C%B2%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查德·格萊茲布魯克(页面不存在)">理查德·格萊茲布魯克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Glazebrook" class="extiw" title="en:Richard Glazebrook"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Richard Glazebrook</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·亨利·藍恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Henry Lang"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%97%8D%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·亨利·藍恩(页面不存在)">威廉·亨利·藍恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Henry_Lang" class="extiw" title="en:William Henry Lang"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Henry Lang</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1932年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%85%B0%E6%AF%94" title="爱德华·梅兰比">爱德华·梅兰比</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%AD%AF%E8%B3%93%E9%81%9C" title="羅伯特·魯賓遜">羅伯特·魯賓遜</a></li> <li>1933年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%82%91%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%B3%B0%E5%8B%92" title="傑弗里·泰勒">傑弗里·泰勒</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帕特里克·萊德勞" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Patrick Laidlaw"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%90%8A%E5%BE%B7%E5%8B%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕特里克·萊德勞(页面不存在)">帕特里克·萊德勞</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Laidlaw" class="extiw" title="en:Patrick Laidlaw"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Patrick Laidlaw</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1934年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8A%A0%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%AE%89" title="第一代阿德里安男爵埃德加·阿德里安">埃德加·阿德里安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E6%99%AE%E6%9B%BC" title="西德尼·查普曼">西德尼·查普曼</a></li> <li>1935年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿尔弗雷德·哈克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alfred Harker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿尔弗雷德·哈克(页面不存在)">阿尔弗雷德·哈克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Harker" class="extiw" title="en:Alfred Harker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alfred Harker</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·高尔顿·达尔文">查尔斯·高尔顿·达尔文</a></li> <li>1936年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛德溫·史蒂芬·古德里奇" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edwin Stephen Goodrich"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E6%BA%AB%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛德溫·史蒂芬·古德里奇(页面不存在)">愛德溫·史蒂芬·古德里奇</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Stephen_Goodrich" class="extiw" title="en:Edwin Stephen Goodrich"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edwin Stephen Goodrich</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E7%88%BE%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%A6%8F%E5%8B%92" title="拉爾夫·福勒">拉尔夫·福勒</a></li> <li>1937年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞瑟·亨利·雷金納德·博勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Arthur Henry Reginald Buller"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E9%87%91%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞瑟·亨利·雷金納德·博勒(页面不存在)">亞瑟·亨利·雷金納德·博勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arthur_Henry_Reginald_Buller" class="extiw" title="en:Arthur Henry Reginald Buller"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Arthur Henry Reginald Buller</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="內維爾·西奇威克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nevil Vincent Sidgwick"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%A7%E7%B6%AD%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E5%A5%87%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="內維爾·西奇威克(页面不存在)">內維爾·西奇威克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nevil_Vincent_Sidgwick" class="extiw" title="en:Nevil Vincent Sidgwick"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nevil Vincent Sidgwick</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1938年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E9%A1%BF" title="弗朗西斯·阿斯顿">弗朗西斯·阿斯顿</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E7%88%BE%E9%BB%98%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E9%9B%AA" title="羅納德·愛爾默·費雪">羅納德·愛爾默·費雪</a></li> <li>1939年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大衛·凱林" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="David Keilin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E6%9E%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大衛·凱林(页面不存在)">大衛·凱林</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Keilin" class="extiw" title="en:David Keilin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">David Keilin</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%8B%84%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="保罗·狄拉克">保罗·狄拉克</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1940年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1940年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法蘭西斯·馬歇爾 (生理學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Francis Marshall (physiologist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%AD%87%E7%88%BE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法蘭西斯·馬歇爾 (生理學家)(页面不存在)">法蘭西斯·馬歇爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Marshall_(physiologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Francis Marshall (physiologist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Francis Marshall (physiologist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9" title="帕特里克·布莱克特">帕特里克·布莱克特</a></li> <li>1941年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="歐內斯特·肯納維" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ernest Kennaway"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%90%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E7%B4%8D%E7%B6%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="歐內斯特·肯納維(页面不存在)">歐內斯特·肯納維</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest_Kennaway" class="extiw" title="en:Ernest Kennaway"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ernest Kennaway</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE%E6%81%A9" title="愛德華·亞瑟·米爾恩">爱德华·亚瑟·米尔恩</a></li> <li>1942年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·懷特曼·卡爾頓·托普利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Whiteman Carlton Topley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%87%B7%E7%89%B9%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·懷特曼·卡爾頓·托普利(页面不存在)">威廉·懷特曼·卡爾頓·托普利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Whiteman_Carlton_Topley" class="extiw" title="en:William Whiteman Carlton Topley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Whiteman Carlton Topley</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%B2%83%E6%80%9D" title="沃尔特·霍沃思">沃尔特·霍沃思</a></li> <li>1943年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛德華·巴特斯比·貝利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward Battersby Bailey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%AF%94%C2%B7%E8%B2%9D%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛德華·巴特斯比·貝利(页面不存在)">愛德華·巴特斯比·貝利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Battersby_Bailey" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Battersby Bailey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edward Battersby Bailey</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈羅德·史賓塞·瓊斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harold Spencer Jones"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%B3%93%E5%A1%9E%C2%B7%E7%93%8A%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈羅德·史賓塞·瓊斯(页面不存在)">哈羅德·史賓塞·瓊斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harold_Spencer_Jones" class="extiw" title="en:Harold Spencer Jones"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harold Spencer Jones</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1944年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查爾斯·哈林頓 (化學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Harington (chemist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查爾斯·哈林頓 (化學家)(页面不存在)">查爾斯·哈林頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Harington_(chemist)" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Harington (chemist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Harington (chemist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大衛·布朗特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="David Brunt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%9C%97%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大衛·布朗特(页面不存在)">大衛·布朗特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Brunt" class="extiw" title="en:David Brunt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">David Brunt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1945年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%B0%94%E5%85%B9%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%8C" title="爱德华·詹姆斯·索尔兹伯里">爱德华·詹姆斯·索尔兹伯里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C2%B7D%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%BA%B3%E5%B0%94" class="mw-redirect" title="J·D·伯纳尔">J·D·伯纳尔</a></li> <li>1946年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="C·D·達靈頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cyril Dean Darlington"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=C%C2%B7D%C2%B7%E9%81%94%E9%9D%88%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="C·D·達靈頓(页面不存在)">C·D·達靈頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Dean_Darlington" class="extiw" title="en:Cyril Dean Darlington"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cyril Dean Darlington</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="威廉·劳伦斯·布拉格">劳伦斯·布拉格</a></li> <li>1947年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%BA%A6%E5%85%8B%E6%B3%95%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%86%85%E7%89%B9" title="弗兰克·麦克法兰·伯内特">弗兰克·麦克法兰·伯内特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%AC%A3%E8%B0%A2%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="西里尔·欣谢尔伍德">西里尔·欣谢尔伍德</a></li> <li>1948年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7_(%E5%8A%A8%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="詹姆斯·格雷 (动物学家)">詹姆斯·格雷</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="哈罗德·杰弗里斯">哈罗德·杰弗里斯</a></li> <li>1949年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="鲁道夫·彼得斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rudolph Peters"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="鲁道夫·彼得斯(页面不存在)">鲁道夫·彼得斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolph_Peters" class="extiw" title="en:Rudolph Peters"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rudolph Peters</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%B1%A4%E5%A7%86%E5%AD%99" title="乔治·汤姆孙">乔治·汤姆孙</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1950年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡尔·潘廷" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carl Pantin"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E5%BB%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡尔·潘廷(页面不存在)">卡尔·潘廷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl_Pantin" class="extiw" title="en:Carl Pantin"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carl Pantin</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E6%99%AE%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF" title="爱德华·阿普尔顿">爱德华·阿普尔顿</a></li> <li>1951年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%9C%8D%E8%8F%AF%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8C%EF%BC%8C%E5%BC%97%E6%B4%9B%E9%87%8C%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5" title="霍華德·弗洛里,弗洛里男爵">霍華德·弗洛里</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊恩·海爾布倫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ian Heilbron"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%B8%83%E5%80%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊恩·海爾布倫(页面不存在)">伊恩·海爾布倫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Heilbron" class="extiw" title="en:Ian Heilbron"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ian Heilbron</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1952年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E8%8E%B1%E7%89%B9" title="弗雷德里克·巴特莱特">弗雷德里克·巴特莱特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%8B%B1%E6%9E%9C%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="克里斯托夫·英果尔德">克里斯托夫·英果尔德</a></li> <li>1953年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BE%85%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%E6%96%AF" title="保羅·菲爾德斯">保羅·菲爾德斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%86%85%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E7%89%B9" title="内维尔·莫特">内维尔·莫特</a></li> <li>1954年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%96%AF" title="汉斯·阿道夫·克雷布斯">汉斯·阿道夫·克雷布斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%80%83%E5%85%8B%E9%A5%B6%E5%A4%AB" title="约翰·考克饶夫">约翰·考克饶夫</a></li> <li>1955年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="文森特·威格尔斯沃思" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vincent Wigglesworth"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%A3%AE%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E6%B2%83%E6%80%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文森特·威格尔斯沃思(页面不存在)">文森特·威格尔斯沃思</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vincent_Wigglesworth" class="extiw" title="en:Vincent Wigglesworth"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vincent