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> <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">目录</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">移至侧栏</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">囥起來</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">序言</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-概論" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#概論"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>概論</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-概論-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-本质" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#本质"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>本质</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-本质-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>开关本质子章节</span> </button> <ul id="toc-本质-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-邏輯學基本原理" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#邏輯學基本原理"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>邏輯學基本原理</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-邏輯學基本原理-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-邏輯系統个性質" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#邏輯系統个性質"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>邏輯系統个性質</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-邏輯系統个性質-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-对於逻辑个弗同理解" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#对於逻辑个弗同理解"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>对於逻辑个弗同理解</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-对於逻辑个弗同理解-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-演绎和归纳" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#演绎和归纳"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>演绎和归纳</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-演绎和归纳-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-發展历史" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#發展历史"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>發展历史</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-發展历史-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-逻辑架構" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#逻辑架構"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>逻辑架構</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-逻辑架構-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-註記" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#註記"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>註記</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-註記-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-參考資料" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#參考資料"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>參考資料</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-參考資料-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-外部連結" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#外部連結"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>外部連結</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-外部連結-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="目录" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="开关目录" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">开关目录</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">邏輯</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="前往另一种语言写成的文章。164种语言可用" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-164" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">164種閒話</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 南非荷兰语" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="南非荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – 瑞士德语" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="瑞士德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%B5%E1%8A%90_%E1%8A%A0%E1%88%9D%E1%8A%AD%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%AE" title="ስነ አምክንዮ – 阿姆哈拉语" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ስነ አምክንዮ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="阿姆哈拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lochica" title="Lochica – 阿拉贡语" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lochica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="阿拉贡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तर्कशास्त्र – 昂加语" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="तर्कशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="昂加语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – 阿拉伯语" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="阿拉伯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – 埃及阿拉伯文" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="埃及阿拉伯文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="তৰ্কশাস্ত্ৰ – 阿萨姆语" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="তৰ্কশাস্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="阿萨姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3xica" title="Lóxica – 阿斯图里亚斯语" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lóxica" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="阿斯图里亚斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C9%99ntiq" title="Məntiq – 阿塞拜疆语" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Məntiq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="阿塞拜疆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%DB%8C%D9%82" title="منطیق – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="منطیق" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – 巴什基尔语" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="巴什基尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – 巴伐利亞文" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="巴伐利亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luog%C4%97ka" title="Luogėka – 薩莫吉希亞文" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Luogėka" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="薩莫吉希亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логіка – 白俄罗斯语" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Логіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="白俄罗斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%91%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лёгіка – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Лёгіка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C3%A8k" title="Mantèk – 貝塔維文" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Mantèk" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="貝塔維文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – 保加利亚语" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="保加利亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="যুক্তিবিজ্ঞান – 孟加拉语" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="যুক্তিবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="孟加拉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poelloniezh" title="Poelloniezh – 布列塔尼语" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Poelloniezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="布列塔尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 波斯尼亚语" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="波斯尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D1%88%D0%B0%D1%80_%D1%83%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ушар ухаан – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Ушар ухаан" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2gica" title="Lògica – 加泰罗尼亚语" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lògica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="加泰罗尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – 车臣语" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="车臣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%DB%86%DA%98%DB%8C%DA%A9" title="لۆژیک – 中库尔德语" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لۆژیک" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="中库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – 科西嘉语" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="科西嘉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C4%B1q" title="Mantıq – 克里米亚鞑靼语" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Mantıq" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="克里米亚鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 捷克语" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="捷克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – 楚瓦什语" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="楚瓦什语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rhesymeg" title="Rhesymeg – 威尔士语" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Rhesymeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="威尔士语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – 丹麦语" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="丹麦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="优良条目"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – 德语" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%BF%CE%B3%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Λογική – 希腊语" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λογική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="希腊语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured articles"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic – 英语" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="英语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiko" title="Logiko – 世界语" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Logiko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="世界语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica – 西班牙语" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="西班牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loogika" title="Loogika – 爱沙尼亚语" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Loogika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="爱沙尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 巴斯克语" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="巴斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica – 埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="埃斯特雷馬杜拉文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – 波斯语" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="波斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiikka" title="Logiikka – 芬兰语" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Logiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="芬兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loogiga" title="Loogiga – 佛羅文" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Loogiga" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="佛羅文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vakasama" title="Vakasama – 斐济语" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Vakasama" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="斐济语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logique" title="Logique – 法语" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Logique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="法语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loogik" title="Loogik – 北弗里西亚语" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Loogik" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="北弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 西弗里西亚语" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="西弗里西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Loighic" title="Loighic – 爱尔兰语" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Loighic" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="爱尔兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AD%B8" title="邏輯學 – 赣语" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="邏輯學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="赣语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojik" title="Lojik – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Lojik" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3xica" title="Lóxica – 加利西亚语" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lóxica" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="加利西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kuaarape" title="Kuaarape – 瓜拉尼语" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kuaarape" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="瓜拉尼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C5%ABpili" title="Kūpili – 夏威夷语" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kūpili" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="夏威夷语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="לוגיקה – 希伯来语" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לוגיקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="希伯来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तर्कशास्त्र – 印地语" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="तर्कशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="印地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic – 斐濟印地文" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="斐濟印地文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 克罗地亚语" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 匈牙利语" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="匈牙利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տրամաբանություն – 亚美尼亚语" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տրամաբանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="亚美尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տրամաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տրամաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – 国际语" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="国际语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – 伊班语" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="伊班语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 印度尼西亚语" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="印度尼西亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – 国际文字（E）" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="国际文字（E）" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C7%B8z%C3%B9" title="Ǹzù – 伊博语" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ǹzù" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="伊博语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika – 伊洛卡诺语" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="伊洛卡诺语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logiko" title="Logiko – 伊多语" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Logiko" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="伊多语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B6kfr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Rökfræði – 冰岛语" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Rökfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="冰岛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – 意大利语" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="意大利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AB%96%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="論理学 – 日语" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="論理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="日语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajik" title="Lajik – 牙買加克里奧爾英文" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Lajik" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="牙買加克里奧爾英文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/logji" title="logji – 逻辑语" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="logji" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="逻辑语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 爪哇语" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="爪哇语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლოგიკა – 格鲁吉亚语" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლოგიკა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="格鲁吉亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tame%E1%BA%93la" title="Tameẓla – 卡拜尔语" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tameẓla" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="卡拜尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%C9%94l%C9%A9y%C9%9B" title="Cɔlɩyɛ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Cɔlɩyɛ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%A8go_(logic)" title="Ũgo (logic) – 吉库尤语" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Ũgo (logic)" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="吉库尤语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – 哈萨克语" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="哈萨克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%8F%E1%9E%80%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%80%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%87%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%87%E1%9E%B6" title="តក្កវិជ្ជា – 高棉语" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="តក្កវិជ្ជា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="高棉语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%85%BC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="논리학 – 韩语" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="논리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="韩语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentiq" title="Mentiq – 库尔德语" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Mentiq" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="库尔德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojyk" title="Lojyk – 康沃尔语" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lojyk" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="康沃尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – 柯尔克孜语" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="柯尔克孜语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – 拉丁语" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="拉丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – 卢森堡语" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="卢森堡语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%8C" title="Мантикь – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Мантикь" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лакку</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojica" title="Lojica – 新共同語言" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lojica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="新共同語言" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logega" title="Logega – 倫巴底文" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Logega" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="倫巴底文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 