Git - Git as a Client

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="fa"> <head> <meta charset='utf-8'> <meta content='IE=edge,chrome=1' http-equiv='X-UA-Compatible'> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <title>Git - Git as a Client</title> <link href="/favicon.ico" rel='shortcut icon' type='image/x-icon'> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/application.min.css"> <script src="/js/modernizr.js"></script> <script src="/js/modernize.js"></script> </head> <body id="documentation"> <div class="inner"> <header> <a href="/"><img src="/images/logo@2x.png" width="110" height="46" alt="Git" /></a> <span id="tagline"></span> <script type="text/javascript"> const taglines = [ "fast-version-control", "everything-is-local", "distributed-even-if-your-workflow-isnt", "local-branching-on-the-cheap", "distributed-is-the-new-centralized" ]; var tagline = taglines[Math.floor(Math.random() * taglines.length)]; document.getElementById('tagline').innerHTML = '--' + tagline; </script> <form id="search" 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Full translation available in <table> <tr><td><a href="/book/az/v2/Git-v%c9%99-Dig%c9%99r-Sisteml%c9%99r-Git-M%c3%bc%c5%9ft%c9%99ri-kimi">azərbaycan dili</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/bg/v2/%d0%9f%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%bb%d0%be%d0%b6%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d0%b5-A:-Git-%d0%b2-%d0%b4%d1%80%d1%83%d0%b3%d0%b8-%d1%81%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%b4%d0%b8-%d0%93%d1%80%d0%b0%d1%84%d0%b8%d1%87%d0%bd%d0%b8-%d0%b8%d0%bd%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%84%d0%b5%d0%b9%d1%81%d0%b8">български език</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/de/v2/Git-und-andere-VCS-Systeme-Git-als-Client">Deutsch</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/es/v2/Git-y-Otros-Sistemas-Git-como-Cliente">Español</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/fr/v2/Git-et-les-autres-syst%c3%a8mes-Git-comme-client">Français</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/gr">Ελληνικά</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/ja/v2/Git%e3%81%a8%e3%81%9d%e3%81%ae%e4%bb%96%e3%81%ae%e3%82%b7%e3%82%b9%e3%83%86%e3%83%a0%e3%81%ae%e9%80%a3%e6%90%ba-Git-%e3%82%92%e3%82%af%e3%83%a9%e3%82%a4%e3%82%a2%e3%83%b3%e3%83%88%e3%81%a8%e3%81%97%e3%81%a6%e4%bd%bf%e7%94%a8%e3%81%99%e3%82%8b">日本語</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/ko/v2/Git%ea%b3%bc-%ec%97%ac%ed%83%80-%eb%b2%84%ec%a0%84-%ea%b4%80%eb%a6%ac-%ec%8b%9c%ec%8a%a4%ed%85%9c-Git:-%eb%b2%94%ec%9a%a9-Client">한국어</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/nl/v2/Git-en-andere-systemen-Git-als-een-client">Nederlands</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/ru/v2/Git-%d0%b8-%d0%b4%d1%80%d1%83%d0%b3%d0%b8%d0%b5-%d1%81%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bc%d1%8b-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bd%d1%82%d1%80%d0%be%d0%bb%d1%8f-%d0%b2%d0%b5%d1%80%d1%81%d0%b8%d0%b9-Git-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%ba-%d0%ba%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82">Русский</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/sl/v2/Git-in-ostali-sistemi-Git-kot-odjemalec">Slovenščina</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/tl/v2/Ang-Git-at-iba-pang-mga-Sistema-Git-bilang-isang-Kliyente">Tagalog</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/uk/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-%d1%8f%d0%ba-%d0%ba%d0%bb%d1%96%d1%94%d0%bd%d1%82">Українська</a></td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/zh/v2/Git-%e4%b8%8e%e5%85%b6%e4%bb%96%e7%b3%bb%e7%bb%9f-%e4%bd%9c%e4%b8%ba%e5%ae%a2%e6%88%b7%e7%ab%af%e7%9a%84-Git">简体中文</a>,</td></tr> </table> </p> <p> Partial translations available in <table> <tr><td><a href="/book/cs/v2/Git-a-ostatn%c3%ad-syst%c3%a9my-Git-as-a-Client">Čeština</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/mk/v2/Git-%d0%b8-%d0%b4%d1%80%d1%83%d0%b3%d0%b8-%d1%81%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b8-Git-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%ba%d0%be-%d0%9a%d0%bb%d0%b8%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82">Македонски</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/pl/v2/Git-i-inne-systemy-Git-jako-klient">Polski</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/sr/v2/%d0%93%d0%b8%d1%82-%d0%b8-%d0%be%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b0%d0%bb%d0%b8-%d1%81%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b8-%d0%93%d0%b8%d1%82-%d0%ba%d0%b0%d0%be-%d0%ba%d0%bb%d0%b8%d1%98%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82">Српски</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/uz/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-as-a-Client">Ўзбекча</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/zh-tw/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-as-a-Client">繁體中文</a>,</td></tr> </table> </p> <p> Translations started for <table> <tr><td><a href="/book/be/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-as-a-Client">Беларуская</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-as-a-Client" dir="rtl">فارسی</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/id/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-as-a-Client">Indonesian</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/it/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-as-a-Client">Italiano</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/ms/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-as-a-Client">Bahasa Melayu</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/pt-br/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-as-a-Client">Português (Brasil)</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/pt-pt/v2/O-Git-e-Outros-Sistemas-O-Git-como-Cliente">Português (Portugal)</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/sv/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-as-a-Client">Svenska</a>,</td></tr> <tr><td><a href="/book/tr/v2/Git-ve-Di%c4%9fer-Sistemler-%c4%b0stemci-Olarak-Git">Türkçe</a>.</td></tr> </table> </p> <hr class="sidebar"/> <p> The source of this book is <a href="https://github.com/progit2-fa/progit2">hosted on GitHub.</a></br> Patches, suggestions and comments are welcome. </p> </nav> </aside> <div id="content"> <div id="book-chapters"> <a class="dropdown-trigger" id="book-chapters-trigger" data-panel-id="chapters-dropdown" href="#">Chapters ▾</a> <div class='dropdown-panel' id='chapters-dropdown'> <div class='three-column'> <div class="column-left"> <ol class='book-toc'> <li class='chapter'> <h2>1. <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a8%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d9%94-%da%a9%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%84-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%ae%d9%87">شروع به کار</a></h2> <ol> <li> 1.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a8%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%af%d8%b1%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d9%94-%da%a9%d9%86%d8%aa%d8%b1%d9%84-%d9%86%d8%b3%d8%ae%d9%87">دربارهٔ کنترل نسخه</a> </li> <li> 1.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a8%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%ae%da%86%d9%87%d9%94-%da%a9%d9%88%d8%aa%d8%a7%d9%87%db%8c-%d8%a7%d8%b2-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa">تاریخچهٔ کوتاهی از گیت</a> </li> <li> 1.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a8%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%da%86%db%8c%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%9f">گیت چیست؟</a> </li> <li> 1.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a8%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%ae%d8%b7-%d9%81%d8%b1%d9%85%d8%a7%d9%86">خط فرمان</a> </li> <li> 1.5 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a8%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%b5%d8%a8-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa">نصب گیت</a> </li> <li> 1.6 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a8%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a7%d9%88%d9%84%db%8c%d9%86-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa">اولین راه‌اندازی گیت</a> </li> <li> 1.7 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a8%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%da%a9%d9%85%da%a9-%da%af%d8%b1%d9%81%d8%aa%d9%86">کمک گرفتن</a> </li> <li> 1.8 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b9-%d8%a8%d9%87-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%87">خلاصه</a> </li> </ol> </li> <li class='chapter'> <h2>2. <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%a8%d9%87-%db%8c%da%a9-%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%b2%d9%86-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa">مقدمات گیت</a></h2> <ol> <li> 2.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b3%d8%aa%db%8c%d8%a7%d8%a8%db%8c-%d8%a8%d9%87-%db%8c%da%a9-%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%b2%d9%86-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa">دستیابی به یک مخزن گیت</a> </li> <li> 2.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%ab%d8%a8%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d8%ba%db%8c%db%8c%d8%b1%d8%a7%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d9%85%d8%ae%d8%b2%d9%86">ثبت تغییرات در مخزن</a> </li> <li> 2.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%af%db%8c%d8%af%d9%86-%d8%aa%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%ae%da%86%d9%87%d9%94-%da%a9%d8%a7%d9%85%db%8c%d8%aa%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7">دیدن تاریخچهٔ کامیت‌ها</a> </li> <li> 2.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d8%a7%d8%b2%da%af%d8%b1%d8%af%d8%a7%d9%86%db%8c-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1%d9%87%d8%a7">بازگردانی کارها</a> </li> <li> 2.5 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%a8%d8%a7-%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%85%d9%88%d8%aa%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7">کار با ریموت‌ها</a> </li> <li> 2.6 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%a8%d8%b1%da%86%d8%b3%d8%a8%e2%80%8c%da%af%d8%b0%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c">برچسب‌گذاری</a> </li> <li> 2.7 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d9%86%d8%a7%d9%85%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d9%85%d8%b3%d8%aa%d8%b9%d8%a7%d8%b1-%d8%af%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa">نام‌های مستعار در گیت</a> </li> <li> 2.8 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%87">خلاصه</a> </li> </ol> </li> <li class='chapter'> <h2>3. <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%af%d8%b1-%db%8c%da%a9-%da%a9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87">شاخه‌سازی در گیت</a></h2> <ol> <li> 3.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7-%d8%af%d8%b1-%db%8c%da%a9-%da%a9%d9%84%d9%85%d9%87">شاخه‌ها در یک کلمه</a> </li> <li> 3.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d9%88-%d8%a7%d8%af%d8%ba%d8%a7%d9%85-%d9%85%d9%82%d8%af%d9%85%d8%a7%d8%aa%db%8c">شاخه‌سازی و ادغام مقدماتی</a> </li> <li> 3.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d9%85%d8%af%db%8c%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87">مدیریت شاخه</a> </li> <li> 3.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c">روند کاری شاخه‌سازی</a> </li> <li> 3.5 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b1%db%8c%d9%85%d9%88%d8%aa">شاخه‌های ریموت</a> </li> <li> 3.6 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%db%8c%d8%a8%db%8c%d8%b3%e2%80%8c%da%a9%d8%b1%d8%af%d9%86">ریبیس‌کردن</a> </li> <li> 3.7 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%ae%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%af%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%87">خلاصه</a> </li> </ol> </li> <li class='chapter'> <h2>4. <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%be%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%aa%da%a9%d9%84%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7">گیت روی سرور</a></h2> <ol> <li> 4.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%be%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%aa%da%a9%d9%84%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7">پروتکل‌ها</a> </li> <li> 4.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1">راه‌اندازی گیت در سرور</a> </li> <li> 4.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%b3%d8%a7%d8%ae%d8%aa%d9%86-%da%a9%d9%84%db%8c%d8%af-%d8%b9%d9%85%d9%88%d9%85%db%8c-SSH">ساختن کلید عمومی SSH</a> </li> <li> 4.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%d9%86%d8%b5%d8%a8-%d9%88-%d8%b1%d8%a7%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d8%a7%d9%86%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b2%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1">نصب و راه‌اندازی سرور</a> </li> <li> 4.5 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%af%db%8c%d9%85%d9%86-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa">دیمن گیت</a> </li> <li> 4.6 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-HTTP-%d9%87%d9%88%d8%b4%d9%85%d9%86%d8%af">HTTP هوشمند</a> </li> <li> 4.7 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa%e2%80%8c%d9%88%d8%a8">گیت‌وب</a> </li> <li> 4.8 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa%e2%80%8c%d9%84%d8%a8">گیت‌لب</a> </li> <li> 4.9 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%da%af%d8%b2%db%8c%d9%86%d9%87%e2%80%8c%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%d8%b4%d8%ae%d8%b5%db%8c-%d8%ab%d8%a7%d9%84%d8%ab-%d9%85%db%8c%d8%b2%d8%a8%d8%a7%d9%86%db%8c-%d8%b4%d8%af%d9%87">گزینه‌های شخصی ثالث میزبانی شده</a> </li> <li> 4.10 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%b1%d9%88%db%8c-%d8%b3%d8%b1%d9%88%d8%b1-%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%87">خلاصه</a> </li> </ol> </li> <li class='chapter'> <h2>5. <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%b9%e2%80%8c%d8%b4%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%b9%e2%80%8c%d8%b4%d8%af%d9%87">گیت توزیع‌شده</a></h2> <ol> <li> 5.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%b9%e2%80%8c%d8%b4%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%b1%d9%88%d9%86%d8%af%d9%87%d8%a7%db%8c-%da%a9%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%b9%e2%80%8c%d8%b4%d8%af%d9%87">روندهای کاری توزیع‌شده</a> </li> <li> 5.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%b9%e2%80%8c%d8%b4%d8%af%d9%87-%d9%85%d8%b4%d8%a7%d8%b1%da%a9%d8%aa-%d8%af%d8%b1-%db%8c%da%a9-%d9%be%d8%b1%d9%88%da%98%d9%87">مشارکت در یک پروژه</a> </li> <li> 5.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%b9%e2%80%8c%d8%b4%d8%af%d9%87-%d9%86%da%af%d9%87%d8%af%d8%a7%d8%b1%db%8c-%db%8c%da%a9-%d9%be%d8%b1%d9%88%da%98%d9%87">نگهداری یک پروژه</a> </li> <li> 5.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%da%af%db%8c%d8%aa-%d8%aa%d9%88%d8%b2%db%8c%d8%b9%e2%80%8c%d8%b4%d8%af%d9%87-%d8%ae%d9%84%d8%a7%d8%b5%d9%87">خلاصه</a> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> </div> <div class='column-middle'> <ol class='book-toc'> <li class='chapter'> <h2>6. <a href="/book/fa/v2/GitHub-Account-Setup-and-Configuration">GitHub</a></h2> <ol> <li> 6.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/GitHub-Account-Setup-and-Configuration">Account Setup and Configuration</a> </li> <li> 6.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/GitHub-Contributing-to-a-Project">Contributing to a Project</a> </li> <li> 6.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/GitHub-Maintaining-a-Project">Maintaining a Project</a> </li> <li> 6.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/GitHub-Managing-an-organization">Managing an organization</a> </li> <li> 6.5 <a href="/book/fa/v2/GitHub-Scripting-GitHub">Scripting GitHub</a> </li> <li> 6.6 <a href="/book/fa/v2/GitHub-Summary">Summary</a> </li> </ol> </li> <li class='chapter'> <h2>7. <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Revision-Selection">Git Tools</a></h2> <ol> <li> 7.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Revision-Selection">Revision Selection</a> </li> <li> 7.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Interactive-Staging">Interactive Staging</a> </li> <li> 7.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Stashing-and-Cleaning">Stashing and Cleaning</a> </li> <li> 7.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Signing-Your-Work">Signing Your Work</a> </li> <li> 7.5 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Searching">Searching</a> </li> <li> 7.6 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Rewriting-History">Rewriting History</a> </li> <li> 7.7 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Reset-Demystified">Reset Demystified</a> </li> <li> 7.8 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Advanced-Merging">Advanced Merging</a> </li> <li> 7.9 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Rerere">Rerere</a> </li> <li> 7.10 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Debugging-with-Git">Debugging with Git</a> </li> <li> 7.11 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Submodules">Submodules</a> </li> <li> 7.12 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Bundling">Bundling</a> </li> <li> 7.13 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Replace">Replace</a> </li> <li> 7.14 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Credential-Storage">Credential Storage</a> </li> <li> 7.15 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Tools-Summary">Summary</a> </li> </ol> </li> <li class='chapter'> <h2>8. <a href="/book/fa/v2/Customizing-Git-Git-Configuration">Customizing Git</a></h2> <ol> <li> 8.