Sean Ross Bio | Investopedia

<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD XHTML 1.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/xhtml1/DTD/xhtml1-transitional.dtd"> <html xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml" xml:lang="en" version="XHTML+RDFa 1.0" dir="ltr"> <head profile="http://www.w3.org/1999/xhtml/vocab"><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("http://www.investopedia.com:80/contributors/53893/?","20160818012916","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1471483756"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://i.investopedia.com/public"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://i.investopedia.com/public"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://v1.investopedia.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://v1.investopedia.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://ajax.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://ajax.googleapis.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://idsync.rlcdn.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://cdn.feedbackify.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://ic.tynt.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://rc.rlcdn.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://z.moatads.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://ak.sail-horizon.com/"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/"> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> var sem_pageview = false; var sem_ocode = '9999'; var sem_ldid = ''; var sem_sh = ''; function updateSemVariable(query) { if (query[1] === undefined) { return; } switch(query[0]) { case 'o': sem_ocode = query[1]; break; case 'ldid': sem_ldid = query[1]; break; case 'sh': sem_sh = query[1]; break; } } function getCookie(cname) { var name = cname + "="; var ca = document.cookie.split(';'); for (var i = 0; i < ca.length; i++) { var c = ca[i]; while (c.charAt(0) == ' ') c = c.substring(1); if (c.indexOf(name) == 0) return c.substring(name.length,c.length); } return ""; } function getSemCookie() { var queryStr = getCookie('semuser'); if (queryStr == "") { return; } sem_pageview = true; var queries = queryStr.split("&"); for (var i = 0, l = queries.length; i < l; i++) { var query = queries[i].split('='); updateSemVariable(query); } } getSemCookie(); var updateAup = function(aUp) { aUp = aUp.replace("INV-NA", "invsem-serp-ds"); var utms = null; if (typeof getUrlParam === "function") { try { utms = getUrlParam("utm_source"); } catch (e) {} } var aUp_arr = aUp.split("/"); var last = aUp_arr.pop(); aUp_arr.push((utms !== null ? utms : "dir") + "_" + (typeof sem_ocode !== "undefined" ? sem_ocode : 0)); if (aUp_arr.length > 3) { aUp_arr[3] = last; } return aUp_arr.join("/"); }; if (typeof googletag !== "undefined") { googletag.cmd.push( function() { if ((typeof sem_pageview !== 'undefined') && (sem_pageview == true)) { var processArgs = function(arguments) { if (typeof arguments === "object") { for (var i = 0; i < arguments.length; i++) { if (arguments[i].indexOf("8397") > -1) { arguments[i] = updateAup(arguments[i]); break; } } } return arguments; }; googletag.defineSlot = (function() { var orig_func = googletag.defineSlot; return function() { return orig_func.apply(this, processArgs(arguments)); }; })(); googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot = (function() { var orig_func = googletag.defineOutOfPageSlot; return function() { return orig_func.apply(this, processArgs(arguments)); }; })(); } }); } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var dataLayer = []; </script><script type="text/javascript"> var pageviewIDEntity = ""; function S4() { return (((1+Math.random())*0x10000)|0).toString(16).substring(1); } var pageviewID = new Date().getTime() + "-" + S4() + S4() + pageviewIDEntity; dataLayer.push({'pageviewID' : pageviewID}); </script><script type="text/javascript"> window.adblock = false; function hasAdBlocker() { window.adblock = true; } function isAdBlocked () { return window.adblock; } </script> <script async src="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916js_/http://pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js" onerror="hasAdBlocker();"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> /* observer */!function(){window.adonis=window.adonis||{},window.adonis.scriptStatuses={};var t=function(){var t,n="NEW_SCRIPT_EVENT";window.CustomEvent?t=new CustomEvent(n,{detail:{}}):(t=document.createEvent("CustomEvent"),t.initCustomEvent(n,!0,!0,{})),window.dispatchEvent(t)};document.addEventListener("load",function(n){n.target&&"SCRIPT"===n.target.nodeName&&(window.adonis.scriptStatuses[n.target.src]="load",t())},!0),document.addEventListener("error",function(n){n.target&&"SCRIPT"===n.target.nodeName&&(window.adonis.scriptStatuses[n.target.src]="error",t())},!0)}(); </script> <title>Sean Ross Bio | Investopedia</title> <meta name="application-name" content="Investopedia"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"/> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=9"/>  <meta property="fb:pages" content="105109162854142, 925483520864421"/> <meta property="fb:app_id" content="371867692868423"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/>  <meta name="robots" content="index,follow"/>  <meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=utf-8"/> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/public/img/apple-touch-icon.png"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/"/> <link rel="next" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/?page=2"/> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916cs_/http://i.investopedia.com/public/css/tablet.css?v=5.406"/>   <script type="text/javascript" data-id="script_taxonomy"> //<![CDATA[ var _pageTaxonomy = {"Hashkey":"$contributors$53893$","Path":"/contributors/53893/","Channel":"General","SubChannel":null,"Advertising":"Investing","SubAdvertising":null,"DfpTarget":"Investing/Investing","Tags":[],"Taggroup":null,"Type":"Landing","Lucrativeness":null,"Timelessness":"Timeless","Feature":null,"Design":null,"InterestLevel":null,"Index":"True","NoIndexParams":"False","Follow":"True","Master":"False","ServerName":null}; //]]> </script>   <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> var idc_slots = {}; idc_slots.slots = ["AdSlot_PG-Background","AdSlot_AF-Top-Leaderboard","AdSlot_PG-Web-Bar","AdSlot_IC-BelowContent","AdSlot_BF-Footer-Leaderboard"]; var hash = window.location.hash; if (typeof hash.startsWith === "function") { if (hash.startsWith("#ec") || hash.startsWith("#ra")) { idc_slots.includes = []; } } idc_slots.build = function(slot) { return "/8397/INV-NA/Investing/Investing/position/Homepage".replace("position", slot.position); }; </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var idc_device = {"desktop":true,"tablet":false,"phone":false}; </script> <script data-id="script_dfp" type="text/javascript"> simpUrl = "&t="; targetingList = { 'infiniteScroll': 'false', //output audience segments Bugzilla# 351853 } simpUrl = "&t=" + encodeURIComponent(simpUrl); idc_targeting = targetingList || {}; </script>  <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916js_/https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.7.2/jquery.min.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916js_/http://i.investopedia.com/dest/js/inv.min.js?v=5.406"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916js_/http://i.investopedia.com/public/js/main.min.js?v=5.406"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> var noDfp = false; var ecLayout = false; /* remove ads for email capture layout, here the bc-textnote won't be removed */ if (window.location.hash.substring(0, 3) === "#ec") { noDfp = true; ecLayout = true; /* set welcome_ad is viewed */ var invWelcomeAd_CookieExpiry = 3600000 * 24; var invCookieExpires = new Date(); var host = window.location.host.toLowerCase().replace('www.',''); invCookieExpires.setTime(invCookieExpires.getTime() + invWelcomeAd_CookieExpiry); setCookie('AdViewed', '1', { expires: invCookieExpires, path: '/', domain: host }); } if (window.location.hash === "#ra" || window.location.href.endsWith("/anxiety-index/")) { noDfp = true; ecLayout = false; } </script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916js_/https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/libs/jquery/1.4.4/jquery.min.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916js_/http://i.investopedia.com/misc/jquery.once.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916js_/http://i.investopedia.com/misc/drupal.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> <![CDATA[//><!]]> </script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> var timeToSlotRenderEnded = Date.now(), slotRenderCount = 0; googletag.cmd.push( function() { googletag.pubads().addEventListener('slotRenderEnded', function(event) { try { if (event.slot.getSlotElementId().indexOf("BC-Textnote") > -1) return; // WARNING: This will be updated in the future but is used track render times for the idc library. slotRenderCount++; if (typeof idc_slots !== "undefined") { if (slotRenderCount == Object.keys(idc_slots.slots).length) { dataLayer.push({ 'event': 'event-all-slots-render-ended', 'eventLabel' : "true|"+slotRenderCount, 'eventValue': Date.now() - timeToSlotRenderEnded }); } } } catch (e) {} }); }); </script> <script type="text/javascript"> dataLayer.push(_pageTaxonomy); dataLayer.push({ 'country': invGCookie.geoCountry(), 'state': invGCookie.geoStateProvince(), 'asset_version': '5.406', 'device': 'desktop', 'isVideoOnPage': '' }); </script> <script data-id="script_optimizely" src="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916js_/http://cdn.optimizely.com/js/3135740712.js"></script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916js_/http://i.investopedia.com/public/js/streamsense.min.js?v=5.406"></script>  <script type="text/javascript"> var myStreamingTag = new ns_.StreamingTag( { customerC2: '18280457' } ); var metadata = { ns_st_ci: "0", // Content Asset ID c3: "www.investopedia.com", // Dictionary Classification Value c4: "*null", // Unused Dictionary Classification Value c6: "*null" // Unused Dictionary Classification Value }; </script>   <script type="text/javascript"> if(invGCookie.geoCountry() !== "IN") { var nativoScript = document.createElement('script'); nativoScript.type = 'text/javascript'; nativoScript.src = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://a.postrelease.com/serve/load.js?async=true'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(nativoScript, s); } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var _sf_async_config = _sf_async_config || {}; _sf_async_config.uid = 56959; _sf_async_config.domain = "www.investopedia.com"; _sf_async_config.useCanonical = true; _sf_async_config.flickerControl=false; var _sf_startpt = (new Date()).getTime(); </script> <script async src="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916js_/http://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat_mab.js"></script> </head>  <body class="html not-front not-logged-in no-sidebars page-user page-user- page-user-53893" id="GeneralChannel"> <script type="text/javascript"> /* wrapper */!function e(t,n,r){function o(a,c){if(!n[a]){if(!t[a]){var d="function"==typeof require&&require;if(!c&&d)return d(a,!0);if(i)return i(a,!0);var s=new Error("Cannot find module '"+a+"'");throw s.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",s}var u=n[a]={exports:{}};t[a][0].call(u.exports,function(e){var n=t[a][1][e];return o(n?n:e)},u,u.exports,e,t,n,r)}return n[a].exports}for(var i="function"==typeof require&&require,a=0;a<r.length;a++)o(r[a]);return o}({1:[function(e,t,n){!function(){function t(){o&&console.log.apply(console,arguments)}var n=e(4),r=window.RTCPeerConnection||window.mozRTCPeerConnection||window.webkitRTCPeerConnection;if(!r||window.adonisGlobal&&"full"!