Wigglesworth</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E5%9B%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E5%BE%B7" title="托德男爵亚历山大·罗伯图斯·托德">亚历山大·托德</a></li> <li>1956年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%90%BC%E6%96%AF" title="欧文·托马斯·琼斯">欧文·托马斯·琼斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%9A%E8%90%9D%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A5%87%E9%87%91" title="多萝西·霍奇金">多萝西·霍奇金</a></li> <li>1957年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗雷德里克·古根海姆·古格里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frederick Gugenheim Gregory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%B9%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗雷德里克·古根海姆·古格里(页面不存在)">弗雷德里克·古根海姆·古格里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Gugenheim_Gregory" class="extiw" title="en:Frederick Gugenheim Gregory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frederick Gugenheim Gregory</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E6%A0%BC%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A5%87" title="威廉·瓦伦斯·道格拉斯·霍奇">威廉·瓦伦斯·道格拉斯·霍奇</a></li> <li>1958年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%89%BE%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E5%8B%9E%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A5%87%E9%87%91" title="艾倫·勞埃德·霍奇金">艾倫·勞埃德·霍奇金</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="哈里·馬西" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Harrie Massey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E8%A5%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哈里·馬西(页面不存在)">哈里·馬西</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harrie_Massey" class="extiw" title="en:Harrie Massey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Harrie Massey</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1959年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E8%BE%BE%E6%B2%83" title="彼得·梅达沃">彼得·梅达沃</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="魯道夫·佩爾斯">鲁道夫·佩尔斯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1960年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1960年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗伊·卡梅隆 (病理学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roy Cameron (pathologist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%8A%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%A2%85%E9%9A%86_(%E7%97%85%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗伊·卡梅隆 (病理学家)(页面不存在)">罗伊·卡梅隆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy_Cameron_(pathologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Roy Cameron (pathologist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roy Cameron (pathologist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伯纳德·洛维尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bernard Lovell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%AF%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伯纳德·洛维尔(页面不存在)">伯纳德·洛维尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard_Lovell" class="extiw" title="en:Bernard Lovell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bernard Lovell</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1961年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威爾弗里德·勒·格羅斯·克拉克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wilfrid Le Gros Clark"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%BE%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威爾弗里德·勒·格羅斯·克拉克(页面不存在)">威爾弗里德·勒·格羅斯·克拉克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilfrid_Le_Gros_Clark" class="extiw" title="en:Wilfrid Le Gros Clark"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wilfrid Le Gros Clark</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94" title="塞西尔·鲍威尔">塞西尔·鲍威尔</a></li> <li>1962年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E9%B2%81%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·卡鲁·埃克尔斯">约翰·卡鲁·埃克尔斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8B%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%AC%C2%B7%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1" title="苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡">苏布拉马尼扬·钱德拉塞卡</a></li> <li>1963年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="赫伯特·哈罗德·里德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Herbert Harold Read"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫伯特·哈罗德·里德(页面不存在)">赫伯特·哈罗德·里德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Harold_Read" class="extiw" title="en:Herbert Harold Read"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Herbert Harold Read</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗宾·希尔 (生物化学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robin Hill (biochemist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E5%AE%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗宾·希尔 (生物化学家)(页面不存在)">罗宾·希尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Hill_(biochemist)" class="extiw" title="en:Robin Hill (biochemist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robin Hill (biochemist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1964年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="法蘭西斯·布蘭貝爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Francis Brambell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E8%98%AD%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%98%AD%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法蘭西斯·布蘭貝爾(页面不存在)">法蘭西斯·布蘭貝爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Brambell" class="extiw" title="en:Francis Brambell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Francis Brambell</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E7%89%B9%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94" title="詹姆斯·莱特希尔">詹姆斯·莱特希尔</a></li> <li>1965年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查尔斯·赫斯本德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Husband"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%E6%9C%AC%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·赫斯本德(页面不存在)">查尔斯·赫斯本德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Husband" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Husband"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Husband</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E5%BE%B7%E9%B2%81" title="约翰·肯德鲁">约翰·肯德鲁</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷蒙·利特爾頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Raymond Lyttleton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷蒙·利特爾頓(页面不存在)">雷蒙·利特爾頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raymond_Lyttleton" class="extiw" title="en:Raymond Lyttleton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Raymond Lyttleton</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1966年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克里斯多福·科克雷爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Christopher Cockerell"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E7%A6%8F%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%85%8B%E9%9B%B7%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里斯多福·科克雷爾(页面不存在)">克里斯多福·科克雷爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Cockerell" class="extiw" title="en:Christopher Cockerell"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Christopher Cockerell</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗兰克·耶茨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frank Yates"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%80%B6%E8%8C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗兰克·耶茨(页面不存在)">弗兰克·耶茨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank_Yates" class="extiw" title="en:Frank Yates"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frank Yates</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="J·A·雷克里夫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="J. A. Ratcliffe"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=J%C2%B7A%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="J·A·雷克里夫(页面不存在)">J·A·雷克里夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J._A._Ratcliffe" class="extiw" title="en:J. A. Ratcliffe"><span lang="en" dir="auto">J. A. Ratcliffe</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1967年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约瑟夫·哈钦森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Joseph Hutchinson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%92%A6%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约瑟夫·哈钦森(页面不存在)">约瑟夫·哈钦森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph_Hutchinson" class="extiw" title="en:Joseph Hutchinson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Joseph Hutchinson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%89%8E%E5%8D%A1%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E6%9D%A8" title="约翰·扎卡里·杨">约翰·扎卡里·杨</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="塞西爾·埃德加·蒂利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cecil Edgar Tilley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A1%9E%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E5%8A%A0%C2%B7%E8%92%82%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="塞西爾·埃德加·蒂利(页面不存在)">塞西爾·埃德加·蒂利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cecil_Edgar_Tilley" class="extiw" title="en:Cecil Edgar Tilley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cecil Edgar Tilley</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1968年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉爾伯特·羅伯茲" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gilbert Roberts"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E7%88%BE%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E8%8C%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉爾伯特·羅伯茲(页面不存在)">吉爾伯特·羅伯茲</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gilbert_Roberts" class="extiw" title="en:Gilbert Roberts"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gilbert Roberts</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="沃尔特·托马斯·詹姆斯·摩根" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Walter Thomas James Morgan"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%91%A9%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="沃尔特·托马斯·詹姆斯·摩根(页面不存在)">沃尔特·托马斯·詹姆斯·摩根</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter_Thomas_James_Morgan" class="extiw" title="en:Walter Thomas James Morgan"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Walter Thomas James Morgan</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E8%92%82%E4%BA%9A" title="迈克尔·阿蒂亚">迈克尔·阿蒂亚</a></li> <li>1969年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="查尔斯·奥特利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Charles Oatley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="查尔斯·奥特利(页面不存在)">查尔斯·奥特利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Oatley" class="extiw" title="en:Charles Oatley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Charles Oatley</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%A1%91%E6%A0%BC" title="弗雷德里克·桑格">弗雷德里克·桑格</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="喬治·迪肯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George Deacon"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E8%82%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喬治·迪肯(页面不存在)">喬治·迪肯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Deacon" class="extiw" title="en:George Deacon"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George Deacon</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1970年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="贝克男爵约翰·贝" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Baker, Baron Baker"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B4%9D%E5%85%8B%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="贝克男爵约翰·贝(页面不存在)">约翰·贝克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Baker,_Baron_Baker" class="extiw" title="en:John Baker, Baron Baker"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Baker, Baron Baker</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="W·A·H·羅希頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="W. A. H. Rushton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=W%C2%B7A%C2%B7H%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E5%B8%8C%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="W·A·H·羅希頓(页面不存在)">W·A·H·羅希頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W._A._H._Rushton" class="extiw" title="en:W. A. H. Rushton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">W. A. H. Rushton</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="金斯利·邓纳姆" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kingsley Dunham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%82%93%E7%BA%B3%E5%A7%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="金斯利·邓纳姆(页面不存在)">金斯利·邓纳姆</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kingsley_Dunham" class="extiw" title="en:Kingsley Dunham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kingsley Dunham</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1971年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="珀西·愛德華·肯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Percy Edward Kent"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%8F%80%E8%A5%BF%C2%B7%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E8%82%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="珀西·愛德華·肯特(页面不存在)">珀西·愛德華·肯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Percy_Edward_Kent" class="extiw" title="en:Percy Edward Kent"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Percy Edward Kent</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E9%B2%81%E8%8C%A8" title="马克斯·佩鲁茨">马克斯·佩鲁茨</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E5%93%88%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%8C%A8%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC" title="格哈德·赫茨贝格">格哈德·赫茨贝格</a></li> <li>1972年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="本内特·刘易斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Bennett