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Customizing-Git-Git-Configuration">Git Configuration</a> </li> <li> 8.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Customizing-Git-Git-Attributes">Git Attributes</a> </li> <li> 8.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Customizing-Git-Git-Hooks">Git Hooks</a> </li> <li> 8.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Customizing-Git-An-Example-Git-Enforced-Policy">An Example Git-Enforced Policy</a> </li> <li> 8.5 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Customizing-Git-Summary">Summary</a> </li> </ol> </li> <li class='chapter'> <h2>9. <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-as-a-Client">Git and Other Systems</a></h2> <ol> <li> 9.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Git-as-a-Client" class="active">Git as a Client</a> </li> <li> 9.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Migrating-to-Git">Migrating to Git</a> </li> <li> 9.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Summary">Summary</a> </li> </ol> </li> <li class='chapter'> <h2>10. <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Internals-Plumbing-and-Porcelain">Git Internals</a></h2> <ol> <li> 10.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Internals-Plumbing-and-Porcelain">Plumbing and Porcelain</a> </li> <li> 10.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Internals-Git-Objects">Git Objects</a> </li> <li> 10.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Internals-Git-References">Git References</a> </li> <li> 10.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Internals-Packfiles">Packfiles</a> </li> <li> 10.5 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Internals-The-Refspec">The Refspec</a> </li> <li> 10.6 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Internals-Transfer-Protocols">Transfer Protocols</a> </li> <li> 10.7 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Internals-Maintenance-and-Data-Recovery">Maintenance and Data Recovery</a> </li> <li> 10.8 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Internals-Environment-Variables">Environment Variables</a> </li> <li> 10.9 <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-Internals-Summary">Summary</a> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> </div> <div class='column-right'> <ol class='book-toc'> <li class='chapter'> <h2>A1. <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces">پیوست A: Git in Other Environments</a></h2> <ol> <li> A1.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Graphical-Interfaces">Graphical Interfaces</a> </li> <li> A1.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio">Git in Visual Studio</a> </li> <li> A1.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Visual-Studio-Code">Git in Visual Studio Code</a> </li> <li> A1.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Eclipse">Git in Eclipse</a> </li> <li> A1.5 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-IntelliJ-/-PyCharm-/-WebStorm-/-PhpStorm-/-RubyMine">Git in IntelliJ / PyCharm / WebStorm / PhpStorm / RubyMine</a> </li> <li> A1.6 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Sublime-Text">Git in Sublime Text</a> </li> <li> A1.7 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Bash">Git in Bash</a> </li> <li> A1.8 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-Zsh">Git in Zsh</a> </li> <li> A1.9 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Git-in-PowerShell">Git in PowerShell</a> </li> <li> A1.10 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-A:-Git-in-Other-Environments-Summary">Summary</a> </li> </ol> </li> <li class='chapter'> <h2>A2. <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git">پیوست B: Embedding Git in your Applications</a></h2> <ol> <li> A2.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Command-line-Git">Command-line Git</a> </li> <li> A2.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Libgit2">Libgit2</a> </li> <li> A2.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-JGit">JGit</a> </li> <li> A2.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-go-git">go-git</a> </li> <li> A2.5 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-B:-Embedding-Git-in-your-Applications-Dulwich">Dulwich</a> </li> </ol> </li> <li class='chapter'> <h2>A3. <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Setup-and-Config">پیوست C: Git Commands</a></h2> <ol> <li> A3.1 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Setup-and-Config">Setup and Config</a> </li> <li> A3.2 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Getting-and-Creating-Projects">Getting and Creating Projects</a> </li> <li> A3.3 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Basic-Snapshotting">Basic Snapshotting</a> </li> <li> A3.4 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Branching-and-Merging">Branching and Merging</a> </li> <li> A3.5 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Sharing-and-Updating-Projects">Sharing and Updating Projects</a> </li> <li> A3.6 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Inspection-and-Comparison">Inspection and Comparison</a> </li> <li> A3.7 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Debugging">Debugging</a> </li> <li> A3.8 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Patching">Patching</a> </li> <li> A3.9 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Email">Email</a> </li> <li> A3.10 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-External-Systems">External Systems</a> </li> <li> A3.11 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Administration">Administration</a> </li> <li> A3.12 <a href="/book/fa/v2/%d9%be%db%8c%d9%88%d8%b3%d8%aa-C:-Git-Commands-Plumbing-Commands">Plumbing Commands</a> </li> </ol> </li> </ol> </div> </div> </div> <span class="light" id="edition"> 2nd Edition </span> </div> <div id="main" data-pagefind-filter="category:book" data-pagefind-meta="category:Book" data-pagefind-weight="0.05" data-pagefind-body class="book edition2"> <h1>9.1 Git and Other Systems - Git as a Client</h1> <div> <p>The world isn’t perfect. Usually, you can’t immediately switch every project you come in contact with to Git. Sometimes you’re stuck on a project using another VCS, and wish it was Git. We’ll spend the first part of this chapter learning about ways to use Git as a client when the project you’re working on is hosted in a different system.</p><p>At some point, you may want to convert your existing project to Git. The second part of this chapter covers how to migrate your project into Git from several specific systems, as well as a method that will work if no pre-built import tool exists.</p> <h2 id="_git_as_a_client">Git as a Client</h2> <div class="paragraph"> <p> Git provides such a nice experience for developers that many people have figured out how to use it on their workstation, even if the rest of their team is using an entirely different VCS. There are a number of these adapters, called “bridges,” available. Here we’ll cover the ones you’re most likely to run into in the wild.</p> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h3 id="_git_svn">Git and Subversion</h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p> A large fraction of open source development projects and a good number of corporate projects use Subversion to manage their source code. It’s been around for more than a decade, and for most of that time was the <em>de facto</em> VCS choice for open-source projects. It’s also very similar in many ways to CVS, which was the big boy of the source-control world before that.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p> One of Git’s great features is a bidirectional bridge to Subversion called <code>git svn</code>. This tool allows you to use Git as a valid client to a Subversion server, so you can use all the local features of Git and then push to a Subversion server as if you were using Subversion locally. This means you can do local branching and merging, use the staging area, use rebasing and cherry-picking, and so on, while your collaborators continue to work in their dark and ancient ways. It’s a good way to sneak Git into the corporate environment and help your fellow developers become more efficient while you lobby to get the infrastructure changed to support Git fully. The Subversion bridge is the gateway drug to the DVCS world.</p> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_git_svn_2"><code>git svn</code></h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The base command in Git for all the Subversion bridging commands is <code>git svn</code>. It takes quite a few commands, so we’ll show the most common while going through a few simple workflows.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It’s important to note that when you’re using <code>git svn</code>, you’re interacting with Subversion, which is a system that works very differently from Git. Although you <strong>can</strong> do local branching and merging, it’s generally best to keep your history as linear as possible by rebasing your work, and avoiding doing things like simultaneously interacting with a Git remote repository.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Don’t rewrite your history and try to push again, and don’t push to a parallel Git repository to collaborate with fellow Git developers at the same time. Subversion can have only a single linear history, and confusing it is very easy. If you’re working with a team, and some are using SVN and others are using Git, make sure everyone is using the SVN server to collaborate – doing so will make your life easier.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_setting_up">Setting Up</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>To demonstrate this functionality, you need a typical SVN repository that you have write access to. If you want to copy these examples, you’ll have to make a writeable copy of an SVN test repository. In order to do that easily, you can use a tool called <code>svnsync</code> that comes with Subversion.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>To follow along, you first need to create a new local Subversion repository:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ mkdir /tmp/test-svn $ svnadmin create /tmp/test-svn</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Then, enable all users to change revprops – the easy way is to add a <code>pre-revprop-change</code> script that always exits 0:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ cat /tmp/test-svn/hooks/pre-revprop-change #!/bin/sh exit 0; $ chmod +x /tmp/test-svn/hooks/pre-revprop-change</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can now sync this project to your local machine by calling <code>svnsync init</code> with the to and from repositories.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ svnsync init file:///tmp/test-svn \ http://your-svn-server.example.org/svn/</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This sets up the properties to run the sync. You can then clone the code by running</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ svnsync sync file:///tmp/test-svn Committed revision 1. Copied properties for revision 1. Transmitting file data .............................[...] Committed revision 2. Copied properties for revision 2. […]</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Although this operation may take only a few minutes, if you try to copy the original repository to another remote repository instead of a local one, the process will take nearly an hour, even though there are fewer than 100 commits. Subversion has to clone one revision at a time and then push it back into another repository – it’s ridiculously inefficient, but it’s the only easy way to do this.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_getting_started">Getting Started</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now that you have a Subversion repository to which you have write access, you can go through a typical workflow. You’ll start with the <code>git svn clone</code> command, which imports an entire Subversion repository into a local Git repository. Remember that if you’re importing from a real hosted Subversion repository, you should replace the <code>file:///tmp/test-svn</code> here with the URL of your Subversion repository:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn clone file:///tmp/test-svn -T trunk -b branches -t tags Initialized empty Git repository in /private/tmp/progit/test-svn/.git/ r1 = dcbfb5891860124cc2e8cc616cded42624897125 (refs/remotes/origin/trunk) A m4/acx_pthread.m4 A m4/stl_hash.m4 A java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/UnknownFieldSetTest.java A java/src/test/java/com/google/protobuf/WireFormatTest.java … r75 = 556a3e1e7ad1fde0a32823fc7e4d046bcfd86dae (refs/remotes/origin/trunk) Found possible branch point: file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk => file:///tmp/test-svn/branches/my-calc-branch, 75 Found branch parent: (refs/remotes/origin/my-calc-branch) 556a3e1e7ad1fde0a32823fc7e4d046bcfd86dae Following parent with do_switch Successfully followed parent r76 = 0fb585761df569eaecd8146c71e58d70147460a2 (refs/remotes/origin/my-calc-branch) Checked out HEAD: file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk r75</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This runs the equivalent of two commands – <code>git svn init</code> followed by <code>git svn fetch</code> – on the URL you provide. This can take a while. If, for example, the test project has only about 75 commits and the codebase isn’t that big, Git nevertheless must check out each version, one at a time, and commit it individually. For a project with hundreds or thousands of commits, this can literally take hours or even days to finish.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>-T trunk -b branches -t tags</code> part tells Git that this Subversion repository follows the basic branching and tagging conventions. If you name your trunk, branches, or tags differently, you can change these options. Because this is so common, you can replace this entire part with <code>-s</code>, which means standard layout and implies all those options. The following command is equivalent:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn clone file:///tmp/test-svn -s</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>At this point, you should have a valid Git repository that has imported your branches and tags:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git branch -a * master remotes/origin/my-calc-branch remotes/origin/tags/2.0.2 remotes/origin/tags/release-2.0.1 remotes/origin/tags/release-2.0.2 remotes/origin/tags/release-2.0.2rc1 remotes/origin/trunk</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note how this tool manages Subversion tags as remote refs. Let’s take a closer look with the Git plumbing command <code>show-ref</code>:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git show-ref 556a3e1e7ad1fde0a32823fc7e4d046bcfd86dae refs/heads/master 0fb585761df569eaecd8146c71e58d70147460a2 refs/remotes/origin/my-calc-branch bfd2d79303166789fc73af4046651a4b35c12f0b refs/remotes/origin/tags/2.0.2 285c2b2e36e467dd4d91c8e3c0c0e1750b3fe8ca refs/remotes/origin/tags/release-2.0.1 cbda99cb45d9abcb9793db1d4f70ae562a969f1e refs/remotes/origin/tags/release-2.0.2 a9f074aa89e826d6f9d30808ce5ae3ffe711feda refs/remotes/origin/tags/release-2.0.2rc1 556a3e1e7ad1fde0a32823fc7e4d046bcfd86dae refs/remotes/origin/trunk</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git doesn’t do this when it clones from a Git server; here’s what a repository with tags looks like after a fresh clone:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git show-ref c3dcbe8488c6240392e8a5d7553bbffcb0f94ef0 refs/remotes/origin/master 32ef1d1c7cc8c603ab78416262cc421b80a8c2df refs/remotes/origin/branch-1 75f703a3580a9b81ead89fe1138e6da858c5ba18 refs/remotes/origin/branch-2 23f8588dde934e8f33c263c6d8359b2ae095f863 refs/tags/v0.1.0 7064938bd5e7ef47bfd79a685a62c1e2649e2ce7 refs/tags/v0.2.0 6dcb09b5b57875f334f61aebed695e2e4193db5e refs/tags/v1.0.0</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git fetches the tags directly into <code>refs/tags</code>, rather than treating them remote branches.