==window.adonisGlobal.detectionLevel)return void n.reportEvent("bootstrap.ifw.rtc.absent");n.reportEvent("bootstrap.ifw.rtc.exists");var o="#adonis-logging"===window.location.hash,i=function(e){var t=function(){e===!0&&console.log.apply(console,arguments)},n=["script","img"];document.addEventListener("load",function(e){t("withinIframe load event",e.target),!e.target||"SCRIPT"!==e.target.nodeName&&"IMG"!==e.target.nodeName||(e.target._loadState="load")},!0),document.addEventListener("error",function(e){t("withinIframe error event",e.target),!e.target||"SCRIPT"!==e.target.nodeName&&"IMG"!==e.target.nodeName||(e.target._loadState="error")},!0),window.addEventListener("message",function(e){if(void 0!==e.data.iframeId){t("message received "+e.data.iframeId);var r=e.data,o=function(e){"loading"!==document.readyState?e():document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e)},i=function(e){var r={originIframeId:e.iframeId,readyState:document.readyState,requestData:[],cssData:[]},o=e.srcSubstrings;if(void 0!==o)for(var a=document.querySelectorAll(n.join(",")),c=0;c<a.length;c++){var d=a[c];if(d.src){var s=o.some(function(e){return-1!==d.src.indexOf(e)});if(s){if(void 0===d._loadState)return t("Wait for event from "+d.src),d.addEventListener("load",function(){i(e)}),void d.addEventListener("error",function(){i(e)});r.requestData.push({type:d.nodeName,src:d.src,state:d._loadState})}}}var u=e.displayTypes,f=e.cssAttributes;void 0!==u&&void 0!==f&&(a=document.querySelectorAll(u.join(",")),Array.prototype.forEach.call(a,function(e){var t=window.getComputedStyle(e),n={};f.forEach(function(e){n[e]=t.getPropertyValue(e)}),r.cssData.push({type:e.nodeName,id:e.id,"class":e.getAttribute("class"),cssAttributes:n})})),t("send response "+e.iframeId),parent.postMessage(r,"*")};o(function(){i(r)})}})},a=['<script type="text/javascript">(',i.toString(),")(",o.toString(),")<","/script>"].join(""),c=function(e,t,n,r){var o=Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptor(e.prototype,t);Object.defineProperty(e.prototype,t,{get:function(){return n(o.get,this,arguments)},set:function(){return r(o.set,this,arguments)},enumerable:!0})},d=function(e,t,n){return e.apply(t,n)},s=function(e,n,r){try{var o=r[0];if(-1!==o.indexOf("html")){var i=o.split(";"),c=i[1],d=parseInt(c)+a.length;i[1]=d.toString(),o=i.join(";"),o=o.replace("<head>","<head>"+a),r[0]=o}}catch(s){t(s)}return e.apply(n,r)};c(HTMLIFrameElement,"name",d,s);var u=function(e){var t=!1;if(e.src)if(0===e.src.indexOf("javascript:"))t=!0;else{var n=document.createElement("a");n.href=e.src;var r=n.host;r===window.location.host&&(t=!0)}return t},f=function(e,n,r){var o=e.apply(n,r);try{if(u(n)&&void 0===o._writeDecorated){o._writeDecorated=!0;var i=o.write;o.write=function(e){try{-1!==e.indexOf("<head>")?e=e.replace("<head>","<head>"+a):-1!==e.indexOf("<script")&&(e=e.replace(/(<script.*?>)/,a+"$1"))}catch(n){t(n)}return i.call(this,e)}}}catch(c){t(c)}return o},p=function(e,t,n){return e.apply(t,n)};c(HTMLIFrameElement,"contentDocument",f,p);var l=function(e,n,r){var o=e.apply(n,r);try{if(u(n)&&void 0===o.document._writeDecorated){o.document._writeDecorated=!0;var i=o.document.write;o.document.write=function(e){try{-1!==e.indexOf("<head>")?e=e.replace("<head>","<head>"+a):-1!==e.indexOf("<script")&&(e=e.replace(/(<script.*?>)/,a+"$1"))}catch(n){t(n)}return i.call(this,e)}}}catch(c){t(c)}return o},v=function(e,t,n){return e.apply(t,n)};c(HTMLIFrameElement,"contentWindow",l,v)}()},{4:4}],2:[function(e,t,n){var r=e(3);t.exports=r},{3:3}],3:[function(e,t,n){t.exports={REAL_STUN_HOST:"stun.xpanama.net:3478",TURNSIGNAL_HOST:"ts.p.xpanama.net:7000",STUNGUN_HOST:"sg.p.xpanama.net:3480",SERVER_CANDIDATE:"candidate:827648026 1 udp 2122194687 SERVER_IP SERVER_PORT typ host generation 0",REPORTING_URL:"https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/https://lb.statsevent.com/stats",REPORTING_RATE:.01,LOG_LEVEL:"error",REPORT_ERRORS:!0,MANIFEST_URL:"https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/https://sri.jsintegrity.com/manifest.json",MANIFEST_EXPIRATION_TIME:86400,AD_MARKER:"adonis-marker"}},{}],4:[function(e,t,n){function r(e){var t=new XMLHttpRequest,n=[s.REPORTING_URL,e].join("");t.open("GET",n,!0),t.send()}function o(e){r("/adonis_error?e="+e.toString())}function i(){return null!=window.ADONIS_BOOTSTRAP_STATS?window.ADONIS_BOOTSTRAP_STATS===!0:Math.random()<s.REPORTING_RATE}function a(e,t){if(c(e),i()){var n={website:window.location.hostname,key:e};null!=t&&(n.quantity=t),r(["/adonis_event/?event=",JSON.stringify(n)].join(""))}}function c(e){if(window.performance){var t={key:e,time_ms:Math.round(window.performance.now()),website:window.location.hostname};f.push(t)}}function d(){u.defineReadOnlyProperty("adonisBootstrapTiming",f)}var s=e(2),u=e(5),f=[];t.exports={reportError:o,reportEvent:a,saveTiming:d,shouldReport:i}},{2:2,5:5}],5:[function(e,t,n){function r(e,t){Object.defineProperty(window,e,{value:t,writable:!1})}function o(e,t){return!t||Number(t)<=e}function i(e){var t=(new Date).getTime()/1e3;return o(t,e)}var a=function(){var e=window.navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(),t=/(chrome)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(e)||/(firefox)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(e);if(null!==t){var n=t[1],r=t[2],o=parseInt(r.split(".")[0]);if("chrome"===n&&o>=41||"firefox"===n&&o>=37)return!0}return!1},c=function(e){"loading"!==document.readyState?e():document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e)};t.exports={isSupportedBrowser:a,defineReadOnlyProperty:r,ready:c,isExpired:o,isExpiredNow:i}},{}]},{},[1]); </script>  <div class="page-wrapper">  <script type="text/javascript" data-id="script_dfp_tracking"> var axel = Math.random()+""; var a = axel * 10000000000000; var img = document.createElement("img"); img.src = 'https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/activity;xsp=197334;ord='+ a +'?'; img.width = 1; img.height = 1; var body = document.getElementsByTagName("body")[0]; body.appendChild(img); </script> <noscript><img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://pubads.g.doubleclick.net/activity;xsp=197334;ord=1" width="1" height="1" border="0/"></noscript>  <noscript><iframe src="//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916if_/http://www.googletagmanager.com/ns.html?id=GTM-5V3WHJ" height="0" width="0" style="display:none;visibility:hidden"></iframe></noscript> <script data-id="script_gtm_load">(function(w,d,s,l,i){w[l]=w[l]||[];w[l].push({'gtm.start': new Date().getTime(),event:'gtm.js'});var f=d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0], j=d.createElement(s),dl=l!='dataLayer'?'&l='+l:'';j.async=true;j.src= '//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://www.googletagmanager.com/gtm.js?id='+i+dl;f.parentNode.insertBefore(j,f); })(window,document,'script','dataLayer','GTM-5V3WHJ');</script>  <style> .page-width { max-width:1170px; margin:0 auto; padding:0 20px; } .header a:hover { text-decoration: none !important; } .header.meganav { position:fixed; letter-spacing:0.05em; -webkit-text-stroke:0; z-index:105; top:0; width:100%; } body { margin-top:54px; } .header.meganav .brand { width:220px; height:50px; background:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/public/img/logo_white_new.png) center center no-repeat; background-size:contain; display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin:-2px 30px 0 0; } .header.meganav .menus { width:calc(100% - 250px); display:inline-block; } .header.meganav .primary { width:50%; display:inline-block; border:none; margin:0; text-align:left; vertical-align:middle; } .header.meganav .secondary { width:50%; display:inline-block; text-align:right; } .header.meganav .menu { display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; position:static; } .header.meganav .menu.nav { box-shadow:none; width:auto; height:auto; transform:none; transition:none; -webkit-transform:none; } .header.meganav .menu.open .menu-items { display:block !important; } .header.meganav .menu-icon { width:20px; height:9px; padding:22px 26px 22px 18px; margin:0; vertical-align:top; position:relative; background-size:auto 20px; background-position:15px center; background-repeat:no-repeat; display:none; cursor:pointer; } .menu.member .menu-icon { background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/header_c/icon_user.png); background-size:auto 22px; } .menu.search .menu-icon { background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/public/fa/img/icon_search_white.png); } .menu.nav .menu-icon { background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/public/fa/img/icon_menu.png); } .menu.newsletters .menu-icon { background-image:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/header_c/icon_newsletter.png); } .header.meganav .menu-icon:before, .header.meganav .menu-icon:after, .header.meganav .menu-item-title:before, .header.meganav .menu-item-title:after { content:''; border-width:5px; border-style:solid; border-color:#ccc transparent transparent; z-index:1; position:absolute; top:24px; right:9px; } .header.meganav .menu-icon:after, .header.meganav .menu-item-title:after, .header.meganav .menu-item-link:after { z-index:2; margin-top:-2px; border-top-color:#333; } .header.meganav.tablet .menu-item-title:before, .header.meganav.tablet .menu-item-title:after, .header.meganav.tablet .menu-icon:before, .header.meganav.tablet .menu-icon:after { display:none; } .header.meganav .menu-items { margin:0; padding:0; list-style:none; text-align:left; box-sizing:border-box; } .header.meganav .menu-items > li { display:inline-block; margin:0; padding:0; text-align:left; } .header.meganav .menu-item-title, .header.meganav .menu-item-link, .header.meganav .menu-item{ display:block; position:relative; background:none !important; } .header.meganav .menu-item-title { padding: 18px 26px 16px 9px; } .header.meganav .menu-item-link { padding: 18px 9px 16px 9px; } .header.meganav .menu-item{ padding:18px 15px 16px 15px; } .header.meganav.tablet .menu-item-title, .header.meganav.tablet .menu-item-link { padding:18px 15px 16px 15px; } .header.meganav .menu.search { width:calc(100% - 220px); } .header.meganav .menu.search .menu-items > li { display:block; } .header.meganav .search-box { position:relative; width:auto; display:block; background-color:transparent; max-width: none; } .header.meganav .search-box input { border:none; border-radius:2px; font-size:14px; padding:7px 40px 6px 15px; box-sizing:border-box; width:100%; height:30px; outline:none; } .header.meganav .search-box button { position:absolute; width:20px; height:20px; background:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/public/fa/img/icon_search.png) center center no-repeat; background-size:contain; top:5px; right:10px; border:none; cursor:pointer; padding:0; } .header.meganav .menu.member { position:relative; } .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-icon { display:inline-block;/* Used for js to detect media queries. */ background-position:15px 17px; } .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-items { margin: 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; display: none; font-size: 14px; position: absolute; top: 100%; min-width: 180px; background-color:#444; right:0; } .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-items > li { display:block; } .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-items > li > a { white-space:nowrap; border-bottom:solid 1px rgba(255,255,255,0.2); } .