Lewis"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E5%86%85%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%88%98%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本内特·刘易斯(页面不存在)">本内特·刘易斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennett_Lewis" class="extiw" title="en:Bennett Lewis"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Bennett Lewis</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B" title="弗朗西斯·克里克">弗朗西斯·克里克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E9%A1%BF" title="德里克·巴顿">德里克·巴顿</a></li> <li>1973年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="愛德華·亞伯拉罕" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward Abraham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%84%9B%E5%BE%B7%E8%8F%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%9E%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="愛德華·亞伯拉罕(页面不存在)">愛德華·亞伯拉罕</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Abraham" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Abraham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edward Abraham</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E7%89%B9" title="羅德尼·羅伯特·波特">羅德尼·羅伯特·波特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E4%B8%81%C2%B7%E8%B5%96%E5%B0%94" title="马丁·赖尔">马丁·赖尔</a></li> <li>1974年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E4%BC%A6%E7%BA%B3" title="西德尼·布伦纳">西德尼·布伦纳</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="乔治·爱德华兹 (航空学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George Edwards (aviation)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%85%B9_(%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="乔治·爱德华兹 (航空学家)(页面不存在)">乔治·爱德华兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Edwards_(aviation)" class="extiw" title="en:George Edwards (aviation)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George Edwards (aviation)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E4%BC%8A%E5%B0%94" title="弗雷德·霍伊尔">弗雷德·霍伊尔</a></li> <li>1975年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="巴恩斯·沃利斯">巴恩斯·沃利斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%A7%E5%8D%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%87%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%B5%A6%E6%96%AF" title="大卫·奇尔顿·菲利浦斯">大卫·奇尔顿·菲利浦斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="爱德华·布拉德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Edward Bullard"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="爱德华·布拉德(页面不存在)">爱德华·布拉德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward_Bullard" class="extiw" title="en:Edward Bullard"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Edward Bullard</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1976年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾倫·沃爾什 (物理學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alan Walsh (physicist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%80%AB%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE%E4%BB%80_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾倫·沃爾什 (物理學家)(页面不存在)">艾倫·沃爾什</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Walsh_(physicist)" class="extiw" title="en:Alan Walsh (physicist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alan Walsh (physicist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%88%A9%E5%B0%94%E8%92%99%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E4%B8%87%E6%96%AF" title="詹姆斯·利尔蒙斯·高万斯">詹姆斯·利尔蒙斯·高万斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E7%A6%8F%E6%80%9D" title="约翰·康福思">约翰·康福思</a></li> <li>1977年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·亚当斯 (物理学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Adams (physicist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%E6%96%AF_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·亚当斯 (物理学家)(页面不存在)">约翰·亚当斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Adams_(physicist)" class="extiw" title="en:John Adams (physicist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Adams (physicist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%83%A5%E9%BB%8E" title="休·赫胥黎">休·赫胥黎</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%B8%8C" title="彼得·B·赫希">彼得·B·赫希</a></li> <li>1978年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="Tom Kilburn" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tom Kilburn"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tom_Kilburn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tom Kilburn(页面不存在)">Tom Kilburn</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tom_Kilburn" class="extiw" title="en:Tom Kilburn"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tom Kilburn</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗德里克·阿尔弗雷德·格雷戈里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Roderic Alfred Gregory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%88%88%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗德里克·阿尔弗雷德·格雷戈里(页面不存在)">罗德里克·阿尔弗雷德·格雷戈里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roderic_Alfred_Gregory" class="extiw" title="en:Roderic Alfred Gregory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Roderic Alfred Gregory</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆">阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆</a></li> <li>1979年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗農·艾利斯·科斯利特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Vernon Ellis Cosslett"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E8%BE%B2%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E5%88%A9%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗農·艾利斯·科斯利特(页面不存在)">弗農·艾利斯·科斯利特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vernon_Ellis_Cosslett" class="extiw" title="en:Vernon Ellis Cosslett"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Vernon Ellis Cosslett</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="汉斯·科斯特利茨" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Hans Kosterlitz"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B1%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%88%A9%E8%8C%A8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="汉斯·科斯特利茨(页面不存在)">汉斯·科斯特利茨</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans_Kosterlitz" class="extiw" title="en:Hans Kosterlitz"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Hans Kosterlitz</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗雷德里克·查爾斯·弗蘭克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Frederick Charles Frank"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E8%98%AD%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗雷德里克·查爾斯·弗蘭克(页面不存在)">弗雷德里克·查爾斯·弗蘭克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frederick_Charles_Frank" class="extiw" title="en:Frederick Charles Frank"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Frederick Charles Frank</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%80%80%E5%B0%94%E5%BE%B7" title="约翰·怀尔德">约翰·怀尔德</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·哈里斯 (科學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henry Harris (scientist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF_(%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·哈里斯 (科學家)(页面不存在)">亨利·哈里斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henry_Harris_(scientist)" class="extiw" title="en:Henry Harris (scientist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henry Harris (scientist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE" title="丹尼斯·威尔金森">丹尼斯·威尔金森</a></li> <li>1981年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E5%88%A9" title="拉尔夫·莱利">拉尔夫·莱利</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="瑪莎·沃格特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Marthe Vogt"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%91%AA%E8%8E%8E%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E6%A0%BC%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="瑪莎·沃格特(页面不存在)">瑪莎·沃格特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marthe_Vogt" class="extiw" title="en:Marthe Vogt"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Marthe Vogt</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%B0%94%E9%87%91%E6%A3%AE" title="杰弗里·威尔金森">杰弗里·威尔金森</a></li> <li>1982年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A1%9E%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="塞萨尔·米尔斯坦">塞萨尔·米尔斯坦</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威廉·霍桑" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="William Hawthorne"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%A1%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威廉·霍桑(页面不存在)">威廉·霍桑</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William_Hawthorne" class="extiw" title="en:William Hawthorne"><span lang="en" dir="auto">William Hawthorne</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%88%A9%E5%85%B9" title="理查德·达利兹">理查德·达利兹</a></li> <li>1983年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="丹尼尔·约瑟夫·布拉德利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Daniel Joseph Bradley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%B9%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="丹尼尔·约瑟夫·布拉德利(页面不存在)">丹尼尔·约瑟夫·布拉德利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daniel_Joseph_Bradley" class="extiw" title="en:Daniel Joseph Bradley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Daniel Joseph Bradley</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="威爾海姆·費德伯格" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%B5%B7%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E5%BE%B7%E4%BC%AF%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="威爾海姆·費德伯格(页面不存在)">威爾海姆·費德伯格</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wilhelm_Siegmund_Feldberg" class="extiw" title="en:Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Wilhelm Siegmund Feldberg</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·金曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Kingman"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%87%91%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·金曼(页面不存在)">约翰·金曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Kingman" class="extiw" title="en:John Kingman"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Kingman</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1984年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亞歷山大·蘭姆·庫倫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alexander Lamb Cullen"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E6%AD%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E8%98%AD%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%BA%AB%E5%80%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞歷山大·蘭姆·庫倫(页面不存在)">亞歷山大·蘭姆·庫倫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Lamb_Cullen" class="extiw" title="en:Alexander Lamb Cullen"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alexander Lamb Cullen</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%91%AA%E8%8E%89%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%98%82" title="瑪莉·里昂">瑪莉·里昂</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾倫·R·巴特斯比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alan R. Battersby"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E5%80%AB%C2%B7R%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%89%B9%E6%96%AF%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾倫·R·巴特斯比(页面不存在)">艾倫·R·巴特斯比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_R._Battersby" class="extiw" title="en:Alan R. Battersby"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alan R. Battersby</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1985年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·阿吉里斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Argyris"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%90%89%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·阿吉里斯(页面不存在)">约翰·阿吉里斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Argyris" class="extiw" title="en:John Argyris"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Argyris</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E7%99%BB" title="约翰·格登">约翰·格登</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BE%85%E5%82%91%C2%B7%E6%BD%98%E6%B4%9B%E6%96%AF" title="羅傑·潘洛斯">羅傑·潘洛斯</a></li> <li>1986年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾瑞克·艾許" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eric Ash"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E8%A8%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾瑞克·艾許(页面不存在)">艾瑞克·艾許</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Ash" class="extiw" title="en:Eric Ash"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eric Ash</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94" title="理查德·多尔">理查德·多尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="雷克斯·理查兹 (化學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rex Richards (chemist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%B7%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%85%B9_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="雷克斯·理查兹 (化學家)(页面不存在)">雷克斯·理查兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rex_Richards_(chemist)" class="extiw" title="en:Rex Richards (chemist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rex Richards (chemist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1987年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="古斯塔夫·维克多·鲁道夫·波恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gustav Victor Rudolf Born"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古斯塔夫·维克多·鲁道夫·波恩(页面不存在)">古斯塔夫·维克多·鲁道夫·波恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustav_Victor_Rudolf_Born" class="extiw" title="en:Gustav