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_committing_back_to_subversion">Committing Back to Subversion</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now that you have a working directory, you can do some work on the project and push your commits back upstream, using Git effectively as an SVN client. If you edit one of the files and commit it, you have a commit that exists in Git locally that doesn’t exist on the Subversion server:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git commit -am 'Adding git-svn instructions to the README' [master 4af61fd] Adding git-svn instructions to the README 1 file changed, 5 insertions(+)</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Next, you need to push your change upstream. Notice how this changes the way you work with Subversion – you can do several commits offline and then push them all at once to the Subversion server. To push to a Subversion server, you run the <code>git svn dcommit</code> command:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn dcommit Committing to file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk ... M README.txt Committed r77 M README.txt r77 = 95e0222ba6399739834380eb10afcd73e0670bc5 (refs/remotes/origin/trunk) No changes between 4af61fd05045e07598c553167e0f31c84fd6ffe1 and refs/remotes/origin/trunk Resetting to the latest refs/remotes/origin/trunk</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This takes all the commits you’ve made on top of the Subversion server code, does a Subversion commit for each, and then rewrites your local Git commit to include a unique identifier. This is important because it means that all the SHA-1 checksums for your commits change. Partly for this reason, working with Git-based remote versions of your projects concurrently with a Subversion server isn’t a good idea. If you look at the last commit, you can see the new <code>git-svn-id</code> that was added:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git log -1 commit 95e0222ba6399739834380eb10afcd73e0670bc5 Author: ben <ben@0b684db3-b064-4277-89d1-21af03df0a68> Date: Thu Jul 24 03:08:36 2014 +0000 Adding git-svn instructions to the README git-svn-id: file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk@77 0b684db3-b064-4277-89d1-21af03df0a68</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Notice that the SHA-1 checksum that originally started with <code>4af61fd</code> when you committed now begins with <code>95e0222</code>. If you want to push to both a Git server and a Subversion server, you have to push (<code>dcommit</code>) to the Subversion server first, because that action changes your commit data.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_pulling_in_new_changes">Pulling in New Changes</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you’re working with other developers, then at some point one of you will push, and then the other one will try to push a change that conflicts. That change will be rejected until you merge in their work. In <code>git svn</code>, it looks like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn dcommit Committing to file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk ... ERROR from SVN: Transaction is out of date: File '/trunk/README.txt' is out of date W: d5837c4b461b7c0e018b49d12398769d2bfc240a and refs/remotes/origin/trunk differ, using rebase: :100644 100644 f414c433af0fd6734428cf9d2a9fd8ba00ada145 c80b6127dd04f5fcda218730ddf3a2da4eb39138 M README.txt Current branch master is up to date. ERROR: Not all changes have been committed into SVN, however the committed ones (if any) seem to be successfully integrated into the working tree. Please see the above messages for details.</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>To resolve this situation, you can run <code>git svn rebase</code>, which pulls down any changes on the server that you don’t have yet and rebases any work you have on top of what is on the server:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn rebase Committing to file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk ... ERROR from SVN: Transaction is out of date: File '/trunk/README.txt' is out of date W: eaa029d99f87c5c822c5c29039d19111ff32ef46 and refs/remotes/origin/trunk differ, using rebase: :100644 100644 65536c6e30d263495c17d781962cfff12422693a b34372b25ccf4945fe5658fa381b075045e7702a M README.txt First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Applying: update foo Using index info to reconstruct a base tree... M README.txt Falling back to patching base and 3-way merge... Auto-merging README.txt ERROR: Not all changes have been committed into SVN, however the committed ones (if any) seem to be successfully integrated into the working tree. Please see the above messages for details.</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now, all your work is on top of what is on the Subversion server, so you can successfully <code>dcommit</code>:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn dcommit Committing to file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk ... M README.txt Committed r85 M README.txt r85 = 9c29704cc0bbbed7bd58160cfb66cb9191835cd8 (refs/remotes/origin/trunk) No changes between 5762f56732a958d6cfda681b661d2a239cc53ef5 and refs/remotes/origin/trunk Resetting to the latest refs/remotes/origin/trunk</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that unlike Git, which requires you to merge upstream work you don’t yet have locally before you can push, <code>git svn</code> makes you do that only if the changes conflict (much like how Subversion works). If someone else pushes a change to one file and then you push a change to another file, your <code>dcommit</code> will work fine:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn dcommit Committing to file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk ... M configure.ac Committed r87 M autogen.sh r86 = d8450bab8a77228a644b7dc0e95977ffc61adff7 (refs/remotes/origin/trunk) M configure.ac r87 = f3653ea40cb4e26b6281cec102e35dcba1fe17c4 (refs/remotes/origin/trunk) W: a0253d06732169107aa020390d9fefd2b1d92806 and refs/remotes/origin/trunk differ, using rebase: :100755 100755 efa5a59965fbbb5b2b0a12890f1b351bb5493c18 e757b59a9439312d80d5d43bb65d4a7d0389ed6d M autogen.sh First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it...</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is important to remember, because the outcome is a project state that didn’t exist on either of your computers when you pushed. If the changes are incompatible but don’t conflict, you may get issues that are difficult to diagnose. This is different than using a Git server – in Git, you can fully test the state on your client system before publishing it, whereas in SVN, you can’t ever be certain that the states immediately before commit and after commit are identical.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You should also run this command to pull in changes from the Subversion server, even if you’re not ready to commit yourself. You can run <code>git svn fetch</code> to grab the new data, but <code>git svn rebase</code> does the fetch and then updates your local commits.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn rebase M autogen.sh r88 = c9c5f83c64bd755368784b444bc7a0216cc1e17b (refs/remotes/origin/trunk) First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Fast-forwarded master to refs/remotes/origin/trunk.</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Running <code>git svn rebase</code> every once in a while makes sure your code is always up to date. You need to be sure your working directory is clean when you run this, though. If you have local changes, you must either stash your work or temporarily commit it before running <code>git svn rebase</code> – otherwise, the command will stop if it sees that the rebase will result in a merge conflict.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_git_branching_issues">Git Branching Issues</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When you’ve become comfortable with a Git workflow, you’ll likely create topic branches, do work on them, and then merge them in. If you’re pushing to a Subversion server via <code>git svn</code>, you may want to rebase your work onto a single branch each time instead of merging branches together. The reason to prefer rebasing is that Subversion has a linear history and doesn’t deal with merges like Git does, so <code>git svn</code> follows only the first parent when converting the snapshots into Subversion commits.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Suppose your history looks like the following: you created an <code>experiment</code> branch, did two commits, and then merged them back into <code>master</code>. When you <code>dcommit</code>, you see output like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn dcommit Committing to file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk ... M CHANGES.txt Committed r89 M CHANGES.txt r89 = 89d492c884ea7c834353563d5d913c6adf933981 (refs/remotes/origin/trunk) M COPYING.txt M INSTALL.txt Committed r90 M INSTALL.txt M COPYING.txt r90 = cb522197870e61467473391799148f6721bcf9a0 (refs/remotes/origin/trunk) No changes between 71af502c214ba13123992338569f4669877f55fd and refs/remotes/origin/trunk Resetting to the latest refs/remotes/origin/trunk</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Running <code>dcommit</code> on a branch with merged history works fine, except that when you look at your Git project history, it hasn’t rewritten either of the commits you made on the <code>experiment</code> branch – instead, all those changes appear in the SVN version of the single merge commit.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>When someone else clones that work, all they see is the merge commit with all the work squashed into it, as though you ran <code>git merge --squash</code>; they don’t see the commit data about where it came from or when it was committed.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_subversion_branching">Subversion Branching</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Branching in Subversion isn’t the same as branching in Git; if you can avoid using it much, that’s probably best. However, you can create and commit to branches in Subversion using <code>git svn</code>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_creating_a_new_svn_branch">Creating a New SVN Branch</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>To create a new branch in Subversion, you run <code>git svn branch [new-branch]</code>:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn branch opera Copying file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk at r90 to file:///tmp/test-svn/branches/opera... Found possible branch point: file:///tmp/test-svn/trunk => file:///tmp/test-svn/branches/opera, 90 Found branch parent: (refs/remotes/origin/opera) cb522197870e61467473391799148f6721bcf9a0 Following parent with do_switch Successfully followed parent r91 = f1b64a3855d3c8dd84ee0ef10fa89d27f1584302 (refs/remotes/origin/opera)</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This does the equivalent of the <code>svn copy trunk branches/opera</code> command in Subversion and operates on the Subversion server. It’s important to note that it doesn’t check you out into that branch; if you commit at this point, that commit will go to <code>trunk</code> on the server, not <code>opera</code>.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_switching_active_branches">Switching Active Branches</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git figures out what branch your dcommits go to by looking for the tip of any of your Subversion branches in your history – you should have only one, and it should be the last one with a <code>git-svn-id</code> in your current branch history.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you want to work on more than one branch simultaneously, you can set up local branches to <code>dcommit</code> to specific Subversion branches by starting them at the imported Subversion commit for that branch. If you want an <code>opera</code> branch that you can work on separately, you can run</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git branch opera remotes/origin/opera</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now, if you want to merge your <code>opera</code> branch into <code>trunk</code> (your <code>master</code> branch), you can do so with a normal <code>git merge</code>. But you need to provide a descriptive commit message (via <code>-m</code>), or the merge will say “Merge branch opera” instead of something useful.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Remember that although you’re using <code>git merge</code> to do this operation, and the merge likely will be much easier than it would be in Subversion (because Git will automatically detect the appropriate merge base for you), this isn’t a normal Git merge commit. You have to push this data back to a Subversion server that can’t handle a commit that tracks more than one parent; so, after you push it up, it will look like a single commit that squashed in all the work of another branch under a single commit. After you merge one branch into another, you can’t easily go back and continue working on that branch, as you normally can in Git. The <code>dcommit</code> command that you run erases any information that says what branch was merged in, so subsequent merge-base calculations will be wrong – the <code>dcommit</code> makes your <code>git merge</code> result look like you ran <code>git merge --squash</code>. Unfortunately, there’s no good way to avoid this situation – Subversion can’t store this information, so you’ll always be crippled by its limitations while you’re using it as your server. To avoid issues, you should delete the local branch (in this case, <code>opera</code>) after you merge it into trunk.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_subversion_commands">Subversion Commands</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>git svn</code> toolset provides a number of commands to help ease the transition to Git by providing some functionality that’s similar to what you had in Subversion. Here are a few commands that give you what Subversion used to.</p> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_svn_style_history">SVN Style History</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you’re used to Subversion and want to see your history in SVN output style, you can run <code>git svn log</code> to view your commit history in SVN formatting:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn log ------------------------------------------------------------------------ r87 | schacon | 2014-05-02 16:07:37 -0700 (Sat, 02 May 2014) | 2 lines autogen change ------------------------------------------------------------------------ r86 | schacon | 2014-05-02 16:00:21 -0700 (Sat, 02 May 2014) | 2 lines Merge branch 'experiment' ------------------------------------------------------------------------ r85 | schacon | 2014-05-02 16:00:09 -0700 (Sat, 02 May 2014) | 2 lines updated the changelog</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You should know two important things about <code>git svn log</code>. First, it works offline, unlike the real <code>svn log</code> command, which asks the Subversion server for the data. Second, it only shows you commits that have been committed up to the Subversion server. Local Git commits that you haven’t dcommited don’t show up; neither do commits that people have made to the Subversion server in the meantime. It’s more like the last known state of the commits on the Subversion server.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_svn_annotation">SVN Annotation</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Much as the <code>git svn log</code> command simulates the <code>svn log</code> command offline, you can get the equivalent of <code>svn annotate</code> by running <code>git svn blame [FILE]</code>. The output looks like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn blame README.txt 2 temporal Protocol Buffers - Google's data interchange format 2 temporal Copyright 2008 Google Inc. 2 temporal http://code.google.com/apis/protocolbuffers/ 2 temporal 22 temporal C++ Installation - Unix 22 temporal ======================= 2 temporal 79 schacon Committing in git-svn. 78 schacon 2 temporal To build and install the C++ Protocol Buffer runtime and the Protocol 2 temporal Buffer compiler (protoc) execute the following: 2 temporal</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Again, it doesn’t show commits that you did locally in Git or that have been pushed to Subversion in the meantime.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_svn_server_information">SVN Server Information</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can also get the same sort of information that <code>svn info</code> gives you by running <code>git svn info</code>:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn info Path: . URL: https://schacon-test.googlecode.com/svn/trunk Repository Root: https://schacon-test.googlecode.com/svn Repository UUID: 4c93b258-373f-11de-be05-5f7a86268029 Revision: 87 Node Kind: directory Schedule: normal Last Changed Author: schacon Last Changed Rev: 87 Last Changed Date: 2009-05-02 16:07:37 -0700 (Sat, 02 May 2009)</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is like <code>blame</code> and <code>log</code> in that it runs offline and is up to date only as of the last time you communicated with the Subversion server.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_ignoring_what_subversion_ignores">Ignoring What Subversion Ignores</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you clone a Subversion repository that has <code>svn:ignore</code> properties set anywhere, you’ll likely want to set corresponding <code>.gitignore</code> files so you don’t accidentally commit files that you shouldn’t. <code>git svn</code> has two commands to help with this issue. The first is <code>git svn create-ignore</code>, which automatically creates corresponding <code>.gitignore</code> files for you so your next commit can include them.