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-items > li:last-child > a { border-bottom:none; } .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-item-title:before, .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-item-title:after, .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-item-link:before, .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-item-link:after { display:none; } .header.meganav .menu.newsletters { margin-top:0; border:none; } .header.meganav .menu.newsletters .menu-icon { display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin-left:10px; width:auto; height:auto; background-position:103px center; padding:17px 44px 16px 13px; } .header.meganav .menu.newsletters .menu-icon:before, .header.meganav .menu.newsletters .menu-icon:after { display: none; } .header.meganav .menu-panel { position:absolute; top:100%; left:0; width:100%; display:none; z-index:100; text-align:left; margin-top:-1px; } .header.meganav .menu-panel > .inner { padding:30px; } .header.meganav .menu-panel.tools > .inner { padding:40px 30px 60px 30px; } .header.meganav .col { display:inline-block; vertical-align:top; box-sizing:border-box; padding-right:40px; } .header.meganav .col:last-child { padding-right:0; } .header.meganav .col .title { font-size:20px; margin-bottom:10px; display:block; text-transform:none; border:none; background:none !important; } .header.meganav .col a.title:after { content:''; background:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/header_c/icon_home.png) center right no-repeat; background-size:contain; display:inline-block; margin:0 0 0 10px; width:16px; height:16px; } .header.meganav .tod-title { font-size:12px; text-transform:uppercase; } .header.meganav .term-title { font-size:36px; line-height:36px; } .header.meganav .term-desc { margin-bottom:10px; } .header.meganav .term-btn { font-size:10px; padding:6px 10px 4px 10px; line-height:9px; border-radius:3px; display:inline-block; text-transform:uppercase; float:right; background-color:#555; } .header.meganav .tool-title { font-size:28px; } .header.meganav .tool-title:after { content:''; display:inline-block; width:28px; height:23px; margin-left:10px; } .header.meganav .tool-title.fxtrader:after { background:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/header_c/icon_fxtrader.png) center right no-repeat; } .header.meganav .tool-title.simulator:after { background:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/header_c/icon_simulator.png) center right no-repeat; } .header.meganav a.article { display:inline-block; vertical-align:top; width:45%; background:none !important; } .header.meganav .article:last-child { margin-left:8%; } .header.meganav .article img { width:100%; height:86px; display:block; } .header.meganav .article-title { font-size:13px; padding:10px 0; display:block; } .header.meganav .links { margin:10px 0 0 0; padding:0; } .header.meganav .links li { vertical-align:top; box-sizing:border-box; margin:0 0 8px 0; padding:0; display:block; } .header.meganav .links li a { border-bottom:solid 1px rgba(255,255,255,0.1) !important; display:block; padding-bottom:2px; transition:border-color 0.2s ease-out; background:none !important; text-align:left; } .header.meganav .links.topics { margin-right:-20px; } .header.meganav .links.topics li { display:inline-block; padding:4px 20px 4px 4px; width:24%; } .header.subchannels { z-index:104; -webkit-text-stroke:0; position:relative; } .header.subchannels ul { margin:0; padding:0; list-style:none; letter-spacing:normal; } .header.subchannels ul > li { display:inline-block; margin:0; padding:0; border-bottom:solid 2px transparent; } .header.subchannels ul > li > a { display:inline-block; padding:9px 8px 6px 8px; } .header.subchannels li > a { font-size:14px; } .header.subchannels li.separator { margin:0; background-color:transparent; } #Footer .icon-newsletter:after { content:''; width:20px; height:20px; background:url(https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/header_c/icon_newsletter.png) center center no-repeat; background-size:contain; display:inline-block; vertical-align:middle; margin-left:5px; } .header.meganav, #Footer .mid { background:#333; } #Footer .btm { background:#2b2b2b; } .header.subchannels { background-color:#e4e4e4; } .header .menu-panel, .header .menu.open .menu-icon { background-color:#444; } .header.subchannels li:hover { background-color:#ccc; } .header.subchannels li.separator:hover { background-color:transparent; } .header .menu.nav { background-color:transparent; } .header.meganav, .header.meganav a, #Footer .flist > li:first-child, #Footer .column-list ul li.first, .header.meganav .primary { color:#fff !important; } .header.subchannels a { color:#333 !important; } .header .menu-panel .title, .header .menu-panel a, #Footer, #Footer a { color:#ccc !important; } #Footer .btm { padding:20px 0; } #Footer .flist { border-color:#3c3c3c; } #Footer .btm span { margin-right:10px; } #Footer .btm span a { padding:0 10px; font-size:13px; } .header.subchannels li.selected { border-bottom:solid 2px #444; } .header.meganav, .header.meganav a, .header.subchannels li.selected a, .header .menu-panel .col .title, #Footer { font-family: "sourcesanspro-light-webfont", Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif !important; } .header.subchannels, .header.subchannels li.selected a { font-family: "sourcesanspro-regular-webfont", Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif !important; } .header.subchannels .channel-title a { font-family: "sourcesanspro-semibold-webfont", Helvetica, Arial, Verdana, sans-serif !important; } .hspace { text-align:justify; } .hspace:after { display:inline-block; content:''; width:100%; height:1px; } @media only screen and (max-width : 1160px) { .header.meganav .primary { width:75%; } .header.meganav .secondary { width:25%; } .header.meganav .menu-icon { padding:22px 17px; } .header.meganav .menu-icon:before, .header.meganav .menu-icon:after { display:none; } .header.meganav .menu.search { width:auto; } .header.meganav .menu.search .menu-icon { display:inline-block; } .header.meganav .menu.search .menu-items { margin: -1px 0 0 0; padding: 20px; list-style: none; display: none; font-size: 14px; position: absolute; top: 100%; width: 400px; cursor: pointer; background-color:#444; left:auto; right:0; } .header.meganav .menu.search .menu-items > li { display:block; } .header.meganav .menu.search .menu-item-title:after, .header.meganav .menu.search .menu-item-link:after { border-top-color:#444; } .header.meganav .menu.newsletters .icon-txt { display:none; } .header.meganav .menu.newsletters .menu-icon { background-position:center 19px; padding:22px; margin:0; height:10px; } } @media only screen and (max-width : 960px) { .page-width { padding:0 5px; } .header.meganav { background-color:rgba(0,0,0,0.8); } .header.meganav .menus { width:calc(100% - 210px); text-align:right; } .header.meganav .primary { width:auto; } .header.meganav .secondary { width:auto; } .header.meganav .brand { width:180px; background-size:auto 25px; background-position:left center; } .header.meganav .menu-icon { display:block !important; background-position:center center; } .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-icon { background-position:center 18px; } .header.meganav .menu.nav .menu-items { margin: 0; padding: 0; list-style: none; display: none; font-size: 14px; position: absolute; left: 0; top: 100%; width: 100%; cursor: pointer; background-color:#444; } .header.meganav .menu-items > li { display:block; } .header.meganav .menu.nav .menu-items > li { border-bottom:solid 1px #333; } .header.meganav .menu-item-title, .header.meganav .menu-item-link, .header.meganav .menu-item { padding:14px 15px 12px 15px; } .header.meganav .menu-item-title:after, .header.meganav .menu-item-link:after { border-top-color:#444; } .header.meganav .menu-panel { position:static; } .header.meganav .menu-items > li.open .menu-panel { display:block; } .header.meganav .menu-items > li.open .menu-item-title:before, .header.meganav .menu-items > li.open .menu-item-title:after, .header.meganav .menu-items > li.open .menu-item-link:before, .header.meganav .menu-items > li.open .menu-item-link:after { border-top-color:transparent; border-bottom-color:#ccc; top:18px; } .header.meganav .menu-items > li.open .menu-item-title:after, .header.meganav .menu-items > li.open .menu-item-link:after { margin-top:2px; border-bottom-color:#444; } .header.meganav .menu-panel > .inner { padding:10px; background-color:#3e3e3e; } .header.meganav .col.new, .header.meganav .col .article, .header.meganav .col.topics > .title, .header.meganav .col.tod .tod-title, .header.meganav .col.tod .tod-term, .header.meganav .col .tool-title:after, .header.meganav .col .tool-desc { display:none; } .header.meganav .col.topics { width:auto !important; } .header.meganav .col.tod, .header.meganav .col.video, .header.meganav .col.guides { width:49% !important; } .header.meganav .col.tod, .header.meganav .col.video { margin-top:10px; } .header.meganav .col.video { padding-right:0; } .header.meganav .col.guides > .title, .header.meganav .col.tod > .title, .header.meganav .col.video > .title { font-size:14px; border-bottom:solid 1px rgba(255,255,255,0.1) !important; display:block; padding:4px; } .header.meganav .col > .title:after { display:none !important; } .header.meganav .col.topics .links { margin:0; } .header.meganav .col.topics .links li { width:49%; } .header.meganav .col.guides .links { display:none; } .header.meganav .col .tool-title { font-size:14px; border-bottom:solid 1px rgba(255,255,255, 0.1); padding:4px; transition:border-color 0.2s ease-out; } .header.meganav .menu-panel.tools > .inner { padding:20px 10px; } .header.subchannels { display:none; } .header.meganav a, .header.meganav a.title { color:#fff !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width : 740px) { .header.meganav .menu.search .menu-items { left:0; right:auto; width: 100%; } .header.meganav .menu-icon { padding:22px 8px; } } @media only screen and (max-width : 500px) { .header.meganav .menus { width:calc(100% - 190px); } .header.meganav .brand { margin-right:10px; } .header.meganav a, .header.meganav a.title { color:#fff !important; } } @media only screen and (max-width : 400px) { .header.meganav .menus { width:calc(100% - 150px); } .header.meganav .brand { width:140px; background-size:auto 18px; margin-right:0; } } @media only screen and (min-width : 960px) { .header.meganav .menu-items a:hover, .header.meganav .tool-title:hover { border-bottom-color: #fff !important; } .header.meganav .menu a:hover { color: #fff !important; } .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-items a:hover { border-bottom-color:rgba(255,255,255,0.2) !important; } .header.meganav .menu:hover .menu-icon:after, .header.meganav .menu-items > li:hover .menu-item-title:after, .header.meganav .menu-items > li:hover .menu-item-link:after { border-top-color: #444; } .header.meganav .tod-term:hover .term-btn { background-color: #397902; } .