Victor Rudolf Born"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gustav Victor Rudolf Born</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾瑞克·詹姆斯·丹頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eric James Denton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾瑞克·詹姆斯·丹頓(页面不存在)">艾瑞克·詹姆斯·丹頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_James_Denton" class="extiw" title="en:Eric James Denton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eric James Denton</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗朗西斯·格雷姆-史密斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Francis Graham-Smith"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%A5%BF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86-%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗西斯·格雷姆-史密斯(页面不存在)">弗朗西斯·格雷姆-史密斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Graham-Smith" class="extiw" title="en:Francis Graham-Smith"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Francis Graham-Smith</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1988年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%88%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%B4%9B" title="哈罗德·巴洛">哈罗德·巴洛</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="維尼弗里德·沃特金斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Winifred Watkins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B6%AD%E5%B0%BC%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%89%B9%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="維尼弗里德·沃特金斯(页面不存在)">維尼弗里德·沃特金斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winifred_Watkins" class="extiw" title="en:Winifred Watkins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Winifred Watkins</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="喬治·巴徹勒" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="George Batchelor"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%BE%B9%E5%8B%92&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="喬治·巴徹勒(页面不存在)">喬治·巴徹勒</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Batchelor" class="extiw" title="en:George Batchelor"><span lang="en" dir="auto">George Batchelor</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1989年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E8%8C%83%E6%81%A9" title="約翰·范恩">约翰·范恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E7%91%9F%E7%BD%97%E5%B0%94" title="戴维·韦瑟罗尔">戴维·韦瑟罗尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B3%A2%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC" title="约翰·查尔斯·波拉尼">约翰·查尔斯·波拉尼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E5%90%89%E8%80%B6%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%9B%91%E5%87%AF%E7%BB%B4%E5%A5%87" title="奥尔吉耶德·监凯维奇">奥尔吉耶德·监凯维奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E6%8B%89%E5%80%AB" title="安妮·麥克拉倫">安妮·麦克拉伦</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%8C" title="迈克尔·贝里">迈克尔·贝里</a></li> <li>1991年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="约翰·梅森 (氣象學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Mason (meteorologist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E6%A3%AE_(%E6%B0%A3%E8%B1%A1%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="约翰·梅森 (氣象學家)(页面不存在)">约翰·梅森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Mason_(meteorologist)" class="extiw" title="en:John Mason (meteorologist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Mason (meteorologist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%87" title="迈克尔·贝里奇">迈克尔·贝里奇</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%B9%C2%B7%E9%BA%A5%E5%85%8B%E8%82%AF%E6%BE%A4_(%E5%9C%B0%E7%90%83%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)" title="丹·麥克肯澤 (地球物理學家)">丹·麦克肯泽</a></li> <li>1992年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="大衛·塔波 (物理學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="David Tabor (physicist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E8%A1%9B%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E6%B3%A2_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大衛·塔波 (物理學家)(页面不存在)">大衛·塔波</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Tabor_(physicist)" class="extiw" title="en:David Tabor (physicist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">David Tabor (physicist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安东尼·爱泼斯坦" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Anthony Epstein"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E6%B3%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安东尼·爱泼斯坦(页面不存在)">安东尼·爱泼斯坦</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anthony_Epstein" class="extiw" title="en:Anthony Epstein"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Anthony Epstein</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E6%A3%AE" title="西蒙·唐纳森">西蒙·唐纳森</a></li> <li>1993年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="罗德尼·希尔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Rodney Hill"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="罗德尼·希尔(页面不存在)">罗德尼·希尔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodney_Hill" class="extiw" title="en:Rodney Hill"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Rodney Hill</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍雷斯·巴羅" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Horace Barlow"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E7%BE%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍雷斯·巴羅(页面不存在)">霍雷斯·巴羅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horace_Barlow" class="extiw" title="en:Horace Barlow"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Horace Barlow</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="福爾克爾·海涅" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Volker Heine"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A6%8F%E7%88%BE%E5%85%8B%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%B6%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="福爾克爾·海涅(页面不存在)">福爾克爾·海涅</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Volker_Heine" class="extiw" title="en:Volker Heine"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Volker Heine</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1994年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%B0%94%E7%93%A6%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E8%92%99%E5%8D%A1%E8%BE%BE" title="萨尔瓦多·蒙卡达">萨尔瓦多·蒙卡达</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="艾瑞克·哈羅德·曼斯菲爾德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Eric Harold Mansfield"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%89%BE%E7%91%9E%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E7%BE%85%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9B%BC%E6%96%AF%E8%8F%B2%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="艾瑞克·哈羅德·曼斯菲爾德(页面不存在)">艾瑞克·哈羅德·曼斯菲爾德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric_Harold_Mansfield" class="extiw" title="en:Eric Harold Mansfield"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Eric Harold Mansfield</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西瓦拉馬克里瑪克里什納·錢德拉塞卡" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E7%93%A6%E6%8B%89%E9%A6%AC%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E7%91%AA%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E4%BB%80%E7%B4%8D%C2%B7%E9%8C%A2%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西瓦拉馬克里瑪克里什納·錢德拉塞卡(页面不存在)">西瓦拉馬克里瑪克里什納·錢德拉塞卡</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sivaramakrishna_Chandrasekhar" class="extiw" title="en:Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Sivaramakrishna Chandrasekhar</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1995年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="唐纳德·梅特卡夫" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Donald Metcalf"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%89%B9%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%AB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唐纳德·梅特卡夫(页面不存在)">唐纳德·梅特卡夫</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Metcalf" class="extiw" title="en:Donald Metcalf"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Donald Metcalf</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF" title="保罗·纳斯">保罗·纳斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/R%C2%B7J%C2%B7P%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E6%96%AF" title="R·J·P·威廉斯">R·J·P·威廉斯</a></li> <li>1996年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅伯特·海因德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Hinde"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯特·海因德(页面不存在)">羅伯特·海因德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Hinde" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Hinde"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Hinde</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傑克·赫斯洛普-哈里森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jack Heslop-Harrison"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%96%AF%E6%B4%9B%E6%99%AE-%E5%93%88%E9%87%8C%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傑克·赫斯洛普-哈里森(页面不存在)">傑克·赫斯洛普-哈里森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Heslop-Harrison" class="extiw" title="en:Jack Heslop-Harrison"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jack Heslop-Harrison</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%C2%B7%E6%87%B7%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="安德魯·懷爾斯">安德鲁·怀尔斯</a></li> <li>1997年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傑佛瑞·艾格林頓" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geoffrey Eglinton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%91%E4%BD%9B%E7%91%9E%C2%B7%E8%89%BE%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97%E9%A0%93&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傑佛瑞·艾格林頓(页面不存在)">傑佛瑞·艾格林頓</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Eglinton" class="extiw" title="en:Geoffrey Eglinton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geoffrey Eglinton</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·梅纳德·史密斯">约翰·梅纳德·史密斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="唐纳德·希尔·伯金斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Donald Hill Perkins"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唐纳德·希尔·伯金斯(页面不存在)">唐纳德·希尔·伯金斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Hill_Perkins" class="extiw" title="en:Donald Hill Perkins"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Donald Hill Perkins</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1998年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%BE%B7%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E7%91%9F%E6%81%A9" title="埃德温·萨瑟恩">埃德温·萨瑟恩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%87%8C%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%9A%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E8%8E%B1%E8%BF%AA" title="里卡多·米莱迪">里卡多·米莱迪</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="唐納德·查爾頓·布拉德利" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Donald Charlton Bradley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%94%90%E7%B4%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E9%A0%93%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%BE%B7%E5%88%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="唐納德·查爾頓·布拉德利(页面不存在)">唐納德·查爾頓·布拉德利</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Donald_Charlton_Bradley" class="extiw" title="en:Donald Charlton Bradley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Donald Charlton Bradley</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1999年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·戴維森 (化學工程師)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Davidson (chemical engineer)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E7%B6%AD%E6%A3%AE_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%B7%A5%E7%A8%8B%E5%B8%AB)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·戴維森 (化學工程師)(页面不存在)">約翰·戴維森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Davidson_(chemical_engineer)" class="extiw" title="en:John Davidson (chemical engineer)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Davidson (chemical engineer)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帕特里克·D·沃爾 (化學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Patrick D. Wall (scientist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7D%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E7%88%BE_(%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕特里克·D·沃爾 (化學家)(页面不存在)">帕特里克·D·沃爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_D._Wall_(scientist)" class="extiw" title="en:Patrick D. Wall (scientist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Patrick D. Wall (scientist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿奇博爾德·豪伊" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Archibald Howie"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%A5%87%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B1%AA%E4%BC%8A&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿奇博爾德·豪伊(页面不存在)">阿奇博爾德·豪伊</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archibald_Howie" class="extiw" title="en:Archibald Howie"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Archibald Howie</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2000年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF-%E6%9D%8E" title="蒂姆·伯纳斯-李">蒂姆·伯纳斯-李</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="傑佛瑞·布恩斯托克" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Geoffrey