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The second command is <code>git svn show-ignore</code>, which prints to stdout the lines you need to put in a <code>.gitignore</code> file so you can redirect the output into your project exclude file:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git svn show-ignore > .git/info/exclude</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>That way, you don’t litter the project with <code>.gitignore</code> files. This is a good option if you’re the only Git user on a Subversion team, and your teammates don’t want <code>.gitignore</code> files in the project.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_git_svn_summary">Git-Svn Summary</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>git svn</code> tools are useful if you’re stuck with a Subversion server, or are otherwise in a development environment that necessitates running a Subversion server. You should consider it crippled Git, however, or you’ll hit issues in translation that may confuse you and your collaborators. To stay out of trouble, try to follow these guidelines:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>Keep a linear Git history that doesn’t contain merge commits made by <code>git merge</code>. Rebase any work you do outside of your mainline branch back onto it; don’t merge it in.</p> </li> <li> <p>Don’t set up and collaborate on a separate Git server. Possibly have one to speed up clones for new developers, but don’t push anything to it that doesn’t have a <code>git-svn-id</code> entry. You may even want to add a <code>pre-receive</code> hook that checks each commit message for a <code>git-svn-id</code> and rejects pushes that contain commits without it.</p> </li> </ul> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you follow those guidelines, working with a Subversion server can be more bearable. However, if it’s possible to move to a real Git server, doing so can gain your team a lot more.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h3 id="_git_and_mercurial">Git and Mercurial</h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p> The DVCS universe is larger than just Git. In fact, there are many other systems in this space, each with their own angle on how to do distributed version control correctly. Apart from Git, the most popular is Mercurial, and the two are very similar in many respects.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The good news, if you prefer Git’s client-side behavior but are working with a project whose source code is controlled with Mercurial, is that there’s a way to use Git as a client for a Mercurial-hosted repository. Since the way Git talks to server repositories is through remotes, it should come as no surprise that this bridge is implemented as a remote helper. The project’s name is git-remote-hg, and it can be found at <a href="https://github.com/felipec/git-remote-hg" class="bare">https://github.com/felipec/git-remote-hg</a>.</p> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_git_remote_hg">git-remote-hg</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>First, you need to install git-remote-hg. This basically entails dropping its file somewhere in your path, like so:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ curl -o ~/bin/git-remote-hg \ https://raw.githubusercontent.com/felipec/git-remote-hg/master/git-remote-hg $ chmod +x ~/bin/git-remote-hg</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>…assuming <code>~/bin</code> is in your <code>$PATH</code>. Git-remote-hg has one other dependency: the <code>mercurial</code> library for Python. If you have Python installed, this is as simple as:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ pip install mercurial</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>(If you don’t have Python installed, visit <a href="https://www.python.org/" class="bare">https://www.python.org/</a> and get it first.)</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The last thing you’ll need is the Mercurial client. Go to <a href="https://www.mercurial-scm.org/" class="bare">https://www.mercurial-scm.org/</a> and install it if you haven’t already.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now you’re ready to rock. All you need is a Mercurial repository you can push to. Fortunately, every Mercurial repository can act this way, so we’ll just use the "hello world" repository everyone uses to learn Mercurial:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ hg clone http://selenic.com/repo/hello /tmp/hello</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_getting_started_2">Getting Started</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now that we have a suitable “server-side” repository, we can go through a typical workflow. As you’ll see, these two systems are similar enough that there isn’t much friction.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>As always with Git, first we clone:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git clone hg::/tmp/hello /tmp/hello-git $ cd /tmp/hello-git $ git log --oneline --graph --decorate * ac7955c (HEAD, origin/master, origin/branches/default, origin/HEAD, refs/hg/origin/branches/default, refs/hg/origin/bookmarks/master, master) Create a makefile * 65bb417 Create a standard 'hello, world' program</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You’ll notice that working with a Mercurial repository uses the standard <code>git clone</code> command. That’s because git-remote-hg is working at a fairly low level, using a similar mechanism to how Git’s HTTP/S protocol is implemented (remote helpers). Since Git and Mercurial are both designed for every client to have a full copy of the repository history, this command makes a full clone, including all the project’s history, and does it fairly quickly.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The log command shows two commits, the latest of which is pointed to by a whole slew of refs. It turns out some of these aren’t actually there. Let’s take a look at what’s actually in the <code>.git</code> directory:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ tree .git/refs .git/refs ├── heads │ └── master ├── hg │ └── origin │ ├── bookmarks │ │ └── master │ └── branches │ └── default ├── notes │ └── hg ├── remotes │ └── origin │ └── HEAD └── tags 9 directories, 5 files</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git-remote-hg is trying to make things more idiomatically Git-esque, but under the hood it’s managing the conceptual mapping between two slightly different systems. The <code>refs/hg</code> directory is where the actual remote refs are stored. For example, the <code>refs/hg/origin/branches/default</code> is a Git ref file that contains the SHA-1 starting with “ac7955c”, which is the commit that <code>master</code> points to. So the <code>refs/hg</code> directory is kind of like a fake <code>refs/remotes/origin</code>, but it has the added distinction between bookmarks and branches.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>notes/hg</code> file is the starting point for how git-remote-hg maps Git commit hashes to Mercurial changeset IDs. Let’s explore a bit:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ cat notes/hg d4c10386... $ git cat-file -p d4c10386... tree 1781c96... author remote-hg <> 1408066400 -0800 committer remote-hg <> 1408066400 -0800 Notes for master $ git ls-tree 1781c96... 100644 blob ac9117f... 65bb417... 100644 blob 485e178... ac7955c... $ git cat-file -p ac9117f 0a04b987be5ae354b710cefeba0e2d9de7ad41a9</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>So <code>refs/notes/hg</code> points to a tree, which in the Git object database is a list of other objects with names. <code>git ls-tree</code> outputs the mode, type, object hash, and filename for items inside a tree. Once we dig down to one of the tree items, we find that inside it is a blob named “ac9117f” (the SHA-1 hash of the commit pointed to by <code>master</code>), with contents “0a04b98” (which is the ID of the Mercurial changeset at the tip of the <code>default</code> branch).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The good news is that we mostly don’t have to worry about all of this. The typical workflow won’t be very different from working with a Git remote.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>There’s one more thing we should attend to before we continue: ignores. Mercurial and Git use a very similar mechanism for this, but it’s likely you don’t want to actually commit a <code>.gitignore</code> file into a Mercurial repository. Fortunately, Git has a way to ignore files that’s local to an on-disk repository, and the Mercurial format is compatible with Git, so you just have to copy it over:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ cp .hgignore .git/info/exclude</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>.git/info/exclude</code> file acts just like a <code>.gitignore</code>, but isn’t included in commits.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_workflow">Workflow</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Let’s assume we’ve done some work and made some commits on the <code>master</code> branch, and you’re ready to push it to the remote repository. Here’s what our repository looks like right now:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git log --oneline --graph --decorate * ba04a2a (HEAD, master) Update makefile * d25d16f Goodbye * ac7955c (origin/master, origin/branches/default, origin/HEAD, refs/hg/origin/branches/default, refs/hg/origin/bookmarks/master) Create a makefile * 65bb417 Create a standard 'hello, world' program</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Our <code>master</code> branch is two commits ahead of <code>origin/master</code>, but those two commits exist only on our local machine. Let’s see if anyone else has been doing important work at the same time:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git fetch From hg::/tmp/hello ac7955c..df85e87 master -> origin/master ac7955c..df85e87 branches/default -> origin/branches/default $ git log --oneline --graph --decorate --all * 7b07969 (refs/notes/hg) Notes for default * d4c1038 Notes for master * df85e87 (origin/master, origin/branches/default, origin/HEAD, refs/hg/origin/branches/default, refs/hg/origin/bookmarks/master) Add some documentation | * ba04a2a (HEAD, master) Update makefile | * d25d16f Goodbye |/ * ac7955c Create a makefile * 65bb417 Create a standard 'hello, world' program</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Since we used the <code>--all</code> flag, we see the “notes” refs that are used internally by git-remote-hg, but we can ignore them. The rest is what we expected; <code>origin/master</code> has advanced by one commit, and our history has now diverged. Unlike the other systems we work with in this chapter, Mercurial is capable of handling merges, so we’re not going to do anything fancy.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git merge origin/master Auto-merging hello.c Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy. hello.c | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) $ git log --oneline --graph --decorate * 0c64627 (HEAD, master) Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' |\ | * df85e87 (origin/master, origin/branches/default, origin/HEAD, refs/hg/origin/branches/default, refs/hg/origin/bookmarks/master) Add some documentation * | ba04a2a Update makefile * | d25d16f Goodbye |/ * ac7955c Create a makefile * 65bb417 Create a standard 'hello, world' program</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Perfect. We run the tests and everything passes, so we’re ready to share our work with the rest of the team:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git push To hg::/tmp/hello df85e87..0c64627 master -> master</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>That’s it! If you take a look at the Mercurial repository, you’ll see that this did what we’d expect:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ hg log -G --style compact o 5[tip]:4,2 dc8fa4f932b8 2014-08-14 19:33 -0700 ben |\ Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' | | | o 4 64f27bcefc35 2014-08-14 19:27 -0700 ben | | Update makefile | | | o 3:1 4256fc29598f 2014-08-14 19:27 -0700 ben | | Goodbye | | @ | 2 7db0b4848b3c 2014-08-14 19:30 -0700 ben |/ Add some documentation | o 1 82e55d328c8c 2005-08-26 01:21 -0700 mpm | Create a makefile | o 0 0a04b987be5a 2005-08-26 01:20 -0700 mpm Create a standard 'hello, world' program</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The changeset numbered <em>2</em> was made by Mercurial, and the changesets numbered <em>3</em> and <em>4</em> were made by git-remote-hg, by pushing commits made with Git.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_branches_and_bookmarks">Branches and Bookmarks</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git has only one kind of branch: a reference that moves when commits are made. In Mercurial, this kind of a reference is called a “bookmark,” and it behaves in much the same way as a Git branch.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Mercurial’s concept of a “branch” is more heavyweight. The branch that a changeset is made on is recorded <em>with the changeset</em>, which means it will always be in the repository history. Here’s an example of a commit that was made on the <code>develop</code> branch:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ hg log -l 1 changeset: 6:8f65e5e02793 branch: develop tag: tip user: Ben Straub <ben@straub.cc> date: Thu Aug 14 20:06:38 2014 -0700 summary: More documentation</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note the line that begins with “branch”. Git can’t really replicate this (and doesn’t need to; both types of branch can be represented as a Git ref), but git-remote-hg needs to understand the difference, because Mercurial cares.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Creating Mercurial bookmarks is as easy as creating Git branches. On the Git side:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git checkout -b featureA Switched to a new branch 'featureA' $ git push origin featureA To hg::/tmp/hello * [new branch] featureA -> featureA</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>That’s all there is to it. On the Mercurial side, it looks like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ hg bookmarks featureA 5:bd5ac26f11f9 $ hg log --style compact -G @ 6[tip] 8f65e5e02793 2014-08-14 20:06 -0700 ben | More documentation | o 5[featureA]:4,2 bd5ac26f11f9 2014-08-14 20:02 -0700 ben |\ Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' | | | o 4 0434aaa6b91f 2014-08-14 20:01 -0700 ben | | update makefile | | | o 3:1 318914536c86 2014-08-14 20:00 -0700 ben | | goodbye | | o | 2 f098c7f45c4f 2014-08-14 20:01 -0700 ben |/ Add some documentation | o 1 82e55d328c8c 2005-08-26 01:21 -0700 mpm | Create a makefile | o 0 0a04b987be5a 2005-08-26 01:20 -0700 mpm Create a standard 'hello, world' program</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note the new <code>[featureA]</code> tag on revision 5. These act exactly like Git branches on the Git side, with one exception: you can’t delete a bookmark from the Git side (this is a limitation of remote helpers).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can work on a “heavyweight” Mercurial branch also: just put a branch in the <code>branches</code> namespace:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git checkout -b branches/permanent Switched to a new branch 'branches/permanent' $ vi Makefile $ git commit -am 'A permanent change' $ git push origin branches/permanent To hg::/tmp/hello * [new branch] branches/permanent -> branches/permanent</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Here’s what that looks like on the Mercurial side:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ hg branches permanent 7:a4529d07aad4 develop 6:8f65e5e02793 default 5:bd5ac26f11f9 (inactive) $ hg log -G o changeset: 7:a4529d07aad4 | branch: permanent | tag: tip | parent: 5:bd5ac26f11f9 | user: Ben Straub <ben@straub.cc> | date: Thu Aug 14 20:21:09 2014 -0700 | summary: A permanent change | | @ changeset: 6:8f65e5e02793 |/ branch: develop | user: Ben Straub <ben@straub.cc> | date: Thu Aug 14 20:06:38 2014 -0700 | summary: More documentation | o changeset: 5:bd5ac26f11f9 |\ bookmark: featureA | | parent: 4:0434aaa6b91f | | parent: 2:f098c7f45c4f | | user: Ben Straub <ben@straub.cc> | | date: Thu Aug 14 20:02:21 2014 -0700 | | summary: Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' [...]</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The branch name “permanent” was recorded with the changeset marked <em>7</em>.