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-items li:hover .menu-item-title, .header.meganav .menu.member .menu-items li:hover .menu-item-link { background-color:#363636 !important; } .header.meganav .menu:hover .menu-icon, .header.meganav .menu-items > li:hover .menu-item-title, .header.meganav .menu-items > li:hover .menu-item-link, .header.meganav .menu:hover .menu-item { background-color:#444 !important; } .header.meganav .menu.member:hover .menu-items, .header.meganav .menu:hover .menu-items, .header.meganav .menu-items > li:hover .menu-panel { display:block; } } </style> <div class="ad-background"> <div id="AdSlot_PG-Background"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> </div> </div> <div class="header meganav "> <div class="inner page-width"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/" class="brand"></a><div class="menus"> <div class="primary"> <div class="menu nav"> <div class="menu-icon"></div> <ul class="menu-items"> <li> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/topics/" class="menu-item-title">Topics</a> <div class="menu-panel"> <div class="inner page-width"> <div class="col new" style="width:35%;"> <div class="title">What's New</div> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/stock-analysis/081716/impending-reversals-dollar-index-and-eurusd.aspx-1" class="article new"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/content/stock_analysis/impending_reversals_/155329999.jpg?quality=60&width=200&height=200"> <span class="article-title">Impending Reversals for Dollar Index and EURUSD?</span> </a> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/news/why-searches-binary-options-spiked-six-fold/" class="article new"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/content/daily_blog/binary_options_are_/shutterstock_2620398_trade_market_option.jpg?quality=60&width=200&height=200"> <span class="article-title">Why Searches for Binary Options Spiked Six Fold</span> </a> </div><div class="col topics" style="width:65%;"> <div class="title">Topics</div> <ul class="links topics"> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/news/">News</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/financial-advisor/">Financial Advisors</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/markets/">Markets</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/anxiety-index/">Anxiety Index</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/investing/">Investing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/wealth-management/">Managing Wealth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/investing/mutual-funds-and-etfs/">ETFs & Mutual Funds</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/election-center/">Election Center</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/retirement/">Retirement</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/personal-finance/">Personal Finance</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/active-trading/">Trading</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/special-reports/2016/advisor-evolution/">Q3 Special Report</a></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/back-to-school/">Back to School</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li><li> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/dictionary/" class="menu-item-title">Reference</a> <div class="menu-panel"> <div class="inner page-width"> <div class="col tod" style="width:30%;"> <a class="title" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/dictionary/">Dictionary</a> <div class="tod-title">Term Of The Day</div> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/form-13f.asp" class="tod-term"> <div class="term-title">SEC Form 13F</div> <div class="term-desc">A filing with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), also known as the Information ... </div> <div class="term-btn">Read More »</div> </a> </div><div class="col video" style="width:30%;"> <a class="title" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/video/">Latest Videos</a> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/video/play/forced-selling-my-favorite-term/" class="article video"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/content/video/forced_selling_my_f/forced_selling.png?width=200&height=200"> <span class="article-title">Forced Selling: My Favorite Term</span> </a> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/video/play/erez-kalir-inside-track/" class="article video"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/content/video/erez_kalir_inside_t/erez_inside_track.png?width=200&height=200"> <span class="article-title">Erez Kalir: Inside Track</span> </a> </div><div class="col guides" style="width:20%;"> <a class="title" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/university/">Guides</a> <ul class="links"> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/university/stocks/">Stock Basics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/university/economics/">Economics Basics</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/university/options/">Options Basics</a></li> </ul> </div><div class="col guides" style="width:20%;"> <a class="title" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/professionals/">Exam Prep</a> <ul class="links"> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/professionals/series7/">Series 7 Exam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/professionals/cfa/">CFA Level 1</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/professionals/series65/">Series 65 Exam</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li><li> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/simulator/" class="menu-item-title">Simulator</a> <div class="menu-panel tools"> <div class="inner page-width"> <div class="col" style="width:50%;"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/simulator/"> <div class="tool-title simulator">Stock Simulator</div> <div class="tool-desc">Trade with a starting balance of $100,000 and zero risk!</div> </a> </div><div class="col" style="width:50%;"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/fxtrader/"> <div class="tool-title fxtrader">FX Trader</div> <div class="tool-desc">Trade the Forex market risk free using our free Forex trading simulator.</div> </a> </div> </div> </div> </li><li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/advisor-network/" class="menu-item-link">Advisor Insights</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div><div class="secondary"><div class="menu search"> <div class="menu-icon"></div> <ul class="menu-items"> <li> <div class="search-box"> <input type="text" placeholder="Search Investopedia" value="" name="SearchValue" class="SearchValue invSearchText"/> <button type="button" name="SearchButton" class="invSearchBtn"></button> </div> </li> </ul> </div><div class="menu newsletters"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/accounts/signupnewsletter/?subid=header&source=header" id="headerNL" class="menu-icon"><span class="icon-txt">Newsletters</span></a> </div><div class="menu member"> <div class="menu-icon"></div> <ul class="menu-items"> <li> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/accounts/login.aspx" rel="nofollow" class="menu-item-title">Site Log In</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/advisor-network/login/" rel="nofollow" class="menu-item-title">Advisor Log In</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div>   <script language="JavaScript"> // hide tod description if there isn't enough space. $('.menu-panel').css({ display:'block' }); if ($('.tod-term').height() > 48) { $('.term-desc').hide(); } $('.menu-panel').removeAttr('style'); // update user menu var user_menu = ''; var user_info = $.parseJSON(decodeURIComponent(getCookie('user_info')).replace(/\+/g, ' ')); user_menu += '<li><a href="/accounts/manageprofile.aspx" class="menu-item-title">{name} (edit)</a></li>'; user_menu += '<li><a href="/accounts/logout.aspx" class="menu-item-title">Sign Out</a></li>'; String.prototype.replaceAll = function (find, replace) { return this.replace(new RegExp(find, 'g'), replace); } if (user_info) { user_menu = user_menu.replaceAll('{name}', user_info.name); $('.menu.member .menu-items').html(user_menu); $('#headerNL').attr("href", "/accounts/subscriptions/?id=" + user_info.uid); } // handle .header functionality $('.header .menu-icon').on('click', function() { if ($(this).css('display') == 'block') { $('.header .menu.open').not($(this).parent()).removeClass('open'); $(this).parent().toggleClass('open'); } }); $('.header .menu.nav .menu-item-title').on('click', function(e) { if ($(this).is('.link')) { return false; } if ($(this).parents('.menu:eq(0)').find('.menu-icon').css('display') == 'block') { e.preventDefault(); var this_panel = $(this).parent(); $('.header .menu-items > li').not(this_panel).removeClass('open'); this_panel.toggleClass('open'); } }); $('.header .menu').on('click', function(e) { e.stopPropagation(); }); $('html').on('click', function() { $('.header .menu').removeClass('open'); }); </script> <div class="ad-leaderboard"> <div id="AdSlot_AF-Top-Leaderboard"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> </div> </div> <div id="AdSlot_PG-Web-Bar"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> </div>  <div class="region region-content"> <div id="block-system-main" class="block block-system"> <div class="content">   <div id="Content" class="layout-size"> <div class="layout-title"> <h1 class="inline">Sean Ross</h1> <div class="info"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/corp/writers.aspx">View All Contributors 禄</a> </div> </div> <div class="separator"></div> <div class="layout-page">  <div class="box no-image author-content clear"> <div class="avatar"> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/dimages/photos/picture-53893-1440688982.png"> </div> <div class="desc"> <h2 class="item-title"> <a class="avatarname" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contact.aspx?writerid=53893&subject=Investopedia Contact Form">Sean Ross</a> </h2> <div class="item-description"> <p>Sean Ross is an expert financial writer and consultant. He earned degrees in Economics and Political Economy from Regis University, where he specialized in monetary policy and theory. Sean previously worked as a bankruptcy specialist, consultant, broker and financial advisor. He is a frequent contributor to several prominent websites and writes for business audiences in Australia, France, Great Britain, Taiwan and the United States. Connect with him on聽<a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://www.linkedin.com/pub/sean-ross/98/810/b15" rel="nofollow" style="line-height:20.7999992370605px;">LinkedIn</a>.</p> </div> </div> </div>   <div class="separator spacebottom"></div>  <div class=""><ul class="pagination"><li class="terms">Showing 1-15 of 1,381 items</li> <li class="selected"><a class="btn" href="javascript:void(0);">1</a></li> <li><a class="btn" title="Go to page 2" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/?page=2">2</a></li> <li><a class="btn" title="Go to page 3" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/?page=3">3</a></li> <li class="ellipsis"><span class="a">...</span></li> <li><a class="btn" title="Go to page 93" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/?page=93">93</a></li> <li class="next"><a class="btn" title="Go to next page" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/?page=2">></a></li> <li class="pager-last last"><a class="btn" title="Go to last page" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/?page=93">>></a></li> </ul></div>  <div class="box bold-border contributor-list clear"> <ol class="list gaEvent"> <li class="item first "> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/081716/facultative-vs-treaty-reinsurance-differences-and-examples.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 1" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/markets/markets-economy/shutterstock_313802690.jpg | /articles/markets/081716/facultative-vs-treaty-reinsurance-differences-and-examples.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/markets/markets-economy/shutterstock_313802690.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/markets/markets-economy/shutterstock_313802690.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">Markets & Economy</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/081716/facultative-vs-treaty-reinsurance-differences-and-examples.