Burnstock"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%82%91%E4%BD%9B%E7%91%9E%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="傑佛瑞·布恩斯托克(页面不存在)">傑佛瑞·布恩斯托克</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey_Burnstock" class="extiw" title="en:Geoffrey Burnstock"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Geoffrey Burnstock</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="基思·烏舍伍德·英果爾德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Keith Usherwood Ingold"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9F%BA%E6%80%9D%C2%B7%E7%83%8F%E8%88%8D%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8B%B1%E6%9E%9C%E7%88%BE%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="基思·烏舍伍德·英果爾德(页面不存在)">基思·烏舍伍德·英果爾德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith_Usherwood_Ingold" class="extiw" title="en:Keith Usherwood Ingold"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Keith Usherwood Ingold</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2001年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="理查德·加德纳 (胚胎学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Richard Gardner (embryologist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%BE%B7%E7%BA%B3_(%E8%83%9A%E8%83%8E%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="理查德·加德纳 (胚胎学家)(页面不存在)">理查德·加德纳</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Gardner_(embryologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Richard Gardner (embryologist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Richard Gardner (embryologist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="加布里埃尔·霍恩" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Gabriel Horn"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A0%E5%B8%83%E9%87%8C%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%81%A9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="加布里埃尔·霍恩(页面不存在)">加布里埃尔·霍恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gabriel_Horn" class="extiw" title="en:Gabriel Horn"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Gabriel Horn</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%90%A8%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%85%B9" title="萨姆·爱德华兹">萨姆·爱德华兹</a></li> <li>2002年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E6%89%98" title="理查德·佩托">理查德·佩托</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="苏珊娜·科里" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Suzanne Cory"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8B%8F%E7%8F%8A%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E9%87%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="苏珊娜·科里(页面不存在)">苏珊娜·科里</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Suzanne_Cory" class="extiw" title="en:Suzanne Cory"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Suzanne Cory</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%B7%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC" title="雷·弗里曼">雷·弗里曼</a></li> <li>2003年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·斯克赫爾" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Skehel"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%85%8B%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·斯克赫爾(页面不存在)">約翰·斯克赫爾</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Skehel" class="extiw" title="en:John Skehel"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Skehel</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肯尼斯·L·約翰遜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kenneth L. Johnson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7L%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%E9%81%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="肯尼斯·L·約翰遜(页面不存在)">肯尼斯·L·約翰遜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_L._Johnson" class="extiw" title="en:Kenneth L. Johnson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kenneth L. Johnson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="尼古拉斯·沙克顿" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Nicholas Shackleton"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%85%8B%E9%A1%BF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="尼古拉斯·沙克顿(页面不存在)">尼古拉斯·沙克顿</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicholas_Shackleton" class="extiw" title="en:Nicholas Shackleton"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Nicholas Shackleton</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2004年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E5%A3%AB%C2%B7W%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E5%85%8B" title="詹姆士·W·布拉克">詹姆士·W·布拉克</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF" title="亚历克·杰弗里斯">亚历克·杰弗里斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="紐納姆劉易斯男爵傑克·劉易斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jack Lewis, Baron Lewis of Newnham"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%90%E7%B4%8D%E5%A7%86%E5%8A%89%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E5%82%91%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8A%89%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="紐納姆劉易斯男爵傑克·劉易斯(页面不存在)">傑克·劉易斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack_Lewis,_Baron_Lewis_of_Newnham" class="extiw" title="en:Jack Lewis, Baron Lewis of Newnham"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jack Lewis, Baron Lewis of Newnham</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2005年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="麥可·佩珀" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Michael Pepper"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BA%A5%E5%8F%AF%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E7%8F%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="麥可·佩珀(页面不存在)">麥可·佩珀</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Pepper" class="extiw" title="en:Michael Pepper"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Michael Pepper</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安东尼·鲍森 (生物化学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Tony Pawson (biochemist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E6%A3%AE_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安东尼·鲍森 (生物化学家)(页面不存在)">安东尼·鲍森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tony_Pawson_(biochemist)" class="extiw" title="en:Tony Pawson (biochemist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Tony Pawson (biochemist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94" title="迈克尔·费希尔">迈克尔·费希尔</a></li> <li>2006年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E9%B2%8D%E5%B0%94%E5%BA%93%E5%A7%86" title="戴维·鲍尔库姆">戴维·鲍尔库姆</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%92%82%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E7%89%B9" title="蒂姆·亨特">蒂姆·亨特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%BD%AD%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C" title="约翰·彭德里">约翰·彭德里</a></li> <li>2007年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9E%97%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94" title="托马斯·林达尔">托马斯·林达尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="西里爾·希爾森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Cyril Hilsum"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A5%BF%E9%87%8C%E7%88%BE%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E7%88%BE%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="西里爾·希爾森(页面不存在)">西里爾·希爾森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyril_Hilsum" class="extiw" title="en:Cyril Hilsum"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Cyril Hilsum</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="吉姆·費斯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Jim Feast"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%89%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%B2%BB%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="吉姆·費斯特(页面不存在)">吉姆·費斯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim_Feast" class="extiw" title="en:Jim Feast"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Jim Feast</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2008年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅伯特·E·M·海吉斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert E. M. Hedges"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7E%C2%B7M%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%90%89%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯特·E·M·海吉斯(页面不存在)">羅伯特·E·M·海吉斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_E._M._Hedges" class="extiw" title="en:Robert E. M. Hedges"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert E. M. Hedges</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="菲利普·科恩 (英國生物化學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Philip Cohen (British biochemist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9_(%E8%8B%B1%E5%9C%8B%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="菲利普·科恩 (英國生物化學家)(页面不存在)">菲利普·科恩</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Cohen_(British_biochemist)" class="extiw" title="en:Philip Cohen (British biochemist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Philip Cohen (British biochemist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿蘭·弗斯塔" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Alan Fersht"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%98%AD%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿蘭·弗斯塔(页面不存在)">阿蘭·弗斯塔</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan_Fersht" class="extiw" title="en:Alan Fersht"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Alan Fersht</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2009年:<a href="/wiki/C%C2%B7N%C2%B7R%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A5%A5" title="C·N·R·拉奥">C·N·R·拉奥</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅恩·拉斯基" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ron Laskey"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅恩·拉斯基(页面不存在)">羅恩·拉斯基</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ron_Laskey" class="extiw" title="en:Ron Laskey"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ron Laskey</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克里斯·道布森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Chris Dobson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%B8%83%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里斯·道布森(页面不存在)">克里斯·道布森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chris_Dobson" class="extiw" title="en:Chris Dobson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Chris Dobson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2010年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·奈特 (物理學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter Knight (physicist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A5%88%E7%89%B9_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·奈特 (物理學家)(页面不存在)">彼得·奈特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Knight_(physicist)" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Knight (physicist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter Knight (physicist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="阿齊姆·蘇拉尼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Azim Surani"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E9%BD%8A%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E8%98%87%E6%8B%89%E5%B0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿齊姆·蘇拉尼(页面不存在)">阿齊姆·蘇拉尼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Azim_Surani" class="extiw" title="en:Azim Surani"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Azim Surani</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%91%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E4%BC%A6%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%88%A9%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%B8%8C%E5%B0%94" title="休·阿伦·奥利弗·希尔">休·阿伦·奥利弗·希尔</a></li> <li>2011年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史蒂芬·V·雷" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Steven V. Ley"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7V%C2%B7%E9%9B%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史蒂芬·V·雷(页面不存在)">史蒂芬·V·雷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_V._Ley" class="extiw" title="en:Steven V. Ley"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Steven V. Ley</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅賓·霍利德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robin Holliday"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%93%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%88%A9%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅賓·霍利德(页面不存在)">羅賓·霍利德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robin_Holliday" class="extiw" title="en:Robin Holliday"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robin Holliday</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%B8%A9%E7%89%B9" title="格雷格·温特">格雷格·温特</a></li> <li>2012年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B9%AF%E5%A7%86%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E5%8D%9A%E7%88%BE" title="湯姆·基博爾">汤姆·基博尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="肯尼斯·穆雷 (生物學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Kenneth Murray (biologist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/wiki/%E8%82%AF%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%A9%86%E9%9B%B7_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="肯尼斯·穆雷 (生物学家)">肯尼斯·穆雷</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth_Murray_(biologist)" class="extiw" title="en:Kenneth Murray (biologist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Kenneth Murray (biologist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="安德魯·布魯斯·霍姆斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Andrew Bruce