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>From the Git side, working with either of these branch styles is the same: just checkout, commit, fetch, merge, pull, and push as you normally would. One thing you should know is that Mercurial doesn’t support rewriting history, only adding to it. Here’s what our Mercurial repository looks like after an interactive rebase and a force-push:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ hg log --style compact -G o 10[tip] 99611176cbc9 2014-08-14 20:21 -0700 ben | A permanent change | o 9 f23e12f939c3 2014-08-14 20:01 -0700 ben | Add some documentation | o 8:1 c16971d33922 2014-08-14 20:00 -0700 ben | goodbye | | o 7:5 a4529d07aad4 2014-08-14 20:21 -0700 ben | | A permanent change | | | | @ 6 8f65e5e02793 2014-08-14 20:06 -0700 ben | |/ More documentation | | | o 5[featureA]:4,2 bd5ac26f11f9 2014-08-14 20:02 -0700 ben | |\ Merge remote-tracking branch 'origin/master' | | | | | o 4 0434aaa6b91f 2014-08-14 20:01 -0700 ben | | | update makefile | | | +---o 3:1 318914536c86 2014-08-14 20:00 -0700 ben | | goodbye | | | o 2 f098c7f45c4f 2014-08-14 20:01 -0700 ben |/ Add some documentation | o 1 82e55d328c8c 2005-08-26 01:21 -0700 mpm | Create a makefile | o 0 0a04b987be5a 2005-08-26 01:20 -0700 mpm Create a standard "hello, world" program</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Changesets <em>8</em>, <em>9</em>, and <em>10</em> have been created and belong to the <code>permanent</code> branch, but the old changesets are still there. This can be <strong>very</strong> confusing for your teammates who are using Mercurial, so try to avoid it.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_mercurial_summary">Mercurial Summary</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git and Mercurial are similar enough that working across the boundary is fairly painless. If you avoid changing history that’s left your machine (as is generally recommended), you may not even be aware that the other end is Mercurial.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h3 id="_git_and_bazaar">Git and Bazaar</h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Among the DVCS, another famous one is <a href="http://bazaar.canonical.com">Bazaar</a>. Bazaar is free and open source, and is part of the <a href="https://www.gnu.org">GNU Project</a>. It behaves very differently from Git. Sometimes, to do the same thing as with Git, you have to use a different keyword, and some keywords that are common don’t have the same meaning. In particular, the branch management is very different and may cause confusion, especially when someone comes from Git’s universe. Nevertheless, it is possible to work on a Bazaar repository from a Git one.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>There are many projects that allow you to use Git as a Bazaar client. Here we’ll use Felipe Contreras' project that you may find at <a href="https://github.com/felipec/git-remote-bzr" class="bare">https://github.com/felipec/git-remote-bzr</a>. To install it, you just have to download the file git-remote-bzr in a folder contained in your <code>$PATH</code>:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ wget https://raw.github.com/felipec/git-remote-bzr/master/git-remote-bzr -O ~/bin/git-remote-bzr $ chmod +x ~/bin/git-remote-bzr</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You also need to have Bazaar installed. That’s all!</p> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_create_a_git_repository_from_a_bazaar_repository">Create a Git repository from a Bazaar repository</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It is simple to use. It is enough to clone a Bazaar repository prefixing it by <code>bzr::</code>. Since Git and Bazaar both do full clones to your machine, it’s possible to attach a Git clone to your local Bazaar clone, but it isn’t recommended. It’s much easier to attach your Git clone directly to the same place your Bazaar clone is attached to ‒ the central repository.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Let’s suppose that you worked with a remote repository which is at address <code>bzr+ssh://developer@mybazaarserver:myproject</code>. Then you must clone it in the following way:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git clone bzr::bzr+ssh://developer@mybazaarserver:myproject myProject-Git $ cd myProject-Git</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>At this point, your Git repository is created but it is not compacted for optimal disk use. That’s why you should also clean and compact your Git repository, especially if it is a big one:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git gc --aggressive</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_bazaar_branches">Bazaar branches</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Bazaar only allows you to clone branches, but a repository may contain several branches, and <code>git-remote-bzr</code> can clone both. For example, to clone a branch:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git clone bzr::bzr://bzr.savannah.gnu.org/emacs/trunk emacs-trunk</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>And to clone the whole repository:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git clone bzr::bzr://bzr.savannah.gnu.org/emacs emacs</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The second command clones all the branches contained in the emacs repository; nevertheless, it is possible to point out some branches:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git config remote-bzr.branches 'trunk, xwindow'</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Some remote repositories don’t allow you to list their branches, in which case you have to manually specify them, and even though you could specify the configuration in the cloning command, you may find this easier:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git init emacs $ git remote add origin bzr::bzr://bzr.savannah.gnu.org/emacs $ git config remote-bzr.branches 'trunk, xwindow' $ git fetch</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_ignore_what_is_ignored_with_bzrignore">Ignore what is ignored with .bzrignore</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Since you are working on a project managed with Bazaar, you shouldn’t create a <code>.gitignore</code> file because you <em>may</em> accidentally set it under version control and the other people working with Bazaar would be disturbed. The solution is to create the <code>.git/info/exclude</code> file either as a symbolic link or as a regular file. We’ll see later on how to solve this question.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Bazaar uses the same model as Git to ignore files, but also has two features which don’t have an equivalent into Git. The complete description may be found in <a href="http://doc.bazaar.canonical.com/bzr.2.7/en/user-reference/ignore-help.html">the documentation</a>. The two features are:</p> </div> <div class="olist arabic"> <ol class="arabic"> <li> <p>"!!" allows you to ignore certain file patterns even if they’re specified using a "!" rule.</p> </li> <li> <p>"RE:" at the beginning of a line allows you to specify a <a href="https://docs.python.org/3/library/re.html">Python regular expression</a> (Git only allows shell globs).</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>As a consequence, there are two different situations to consider:</p> </div> <div class="olist arabic"> <ol class="arabic"> <li> <p>If the <code>.bzrignore</code> file does not contain any of these two specific prefixes, then you can simply make a symbolic link to it in the repository: <code>ln -s .bzrignore .git/info/exclude</code></p> </li> <li> <p>Otherwise, you must create the <code>.git/info/exclude</code> file and adapt it to ignore exactly the same files in <code>.bzrignore</code>.</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Whatever the case is, you will have to remain vigilant against any change of <code>.bzrignore</code> to make sure that the <code>.git/info/exclude</code> file always reflects <code>.bzrignore</code>. Indeed, if the <code>.bzrignore</code> file were to change and contained one or more lines starting with "!!" or "RE:", Git not being able to interpret these lines, you’ll have to adapt your <code>.git/info/exclude</code> file to ignore the same files as the ones ignored with <code>.bzrignore</code>. Moreover, if the <code>.git/info/exclude</code> file was a symbolic link, you’ll have to first delete the symbolic link, copy <code>.bzrignore</code> to <code>.git/info/exclude</code> and then adapt the latter. However, be careful with its creation because with Git it is impossible to re-include a file if a parent directory of that file is excluded.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_fetch_the_changes_of_the_remote_repository">Fetch the changes of the remote repository</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>To fetch the changes of the remote, you pull changes as usually, using Git commands. Supposing that your changes are on the <code>master</code> branch, you merge or rebase your work on the <code>origin/master</code> branch:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git pull --rebase origin</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_push_your_work_on_the_remote_repository">Push your work on the remote repository</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Because Bazaar also has the concept of merge commits, there will be no problem if you push a merge commit. So you can work on a branch, merge the changes into <code>master</code> and push your work. Then, you create your branches, you test and commit your work as usual. You finally push your work to the Bazaar repository:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git push origin master</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_caveats">Caveats</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git’s remote-helpers framework has some limitations that apply. In particular, these commands don’t work:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>git push origin :branch-to-delete (Bazaar can’t accept ref deletions in this way.)</p> </li> <li> <p>git push origin old:new (it will push <em>old</em>)</p> </li> <li> <p>git push --dry-run origin branch (it will push)</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_summary_5">Summary</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Since Git’s and Bazaar’s models are similar, there isn’t a lot of resistance when working across the boundary. As long as you watch out for the limitations, and are always aware that the remote repository isn’t natively Git, you’ll be fine.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h3 id="_git_and_perforce">Git and Perforce</h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p> Perforce is a very popular version-control system in corporate environments. It’s been around since 1995, which makes it the oldest system covered in this chapter. As such, it’s designed with the constraints of its day; it assumes you’re always connected to a single central server, and only one version is kept on the local disk. To be sure, its features and constraints are well-suited to several specific problems, but there are lots of projects using Perforce where Git would actually work better.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>There are two options if you’d like to mix your use of Perforce and Git. The first one we’ll cover is the “Git Fusion” bridge from the makers of Perforce, which lets you expose subtrees of your Perforce depot as read-write Git repositories. The second is git-p4, a client-side bridge that lets you use Git as a Perforce client, without requiring any reconfiguration of the Perforce server.</p> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_p4_git_fusion">Git Fusion</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p> Perforce provides a product called Git Fusion (available at <a href="http://www.perforce.com/git-fusion" class="bare">http://www.perforce.com/git-fusion</a>), which synchronizes a Perforce server with Git repositories on the server side.</p> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_setting_up_2">Setting Up</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For our examples, we’ll be using the easiest installation method for Git Fusion, which is downloading a virtual machine that runs the Perforce daemon and Git Fusion. You can get the virtual machine image from <a href="http://www.perforce.com/downloads/Perforce/20-User" class="bare">http://www.perforce.com/downloads/Perforce/20-User</a>, and once it’s finished downloading, import it into your favorite virtualization software (we’ll use VirtualBox).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Upon first starting the machine, it asks you to customize the password for three Linux users (<code>root</code>, <code>perforce</code>, and <code>git</code>), and provide an instance name, which can be used to distinguish this installation from others on the same network. When that has all completed, you’ll see this:</p> </div> <div class="imageblock"> <div class="content"> <img src="/book/fa/v2/images/git-fusion-boot.png" alt="The Git Fusion virtual machine boot screen."> </div> <div class="title">نمودار 146. The Git Fusion virtual machine boot screen.</div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You should take note of the IP address that’s shown here, we’ll be using it later on. Next, we’ll create a Perforce user. Select the “Login” option at the bottom and press enter (or SSH to the machine), and log in as <code>root</code>. Then use these commands to create a user:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ p4 -p localhost:1666 -u super user -f john $ p4 -p localhost:1666 -u john passwd $ exit</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The first one will open a VI editor to customize the user, but you can accept the defaults by typing <code>:wq</code> and hitting enter. The second one will prompt you to enter a password twice. That’s all we need to do with a shell prompt, so exit out of the session.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The next thing you’ll need to do to follow along is to tell Git not to verify SSL certificates. The Git Fusion image comes with a certificate, but it’s for a domain that won’t match your virtual machine’s IP address, so Git will reject the HTTPS connection. If this is going to be a permanent installation, consult the Perforce Git Fusion manual to install a different certificate; for our example purposes, this will suffice:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ export GIT_SSL_NO_VERIFY=true</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now we can test that everything is working.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git clone https://10.0.1.254/Talkhouse Cloning into 'Talkhouse'... Username for 'https://10.0.1.254': john Password for 'https://john@10.0.1.254': remote: Counting objects: 630, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (581/581), done. remote: Total 630 (delta 172), reused 0 (delta 0) Receiving objects: 100% (630/630), 1.22 MiB | 0 bytes/s, done. Resolving deltas: 100% (172/172), done. Checking connectivity... done.</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The virtual-machine image comes equipped with a sample project that you can clone. Here we’re cloning over HTTPS, with the <code>john</code> user that we created above; Git asks for credentials for this connection, but the credential cache will allow us to skip this step for any subsequent requests.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_fusion_configuration">Fusion Configuration</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Once you’ve got Git Fusion installed, you’ll want to tweak the configuration. This is actually fairly easy to do using your favorite Perforce client; just map the <code>//.git-fusion</code> directory on the Perforce server into your workspace. The file structure looks like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ tree . ├── objects │ ├── repos │ │ └── [...] │ └── trees │ └── [...] │ ├── p4gf_config ├── repos │ └── Talkhouse │ └── p4gf_config └── users └── p4gf_usermap 498 directories, 287 files</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>objects</code> directory is used internally by Git Fusion to map Perforce objects to Git and vice versa, you won’t have to mess with anything in there. There’s a global <code>p4gf_config</code> file in this directory, as well as one for each repository – these are the configuration files that determine how Git Fusion behaves. Let’s take a look at the file in the root:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-ini" data-lang="ini">[repo-creation] charset = utf8 [git-to-perforce] change-owner = author enable-git-branch-creation = yes enable-swarm-reviews = yes enable-git-merge-commits = yes enable-git-submodules = yes preflight-commit = none ignore-author-permissions = no read-permission-check = none git-merge-avoidance-after-change-num = 12107 [perforce-to-git] http-url = none ssh-url = none [@features] imports = False chunked-push = False matrix2 = False parallel-push = False [authentication] email-case-sensitivity = no</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>We won’t go into the meanings of these flags here, but note that this is just an INI-formatted text file, much like Git uses for configuration. This file specifies the global options, which can then be overridden by repository-specific configuration files, like <code>repos/Talkhouse/p4gf_config</code>. If you open this file, you’ll see a <code>[@repo]</code> section with some settings that are different from the global defaults. You’ll also see sections that look like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-ini" data-lang="ini">[Talkhouse-master] git-branch-name = master view = //depot/Talkhouse/main-dev/... ...