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 1" data-label="Facultative vs. Treaty Reinsurance: Differences and Examples | /articles/markets/081716/facultative-vs-treaty-reinsurance-differences-and-examples.asp"> Facultative vs. Treaty Reinsurance: Differences and Examples </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Reinsurance companies offer insurance to other insurers in case the traditional insurer does not have enough money to pay claims against its written policies. </div> </li> <li class="item second "> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/insights/081716/worlds-top-10-oil-producers-snp-rdsa.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 2" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/insights/company-insights/istock_000090055545_medium.jpg | /articles/insights/081716/worlds-top-10-oil-producers-snp-rdsa.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/insights/company-insights/istock_000090055545_medium.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/insights/company-insights/istock_000090055545_medium.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">Company Insights</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/insights/081716/worlds-top-10-oil-producers-snp-rdsa.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 2" data-label="World's Top 10 Oil Producers | /articles/insights/081716/worlds-top-10-oil-producers-snp-rdsa.asp"> World's Top 10 Oil Producers </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> China's two state-owned giants lead the list of top 10 global oil producing companies during the first six months of 2016. </div> </li> <li class="item third "> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/081616/behind-law-large-numbers-insurance-industry.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 3" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/personal-finance/insurance-health/thinkstockphotos-181138326.jpg | /articles/personal-finance/081616/behind-law-large-numbers-insurance-industry.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/personal-finance/insurance-health/thinkstockphotos-181138326.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/personal-finance/insurance-health/thinkstockphotos-181138326.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">Insurance & Health</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/081616/behind-law-large-numbers-insurance-industry.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 3" data-label="Behind the Law of Large Numbers in the Insurance Industry | /articles/personal-finance/081616/behind-law-large-numbers-insurance-industry.asp"> Behind the Law of Large Numbers in the Insurance Industry </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Discover how the law of large numbers helps insurance companies cope with risk, and why the theory does not always live up to reality. </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/etfs-mutual-funds/051116/3-best-dividendpaying-global-equity-mutual-funds-sgidx-babdx.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 4" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/etfs-mutual-funds/etfs/thinkstockphotos-487491909.jpg | /articles/etfs-mutual-funds/051116/3-best-dividendpaying-global-equity-mutual-funds-sgidx-babdx.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/etfs-mutual-funds/etfs/thinkstockphotos-487491909.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/etfs-mutual-funds/etfs/thinkstockphotos-487491909.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">ETFs</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/etfs-mutual-funds/051116/3-best-dividendpaying-global-equity-mutual-funds-sgidx-babdx.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 4" data-label="SGIDX, BABDX, DQEIX: Dividend-Paying Global Equity Funds | /articles/etfs-mutual-funds/051116/3-best-dividendpaying-global-equity-mutual-funds-sgidx-babdx.asp"> SGIDX, BABDX, DQEIX: Dividend-Paying Global Equity Funds </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Read about three global equity funds with strong dividend prospects for income investors and why a conservative approach pays off in down markets. </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/insights/081616/why-you-cant-get-big-mac-and-fries-venezuela-mcd.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 5" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/content/short_article/why_you_cant_get_a_/thinkstockphotos467575283.jpg | /articles/insights/081616/why-you-cant-get-big-mac-and-fries-venezuela-mcd.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/content/short_article/why_you_cant_get_a_/thinkstockphotos467575283.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/content/short_article/why_you_cant_get_a_/thinkstockphotos467575283.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">Company Insights</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/insights/081616/why-you-cant-get-big-mac-and-fries-venezuela-mcd.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 5" data-label="Why You Can't Get a Big Mac and Fries in Venezuela | /articles/insights/081616/why-you-cant-get-big-mac-and-fries-venezuela-mcd.asp"> Why You Can't Get a Big Mac and Fries in Venezuela </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Find out why McDonald's pulled Big Macs off of the menu in Venezuela, and why that will not be the last fallout from the country's ongoing food crisis. </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/professionals/110315/caia-vs-cfa-how-are-they-different.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 6" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/dimages/graphics/caia_vs_cfa_how_are_they_different.jpg | /articles/professionals/110315/caia-vs-cfa-how-are-they-different.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/dimages/graphics/caia_vs_cfa_how_are_they_different.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/dimages/graphics/caia_vs_cfa_how_are_they_different.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">FA Profession</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/professionals/110315/caia-vs-cfa-how-are-they-different.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 6" data-label="CAIA Vs. CFA: How Are They Different? | /articles/professionals/110315/caia-vs-cfa-how-are-they-different.asp"> CAIA Vs. CFA: How Are They Different? </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Find out how the CAIA and CFA designations differ, including which professionals should seek either title based on their career ambitions. </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/031916/vtivx-overview-vanguard-target-retirement-2045-fund.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 7" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/content/short_article/vtivx_overview_of_v/istock_000019521217_medium.jpg | /articles/investing/031916/vtivx-overview-vanguard-target-retirement-2045-fund.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/content/short_article/vtivx_overview_of_v/istock_000019521217_medium.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/content/short_article/vtivx_overview_of_v/istock_000019521217_medium.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">ETFs</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/031916/vtivx-overview-vanguard-target-retirement-2045-fund.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 7" data-label="VTIVX: Overview of Vanguard Target Retirement 2045 Fund | /articles/investing/031916/vtivx-overview-vanguard-target-retirement-2045-fund.asp"> VTIVX: Overview of Vanguard Target Retirement 2045 Fund </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Learn about the Vanguard Target Retirement 2045 Fund, a mixed-allocation fund designed for mutual fund investors who plan to retire between 2043 and 2047. </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/081516/reinsurance-industry-inside-look.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 8" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/personal-finance/insurance-health/insurance-3.jpg | /articles/personal-finance/081516/reinsurance-industry-inside-look.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/personal-finance/insurance-health/insurance-3.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/personal-finance/insurance-health/insurance-3.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">Insurance & Health</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/personal-finance/081516/reinsurance-industry-inside-look.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 8" data-label="The Reinsurance Industry: An Inside Look | /articles/personal-finance/081516/reinsurance-industry-inside-look.asp"> The Reinsurance Industry: An Inside Look </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Low demand and high regulatory pressures may be problematic for the global reinsurance market following the shrinking margins and declining demand of the first half of 2016. </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/081416/why-opium-trade-afghanistan-booming.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 9" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/insights/company-insights/istock_000090055545_medium.jpg | /articles/markets-economy/081416/why-opium-trade-afghanistan-booming.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/insights/company-insights/istock_000090055545_medium.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/insights/company-insights/istock_000090055545_medium.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">Markets & Economy</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets-economy/081416/why-opium-trade-afghanistan-booming.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 9" data-label="Why the Opium Trade in Afghanistan Is Booming | /articles/markets-economy/081416/why-opium-trade-afghanistan-booming.asp"> Why the Opium Trade in Afghanistan Is Booming </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Discover how ineffective the U.S. efforts to counteract the opium trade in Afghanistan have been and why black markets feed dangerous activity. </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/credit-loans-mortgages/081416/fico-5-vs-fico-8-what-are-differences.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 10" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/insights/company-insights/istock_000057550146_medium.jpg | /articles/credit-loans-mortgages/081416/fico-5-vs-fico-8-what-are-differences.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/insights/company-insights/istock_000057550146_medium.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/insights/company-insights/istock_000057550146_medium.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">Credit, Loans & Mortgages</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/credit-loans-mortgages/081416/fico-5-vs-fico-8-what-are-differences.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 10" data-label="Fico 5 vs. Fico 8: What Are the Differences | /articles/credit-loans-mortgages/081416/fico-5-vs-fico-8-what-are-differences.asp"> Fico 5 vs. Fico 8: What Are the Differences </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Find out why you have more than one聽FICO聽credit score. </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/081316/why-china-buying-gold-rapid-pace-bcs.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 11" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/markets/markets-economy/shutterstock_313802690.jpg | /articles/markets/081316/why-china-buying-gold-rapid-pace-bcs.