Holmes"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%89%E5%BE%B7%E9%AD%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E9%AD%AF%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="安德魯·布魯斯·霍姆斯(页面不存在)">安德魯·布魯斯·霍姆斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrew_Bruce_Holmes" class="extiw" title="en:Andrew Bruce Holmes"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Andrew Bruce Holmes</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2013年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="罗德尼·巴克斯特">罗德尼·巴克斯特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%9A%E5%BE%B7%E9%BB%98%E5%B0%94" title="沃尔特·博德默尔">沃尔特·博德默尔</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·威爾斯 (醫學物理學家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter Wells (medical physicist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF_(%E9%86%AB%E5%AD%B8%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·威爾斯 (醫學物理學家)(页面不存在)">彼得·威爾斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Wells_(medical_physicist)" class="extiw" title="en:Peter Wells (medical physicist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter Wells (medical physicist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2014年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%99%B6%E5%93%B2%E8%BD%A9" title="陶哲轩">陶哲轩</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7R%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E7%89%B9" title="安东尼·R·亨特">安东尼·R·亨特</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="霍华德·莫里斯 (生物化学家)" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Howard Morris (biochemist)"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9C%8D%E5%8D%8E%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF_(%E7%94%9F%E7%89%A9%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="霍华德·莫里斯 (生物化学家)(页面不存在)">霍华德·莫里斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard_Morris_(biochemist)" class="extiw" title="en:Howard Morris (biochemist)"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Howard Morris (biochemist)</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2015年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94" title="约瑟琳·贝尔·伯奈尔">约瑟琳·贝尔·伯奈尔</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E8%8E%B1%E5%85%8B%E6%9C%AC" title="伊丽莎白·布莱克本">伊丽莎白·布莱克本</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="克里斯托弗·史密斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Christopher Llewellyn Smith"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%BC%97%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E5%AF%86%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="克里斯托弗·史密斯(页面不存在)">克里斯托弗·史密斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher_Llewellyn_Smith" class="extiw" title="en:Christopher Llewellyn Smith"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Christopher Llewellyn Smith</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2016年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E9%BB%98%E7%91%9E%E6%A0%BC%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·默瑞格·托马斯">约翰·默瑞格·托马斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊丽莎白·罗伯森" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Elizabeth Robertson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E4%B8%BD%E8%8E%8E%E7%99%BD%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E6%A3%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊丽莎白·罗伯森(页面不存在)">伊丽莎白·罗伯森</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth_Robertson" class="extiw" title="en:Elizabeth Robertson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Elizabeth Robertson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="約翰·古德比" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="John Goodby"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E5%8F%A4%E5%BE%B7%E6%AF%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="約翰·古德比(页面不存在)">約翰·古德比</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Goodby" class="extiw" title="en:John Goodby"><span lang="en" dir="auto">John Goodby</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2017年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BF%9D%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%85%8B%E5%A7%86" title="保罗·科克姆">保罗·科克姆</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·和罗斯玛丽·格兰特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter and Rosemary Grant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%92%8C%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·和罗斯玛丽·格兰特(页面不存在)">彼得·雷蒙德·格兰特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_Rosemary_Grant" class="extiw" title="en:Peter and Rosemary Grant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter and Rosemary Grant</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="彼得·和罗斯玛丽·格兰特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Peter and Rosemary Grant"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%92%8C%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E5%85%B0%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="彼得·和罗斯玛丽·格兰特(页面不存在)">罗斯玛丽·格兰特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_Rosemary_Grant" class="extiw" title="en:Peter and Rosemary Grant"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Peter and Rosemary Grant</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%A2%85%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%87%8C%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF" title="梅尔文·格里夫斯">梅尔文·格里夫斯</a></li> <li>2018年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="羅伯特·史蒂芬·約翰·斯帕克斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Robert Stephen John Sparks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BE%85%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%B8%95%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="羅伯特·史蒂芬·約翰·斯帕克斯(页面不存在)">羅伯特·史蒂芬·約翰·斯帕克斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert_Stephen_John_Sparks" class="extiw" title="en:Robert Stephen John Sparks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Robert Stephen John Sparks</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%98%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E7%8F%80%E7%89%B9" title="刘易斯·沃尔珀特">刘易斯·沃尔珀特</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%9A%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%8B%89%E8%8B%8F%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%BC%E5%AE%89" title="尚卡尔·巴拉苏布拉马尼安">尚卡尔·巴拉苏布拉马尼安</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%88%B4%E7%BB%B4%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E8%8E%B1%E7%BA%B3%E6%9B%BC" title="戴维·克莱纳曼">戴维·克莱纳曼</a></li> <li>2019年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="卡羅爾·V·羅賓遜" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Carol V. Robinson"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%A1%E7%BE%85%E7%88%BE%C2%B7V%C2%B7%E7%BE%85%E8%B3%93%E9%81%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="卡羅爾·V·羅賓遜(页面不存在)">卡羅爾·V·羅賓遜</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carol_V._Robinson" class="extiw" title="en:Carol V. Robinson"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Carol V. Robinson</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="米榭·高德" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Michel Goedert"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%B1%B3%E6%A6%AD%C2%B7%E9%AB%98%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="米榭·高德(页面不存在)">米榭·高德</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michel_Goedert" class="extiw" title="en:Michel Goedert"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Michel Goedert</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E9%81%93%E7%90%B3" title="安道琳">安道琳</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="赫伯特·哈伯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Herbert Huppert"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫伯特·哈伯特(页面不存在)">赫伯特·哈伯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herbert_Huppert" class="extiw" title="en:Herbert Huppert"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Herbert Huppert</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E8%BF%AA%E6%81%A9" title="卡洛琳·迪恩">卡洛琳·迪恩</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="伊恩·山克斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Ian Shanks"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BC%8A%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E5%B1%B1%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="伊恩·山克斯(页面不存在)">伊恩·山克斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian_Shanks" class="extiw" title="en:Ian Shanks"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Ian Shanks</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>2021年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E6%B1%89%E5%BC%97%E8%8E%B1%E6%96%AF" title="科林·汉弗莱斯">科林·汉弗莱斯</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E7%85%9C%E6%98%8E" title="盧煜明">盧煜明</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E6%9E%97_(%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6)" title="迈克尔·格林 (物理学家)">迈克尔·格林</a></li> <li>2022年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%9F%83%E5%88%A9%E6%96%AF" title="理查德·埃利斯">理查德·埃利斯</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="史蒂芬·C·韋斯特" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Stephen C. West"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%B2%E8%92%82%E8%8A%AC%C2%B7C%C2%B7%E9%9F%8B%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="史蒂芬·C·韋斯特(页面不存在)">史蒂芬·C·韋斯特</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen_C._West" class="extiw" title="en:Stephen C. West"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Stephen C. West</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%C2%B7%E8%BE%9B%E9%A1%BF" title="杰弗里·辛顿">杰弗里·辛顿</a></li> <li>2023年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B1%E5%B0%BC%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E7%88%BE" title="東尼·霍爾">東尼·霍爾</a></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="赫爾曼·瓦德曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Herman Waldmann"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%B5%AB%E7%88%BE%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="赫爾曼·瓦德曼(页面不存在)">赫爾曼·瓦德曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Herman_Waldmann" class="extiw" title="en:Herman Waldmann"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Herman Waldmann</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="帕特里克·瓦蘭斯" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Patrick Vallance"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B8%95%E7%89%B9%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%93%A6%E8%98%AD%E6%96%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="帕特里克·瓦蘭斯(页面不存在)">帕特里克·瓦蘭斯</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrick_Vallance" class="extiw" title="en:Patrick Vallance"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Patrick Vallance</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E8%92%82" title="克里斯·惠蒂">克里斯·惠蒂</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Category:%E7%9A%87%E5%AE%B6%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0%E7%8D%B2%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Category:皇家獎章獲得者">Category:皇家奖章获得者</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84261037"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="马泰乌奇奖章获得者" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="collapsible-title navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84244141"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%B0%E4%B9%8C%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:马泰乌奇奖章获得者"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%B0%E4%B9%8C%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:马泰乌奇奖章获得者(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%B0%E4%B9%8C%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:马泰乌奇奖章获得者"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="马泰乌奇奖章获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em"><a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E6%B3%B0%E4%B9%8C%E5%A5%87%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0" title="马泰乌奇奖章">马泰乌奇奖章</a>获得者</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1860年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1868年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" title="赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹">赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1875年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5" title="亨利·维克托·勒尼奥">亨利·维克托·勒尼奥</a></li> <li>1876年:<a class="mw-selflink