</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is a mapping between a Perforce branch and a Git branch. The section can be named whatever you like, so long as the name is unique. <code>git-branch-name</code> lets you convert a depot path that would be cumbersome under Git to a more friendly name. The <code>view</code> setting controls how Perforce files are mapped into the Git repository, using the standard view mapping syntax. More than one mapping can be specified, like in this example:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-ini" data-lang="ini">[multi-project-mapping] git-branch-name = master view = //depot/project1/main/... project1/... //depot/project2/mainline/... project2/...</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This way, if your normal workspace mapping includes changes in the structure of the directories, you can replicate that with a Git repository.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The last file we’ll discuss is <code>users/p4gf_usermap</code>, which maps Perforce users to Git users, and which you may not even need. When converting from a Perforce changeset to a Git commit, Git Fusion’s default behavior is to look up the Perforce user, and use the email address and full name stored there for the author/committer field in Git. When converting the other way, the default is to look up the Perforce user with the email address stored in the Git commit’s author field, and submit the changeset as that user (with permissions applying). In most cases, this behavior will do just fine, but consider the following mapping file:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code>john john@example.com "John Doe" john johnny@appleseed.net "John Doe" bob employeeX@example.com "Anon X. Mouse" joe employeeY@example.com "Anon Y. Mouse"</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Each line is of the format <code><user> <email> "<full name>"</code>, and creates a single user mapping. The first two lines map two distinct email addresses to the same Perforce user account. This is useful if you’ve created Git commits under several different email addresses (or change email addresses), but want them to be mapped to the same Perforce user. When creating a Git commit from a Perforce changeset, the first line matching the Perforce user is used for Git authorship information.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The last two lines mask Bob and Joe’s actual names and email addresses from the Git commits that are created. This is nice if you want to open-source an internal project, but don’t want to publish your employee directory to the entire world. Note that the email addresses and full names should be unique, unless you want all the Git commits to be attributed to a single fictional author.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_workflow_2">Workflow</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Perforce Git Fusion is a two-way bridge between Perforce and Git version control. Let’s have a look at how it feels to work from the Git side. We’ll assume we’ve mapped in the “Jam” project using a configuration file as shown above, which we can clone like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git clone https://10.0.1.254/Jam Cloning into 'Jam'... Username for 'https://10.0.1.254': john Password for 'https://john@10.0.1.254': remote: Counting objects: 2070, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (1704/1704), done. Receiving objects: 100% (2070/2070), 1.21 MiB | 0 bytes/s, done. remote: Total 2070 (delta 1242), reused 0 (delta 0) Resolving deltas: 100% (1242/1242), done. Checking connectivity... done. $ git branch -a * master remotes/origin/HEAD -> origin/master remotes/origin/master remotes/origin/rel2.1 $ git log --oneline --decorate --graph --all * 0a38c33 (origin/rel2.1) Create Jam 2.1 release branch. | * d254865 (HEAD, origin/master, origin/HEAD, master) Upgrade to latest metrowerks on Beos -- the Intel one. | * bd2f54a Put in fix for jam's NT handle leak. | * c0f29e7 Fix URL in a jam doc | * cc644ac Radstone's lynx port. [...]</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The first time you do this, it may take some time. What’s happening is that Git Fusion is converting all the applicable changesets in the Perforce history into Git commits. This happens locally on the server, so it’s relatively fast, but if you have a lot of history, it can still take some time. Subsequent fetches do incremental conversion, so it’ll feel more like Git’s native speed.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>As you can see, our repository looks exactly like any other Git repository you might work with. There are three branches, and Git has helpfully created a local <code>master</code> branch that tracks <code>origin/master</code>. Let’s do a bit of work, and create a couple of new commits:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console"># ... $ git log --oneline --decorate --graph --all * cfd46ab (HEAD, master) Add documentation for new feature * a730d77 Whitespace * d254865 (origin/master, origin/HEAD) Upgrade to latest metrowerks on Beos -- the Intel one. * bd2f54a Put in fix for jam's NT handle leak. [...]</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>We have two new commits. Now let’s check if anyone else has been working:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git fetch remote: Counting objects: 5, done. remote: Compressing objects: 100% (3/3), done. remote: Total 3 (delta 2), reused 0 (delta 0) Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done. From https://10.0.1.254/Jam d254865..6afeb15 master -> origin/master $ git log --oneline --decorate --graph --all * 6afeb15 (origin/master, origin/HEAD) Update copyright | * cfd46ab (HEAD, master) Add documentation for new feature | * a730d77 Whitespace |/ * d254865 Upgrade to latest metrowerks on Beos -- the Intel one. * bd2f54a Put in fix for jam's NT handle leak. [...]</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It looks like someone was! You wouldn’t know it from this view, but the <code>6afeb15</code> commit was actually created using a Perforce client. It just looks like another commit from Git’s point of view, which is exactly the point. Let’s see how the Perforce server deals with a merge commit:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git merge origin/master Auto-merging README Merge made by the 'recursive' strategy. README | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-) $ git push Counting objects: 9, done. Delta compression using up to 8 threads. Compressing objects: 100% (9/9), done. Writing objects: 100% (9/9), 917 bytes | 0 bytes/s, done. Total 9 (delta 6), reused 0 (delta 0) remote: Perforce: 100% (3/3) Loading commit tree into memory... remote: Perforce: 100% (5/5) Finding child commits... remote: Perforce: Running git fast-export... remote: Perforce: 100% (3/3) Checking commits... remote: Processing will continue even if connection is closed. remote: Perforce: 100% (3/3) Copying changelists... remote: Perforce: Submitting new Git commit objects to Perforce: 4 To https://10.0.1.254/Jam 6afeb15..89cba2b master -> master</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git thinks it worked. Let’s take a look at the history of the <code>README</code> file from Perforce’s point of view, using the revision graph feature of <code>p4v</code>:</p> </div> <div class="imageblock"> <div class="content"> <img src="/book/fa/v2/images/git-fusion-perforce-graph.png" alt="Perforce revision graph resulting from Git push."> </div> <div class="title">نمودار 147. Perforce revision graph resulting from Git push.</div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you’ve never seen this view before, it may seem confusing, but it shows the same concepts as a graphical viewer for Git history. We’re looking at the history of the <code>README</code> file, so the directory tree at top left only shows that file as it surfaces in various branches. At top right, we have a visual graph of how different revisions of the file are related, and the big-picture view of this graph is at bottom right. The rest of the view is given to the details view for the selected revision (<code>2</code> in this case).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>One thing to notice is that the graph looks exactly like the one in Git’s history. Perforce didn’t have a named branch to store the <code>1</code> and <code>2</code> commits, so it made an “anonymous” branch in the <code>.git-fusion</code> directory to hold it. This will also happen for named Git branches that don’t correspond to a named Perforce branch (and you can later map them to a Perforce branch using the configuration file).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Most of this happens behind the scenes, but the end result is that one person on a team can be using Git, another can be using Perforce, and neither of them will know about the other’s choice.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_git_fusion_summary">Git-Fusion Summary</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you have (or can get) access to your Perforce server, Git Fusion is a great way to make Git and Perforce talk to each other. There’s a bit of configuration involved, but the learning curve isn’t very steep. This is one of the few sections in this chapter where cautions about using Git’s full power will not appear. That’s not to say that Perforce will be happy with everything you throw at it – if you try to rewrite history that’s already been pushed, Git Fusion will reject it – but Git Fusion tries very hard to feel native. You can even use Git submodules (though they’ll look strange to Perforce users), and merge branches (this will be recorded as an integration on the Perforce side).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you can’t convince the administrator of your server to set up Git Fusion, there is still a way to use these tools together.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_git_p4_client">Git-p4</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p> Git-p4 is a two-way bridge between Git and Perforce. It runs entirely inside your Git repository, so you won’t need any kind of access to the Perforce server (other than user credentials, of course). Git-p4 isn’t as flexible or complete a solution as Git Fusion, but it does allow you to do most of what you’d want to do without being invasive to the server environment.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <div class="title">یادداشت</div> </td> <td class="content"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You’ll need the <code>p4</code> tool somewhere in your <code>PATH</code> to work with git-p4. As of this writing, it is freely available at <a href="http://www.perforce.com/downloads/Perforce/20-User" class="bare">http://www.perforce.com/downloads/Perforce/20-User</a>.</p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_setting_up_3">Setting Up</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For example purposes, we’ll be running the Perforce server from the Git Fusion OVA as shown above, but we’ll bypass the Git Fusion server and go directly to the Perforce version control.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In order to use the <code>p4</code> command-line client (which git-p4 depends on), you’ll need to set a couple of environment variables:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ export P4PORT=10.0.1.254:1666 $ export P4USER=john</code></pre> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_getting_started_3">Getting Started</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>As with anything in Git, the first command is to clone:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git p4 clone //depot/www/live www-shallow Importing from //depot/www/live into www-shallow Initialized empty Git repository in /private/tmp/www-shallow/.git/ Doing initial import of //depot/www/live/ from revision #head into refs/remotes/p4/master</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This creates what in Git terms is a “shallow” clone; only the very latest Perforce revision is imported into Git; remember, Perforce isn’t designed to give every revision to every user. This is enough to use Git as a Perforce client, but for other purposes it’s not enough.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Once it’s finished, we have a fully-functional Git repository:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ cd myproject $ git log --oneline --all --graph --decorate * 70eaf78 (HEAD, p4/master, p4/HEAD, master) Initial import of //depot/www/live/ from the state at revision #head</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note how there’s a “p4” remote for the Perforce server, but everything else looks like a standard clone. Actually, that’s a bit misleading; there isn’t actually a remote there.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git remote -v</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>No remotes exist in this repository at all. Git-p4 has created some refs to represent the state of the server, and they look like remote refs to <code>git log</code>, but they’re not managed by Git itself, and you can’t push to them.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_workflow_3">Workflow</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Okay, let’s do some work. Let’s assume you’ve made some progress on a very important feature, and you’re ready to show it to the rest of your team.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git log --oneline --all --graph --decorate * 018467c (HEAD, master) Change page title * c0fb617 Update link * 70eaf78 (p4/master, p4/HEAD) Initial import of //depot/www/live/ from the state at revision #head</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>We’ve made two new commits that we’re ready to submit to the Perforce server. Let’s check if anyone else was working today:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git p4 sync git p4 sync Performing incremental import into refs/remotes/p4/master git branch Depot paths: //depot/www/live/ Import destination: refs/remotes/p4/master Importing revision 12142 (100%) $ git log --oneline --all --graph --decorate * 75cd059 (p4/master, p4/HEAD) Update copyright | * 018467c (HEAD, master) Change page title | * c0fb617 Update link |/ * 70eaf78 Initial import of //depot/www/live/ from the state at revision #head</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Looks like they were, and <code>master</code> and <code>p4/master</code> have diverged. Perforce’s branching system is <em>nothing</em> like Git’s, so submitting merge commits doesn’t make any sense. Git-p4 recommends that you rebase your commits, and even comes with a shortcut to do so:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git p4 rebase Performing incremental import into refs/remotes/p4/master git branch Depot paths: //depot/www/live/ No changes to import! Rebasing the current branch onto remotes/p4/master First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Applying: Update link Applying: Change page title index.html | 2 +- 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You can probably tell from the output, but <code>git p4 rebase</code> is a shortcut for <code>git p4 sync</code> followed by <code>git rebase p4/master</code>. It’s a bit smarter than that, especially when working with multiple branches, but this is a good approximation.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now our history is linear again, and we’re ready to contribute our changes back to Perforce. The <code>git p4 submit</code> command will try to create a new Perforce revision for every Git commit between <code>p4/master</code> and <code>master</code>. Running it drops us into our favorite editor, and the contents of the file look something like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console"># A Perforce Change Specification. # # Change: The change number. 'new' on a new changelist. # Date: The date this specification was last modified. # Client: The client on which the changelist was created. Read-only. # User: The user who created the changelist. # Status: Either 'pending' or 'submitted'. Read-only. # Type: Either 'public' or 'restricted'. Default is 'public'. # Description: Comments about the changelist. Required. # Jobs: What opened jobs are to be closed by this changelist. # You may delete jobs from this list. (New changelists only.) # Files: What opened files from the default changelist are to be added # to this changelist. You may delete files from this list. # (New changelists only.) Change: new Client: john_bens-mbp_8487 User: john Status: new Description: Update link Files: //depot/www/live/index.html # edit ######## git author ben@straub.cc does not match your p4 account. ######## Use option --preserve-user to modify authorship. ######## Variable git-p4.skipUserNameCheck hides this message. ######## everything below this line is just the diff ####### --- //depot/www/live/index.html 2014-08-31 18:26:05.000000000 0000 +++ /Users/ben/john_bens-mbp_8487/john_bens-mbp_8487/depot/www/live/index.html 2014-08-31 18:26:05.000000000 0000 @@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ </td> <td valign=top> Source and documentation for -<a href="http://www.perforce.com/jam/jam.html"> +<a href="jam.html"> Jam/MR</a>, a software build tool. </td></code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is mostly the same content you’d see by running <code>p4 submit</code>, except the stuff at the end which git-p4 has helpfully included. Git-p4 tries to honor your Git and Perforce settings individually when it has to provide a name for a commit or changeset, but in some cases you want to override it. For example, if the Git commit you’re importing was written by a contributor who doesn’t have a Perforce user account, you may still want the resulting changeset to look like they wrote it (and not you).