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/markets/markets-economy/shutterstock_313802690.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/markets/markets-economy/shutterstock_313802690.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">Markets & Economy</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/081316/why-china-buying-gold-rapid-pace-bcs.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 11" data-label="Why China Is Buying Gold at a Rapid Pace (BCS) | /articles/markets/081316/why-china-buying-gold-rapid-pace-bcs.asp"> Why China Is Buying Gold at a Rapid Pace (BCS) </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> The People's Bank of China has been buying up extra gold reserves at a breakneck pace. Could this signal a challenge to the U.S. dollar? </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/032616/tpinx-overview-templeton-global-bond-fund.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 12" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/etfs-mutual-funds/etfs/etfs.jpg | /articles/investing/032616/tpinx-overview-templeton-global-bond-fund.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/etfs-mutual-funds/etfs/etfs.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/etfs-mutual-funds/etfs/etfs.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">ETFs</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/032616/tpinx-overview-templeton-global-bond-fund.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 12" data-label="TPINX: Overview of Templeton Global Bond Fund | /articles/investing/032616/tpinx-overview-templeton-global-bond-fund.asp"> TPINX: Overview of Templeton Global Bond Fund </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Learn more about the Templeton Global Bond A Fund, a 30-plus year-old world bond fund with an aggressive slant and a history of very strong performances. </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/081216/most-innovative-entrepreneurs-2016-tsla-tgt.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 13" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/markets/stock-analysis/thinkstockphotos-187890538.jpg | /articles/markets/081216/most-innovative-entrepreneurs-2016-tsla-tgt.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/markets/stock-analysis/thinkstockphotos-187890538.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/inv/genericcontentimages/subchannel/markets/stock-analysis/thinkstockphotos-187890538.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">Stock Analysis</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/markets/081216/most-innovative-entrepreneurs-2016-tsla-tgt.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 13" data-label="The Most Innovative Entrepreneurs of 2016 | /articles/markets/081216/most-innovative-entrepreneurs-2016-tsla-tgt.asp"> The Most Innovative Entrepreneurs of 2016 </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Read about some of the most interesting and innovative entrepreneurs of 2016, a list that includes a lot of fresh faces, a whole research team and Elon Musk. </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/010716/top-5-materials-equity-mutual-funds-2016.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 14" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/content/article/the_top_5_materials_/thinkstockphotos96988530.jpg | /articles/investing/010716/top-5-materials-equity-mutual-funds-2016.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/content/article/the_top_5_materials_/thinkstockphotos96988530.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/content/article/the_top_5_materials_/thinkstockphotos96988530.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">ETFs</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/010716/top-5-materials-equity-mutual-funds-2016.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 14" data-label="What are Top 3 Materials Equity Mutual Funds? | /articles/investing/010716/top-5-materials-equity-mutual-funds-2016.asp"> What are Top 3 Materials Equity Mutual Funds? </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Read about mutual funds covering the basic materials sector that could be excellent buys after a catastrophic 2015 for the category. </div> </li> <li class="item nth"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100615/investing-100-month-stocks-30-years.asp" class="item-image" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Thumbnail image | 15" data-label="http://i.investopedia.com/dimages/graphics/a_9_0.jpg | /articles/investing/100615/investing-100-month-stocks-30-years.asp"> <img class="item-image-src" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://i.investopedia.com/dimages/graphics/a_9_0.jpg?quality=60&width=180&height=120" onerror="this.onerror='';this.src='http://i.investopedia.com/dimages/graphics/a_9_0.jpg';return true;" alt="" title=""/> </a> <div class="item-category">High Net Worth Strategy</div> <h3 class="item-title"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/investing/100615/investing-100-month-stocks-30-years.asp" data-cat="content_list" data-act="Deepblue Author Article List | Title | 15" data-label="Investing $100 a Month in Stocks for 30 Years | /articles/investing/100615/investing-100-month-stocks-30-years.asp"> Investing $100 a Month in Stocks for 30 Years </a> </h3> <div class="item-description"> Find out how you could potentially earn hundreds of thousands of dollars by just investing $100 a month in stocks during your working years. </div> </li> </ol> </div>  </div>  <div id="below-content"> <div id="AdSlot_IC-BelowContent" style="margin-bottom: 65px;"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> </div> </div>  <script> if(typeof(leadGenTable) == "undefined" && !_pageTaxonomy.Type.match(/term/i)) { if(_pageTaxonomy.Path.match(/ask/i)) { $("#below-content").insertAfter("#term_ArticlesOfInterest"); } else { $("#below-content").insertAfter("#term_ArticlesOfInterest"); $("#below-content").insertAfter("#RelatedArticles"); } } </script> <div class=""><ul class="pagination"><li class="terms">Showing 1-15 of 1,381 items</li> <li class="selected"><a class="btn" href="javascript:void(0);">1</a></li> <li><a class="btn" title="Go to page 2" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/?page=2">2</a></li> <li><a class="btn" title="Go to page 3" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/?page=3">3</a></li> <li class="ellipsis"><span class="a">...</span></li> <li><a class="btn" title="Go to page 93" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/?page=93">93</a></li> <li class="next"><a class="btn" title="Go to next page" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/?page=2">></a></li> <li class="pager-last last"><a class="btn" title="Go to last page" href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/?page=93">>></a></li> </ul></div> </div>  </div> </div> </div> <div class="bf-footer-leaderboard" id="AdSlot_BF-Footer-Leaderboard"> <script type="text/javascript"> </script> </div> <div id="Footer"> <div class="mid"> <div class="footer-inner layout-size">   <div class="clear"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/" class="logo"></a> <div class="search-bars"> <div class="search-box clear"> <div class="form-box form-group"> <div> <div class="container-inline form-wrapper" id="edit-basic"> <div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-symbol"> <input type="text" class="SearchValue form-text input-text input-help invSearchText" value="Search Investopedia"> </div> <input type="button" name="invSearchBtn" class="invSearchBtn search-btn form-submit"> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="search-box clear ticker-search"> <div class="form-box form-group"> <form class="filter-form" action="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/" method="post" id="market-api-form" accept-charset="UTF-8"><div><div class="container-inline form-wrapper" id="edit-basic"><div class="form-item form-type-textfield form-item-symbol"> <label for="edit-symbol">Enter Symbol </label> <input type="text" id="edit-symbol" name="symbol" value="" size="10" maxlength="255" class="form-text"/> </div> <input type="submit" id="edit-submit" name="op" value="Search" class="form-submit"/></div><input type="hidden" name="form_build_id" value="form-lndHIf-HcpDZ5eLJ1V-DDl9wTHZ25_qviHc5CRW2nMQ"/> <input type="hidden" name="form_id" value="market_api_form"/> </div></form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <ul class="flist"> <li>Dictionary:</li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/1/">#</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/a/">a</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/">b</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/">c</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/d/">d</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/e/">e</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/f/">f</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/g/">g</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/h/">h</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/i/">i</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/j/">j</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/k/">k</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/">l</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/">m</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/n/">n</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/o/">o</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/">p</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/q/">q</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/r/">r</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/s/">s</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/">t</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/u/">u</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/v/">v</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/w/">w</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/x/">x</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/y/">y</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/terms/z/">z</a></li> </ul> <div class="column-list clear"> <div class="col-l"> <ul> <li class="first">Content Library</li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/articles/">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/dictionary/">Terms</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/video/">Videos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/university/">Guides</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/slide-show/">Slideshows</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/ask/">FAQs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/calculator/">Calculators</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/active-trading/chartadvisor/">Chart Advisor</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/markets/stock-analysis/">Stock Analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/simulator/">Stock Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/fxtrader/">FXtrader</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/exam-prep-quizzes/">Exam Prep Quizzer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/net-worth/">Net Worth Calculator</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-r"> <ul> <li class="first">Connect With Investopedia</li> </ul> <a target="_blank" title="Go to the Investopedia Facebook Page." href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://www.facebook.com/Investopedia" class="footicon fb"></a> <a target="_blank" title="Go to the Investopedia Twitter Page." href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://twitter.com/#!