selflink">第一代开尔文男爵威廉·汤姆森</a></li> <li>1877年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%9F%BA%E7%88%BE%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB" title="古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫">古斯塔夫·基爾霍夫</a></li> <li>1878年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%BE%B7%E6%9B%BC" title="古斯塔夫·海因里希·维德曼">古斯塔夫·海因里希·维德曼</a></li> <li>1879年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="威廉·爱德华·韦伯">威廉·爱德华·韦伯</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1880年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E5%A5%87%E8%AF%BA%E8%92%82" title="安东尼奥·帕奇诺蒂">安东尼奥·帕奇诺蒂</a></li> <li>1881年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E7%B1%B3%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E6%8B%89%E9%87%8C" title="埃米利奥·维拉里">埃米利奥·维拉里</a></li> <li>1882年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%90%89" title="奥古斯托·里吉">奥古斯托·里吉</a></li> <li>1887年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E8%BF%AA%E7%94%9F" title="托马斯·爱迪生">托马斯·爱迪生</a></li> <li>1888年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E5%85%B9" title="海因里希·赫兹">海因里希·赫兹</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1894年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="第三代瑞利男爵約翰·斯特拉特">約翰·斯特拉特,第三代瑞利男爵</a></li> <li>1895年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E5%85%B0" title="亨利·奥古斯塔斯·罗兰">亨利·奥古斯塔斯·罗兰</a></li> <li>1896年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BC%A6%E7%90%B4" title="威廉·伦琴">威廉·伦琴</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%8F%B2%E5%88%A9%E6%99%AE%C2%B7%E8%8E%B1%E7%BA%B3%E5%BE%B7" title="菲利普·莱纳德">菲利普·莱纳德</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1900年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1901年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%88%97%E5%B0%94%E8%8E%AB%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E5%8F%AF%E5%B0%BC" title="古列尔莫·马可尼">古列尔莫·马可尼</a></li> <li>1903年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%85%8B%E8%80%B3%E5%AD%99" title="阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙">阿尔伯特·迈克耳孙</a></li> <li>1904年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%8E%9B%E4%B8%BD%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="玛丽·居里">玛丽·居里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="皮埃尔·居里">皮埃尔·居里</a></li> <li>1905年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E9%BE%90%E5%8A%A0%E8%90%8A" title="亨利·龐加萊">儒勒·昂利·庞加莱</a></li> <li>1906年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9D%9C%E7%93%A6" title="詹姆斯·杜瓦">詹姆斯·杜瓦</a></li> <li>1907年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86%E9%BD%90" title="威廉·拉姆齐">威廉·拉姆齐</a></li> <li>1908年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E5%8A%A0%E5%B0%94%E5%B7%B4%E7%B4%A2" title="安东尼奥·加尔巴索">安东尼奥·加尔巴索</a></li> <li>1909年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%B0%94%E7%B4%A2%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E5%B0%94%E6%AF%94%E8%AF%BA" title="奥尔索·马里奥·科尔比诺">奥尔索·马里奥·科尔比诺</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1910年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1910年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B5%B7%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%9C%AB%E6%9E%97%C2%B7%E6%98%82%E5%85%A7%E6%96%AF" title="海克·卡末林·昂內斯">海克·卡末林·昂內斯</a></li> <li>1911年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E5%85%B0" title="让·佩兰">让·佩兰</a></li> <li>1912年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E6%9B%BC" title="彼得·塞曼">彼得·塞曼</a></li> <li>1913年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%AC%A7%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%8D%A2%E7%91%9F%E7%A6%8F" title="欧内斯特·卢瑟福">欧内斯特·卢瑟福</a></li> <li>1914年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E5%8E%84" title="马克斯·冯·劳厄">马克斯·冯·劳厄</a></li> <li>1915年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E5%A1%94%E5%85%8B" title="约翰内斯·斯塔克">约翰内斯·斯塔克</a></li> <li>1915年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="威廉·亨利·布拉格">威廉·亨利·布拉格</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%8A%B3%E4%BC%A6%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%8B%89%E6%A0%BC" title="威廉·劳伦斯·布拉格">威廉·劳伦斯·布拉格</a></li> <li>1917年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%AE%89%E4%B8%9C%E5%B0%BC%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E6%B4%9B%E8%8B%8F%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%9A" title="安东尼诺·洛苏尔多">安东尼诺·洛苏尔多</a></li> <li>1918年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BC%8D%E5%BE%B7" title="罗伯特·威廉姆斯·伍德">罗伯特·威廉姆斯·伍德</a></li> <li>1919年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%8E%AB%E5%A1%9E%E8%8E%B1" title="亨利·莫塞莱">亨利·莫塞莱</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1920年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1921年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%9B%A0%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6" title="阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦">阿尔伯特·爱因斯坦</a></li> <li>1923年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%8E%BB%E5%B0%94" title="尼尔斯·玻尔">尼尔斯·玻尔</a></li> <li>1924年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%AB%BE%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E6%9C%AB%E8%8F%B2" title="阿諾·索末菲">阿諾·索末菲</a></li> <li>1925年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%AF%86%E7%AB%8B%E6%A0%B9" title="罗伯特·密立根">罗伯特·密立根</a></li> <li>1926年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%81%A9%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E8%B4%B9%E7%B1%B3" title="恩里科·费米">恩里科·费米</a></li> <li>1927年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%E6%B8%A9%C2%B7%E8%96%9B%E5%AE%9A%E8%B0%94" title="埃尔温·薛定谔">埃尔温·薛定谔</a></li> <li>1928年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%92%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E5%8D%A1%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E6%9B%BC" title="钱德拉塞卡拉·拉曼">钱德拉塞卡拉·拉曼</a></li> <li>1929年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BB%B4%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3%C2%B7%E6%B5%B7%E6%A3%AE%E5%A0%A1" title="维尔纳·海森堡">维尔纳·海森堡</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1930年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1930年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E6%99%AE%E9%A1%BF" title="阿瑟·康普顿">阿瑟·康普顿</a></li> <li>1931年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BD%9B%E6%9C%97%E5%93%A5%C2%B7%E6%8B%89%E5%A1%9E%E8%92%82" title="佛朗哥·拉塞蒂">佛朗哥·拉塞蒂</a></li> <li>1932年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="弗雷德里克·约里奥-居里">弗雷德里克·约里奥-居里</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E9%9B%B7%E5%A8%9C%C2%B7%E7%BA%A6%E9%87%8C%E5%A5%A5-%E5%B1%85%E9%87%8C" title="伊雷娜·约里奥-居里">伊雷娜·约里奥-居里</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1950年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1956年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E6%B3%A1%E5%88%A9" title="沃尔夫冈·泡利">沃尔夫冈·泡利</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1970年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1975年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E9%99%B6%E8%88%8D%E5%85%8B" title="布鲁诺·陶舍克">布鲁诺·陶舍克</a></li> <li>1978年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%8D%9C%E6%9D%9C%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E6%8B%89%E5%A7%86" title="阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆">阿卜杜勒·萨拉姆</a></li> <li>1979年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%9B%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%81%A9%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E5%AE%89%E5%B0%BC" title="盧西恩·梅安尼">盧西恩·梅安尼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1980年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1980年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%90%89%E5%AE%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B" title="吉安·卡罗·威克">吉安·卡罗·威克</a></li> <li>1982年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E4%BD%A9%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="魯道夫·佩爾斯">魯道夫·佩爾斯</a></li> <li>1985年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E8%A5%BF%E7%B1%B3%E7%88%BE" title="亨德里克·卡西米爾">亨德里克·卡西米爾</a></li> <li>1987年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%9A%AE%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94-%E5%90%89%E5%8B%92%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E7%83%AD%E7%BA%B3" title="皮埃尔-吉勒·德热纳">皮埃尔-吉勒·德热纳</a></li> <li>1988年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%88%97%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%A5%A5%E6%98%86" title="列夫·奥昆">列夫·奥昆</a></li> <li>1989年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E6%88%B4%E6%A3%AE" title="弗里曼·戴森">弗里曼·戴森</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1990年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%B0%E5%85%8B%C2%B7%E6%96%BD%E6%B3%B0%E5%9B%A0%E8%B4%9D%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94" title="杰克·施泰因贝格尔">杰克·施泰因贝格尔</a></li> <li>1991年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%83%E9%B2%81%E8%AF%BA%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E8%A5%BF" title="布鲁诺·罗西">布鲁诺·罗西</a></li> <li>1992年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%BA%B3%E6%89%98%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%9A%E4%BC%AF%E6%8B%89%E7%BD%95" title="阿纳托尔·亚伯拉罕">阿纳托尔·亚伯拉罕</a></li> <li>1993年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E5%8B%92" title="約翰·惠勒">約翰·惠勒</a></li> <li>1994年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E7%A7%91%E6%81%A9-%E5%A1%94%E8%AF%BA%E5%AD%A3" title="克洛德·科恩-塔诺季">克洛德·科恩-塔诺季</a></li> <li>1995年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9D%8E%E6%94%BF%E9%81%93" title="李政道">李政道</a></li> <li>1996年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%B2%83%E5%B0%94%E5%A4%AB%E5%86%88%C2%B7%E5%B8%95%E8%AF%BA%E5%A4%AB%E6%96%AF%E5%9F%BA" title="沃尔夫冈·帕诺夫斯基">沃尔夫冈·帕诺夫斯基</a></li> <li>1998年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E9%9B%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E7%9A%AE%E4%B9%94%E5%B0%BC" title="奥雷斯特·皮乔尼">奥雷斯特·皮乔尼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2001年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%89%B9%E5%A5%A5%E5%A4%9A%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E6%96%BD" title="特奥多尔·亨施">特奥多尔·亨施</a></li> <li>2002年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%BC%E5%8F%A4%E6%8B%89%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E6%AF%94%E5%8D%9A" title="尼古拉·卡比博">尼古拉·卡比博</a></li> <li>2003年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%9F%83%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%A4%9A%E7%BA%B3" title="曼努埃尔·卡多纳">曼努埃尔·卡多纳</a></li> <li>2004年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%BE%E7%BB%B4%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E5%90%95%E5%9F%83%E5%8B%92" title="达维德·吕埃勒">达维德·吕埃勒</a></li> <li>2005年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%9D%8E%E5%B0%94%E6%99%AE%E7%BD%97%E6%96%AF" title="约翰·李尔普罗斯">约翰·李尔普罗斯</a></li> <li>2006年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E8%8E%B1%E8%92%82%E5%B0%BC" title="乔治·贝莱蒂尼">乔治·贝莱蒂尼</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2016年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E8%B4%BE%E4%BD%90%E6%89%98" title="阿达尔贝托·贾佐托">阿达尔贝托·贾佐托</a></li> <li>2017年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%B0%94%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%A1%94%E7%93%A6%E5%B0%BC" title="马尔科·塔瓦尼">马尔科·塔瓦尼</a></li> <li>2018年:吉安路易吉·福吉</li> <li>2019年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B4%B9%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E7%A7%91%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E5%B8%95%E7%B4%A2" title="费德里科·卡帕索">费德里科·卡帕索</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>2020年:马西莫·英古西奥</li> <li>2021年:<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E8%8E%AB%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E9%A9%AC%E9%87%8C%E5%9D%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿莫斯·马里坦(页面不存在)">阿莫斯·马里坦</a></li> <li>2022年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E7%90%B3%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E4%BC%AF%E5%A5%88%E5%B0%94" title="约瑟琳·贝尔·伯奈尔">约瑟琳·贝尔·伯奈尔</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a 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href="/wiki/Template:1851%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31900%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1851年至1900年科普利奖章获得者"><abbr title="查看该模板">查</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:1851%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31900%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:1851年至1900年科普利奖章获得者(页面不存在)"><abbr title="讨论该模板">论</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BC%96%E8%BE%91%E9%A1%B5%E9%9D%A2/Template:1851%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31900%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Special:编辑页面/Template:1851年至1900年科普利奖章获得者"><abbr title="编辑该模板">编</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1851年至1900年科普利獎章获得者" style="font-size:110%;margin:0 5em">1851年至1900年<a href="/wiki/%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E7%8D%8E%E7%AB%A0" title="科普利獎章">科普利獎章</a>获得者</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1850年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1851年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E6%96%87" title="理查德·欧文">理查德·欧文</a></li> <li>1852年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%8E%86%E5%B1%B1%E5%A4%A7%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E6%B4%AA%E5%A0%A1" title="亚历山大·冯·洪堡">亚历山大·冯·洪堡</a></li> <li>1853年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="海因里希·威廉·多费" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Heinrich Wilhelm Dove"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B5%B7%E5%9B%A0%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%A4%9A%E8%B4%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="海因里希·威廉·多费(页面不存在)">海因里希·威廉·多费</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heinrich_Wilhelm_Dove" class="extiw" title="en:Heinrich Wilhelm Dove"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Heinrich Wilhelm Dove</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1854年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%BF%B0%E5%86%85%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BD%BC%E5%BE%97%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%8B%92" title="约翰内斯·彼得·米勒">约翰内斯·彼得·米勒</a></li> <li>1855年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%8E%B1%E6%98%82%C2%B7%E5%82%85%E7%A7%91" title="莱昂·傅科">莱昂·傅科</a></li> <li>1856年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="亨利·米尔恩-爱德华兹" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Henri Milne-Edwards"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%B1%B3%E5%B0%94%E6%81%A9-%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%E5%85%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亨利·米尔恩-爱德华兹(页面不存在)">亨利·米尔恩-爱德华兹</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Henri_Milne-Edwards" class="extiw" title="en:Henri