</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git-p4 has helpfully imported the message from the Git commit as the content for this Perforce changeset, so all we have to do is save and quit, twice (once for each commit). The resulting shell output will look something like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git p4 submit Perforce checkout for depot path //depot/www/live/ located at /Users/ben/john_bens-mbp_8487/john_bens-mbp_8487/depot/www/live/ Synchronizing p4 checkout... ... - file(s) up-to-date. Applying dbac45b Update link //depot/www/live/index.html#4 - opened for edit Change 12143 created with 1 open file(s). Submitting change 12143. Locking 1 files ... edit //depot/www/live/index.html#5 Change 12143 submitted. Applying 905ec6a Change page title //depot/www/live/index.html#5 - opened for edit Change 12144 created with 1 open file(s). Submitting change 12144. Locking 1 files ... edit //depot/www/live/index.html#6 Change 12144 submitted. All commits applied! Performing incremental import into refs/remotes/p4/master git branch Depot paths: //depot/www/live/ Import destination: refs/remotes/p4/master Importing revision 12144 (100%) Rebasing the current branch onto remotes/p4/master First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... $ git log --oneline --all --graph --decorate * 775a46f (HEAD, p4/master, p4/HEAD, master) Change page title * 05f1ade Update link * 75cd059 Update copyright * 70eaf78 Initial import of //depot/www/live/ from the state at revision #head</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The result is as though we just did a <code>git push</code>, which is the closest analogy to what actually did happen.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note that during this process every Git commit is turned into a Perforce changeset; if you want to squash them down into a single changeset, you can do that with an interactive rebase before running <code>git p4 submit</code>. Also note that the SHA-1 hashes of all the commits that were submitted as changesets have changed; this is because git-p4 adds a line to the end of each commit it converts:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git log -1 commit 775a46f630d8b46535fc9983cf3ebe6b9aa53145 Author: John Doe <john@example.com> Date: Sun Aug 31 10:31:44 2014 -0800 Change page title [git-p4: depot-paths = "//depot/www/live/": change = 12144]</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>What happens if you try to submit a merge commit? Let’s give it a try. Here’s the situation we’ve gotten ourselves into:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git log --oneline --all --graph --decorate * 3be6fd8 (HEAD, master) Correct email address * 1dcbf21 Merge remote-tracking branch 'p4/master' |\ | * c4689fc (p4/master, p4/HEAD) Grammar fix * | cbacd0a Table borders: yes please * | b4959b6 Trademark |/ * 775a46f Change page title * 05f1ade Update link * 75cd059 Update copyright * 70eaf78 Initial import of //depot/www/live/ from the state at revision #head</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The Git and Perforce history diverge after 775a46f. The Git side has two commits, then a merge commit with the Perforce head, then another commit. We’re going to try to submit these on top of a single changeset on the Perforce side. Let’s see what would happen if we tried to submit now:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git p4 submit -n Perforce checkout for depot path //depot/www/live/ located at /Users/ben/john_bens-mbp_8487/john_bens-mbp_8487/depot/www/live/ Would synchronize p4 checkout in /Users/ben/john_bens-mbp_8487/john_bens-mbp_8487/depot/www/live/ Would apply b4959b6 Trademark cbacd0a Table borders: yes please 3be6fd8 Correct email address</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>-n</code> flag is short for <code>--dry-run</code>, which tries to report what would happen if the submit command were run for real. In this case, it looks like we’d be creating three Perforce changesets, which correspond to the three non-merge commits that don’t yet exist on the Perforce server. That sounds like exactly what we want, let’s see how it turns out:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git p4 submit […] $ git log --oneline --all --graph --decorate * dadbd89 (HEAD, p4/master, p4/HEAD, master) Correct email address * 1b79a80 Table borders: yes please * 0097235 Trademark * c4689fc Grammar fix * 775a46f Change page title * 05f1ade Update link * 75cd059 Update copyright * 70eaf78 Initial import of //depot/www/live/ from the state at revision #head</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Our history became linear, just as though we had rebased before submitting (which is in fact exactly what happened). This means you can be free to create, work on, throw away, and merge branches on the Git side without fear that your history will somehow become incompatible with Perforce. If you can rebase it, you can contribute it to a Perforce server.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect5"> <h6 id="_git_p4_branches">Branching</h6> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If your Perforce project has multiple branches, you’re not out of luck; git-p4 can handle that in a way that makes it feel like Git. Let’s say your Perforce depot is laid out like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code>//depot └── project ├── main └── dev</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>And let’s say you have a <code>dev</code> branch, which has a view spec that looks like this:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code>//depot/project/main/... //depot/project/dev/...</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git-p4 can automatically detect that situation and do the right thing:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git p4 clone --detect-branches //depot/project@all Importing from //depot/project@all into project Initialized empty Git repository in /private/tmp/project/.git/ Importing revision 20 (50%) Importing new branch project/dev Resuming with change 20 Importing revision 22 (100%) Updated branches: main dev $ cd project; git log --oneline --all --graph --decorate * eae77ae (HEAD, p4/master, p4/HEAD, master) main | * 10d55fb (p4/project/dev) dev | * a43cfae Populate //depot/project/main/... //depot/project/dev/.... |/ * 2b83451 Project init</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Note the “@all” specifier in the depot path; that tells git-p4 to clone not just the latest changeset for that subtree, but all changesets that have ever touched those paths. This is closer to Git’s concept of a clone, but if you’re working on a project with a long history, it could take a while.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The <code>--detect-branches</code> flag tells git-p4 to use Perforce’s branch specs to map the branches to Git refs. If these mappings aren’t present on the Perforce server (which is a perfectly valid way to use Perforce), you can tell git-p4 what the branch mappings are, and you get the same result:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git init project Initialized empty Git repository in /tmp/project/.git/ $ cd project $ git config git-p4.branchList main:dev $ git clone --detect-branches //depot/project@all .</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Setting the <code>git-p4.branchList</code> configuration variable to <code>main:dev</code> tells git-p4 that “main” and “dev” are both branches, and the second one is a child of the first one.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If we now <code>git checkout -b dev p4/project/dev</code> and make some commits, git-p4 is smart enough to target the right branch when we do <code>git p4 submit</code>. Unfortunately, git-p4 can’t mix shallow clones and multiple branches; if you have a huge project and want to work on more than one branch, you’ll have to <code>git p4 clone</code> once for each branch you want to submit to.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>For creating or integrating branches, you’ll have to use a Perforce client. Git-p4 can only sync and submit to existing branches, and it can only do it one linear changeset at a time. If you merge two branches in Git and try to submit the new changeset, all that will be recorded is a bunch of file changes; the metadata about which branches are involved in the integration will be lost.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_git_and_perforce_summary">Git and Perforce Summary</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git-p4 makes it possible to use a Git workflow with a Perforce server, and it’s pretty good at it. However, it’s important to remember that Perforce is in charge of the source, and you’re only using Git to work locally. Just be really careful about sharing Git commits; if you have a remote that other people use, don’t push any commits that haven’t already been submitted to the Perforce server.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you want to freely mix the use of Perforce and Git as clients for source control, and you can convince the server administrator to install it, Git Fusion makes using Git a first-class version-control client for a Perforce server.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="sect3"> <h3 id="_git_and_tfs">Git and TFS</h3> <div class="paragraph"> <p> Git is becoming popular with Windows developers, and if you’re writing code on Windows, there’s a good chance you’re using Microsoft’s Team Foundation Server (TFS). TFS is a collaboration suite that includes defect and work-item tracking, process support for Scrum and others, code review, and version control. There’s a bit of confusion ahead: <strong>TFS</strong> is the server, which supports controlling source code using both Git and their own custom VCS, which they’ve dubbed <strong>TFVC</strong> (Team Foundation Version Control). Git support is a somewhat new feature for TFS (shipping with the 2013 version), so all of the tools that predate that refer to the version-control portion as “TFS”, even though they’re mostly working with TFVC.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you find yourself on a team that’s using TFVC but you’d rather use Git as your version-control client, there’s a project for you.</p> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_which_tool">Which Tool</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p> In fact, there are two: git-tf and git-tfs.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git-tfs (found at <a href="https://github.com/git-tfs/git-tfs" class="bare">https://github.com/git-tfs/git-tfs</a>) is a .NET project, and (as of this writing) it only runs on Windows. To work with Git repositories, it uses the .NET bindings for libgit2, a library-oriented implementation of Git which is highly performant and allows a lot of flexibility with the guts of a Git repository. Libgit2 is not a complete implementation of Git, so to cover the difference git-tfs will actually call the command-line Git client for some operations, so there are no artificial limits on what it can do with Git repositories. Its support of TFVC features is very mature, since it uses the Visual Studio assemblies for operations with servers. This does mean you’ll need access to those assemblies, which means you need to install a recent version of Visual Studio (any edition since version 2010, including Express since version 2012), or the Visual Studio SDK.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock caution"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <div class="title">گوشزد</div> </td> <td class="content"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git-tf is End-of-Life (EOL), it will not get any updates. It is also no longer supported by Microsoft.</p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git-tf (whose home is at <a href="https://archive.codeplex.com/?p=gittf" class="bare">https://archive.codeplex.com/?p=gittf</a>) is a Java project, and as such runs on any computer with a Java runtime environment. It interfaces with Git repositories through JGit (a JVM implementation of Git), which means it has virtually no limitations in terms of Git functions. However, its support for TFVC is limited as compared to git-tfs – it does not support branches, for instance.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>So each tool has pros and cons, and there are plenty of situations that favor one over the other. We’ll cover the basic usage of both of them in this book.</p> </div> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <div class="title">یادداشت</div> </td> <td class="content"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>You’ll need access to a TFVC-based repository to follow along with these instructions. These aren’t as plentiful in the wild as Git or Subversion repositories, so you may need to create one of your own. Codeplex (<a href="https://archive.codeplex.com/" class="bare">https://archive.codeplex.com/</a>) or Visual Studio Online (<a href="https://visualstudio.microsoft.com" class="bare">https://visualstudio.microsoft.com</a>) are both good choices for this.</p> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_getting_started_git_tf">Getting Started: <code>git-tf</code> </h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The first thing you do, just as with any Git project, is clone. Here’s what that looks like with <code>git-tf</code>:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git tf clone https://tfs.codeplex.com:443/tfs/TFS13 $/myproject/Main project_git</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The first argument is the URL of a TFVC collection, the second is of the form <code>$/project/branch</code>, and the third is the path to the local Git repository that is to be created (this last one is optional). Git-tf can only work with one branch at a time; if you want to make checkins on a different TFVC branch, you’ll have to make a new clone from that branch.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This creates a fully functional Git repository:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ cd project_git $ git log --all --oneline --decorate 512e75a (HEAD, tag: TFS_C35190, origin_tfs/tfs, master) Checkin message</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This is called a <em>shallow</em> clone, meaning that only the latest changeset has been downloaded. TFVC isn’t designed for each client to have a full copy of the history, so git-tf defaults to only getting the latest version, which is much faster.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>If you have some time, it’s probably worth it to clone the entire project history, using the <code>--deep</code> option:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git tf clone https://tfs.codeplex.com:443/tfs/TFS13 $/myproject/Main \ project_git --deep Username: domain\user Password: Connecting to TFS... Cloning $/myproject into /tmp/project_git: 100%, done. Cloned 4 changesets. Cloned last changeset 35190 as d44b17a $ cd project_git $ git log --all --oneline --decorate d44b17a (HEAD, tag: TFS_C35190, origin_tfs/tfs, master) Goodbye 126aa7b (tag: TFS_C35189) 8f77431 (tag: TFS_C35178) FIRST 0745a25 (tag: TFS_C35177) Created team project folder $/tfvctest via the \ Team Project Creation Wizard</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Notice the tags with names like <code>TFS_C35189</code>; this is a feature that helps you know which Git commits are associated with TFVC changesets. This is a nice way to represent it, since you can see with a simple log command which of your commits is associated with a snapshot that also exists in TFVC. They aren’t necessary (and in fact you can turn them off with <code>git config git-tf.tag false</code>) – git-tf keeps the real commit-changeset mappings in the <code>.git/git-tf</code> file.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_getting_started_git_tfs">Getting Started: <code>git-tfs</code> </h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git-tfs cloning behaves a bit differently. Observe:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-powershell" data-lang="powershell">PS> git tfs clone --with-branches \ https://username.visualstudio.com/DefaultCollection \ $/project/Trunk project_git Initialized empty Git repository in C:/Users/ben/project_git/.git/ C15 = b75da1aba1ffb359d00e85c52acb261e4586b0c9 C16 = c403405f4989d73a2c3c119e79021cb2104ce44a Tfs branches found: - $/tfvc-test/featureA The name of the local branch will be : featureA C17 = d202b53f67bde32171d5078968c644e562f1c439 C18 = 44cd729d8df868a8be20438fdeeefb961958b674</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Notice the <code>--with-branches</code> flag. Git-tfs is capable of mapping TFVC branches to Git branches, and this flag tells it to set up a local Git branch for every TFVC branch. This is highly recommended if you’ve ever branched or merged in TFS, but it won’t work with a server older than TFS 2010 – before that release, “branches” were just folders, so git-tfs can’t tell them from regular folders.