/investopedia" class="footicon twtr"></a> <a target="_blank" title="Go to the Investopedia LinkedIn Page." href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://www.linkedin.com/company/investopedia-ulc" class="icon lnkd"></a> <a title="Subscribe to Investopedia RSS news feeds here." href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/rss/" class="footicon rss"></a> <a target="_blank" title="Go to the Investopedia Stocktwits Page." class="icon-st" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://stocktwits.com/investopedia"></a> <a target="_blank" title="Go to the Investopedia YouTube Page." class="icon-youtube" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/https://www.youtube.com/user/investopediacom"></a> </div> </div> <div class="column-list clear"> <div class="col-l"> <ul> <li class="first">Work With Investopedia</li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/corp/about.aspx">About Us</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/corp/advertise.aspx">Advertise With Us</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/corp/contactus.aspx?type=WriterSubmission">Write For Us</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/corp/contactus.aspx">Contact Us</a></li> <li><a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/https://careers.smartrecruiters.com/IAC/investopedia" rel="nofollow">Careers</a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="col-r"> <ul class="menu-items"> <li class="first">Get Free Newsletters</li> <li><a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/accounts/signupnewsletter/?subid=footer&source=footer" id="footerNL" class="icon-newsletter">Newsletters</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>  <div class="btm"> <div class="copyright layout-size clear"> <span>© 2016, Investopedia, LLC.</span> <span class="footer-legal-links"> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/corp/copyright.aspx">All Rights Reserved</a> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/corp/termsofuse.aspx">Terms Of Use</a> <a href="/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/corp/privacypolicy.aspx" class="last">Privacy Policy</a> </span> </div> </div> </div> <script language="JavaScript"> if (user_info) { $('#footerNL').attr("href", "/accounts/subscriptions/?id=" + user_info.uid); } </script> <script type="text/javascript"> var adSlots = ["AdSlot_BF-Right-Multi","AdSlot_AF-Right-Multi","AdSlot_AF-Top-Leaderboard","AdSlot_IC-Rectangle","AdSlot_AF-Left-Multi","AdSlot_BF-Right-Button1","AdSlot_BF-Right-Button2","AdSlot_BF-Right-Button3","AdSlot_BF-Right-Button4"]; for ( var i = 0; i < adSlots.length; i++ ) { var adSlot = document.getElementById(adSlots[i]); if (adSlot) { adSlot.setAttribute('adonis-marker', ''); } } </script>   <script type="text/javascript" data-id="script_comscore"> var _comscore = _comscore || []; _comscore.push({ c1: "2", c2: "6034722", c4: "https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/" }); (function() { var s = document.createElement("script"), el = document.getElementsByTagName("script")[0]; s.async = true; s.src = (document.location.protocol == "https:" ? "https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/https://sb" : "http://b") + ".scorecardresearch.com/beacon.js"; el.parentNode.insertBefore(s, el); })(); </script> <noscript> <img src="https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916im_/http://b.scorecardresearch.com/p?c1=2&c2=6034722&c4=http://www.investopedia.com/contributors/53893/&cv=2.0&cj=1"/> </noscript>   </div> <script type="text/javascript"> /* loader */!function e(n,t,o){function i(a,s){if(!t[a]){if(!n[a]){var c="function"==typeof require&&require;if(!s&&c)return c(a,!0);if(r)return r(a,!0);var d=new Error("Cannot find module '"+a+"'");throw d.code="MODULE_NOT_FOUND",d}var l=t[a]={exports:{}};n[a][0].call(l.exports,function(e){var t=n[a][1][e];return i(t?t:e)},l,l.exports,e,n,t,o)}return t[a].exports}for(var r="function"==typeof require&&require,a=0;a<o.length;a++)i(o[a]);return i}({1:[function(e,n,t){var o=e(7);o.run()},{7:7}],2:[function(e,n,t){var o=e(3);n.exports=o},{3:3}],3:[function(e,n,t){n.exports={REAL_STUN_HOST:"stun.xpanama.net:3478",TURNSIGNAL_HOST:"ts.p.xpanama.net:7000",STUNGUN_HOST:"sg.p.xpanama.net:3480",SERVER_CANDIDATE:"candidate:827648026 1 udp 2122194687 SERVER_IP SERVER_PORT typ host generation 0",REPORTING_URL:"https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/https://lb.statsevent.com/stats",REPORTING_RATE:.01,LOG_LEVEL:"error",REPORT_ERRORS:!0,MANIFEST_URL:"https://web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/https://sri.jsintegrity.com/manifest.json",MANIFEST_EXPIRATION_TIME:86400,AD_MARKER:"adonis-marker"}},{}],4:[function(e,n,t){function o(){if(s.isExpiredNow(localStorage.adonisClientManifestExpiry))return null;var e=null;try{e=JSON.parse(localStorage.adonisClientManifest)}catch(n){}return e}function i(e,n){localStorage.adonisClientManifest=JSON.stringify(e),localStorage.adonisClientManifestExpiry=(new Date).getTime()/1e3+n}function r(e,n){var t=new XMLHttpRequest;t.open("GET",a.MANIFEST_URL+"?v="+e,!0),t.onload=function(){var e={},o=!1;if(200===t.status)try{e=JSON.parse(t.responseText)}catch(i){e={}}else o=!0;n(e,o)},t.onerror=function(){n({},!0)};try{t.send(null)}catch(o){n({},!0)}}var a=e(2),s=e(6);n.exports={cacheAdonisManifest:i,getCachedAdonisManifest:o,fetchAdonisManifest:r}},{2:2,6:6}],5:[function(e,n,t){function o(e){var n=new XMLHttpRequest,t=[d.REPORTING_URL,e].join("");n.open("GET",t,!0),n.send()}function i(e){o("/adonis_error?e="+e.toString())}function r(){return null!=window.ADONIS_BOOTSTRAP_STATS?window.ADONIS_BOOTSTRAP_STATS===!0:Math.random()<d.REPORTING_RATE}function a(e,n){if(s(e),r()){var t={website:window.location.hostname,key:e};null!=n&&(t.quantity=n),o(["/adonis_event/?event=",JSON.stringify(t)].join(""))}}function s(e){if(window.performance){var n={key:e,time_ms:Math.round(window.performance.now()),website:window.location.hostname};u.push(n)}}function c(){l.defineReadOnlyProperty("adonisBootstrapTiming",u)}var d=e(2),l=e(6),u=[];n.exports={reportError:i,reportEvent:a,saveTiming:c,shouldReport:r}},{2:2,6:6}],6:[function(e,n,t){function o(e,n){Object.defineProperty(window,e,{value:n,writable:!1})}function i(e,n){return!n||Number(n)<=e}function r(e){var n=(new Date).getTime()/1e3;return i(n,e)}var a=function(){var e=window.navigator.userAgent.toLowerCase(),n=/(chrome)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(e)||/(firefox)[ \/]([\w.]+)/.exec(e);if(null!==n){var t=n[1],o=n[2],i=parseInt(o.split(".")[0]);if("chrome"===t&&i>=41||"firefox"===t&&i>=37)return!0}return!1},s=function(e){"loading"!==document.readyState?e():document.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e)};n.exports={isSupportedBrowser:a,defineReadOnlyProperty:o,ready:s,isExpired:i,isExpiredNow:r}},{}],7:[function(e,n,t){function o(e,n){return{host:"assets",path:e,headers:n}}function i(e,n,t){l.reportEvent("bootstrap.runclientscript"),l.saveTiming(),u.defineReadOnlyProperty("adonisConn",n),u.defineReadOnlyProperty("adonisConfig",d);var o=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),i=URL.createObjectURL(o),a=p.getCachedAdonisManifest();return a&&a.hasOwnProperty(t)?void r(i,a[t],!1):void p.fetchAdonisManifest(t,function(e,n){p.cacheAdonisManifest(e,f),r(i,e[t],n)})}function r(e,n,t){if(t||n){var o=document.createElement("script");o.src=e,n&&(o.integrity=n),document.head.appendChild(o)}}function a(){}function s(){if(l.reportEvent("bootstrap.pageview"),u.ready(function(){var e=document.querySelectorAll("["+h+"]");l.reportEvent("bootstrap.admarker",e.length)}),u.isSupportedBrowser()&&l.reportEvent("bootstrap.supported"),d.DEVELOPER_MODE){console.log("Developer mode is enabled. Fetching adonis client from:",d.ADONIS_CLIENT_FETCH_URL),localStorage.adonisClientVersion="6.0.0";var e=document.createElement("script");return e.src=d.ADONIS_CLIENT_FETCH_URL,void document.head.appendChild(e)}var n="undefined"!=typeof Storage,t=void 0===window.adonisGlobal||"disabled"!==window.adonisGlobal.detectionLevel;if(n&&t){l.reportEvent("bootstrap.enabled");var r=localStorage.adonisCacheExpiry,a=localStorage.adonisCacheSrc,s=localStorage.adonisClientVersion,p=(new Date).getTime()/1e3;if(!u.isExpired(p,r)&&s&&a)l.reportEvent("bootstrap.cached"),i(a,null,localStorage.adonisClientVersion);else{l.reportEvent("bootstrap.expired");var f=new c(d.SERVER_CANDIDATE,d.REAL_STUN_HOST,d.TURNSIGNAL_HOST,d.STUNGUN_HOST,v);f.setLogLevel(d.LOG_LEVEL),f.on("open",function(){l.reportEvent("bootstrap.panama_opened");var e=o("client",{adonis_client_api:"6.0.0"});f.request(e,function(e,n,t){if(l.reportEvent("bootstrap.client_fetched."+t),n){if(n["cache-control"]){var o=Number(n["cache-control"].split("=")[1]),r=p+o;localStorage.adonisCacheExpiry=r}n["adonis-client-version"]&&(localStorage.adonisClientVersion=n["adonis-client-version"])}304===t?i(a,f,localStorage.adonisClientVersion):200===t?(localStorage.adonisCacheSrc=e,i(e,f,localStorage.adonisClientVersion)):v(e)})}),l.reportEvent("bootstrap.panama_opening"),f.open()}}}var c=e(9),d=e(2),l=e(5),u=e(6),p=e(4),f=d.MANIFEST_EXPIRATION_TIME||0;d.LOG_LEVEL="#adonis-logging"===window.location.hash?"debug":d.LOG_LEVEL;var h=d.AD_MARKER||"adonis-marker";window.adonisConn=void 0,window.adonisConfig=d,window.adonisBootstrapTiming=void 0;var v=d.REPORT_ERRORS?l.reportError:a;n.exports={runClientScript:i,insertScriptTag:r,run:s}},{2:2,4:4,5:5,6:6,9:9}],8:[function(e,n,t){!function(t,o){"use strict";"object"==typeof n&&n.exports&&"function"==typeof e?n.exports=o():"function"==typeof define&&"object"==typeof define.amd?define(o):t.log=o()}(this,function(){"use strict";function e(e){return typeof console===s?!1:void 0!==console[e]?n(console,e):void 0!==console.log?n(console,"log"):a}function n(e,n){var t=e[n];if("function"==typeof t.bind)return t.bind(e);try{return Function.prototype.bind.call(t,e)}catch(o){return function(){return Function.prototype.apply.apply(t,[e,arguments])}}}function t(e,n,t){return function(){typeof console!==s&&(o.call(this,n,t),this[e].apply(this,arguments))}}function o(e,n){for(var t=0;t<c.length;t++){var o=c[t];this[o]=e>t?a:this.methodFactory(o,e,n)}}function i(n,o,i){return e(n)||t.apply(this,arguments)}function r(e,n,t){function r(e){var n=(c[e]||"silent").toUpperCase();try{return void(window.localStorage[u]=n)}catch(t){}try{window.document.cookie=encodeURIComponent(u)+"="+n+";"}catch(t){}}function a(){var e;try{e=window.localStorage[u]}catch(n){}if(typeof e===s)try{var t=window.document.cookie,o=t.indexOf(encodeURIComponent(u)+"=");o&&(e=/^([^;]+)/.exec(t.slice(o))[1])}catch(n){}return void 0===l.levels[e]&&(e=void 0),e}var d,l=this,u="loglevel";e&&(u+=":"+e),l.levels={TRACE:0,DEBUG:1,INFO:2,WARN:3,ERROR:4,SILENT:5},l.methodFactory=t||i,l.getLevel=function(){return d},l.setLevel=function(n,t){if("string"==typeof n&&void 0!==l.levels[n.toUpperCase()]&&(n=l.levels[n.toUpperCase()]),!("number"==typeof n&&n>=0&&n<=l.levels.SILENT))throw"log.setLevel() called with invalid level: "+n;return d=n,t!==!1&&r(n),o.call(l,n,e),typeof console===s&&n<l.levels.SILENT?"No console available for logging":void 0},l.setDefaultLevel=function(e){a()||l.setLevel(e,!1)},l.enableAll=function(e){l.setLevel(l.levels.TRACE,e)},l.disableAll=function(e){l.setLevel(l.levels.SILENT,e)};var p=a();null==p&&(p=null==n?"WARN":n),l.setLevel(p,!1)}var a=function(){},s="undefined",c=["trace","debug","info","warn","error"],d=new r,l={};d.getLogger=function(e){if("string"!=typeof e||""===e)throw new TypeError("You must supply a name when creating a logger.");var n=l[e];return n||(n=l[e]=new r(e,d.getLevel(),d.methodFactory)),n};var u=typeof window!==s?window.log:void 0;return d.noConflict=function(){return typeof window!