Milne-Edwards"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Henri Milne-Edwards</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1857年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%AC%A7%E4%BB%81%C2%B7%E8%B0%A2%E5%BC%97%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%94" title="米歇尔·欧仁·谢弗勒尔">米歇尔·欧仁·谢弗勒尔</a></li> <li>1858年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%90%8A%E7%88%BE" title="查爾斯·萊爾">查尔斯·莱尔</a></li> <li>1859年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E9%9F%A6%E4%BC%AF" title="威廉·爱德华·韦伯">威廉·爱德华·韦伯</a></li> <li>1860年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BD%97%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%94%9F" title="罗伯特·威廉·本生">罗伯特·威廉·本生</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1860年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1861年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E9%98%BF%E5%8A%A0%E8%A5%BF" title="路易·阿加西">路易斯·阿加西</a></li> <li>1862年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A6%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%A0%BC%E9%9B%B7%E5%A7%86" title="托馬斯·格雷姆">托马斯·格雷姆</a></li> <li>1863年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E5%BD%93%C2%B7%E5%A1%9E%E5%A5%87%E5%A8%81%E5%85%8B" title="亚当·塞奇威克">亚当·塞奇威克</a></li> <li>1864年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E5%B0%94%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E8%BE%BE%E5%B0%94%E6%96%87" title="查尔斯·达尔文">查爾斯·達爾文</a></li> <li>1865年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%B1%B3%E6%AD%87%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%B2%99%E5%8B%92" title="米歇尔·沙勒">米歇尔·沙勒</a></li> <li>1866年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%99%AE%E5%90%95%E5%85%8B" title="尤利乌斯·普吕克">尤利乌斯·普吕克</a></li> <li>1867年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·恩斯特·冯·贝尔">卡尔·恩斯特·冯·贝尔</a></li> <li>1868年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%A5%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%83%A0%E6%96%AF%E9%80%9A" title="查爾斯·惠斯通">查尔斯·惠斯通</a></li> <li>1869年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%85%8B%E6%89%98%C2%B7%E5%8B%92%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5" title="亨利·维克托·勒尼奥">亨利·维克托·勒尼奥</a></li> <li>1870年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%84%A6%E8%80%B3" title="詹姆斯·焦耳">詹姆斯·焦耳</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1870年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1871年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%B0%A4%E5%88%A9%E4%B9%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E8%BF%88%E5%B0%94" title="尤利乌斯·冯·迈尔">尤利乌斯·罗伯特·冯·迈尔</a></li> <li>1872年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%BC%97%E9%87%8C%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E5%B8%8C%C2%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%8B%92" title="弗里德里希·维勒">弗里德里希·维勒</a></li> <li>1873年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B5%AB%E5%B0%94%E6%9B%BC%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A5%E5%A7%86%E9%9C%8D%E5%85%B9" title="赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹">赫尔曼·冯·亥姆霍兹</a></li> <li>1874年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7%E5%B7%B4%E6%96%AF%E5%BE%B7" title="路易·巴斯德">路易·巴斯德</a></li> <li>1875年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E9%A6%AE%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E5%A4%AB%E6%9B%BC" title="奧古斯特·威廉·馮·霍夫曼">奥古斯特·威廉·冯·霍夫曼</a></li> <li>1876年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%85%8B%E6%B4%9B%E5%BE%B7%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E7%BA%B3" title="克洛德·贝尔纳">克洛德·贝尔纳</a></li> <li>1877年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%BE%B7%E6%80%80%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E4%B8%B9%E7%BA%B3" title="詹姆斯·德怀特·丹纳">詹姆斯·德怀特·丹纳</a></li> <li>1878年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%AE%A9-%E5%B7%B4%E8%92%82%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E6%A3%AE%E6%88%88" title="让-巴蒂斯特·布森戈">让-巴蒂斯特·布森戈</a></li> <li>1879年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%AD%AF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%8B%9E%E4%BF%AE%E6%96%AF" title="魯道夫·克勞修斯">鲁道夫·克劳修斯</a></li> <li>1880年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A9%B9%E5%A7%86%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E7%B4%84%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E8%A5%BF%E7%88%BE%E7%B6%AD%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="詹姆斯·約瑟夫·西爾維斯特">詹姆斯·约瑟夫·西尔维斯特</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1880年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1881年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A4%8F%E5%B0%94-%E9%98%BF%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%AD%A6%E5%B0%94%E8%8C%A8" title="夏尔-阿道夫·武尔茨">夏尔-阿道夫·武尔茨</a></li> <li>1882年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E7%91%9F%C2%B7%E5%87%B1%E8%90%8A" title="阿瑟·凱萊">阿瑟·凯莱</a></li> <li>1883年:<a class="mw-selflink selflink">威廉·汤姆森</a></li> <li>1884年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E8%B7%AF%E5%BE%B7%E7%BB%B4%E5%B8%8C" title="卡尔·路德维希">卡尔·路德维希</a></li> <li>1885年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A5%A5%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%87%AF%E5%BA%93%E5%8B%92" title="奥古斯特·凯库勒">奥古斯特·凯库勒</a></li> <li>1886年:<span class="ilh-all" data-orig-title="弗朗茨·恩斯特·諾伊曼" data-lang-code="en" data-lang-name="英语" data-foreign-title="Franz Ernst Neumann"><span class="ilh-page"><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E6%9C%97%E8%8C%A8%C2%B7%E6%81%A9%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗朗茨·恩斯特·諾伊曼(页面不存在)">弗朗茨·恩斯特·諾伊曼</a></span><span class="noprint ilh-comment">(<span class="ilh-lang">英语</span><span class="ilh-colon">:</span><span class="ilh-link"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz_Ernst_Neumann" class="extiw" title="en:Franz Ernst Neumann"><span lang="en" dir="auto">Franz Ernst Neumann</span></a></span>)</span></span></li> <li>1887年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%BA%A6%E7%91%9F%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%81%93%E5%B0%94%E9%A1%BF%C2%B7%E8%83%A1%E5%85%8B" title="约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克">约瑟夫·道尔顿·胡克</a></li> <li>1888年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%89%98%E9%A9%AC%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BA%A8%E5%88%A9%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E8%83%A5%E9%BB%8E" title="托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎">托马斯·亨利·赫胥黎</a></li> <li>1889年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E8%90%A8%E8%92%99" title="乔治·萨蒙">乔治·萨蒙</a></li> <li>1890年:<a href="/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E8%92%99%C2%B7%E7%B4%90%E5%BA%B7" title="西蒙·紐康">西蒙·纽康</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1890年代</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li>1891年:<a href="/wiki/%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E5%B0%BC%E6%96%AF%E5%8A%B3%C2%B7%E5%9D%8E%E5%B0%BC%E6%89%8E%E7%BD%97" title="斯坦尼斯劳·坎尼扎罗">斯坦尼斯劳·坎尼扎罗</a></li> <li>1892年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%B2%81%E9%81%93%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E5%B0%94%E8%82%96" title="鲁道夫·魏尔肖">鲁道夫·菲尔绍</a></li> <li>1893年:<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E6%89%98%E5%85%8B%E6%96%AF" title="乔治·斯托克斯">乔治·斯托克斯</a></li> <li>1894年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%88%B1%E5%BE%B7%E5%8D%8E%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E5%85%B0%E5%85%8B%E5%85%B0" title="爱德华·弗兰克兰">爱德华·弗兰克兰</a></li> <li>1895年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E9%AD%8F%E5%B0%94%E6%96%BD%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E6%96%AF" title="卡尔·魏尔施特拉斯">卡尔·魏尔斯特拉斯</a></li> <li>1896年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E6%A0%B9%E6%A0%BC%E5%8C%85%E5%B0%94" title="卡尔·根格包尔">卡尔·根格包尔</a></li> <li>1897年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E5%B0%94%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%86%AF%C2%B7%E5%85%8B%E5%88%A9%E5%85%8B" title="阿尔贝特·冯·克利克">阿尔贝特·冯·克利克</a></li> <li>1898年:<a href="/wiki/%E5%A8%81%E5%BB%89%C2%B7%E5%93%88%E9%87%91%E6%96%AF" title="威廉·哈金斯">威廉·哈金斯</a></li> <li>1899年:<a href="/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%89%E4%BB%A3%E7%91%9E%E5%88%A9%E7%94%B7%E7%88%B5%E7%B4%84%E7%BF%B0%C2%B7%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9%E6%8B%89%E7%89%B9" title="第三代瑞利男爵約翰·斯特拉特">约翰·斯特拉特</a></li> <li>1900年:<a href="/wiki/%E9%A9%AC%E5%A1%9E%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E8%B4%9D%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B" title="马塞兰·贝特洛">马塞兰·贝特洛</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Template:1731%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31750%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1731年至1750年科普利奖章获得者">1731–1750</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1751%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31800%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1751年至1800年科普利奖章获得者">1751–1800</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1801%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31850%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1801年至1850年科普利奖章获得者">1801–1850</a></li> <li>1851–1900</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1901%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B31950%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%A5%96%E8%80%85" title="Template:1901年至1950年科普利奖章获奖者">1901–1950</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:1951%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B32000%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:1951年至2000年科普利奖章获得者">1951–2000</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:2001%E5%B9%B4%E8%87%B32050%E5%B9%B4%E7%A7%91%E6%99%AE%E5%88%A9%E5%A5%96%E7%AB%A0%E8%8E%B7%E5%BE%97%E8%80%85" title="Template:2001年至2050年科普利奖章获得者">2001年至今</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r84265675"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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style="width:1%">各地</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90070490">挪威</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000218170">智利</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1429435">西班牙</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12270383k">法国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb12270383k">BnF data</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058516597206706">加泰罗尼亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118777033">德国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kelvin, William : Thomson <barone>"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/MILV046322">意大利</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007263627905171">以色列</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79139223">美国</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/c9prs1lw494xhq7">瑞典</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000148331&P_CON_LNG=ENG">拉脱维亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00518412">日本</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=mzk2003202351&CON_LNG=ENG">捷克</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35265200">澳大利亚</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.nlg.gr/resource/authority/record245605">希腊</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p070034982">荷兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810628161605606">波兰</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">学术</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.leopoldina.org/mitgliederverzeichnis/mitglieder/member/Member/show/sir-william-thomson/">Leopoldina</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/250184">MathSciNet</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=234972">数学谱系计划</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:thomson.william-lord-kelvin">zbMATH</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">人物</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.008542.v1">爱尔兰</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118777033.html?language=en">德意志传记</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/888776">Trove</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">其他</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0px"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron, 1824-1907"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://plus.cobiss.net/cobiss/si/en/conor/8924259">CONOR</a></span></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6xd13bf">SNAC</a></span></li> <li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031500994">IdRef</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐api‐int.codfw.main‐6bc49bf678‐rqqrn Cached time: 20241121183812 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [show‐toc] CPU time usage: 2.642 seconds Real time usage: 3.142 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 21322/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 1021090/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 35497/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 28/100 Expensive parser function count: 299/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 1/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 144999/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 1.349/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 13406309/52428800 bytes Lua Profile: ? 280 ms 18.4% MediaWiki\Extension\Scribunto\Engines\LuaSandbox\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction 240 ms 15.8% 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