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Let’s take a look at the resulting Git repository:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-powershell" data-lang="powershell">PS> git log --oneline --graph --decorate --all * 44cd729 (tfs/featureA, featureA) Goodbye * d202b53 Branched from $/tfvc-test/Trunk * c403405 (HEAD, tfs/default, master) Hello * b75da1a New project PS> git log -1 commit c403405f4989d73a2c3c119e79021cb2104ce44a Author: Ben Straub <ben@straub.cc> Date: Fri Aug 1 03:41:59 2014 +0000 Hello git-tfs-id: [https://username.visualstudio.com/DefaultCollection]$/myproject/Trunk;C16</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>There are two local branches, <code>master</code> and <code>featureA</code>, which represent the initial starting point of the clone (<code>Trunk</code> in TFVC) and a child branch (<code>featureA</code> in TFVC). You can also see that the <code>tfs</code> “remote” has a couple of refs too: <code>default</code> and <code>featureA</code>, which represent TFVC branches. Git-tfs maps the branch you cloned from to <code>tfs/default</code>, and others get their own names.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Another thing to notice is the <code>git-tfs-id:</code> lines in the commit messages. Instead of tags, git-tfs uses these markers to relate TFVC changesets to Git commits. This has the implication that your Git commits will have a different SHA-1 hash before and after they have been pushed to TFVC.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_git_tfs_workflow">Git-tf[s] Workflow</h4> <div class="admonitionblock note"> <table> <tr> <td class="icon"> <div class="title">یادداشت</div> </td> <td class="content"> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Regardless of which tool you’re using, you should set a couple of Git configuration values to avoid running into issues.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git config set --local core.ignorecase=true $ git config set --local core.autocrlf=false</code></pre> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The obvious next thing you’re going to want to do is work on the project. TFVC and TFS have several features that may add complexity to your workflow:</p> </div> <div class="olist arabic"> <ol class="arabic"> <li> <p>Feature branches that aren’t represented in TFVC add a bit of complexity. This has to do with the <strong>very</strong> different ways that TFVC and Git represent branches.</p> </li> <li> <p>Be aware that TFVC allows users to “checkout” files from the server, locking them so nobody else can edit them. This obviously won’t stop you from editing them in your local repository, but it could get in the way when it comes time to push your changes up to the TFVC server.</p> </li> <li> <p>TFS has the concept of “gated” checkins, where a TFS build-test cycle has to complete successfully before the checkin is allowed. This uses the “shelve” function in TFVC, which we don’t cover in detail here. You can fake this in a manual fashion with git-tf, and git-tfs provides the <code>checkintool</code> command which is gate-aware.</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In the interest of brevity, what we’ll cover here is the happy path, which sidesteps or avoids most of these issues.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_workflow_git_tf">Workflow: <code>git-tf</code> </h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Let’s say you’ve done some work, made a couple of Git commits on <code>master</code>, and you’re ready to share your progress on the TFVC server. Here’s our Git repository:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git log --oneline --graph --decorate --all * 4178a82 (HEAD, master) update code * 9df2ae3 update readme * d44b17a (tag: TFS_C35190, origin_tfs/tfs) Goodbye * 126aa7b (tag: TFS_C35189) * 8f77431 (tag: TFS_C35178) FIRST * 0745a25 (tag: TFS_C35177) Created team project folder $/tfvctest via the \ Team Project Creation Wizard</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>We want to take the snapshot that’s in the <code>4178a82</code> commit and push it up to the TFVC server. First things first: let’s see if any of our teammates did anything since we last connected:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git tf fetch Username: domain\user Password: Connecting to TFS... Fetching $/myproject at latest changeset: 100%, done. Downloaded changeset 35320 as commit 8ef06a8. Updated FETCH_HEAD. $ git log --oneline --graph --decorate --all * 8ef06a8 (tag: TFS_C35320, origin_tfs/tfs) just some text | * 4178a82 (HEAD, master) update code | * 9df2ae3 update readme |/ * d44b17a (tag: TFS_C35190) Goodbye * 126aa7b (tag: TFS_C35189) * 8f77431 (tag: TFS_C35178) FIRST * 0745a25 (tag: TFS_C35177) Created team project folder $/tfvctest via the \ Team Project Creation Wizard</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Looks like someone else is working, too, and now we have divergent history. This is where Git shines, but we have two choices of how to proceed:</p> </div> <div class="olist arabic"> <ol class="arabic"> <li> <p>Making a merge commit feels natural as a Git user (after all, that’s what <code>git pull</code> does), and git-tf can do this for you with a simple <code>git tf pull</code>. Be aware, however, that TFVC doesn’t think this way, and if you push merge commits your history will start to look different on both sides, which can be confusing. However, if you plan on submitting all of your changes as one changeset, this is probably the easiest choice.</p> </li> <li> <p>Rebasing makes our commit history linear, which means we have the option of converting each of our Git commits into a TFVC changeset. Since this leaves the most options open, we recommend you do it this way; git-tf even makes it easy for you with <code>git tf pull --rebase</code>.</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>The choice is yours. For this example, we’ll be rebasing:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git rebase FETCH_HEAD First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Applying: update readme Applying: update code $ git log --oneline --graph --decorate --all * 5a0e25e (HEAD, master) update code * 6eb3eb5 update readme * 8ef06a8 (tag: TFS_C35320, origin_tfs/tfs) just some text * d44b17a (tag: TFS_C35190) Goodbye * 126aa7b (tag: TFS_C35189) * 8f77431 (tag: TFS_C35178) FIRST * 0745a25 (tag: TFS_C35177) Created team project folder $/tfvctest via the \ Team Project Creation Wizard</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now we’re ready to make a checkin to the TFVC server. Git-tf gives you the choice of making a single changeset that represents all the changes since the last one (<code>--shallow</code>, which is the default) and creating a new changeset for each Git commit (<code>--deep</code>). For this example, we’ll just create one changeset:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-console" data-lang="console">$ git tf checkin -m 'Updating readme and code' Username: domain\user Password: Connecting to TFS... Checking in to $/myproject: 100%, done. Checked commit 5a0e25e in as changeset 35348 $ git log --oneline --graph --decorate --all * 5a0e25e (HEAD, tag: TFS_C35348, origin_tfs/tfs, master) update code * 6eb3eb5 update readme * 8ef06a8 (tag: TFS_C35320) just some text * d44b17a (tag: TFS_C35190) Goodbye * 126aa7b (tag: TFS_C35189) * 8f77431 (tag: TFS_C35178) FIRST * 0745a25 (tag: TFS_C35177) Created team project folder $/tfvctest via the \ Team Project Creation Wizard</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>There’s a new <code>TFS_C35348</code> tag, indicating that TFVC is storing the exact same snapshot as the <code>5a0e25e</code> commit. It’s important to note that not every Git commit needs to have an exact counterpart in TFVC; the <code>6eb3eb5</code> commit, for example, doesn’t exist anywhere on the server.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>That’s the main workflow. There are a couple of other considerations you’ll want to keep in mind:</p> </div> <div class="ulist"> <ul> <li> <p>There is no branching. Git-tf can only create Git repositories from one TFVC branch at a time.</p> </li> <li> <p>Collaborate using either TFVC or Git, but not both. Different git-tf clones of the same TFVC repository may have different commit SHA-1 hashes, which will cause no end of headaches.</p> </li> <li> <p>If your team’s workflow includes collaborating in Git and syncing periodically with TFVC, only connect to TFVC with one of the Git repositories.</p> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_workflow_git_tfs">Workflow: <code>git-tfs</code> </h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Let’s walk through the same scenario using git-tfs. Here are the new commits we’ve made to the <code>master</code> branch in our Git repository:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-powershell" data-lang="powershell">PS> git log --oneline --graph --all --decorate * c3bd3ae (HEAD, master) update code * d85e5a2 update readme | * 44cd729 (tfs/featureA, featureA) Goodbye | * d202b53 Branched from $/tfvc-test/Trunk |/ * c403405 (tfs/default) Hello * b75da1a New project</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now let’s see if anyone else has done work while we were hacking away:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-powershell" data-lang="powershell">PS> git tfs fetch C19 = aea74a0313de0a391940c999e51c5c15c381d91d PS> git log --all --oneline --graph --decorate * aea74a0 (tfs/default) update documentation | * c3bd3ae (HEAD, master) update code | * d85e5a2 update readme |/ | * 44cd729 (tfs/featureA, featureA) Goodbye | * d202b53 Branched from $/tfvc-test/Trunk |/ * c403405 Hello * b75da1a New project</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Yes, it turns out our coworker has added a new TFVC changeset, which shows up as the new <code>aea74a0</code> commit, and the <code>tfs/default</code> remote branch has moved.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>As with git-tf, we have two fundamental options for how to resolve this divergent history:</p> </div> <div class="olist arabic"> <ol class="arabic"> <li> <p>Rebase to preserve a linear history.</p> </li> <li> <p>Merge to preserve what actually happened.</p> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>In this case, we’re going to do a “deep” checkin, where every Git commit becomes a TFVC changeset, so we want to rebase.</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-powershell" data-lang="powershell">PS> git rebase tfs/default First, rewinding head to replay your work on top of it... Applying: update readme Applying: update code PS> git log --all --oneline --graph --decorate * 10a75ac (HEAD, master) update code * 5cec4ab update readme * aea74a0 (tfs/default) update documentation | * 44cd729 (tfs/featureA, featureA) Goodbye | * d202b53 Branched from $/tfvc-test/Trunk |/ * c403405 Hello * b75da1a New project</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Now we’re ready to complete our contribution by checking in our code to the TFVC server. We’ll use the <code>rcheckin</code> command here to create a TFVC changeset for each Git commit in the path from HEAD to the first <code>tfs</code> remote branch found (the <code>checkin</code> command would only create one changeset, sort of like squashing Git commits).</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-powershell" data-lang="powershell">PS> git tfs rcheckin Working with tfs remote: default Fetching changes from TFS to minimize possibility of late conflict... Starting checkin of 5cec4ab4 'update readme' add README.md C20 = 71a5ddce274c19f8fdc322b4f165d93d89121017 Done with 5cec4ab4b213c354341f66c80cd650ab98dcf1ed, rebasing tail onto new TFS-commit... Rebase done successfully. Starting checkin of b1bf0f99 'update code' edit .git\tfs\default\workspace\ConsoleApplication1/ConsoleApplication1/Program.cs C21 = ff04e7c35dfbe6a8f94e782bf5e0031cee8d103b Done with b1bf0f9977b2d48bad611ed4a03d3738df05ea5d, rebasing tail onto new TFS-commit... Rebase done successfully. No more to rcheckin. PS> git log --all --oneline --graph --decorate * ff04e7c (HEAD, tfs/default, master) update code * 71a5ddc update readme * aea74a0 update documentation | * 44cd729 (tfs/featureA, featureA) Goodbye | * d202b53 Branched from $/tfvc-test/Trunk |/ * c403405 Hello * b75da1a New project</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Notice how after every successful checkin to the TFVC server, git-tfs is rebasing the remaining work onto what it just did. That’s because it’s adding the <code>git-tfs-id</code> field to the bottom of the commit messages, which changes the SHA-1 hashes. This is exactly as designed, and there’s nothing to worry about, but you should be aware that it’s happening, especially if you’re sharing Git commits with others.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>TFS has many features that integrate with its version control system, such as work items, designated reviewers, gated checkins, and so on. It can be cumbersome to work with these features using only a command-line tool, but fortunately git-tfs lets you launch a graphical checkin tool very easily:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-powershell" data-lang="powershell">PS> git tfs checkintool PS> git tfs ct</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>It looks a bit like this:</p> </div> <div class="imageblock"> <div class="content"> <img src="/book/fa/v2/images/git-tfs-ct.png" alt="The git-tfs checkin tool."> </div> <div class="title">نمودار 148. The git-tfs checkin tool.</div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>This will look familiar to TFS users, as it’s the same dialog that’s launched from within Visual Studio.</p> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git-tfs also lets you control TFVC branches from your Git repository. As an example, let’s create one:</p> </div> <div class="listingblock"> <div class="content"> <pre class="highlight"><code class="language-powershell" data-lang="powershell">PS> git tfs branch $/tfvc-test/featureBee The name of the local branch will be : featureBee C26 = 1d54865c397608c004a2cadce7296f5edc22a7e5 PS> git log --oneline --graph --decorate --all * 1d54865 (tfs/featureBee) Creation branch $/myproject/featureBee * ff04e7c (HEAD, tfs/default, master) update code * 71a5ddc update readme * aea74a0 update documentation | * 44cd729 (tfs/featureA, featureA) Goodbye | * d202b53 Branched from $/tfvc-test/Trunk |/ * c403405 Hello * b75da1a New project</code></pre> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Creating a branch in TFVC means adding a changeset where that branch now exists, and this is projected as a Git commit. Note also that git-tfs <strong>created</strong> the <code>tfs/featureBee</code> remote branch, but <code>HEAD</code> is still pointing to <code>master</code>. If you want to work on the newly-minted branch, you’ll want to base your new commits on the <code>1d54865</code> commit, perhaps by creating a topic branch from that commit.</p> </div> </div> <div class="sect4"> <h4 id="_git_and_tfs_summary">Git and TFS Summary</h4> <div class="paragraph"> <p>Git-tf and Git-tfs are both great tools for interfacing with a TFVC server. They allow you to use the power of Git locally, avoid constantly having to round-trip to the central TFVC server, and make your life as a developer much easier, without forcing your entire team to migrate to Git. If you’re working on Windows (which is likely if your team is using TFS), you’ll probably want to use git-tfs, since its feature set is more complete, but if you’re working on another platform, you’ll be using git-tf, which is more limited. As with most of the tools in this chapter, you should choose one of these version-control systems to be canonical, and use the other one in a subordinate fashion – either Git or TFVC should be the center of collaboration, but not both.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div id="nav"><a href="/book/fa/v2/Customizing-Git-Summary">prev</a> | <a href="/book/fa/v2/Git-and-Other-Systems-Migrating-to-Git">next</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <footer> <div class="site-source"> <a href="/site">About this site</a><br> Patches, suggestions, and comments are welcome. </div> <div class="sfc-member"> Git is a member of <a href="/sfc">Software Freedom Conservancy</a> </div> </footer> <a href="#top" class="no-js scrollToTop" id="scrollToTop" data-label="Scroll to top"> <img src="/images/icons/chevron-up@2x.png" width="20" height="20" alt="scroll-to-top"/> </a> <script src="/js/jquery-1.7.1.min.js"></script> <script src="/js/jquery-ui-1.8.18.custom.min.js"></script> <script src="/js/jquery.defaultvalue.js"></script> <script src="/js/session.min.js"></script> <script src="/js/application.min.js"></script> </div> </body> </html>

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