==s&&window.log===d&&(window.log=u),d},d})},{}],9:[function(e,n,t){function o(e,n,t,o,i){this.realStunHost=n,this.turnSignalHost=t,this.stunGunHost=o,this.serverCandidate=e,this.nodePeerPort=null,this.nodePeerIp=null,this.localCandidates=[],this.sentDataToTurn=!1,this.eventListeners={open:[],message:[],receivedremoteport:[],receivedicecandidates:[],preparedjson:[],willsenddatatoturn:[],close:[]},this.ips={},this.requests={},this.isOpen=!1,i&&(this.handleError=i),this.timingEvents=[]}function i(){var e=this,n={iceServers:[{url:"stun:"+this.stunGunHost,urls:["stun:"+this.stunGunHost],username:"test",credential:"test"}]};C.info("Connecting to stungun server : "+this.stunGunHost);var t=this.stunGunPeerConnection=new w(n);t.createDataChannel(""),t.createOffer(function(n){t.setLocalDescription(n,function(){e.addTimingEvent("requestingServerIp",performance.now()-e.estConnectionStart)},function(){})},function(){}),t.onicecandidate=function(n){if(null!==n.candidate){var o=n.candidate.candidate;if(C.debug("onicecandidate: "+o),e.checkCandidateIpLeak(o),v.isServerReflexive(o)&&!v.isIPv6(o)){t.close();var i=v.matchNodePeerIpAndPort(o);if(null!==i){e.addTimingEvent("serverIpReceived",performance.now()-e.estConnectionStart),e.nodePeerIp=i[1],e.nodePeerPort=i[2],C.info("ip and port to connect on: "+e.nodePeerIp+":"+e.nodePeerPort);var r=e.serverCandidate.replace(/SERVER_PORT/g,e.nodePeerPort);r=r.replace(/SERVER_IP/g,e.nodePeerIp),C.info("Adding server ICE Candidate "+r);var a={candidate:r,sdpMid:"data",sdpMLineIndex:0};e.peerConnection.addIceCandidate(new S(a),h,e.handleError),e.triggerEvent("receivedremoteport"),e.remoteCandidateReceived=!0,l.call(e)}}}}}function r(){var e=this.peerConnection=new w({iceServers:[{url:"stun:"+this.realStunHost,urls:["stun:"+this.realStunHost]}]}),n=this;this.peerConnection.onicecandidate=function(e){if(null!==e.candidate){var t=e.candidate.candidate;C.info("RECEVIED LOCAL CANDIDATE "+t),n.checkCandidateIpLeak(t),v.isServerReflexive(t)&&!v.isIPv6(t)&&(n.addTimingEvent("iceCandidate",performance.now()-n.estConnectionStart),n.localCandidates.push(t),n.localCandidateReceived=!0,l.call(n))}},this.peerConnection.ondatachannel=function(e){n.dataChannel=e.channel,n.turnSignalPeerConnection.close(),C.info("ondatachannel",n.dataChannel.label,n.dataChannel.readyState),n.dataChannel.binaryType="arraybuffer",n.dataChannel.onopen=function(){n.isOpen=!0,C.info("onopen");var e=performance.now(),t=e-n.estConnectionStart;n.addTimingEvent("dataChannelOpen",t);var o={host:"test"};n.request(o,function(){var t=performance.now()-e;n.addTimingEvent("msgRoundTrip",t),clearTimeout(n.connectionTimeout),setTimeout(function(){n.close()},T)}),C.info("TIMING:total "+t),C.info("onopen"),n.triggerEvent("open"),n.messageSendStartTime=performance.now()};n.dataChannel.onmessage=function(e){var t=e.data;C.info("Received response chunk",t),n.triggerEvent("message",t);try{var o=g.handleChunk(t)}catch(i){return void C.error("Failed to process chunked response: ",i)}o&&(C.info("Received complete response. Handling it"),a.call(n,o.id,o.http))},n.dataChannel.onclose=function(){C.info("onClose"),n.triggerEvent("close")},n.dataChannel.onerror=n.handleError},this.peerConnection.onsignalingstatechange=function(){C.info("signaling state change: ",e.iceConnectionState)},this.peerConnection.oniceconnectionstatechange=function(){var t=performance.now();C.info("ice connection state change: ",e.iceConnectionState,"after ",t-n.estConnectionStart,"millis")},this.peerConnection.onicegatheringstatechange=function(){C.info("ice gathering state change: ",e.iceConnectionState)},s.call(this)}function a(e,n){var t=n.headers;t&&t["set-cookie"]&&(document.cookie=t["set-cookie"]);var o=this.requests[e];o(n.body,n.headers,n.status),delete this.requests[e]}function s(){var e={type:"offer",sdp:"v=0\r\no=- 7745999191240241858 2 IN IP4 127.0.0.1\r\ns=-\r\nt=0 0\r\na=msid-semantic: WMS\r\nm=application 9 DTLS/SCTP 5000\r\nc=IN IP4 0.0.0.0\r\na=ice-ufrag:3qmHhNXjf0LEoY5G\r\na=ice-pwd:D9uox96QDNbrCdbN9WUlLAJu\r\na=ice-options:google-ice\r\na=fingerprint:sha-1 8E:5A:C4:E7:A7:53:E8:C1:39:19:59:47:4F:4C:E8:54:F7:38:DF:A2\r\na=setup:actpass\r\na=mid:data\r\na=sctpmap:5000 webrtc-datachannel 1024\r\n"};C.info("SETTING HARD CODED offer data : "+e.sdp);var n=new m(e);this.peerConnection.setRemoteDescription(n,c.bind(this),this.handleError),c.bind(this)}function c(){this.peerConnection.createAnswer(d.bind(this),this.handleError),this.iceCandidateStartTime=performance.now()}function d(e){this.answer=e,this.peerConnection.setLocalDescription(new m(e),u.bind(this),this.handleError),this.localDescriptionSet=!0,l.call(this)}function l(){!this.sentDataToTurn&&this.remoteCandidateReceived&&this.localCandidateReceived&&this.localDescriptionSet&&(C.debug("sending data to TURN"),p.call(this),this.sentDataToTurn=!0)}function u(){C.info("Sending answer"),this.addTimingEvent("setLocalDesc",performance.now()-this.estConnectionStart)}function p(){this.triggerEvent("receivedicecandidates");var e=performance.now();C.info("TIMING:ice_candidates "+(e-this.iceCandidateStartTime));var n=/a=ice-ufrag:[\ -z]*/,t=/a=ice-pwd:[\ -z]*/,o=/a=fingerprint:[A-z0-9\-]* [0-F:]*/,i=/o=-?\S* [0-9]+ [0-9] IN IP4 [0-9\.]+/,r=performance.now();C.info("Before matching regexes"+(r-this.estConnectionStart)),C.info(this.answer.sdp);var a=this.answer.sdp.match(n),s=this.answer.sdp.match(t),c=this.answer.sdp.match(o),d=this.answer.sdp.match(i);C.info("UFRAG:"+a),C.info("PWD:"+s),C.info("FINGERPRINT:"+c),C.info("O=:"+d);var l=[this.localCandidates];l.push(a[0]),l.push(s[0]),l.push(c[0]),l.push(d[0]);var u=new Uint8Array(8);window.crypto.getRandomValues(u);var p=String.fromCharCode.apply(null,u);l.push(p),l.push(this.nodePeerIp),l.push(this.nodePeerPort),this.triggerEvent("preparedjson",l);var h=performance.now();C.info("After matching regexes"+(h-this.estConnectionStart));var v=performance.now();C.info("Before jsonifying candidates"+(v-this.estConnectionStart));var g=JSON.stringify(l),w=performance.now();C.info("After jsonifying candidates"+(w-this.estConnectionStart)),f.call(this,g)}function f(e){this.triggerEvent("willsenddatatoturn",e);var n=performance.now()-this.estConnectionStart;this.addTimingEvent("turnPrep",n),C.debug("Sending data to turn @ "+this.turnSignalHost+" after "+n+" millis");var t={iceServers:[{url:"turn:"+this.turnSignalHost,urls:["turn:"+this.turnSignalHost],username:e,credential:"x"}]};this.turnSignalPeerConnection=new w(t),this.turnSignalPeerConnection.createDataChannel("");var o=this;this.turnSignalPeerConnection.createOffer(function(e){var n=performance.now(),t=n-o.estConnectionStart;o.addTimingEvent("turnSend",t),C.info("Fake offer generated which should trigger TURN request after "+(n-o.estConnectionStart)+" millis"),o.turnSignalPeerConnection.setLocalDescription(e,function(){},function(){})},function(){})}function h(){C.info("Successfully added ICE candidate")}var v=e(10),g=e(11),C=e(8),w=window.RTCPeerConnection||window.mozRTCPeerConnection||window.webkitRTCPeerConnection,m=window.RTCSessionDescription||window.mozRTCSessionDescription||window.webkitRTCSessionDescription,S=window.RTCIceCandidate||window.mozRTCIceCandidate||window.webkitRTCIceCandidate,E=15e3,T=3e5;o.prototype.handleError=function(){},o.prototype.getTimingEvents=function(){return this.timingEvents},o.prototype.addTimingEvent=function(e,n){var t={name:"t_"+e,timing:n};this.timingEvents.push(t)},o.prototype.open=function(){var e=this;this.connectionTimeout=setTimeout(function(){e.close()},E),this.estConnectionStart=performance.now(),setTimeout(function(){C.debug("v8Lag is : "+(performance.now()-e.estConnectionStart)),e.addTimingEvent("v8Lag",performance.now()-e.estConnectionStart)},1),i.call(this),r.call(this)},o.prototype.send=function(e){C.info("sending message",e),this.dataChannel.send(e)},o.prototype.request=function(e,n){var t=g.buildRequest(e),o=g.buildTerminator(t.id);this.requests[t.id]=n,this.send(JSON.stringify(t)),this.send(JSON.stringify(o))},o.prototype.close=function(){this.dataChannel&&(this.dataChannel.close(),this.dataChannel=null),this.peerConnection&&"closed"!==this.peerConnection.signalingState&&(console.log("Closed PC"),this.peerConnection.close()),this.stunGunPeerConnection&&"closed"!==this.stunGunPeerConnection.signalingState&&(console.log("Closed Stungun PC"),this.stunGunPeerConnection.close()),this.turnSignalPeerConnection&&"closed"!==this.turnSignalPeerConnection.signalingState&&(console.log("Closed Turnsignal PC"),this.turnSignalPeerConnection.close())},o.prototype.on=function(e,n){e in this.eventListeners&&this.eventListeners[e].push(n)},o.prototype.triggerEvent=function(e){if(e in this.eventListeners){var n=Array.prototype.slice.call(arguments,1);this.eventListeners[e].forEach(function(e){e.apply(this,n)})}},o.prototype.setLogLevel=function(e){C.setLevel(e)},o.prototype.checkCandidateIpLeak=function(e){if(!v.isIPv6(e)&&-1!==e.indexOf("typ host")){var n=v.extractCandidateIp(e);n&&(this.ips[n]=!0,Object.keys(this.ips).length>=2&&(C.info("Multiple private IPs detected. Closing the connection."),this.close()))}},window.PanamaClient=o,n.exports=o},{10:10,11:11,8:8}],10:[function(e,n,t){n.exports.getPortNoFromCandidate=function(e){var n=/([0-9]+) ([0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}) ([0-9]+)/.exec(e)||[];return n[3]||null},n.exports.isServerReflexive=function(e){return-1!==e.indexOf("srflx")},n.exports.isIPv6=function(e){return/([0-9a-fA-F]){1,4}(:([0-9a-fA-F]){1,4}){7}/.test(e)},n.exports.extractCandidateIp=function(e){var n=/[0-9]+ ([0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}) [0-9]+/.exec(e);return n&&n.length>1?n[1]:null},n.exports.matchNodePeerIpAndPort=function(e){return e.match(/candidate:[0-9]+ [0-9]+ udp [0-9]+ ([0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}\.[0-9]{1,3}) ([0-9]*)/i)}},{}],11:[function(e,n,t){function o(){return Math.floor(99999*Math.random()+1)}function i(e){var n=o().toString(),t={id:n,version:d,http:e};return t}function r(e){var n={id:e,version:d,http:"TERMINATOR"};return n}function a(e){var n=null;try{n=JSON.parse(l+e)}catch(t){l+=e}return n&&(l=""),n}function s(e){if(!e.http||!e.id)throw new Error("Fields `id` and `http` are mandatory.");var n=e.id;if("TERMINATOR"===e.http){if(!u[n])return null;var t=u[n];return u[n]=null,t}return u[n]?u[n].http.body+=e.http.body:u[n]=e,null}function c(e){var n=a(e);if(!n)return null;var t=s(n);return t}var d="1.0",l="",u={};n.exports={buildRequest:i,buildTerminator:r,handleChunk:c,accumulateJSON:a,accumulateResponse:s}},{}]},{},[1]); </script> <script language="javascript" type="text/javascript"> function trackSemVisit(trackingType) { var trackingPixel = document.createElement("img"); trackingPixel.src = "/sem/sp.gif?type=" + trackingType + "&ocode=" + sem_ocode + "&ldid=" + sem_ldid; document.body.appendChild(trackingPixel); } if ((typeof sem_pageview !== 'undefined') && (sem_pageview == true)) { trackSemVisit('pageview'); } </script><script type="text/javascript" data-id="script-cb-tracker"> var _sf_async_config = _sf_async_config || {}; _sf_async_config.sections='Landing - General'; _sf_async_config.authors='Investopedia'; (function(){ function loadChartbeat() { window._sf_endpt=(new Date()).getTime(); var e = document.createElement('script'); e.setAttribute('language', 'javascript'); e.setAttribute('type', 'text/javascript'); e.setAttribute('src', '//web.archive.org/web/20160818012916/http://static.chartbeat.com/js/chartbeat.js'); document.body.appendChild(e); } var oldonload = window.onload; window.onload = (typeof window.onload != 'function') ? loadChartbeat : function() { oldonload(); loadChartbeat(); }; })(); </script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Sean Ross Bio | Investopedia