立陶宛语" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="立陶宛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lo%C4%A3ika" title="Loģika – 拉脱维亚语" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Loģika" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="拉脱维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B4jika" title="Lôjika – 马拉加斯语" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lôjika" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="马拉加斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 米南佳保语" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="米南佳保语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – 马其顿语" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="马其顿语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="തർക്കശാസ്ത്രം – 马拉雅拉姆语" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തർക്കശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="马拉雅拉姆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA" title="Логик – 蒙古语" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Логик" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="蒙古语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="तर्कशास्त्र – 马拉地语" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="तर्कशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="马拉地语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – 马来语" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="马来语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica – 米兰德斯语" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="米兰德斯语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9A%E1%80%AF%E1%80%90%E1%80%B9%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ယုတ္တိဗေဒ – 缅甸语" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ယုတ္တိဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="缅甸语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – 马赞德兰语" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="马赞德兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – 低地德语" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="低地德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95" title="तर्क – 尼瓦尔语" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="तर्क" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="尼瓦尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – 荷兰语" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="荷兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logikk" title="Logikk – 挪威尼诺斯克语" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Logikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="挪威尼诺斯克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logikk" title="Logikk – 书面挪威语" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Logikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="书面挪威语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logike" title="Logike – 諾維亞文" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Logike" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="諾維亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logica" title="Logica – 奥克语" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Logica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="奥克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yaaya(logic)" title="Yaaya(logic) – 奥罗莫语" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Yaaya(logic)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="奥罗莫语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%95_%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BC%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%A4%E0%A8%B0" title="ਤਰਕ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ – 旁遮普语" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਤਰਕ ਸ਼ਾਸਤਰ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="旁遮普语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lojik" title="Lojik – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Lojik" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 波兰语" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="波兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2gica" title="Lògica – 皮埃蒙特文" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lògica" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="皮埃蒙特文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%8F%DA%A9" title="تُک – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="تُک" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%84%D9%BE%D9%88%D9%87%D9%86%D9%87" title="سولپوهنه – 普什图语" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="سولپوهنه" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="普什图语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B3gica" title="Lógica – 葡萄牙语" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lógica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="葡萄牙语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sullwa" title="Sullwa – 克丘亚语" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Sullwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="克丘亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic%C4%83" title="Logică – 罗马尼亚语" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Logică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="罗马尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – 俄语" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="俄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D2%91%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Лоґіка – 盧森尼亞文" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Лоґіка" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="盧森尼亞文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – 萨哈语" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="萨哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%A9%E1%B1%A0%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%A4" title="ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ – 桑塔利语" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱡᱩᱠᱛᱤ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="桑塔利语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2gica" title="Lògica – 萨丁语" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Lògica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="萨丁语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%B2ggica" title="Lòggica – 西西里语" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Lòggica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="西西里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic – 苏格兰语" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="苏格兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – 信德语" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="信德语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚-克罗地亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tam%E1%BA%93la" title="Tamẓla – 希尔哈语" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Tamẓla" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="希尔哈语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 斯洛伐克语" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="斯洛伐克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 斯洛文尼亚语" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="斯洛文尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logjika" title="Logjika – 阿尔巴尼亚语" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Logjika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="阿尔巴尼亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логика – 塞尔维亚语" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Логика" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="塞尔维亚语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logika" title="Logika – 巽他语" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Logika" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="巽他语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – 瑞典语" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="瑞典语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantiki" title="Mantiki – 斯瓦希里语" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Mantiki" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="斯瓦希里语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%8F%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="ஏரணம் – 泰米尔语" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஏரணம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="泰米尔语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D2%9B" title="Мантиқ – 塔吉克语" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Мантиқ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="塔吉克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ตรรกศาสตร์ – 泰语" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ตรรกศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="泰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantyk" title="Mantyk – 土库曼语" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Mantyk" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="土库曼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika – 他加禄语" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="他加禄语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%D3%99nty%C7%A7" title="Mәntyǧ – 塔里什文" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Mәntyǧ" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="塔里什文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lajik" title="Lajik – 托克皮辛语" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Lajik" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="托克皮辛语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mant%C4%B1k" title="Mantık – 土耳其语" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Mantık" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="土耳其语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9%D0%BA" title="Мантыйк – 鞑靼语" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Мантыйк" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="鞑靼语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BB" title="Билиглел – 图瓦语" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Билиглел" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="图瓦语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%96%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Логіка – 乌克兰语" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Логіка" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="乌克兰语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B7%D9%82" title="منطق – 乌尔都语" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منطق" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="乌尔都语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mantiq" title="Mantiq – 乌兹别克语" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Mantiq" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="乌兹别克语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logik" title="Logik – 维普森语" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Logik" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="维普森语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logic" title="Logic – 越南语" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Logic" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="越南语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodjike" title="Lodjike – 瓦隆语" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lodjike" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="瓦隆语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lohika" title="Lohika – 瓦瑞语" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lohika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="瓦瑞语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-logic" title="I-logic – 科萨语" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-logic" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="科萨语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%98%E1%83%99%E1%83%90" title="ლოგიკა – 明格列爾文" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლოგიკა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="明格列爾文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%90%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A7" title="לאגיק – 意第绪语" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לאגיק" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="意第绪语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%BB%8Cgb%E1%BB%8D%CC%81n" title="Ọgbọ́n – 约鲁巴语" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ọgbọ́n" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="约鲁巴语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8E%E2%B5%A5%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ – 标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⵎⵥⵍⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="标准摩洛哥塔马塞特语" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="逻辑 – 中文" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="逻辑" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="中文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E5%89%87" title="理則 – 文言文" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="理則" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="文言文" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a 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dir="ltr"><div class="notice metadata" id="disambig"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Disambig_grey.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/30px-Disambig_grey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/45px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Disambig_grey.svg/60px-Disambig_grey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="260" data-file-height="200" /></a></span><small> 箇篇文章讲个是關於逻辑搭逻辑学科个分类、历史与发展，也可以是有关<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%BB%91%E6%A0%BC%E5%B0%94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="黑格尔（页面弗存在）">黑格尔</a>个作品《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逻辑学（页面弗存在）">逻辑学</a>》，请参看“<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%A7%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="大逻辑（页面弗存在）">大逻辑</a></b>”。</small></div> <p><b>邏輯</b>（英语：<span class="lang-en" lang="en">logic</span>），又稱<b>理則</b>、<b>論理</b>、<b>推理</b>、<b>推論</b>，是有效<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="推論（页面弗存在）">推論</a>个<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>研究。<sup id="cite_ref-PopkinStroll1993_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PopkinStroll1993-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>邏輯畀使用垃大部份个智能活動裏向，但主要在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="语义学">語義學</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電腦科學（页面弗存在）">電腦科學</a>等領域內畀視爲一門學科。邏輯討論<a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81" title="逻辑论证">邏輯論證</a>會呈現个一般形式，何裏種形式是有效个，以及其中个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="謬論（页面弗存在）">謬論</a>。在<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="哲學">哲學</a>裏向，邏輯畀應用在大多數个主要領域之中：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E4%B8%8A%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形上學（页面弗存在）">形上學</a>/<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%87%E5%AE%99%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="宇宙論（页面弗存在）">宇宙論</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%AC%E9%AB%94%E8%AB%96_(%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="本體論 (哲學)（页面弗存在）">本體論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E7%9F%A5%E8%AD%98%E8%AB%96" title="知識論">知識論</a>及<a href="/wiki/%E5%80%AB%E7%90%86%E5%AD%B8" title="倫理學">倫理學</a>。在數學裏向，邏輯是指研究某個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式語言（页面弗存在）">形式語言</a>个有效<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="推論（页面弗存在）">推論</a><sup id="cite_ref-stanford-logic-onthology_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-logic-onthology-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在<a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E6%B3%95" title="辩证法">辯證法</a>當中也會學習到邏輯<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。 </p><p>一些<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%A4%E6%96%87%E6%98%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="古文明（页面弗存在）">古文明</a>（像<a href="/wiki/%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6" title="印度">印度</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>、<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%AD%E5%9C%8B" class="mw-redirect" title="中國">中國</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>搭<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">希臘</a>）儕有得對邏輯進行研究。在西方，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞里斯多德（页面弗存在）">亞里斯多德</a>擔邏輯建立成一門正式个學科，並在哲學中給予佢一隻基本个位子。 </p><p>邏輯常莊好分成功三個部份：<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="归纳推理">歸納推理</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%AF%E5%9B%A0%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="溯因推理（页面弗存在）">溯因推理</a>搭<a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%BB%8E%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演绎推理">演繹推理</a>。 </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="概論"><span id=".E6.A6.82.E8.AB.96"></span>概論</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&section=1" title="编辑章节：概論"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>邏輯（英语：<span class="lang-en" lang="en">logic</span>）个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AD%97%E6%A0%B9&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="字根（页面弗存在）">字根</a>源起於<a href="/wiki/%E5%8F%A4%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98" class="mw-redirect" title="古希臘">希臘語</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E5%90%84%E6%96%AF" title="逻各斯">邏各斯</a>（<a href="/wiki/%E5%B8%8C%E8%87%98%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="希臘語">希臘語</a>：λόγος），最初个意思有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%A9%9E%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="詞語（页面弗存在）">詞語</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%80%9D%E6%83%B3" title="思想">思想</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5" title="概念">概念</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E9%BB%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論點（页面弗存在）">論點</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="推理">推理</a>之意。後譯爲（<a href="/wiki/%E6%B3%95%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="法語">法語</a>：logique），最後發展爲英文中个邏輯（英语：<span class="lang-en" lang="en">logic</span>）。 </p><p>1902年<a href="/wiki/%E4%B8%A5%E5%A4%8D" title="严复">嚴復</a>譯《穆勒名學》个辰光，擔其意譯爲「名學」，但昰個弗合<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="名家（页面弗存在）">名家</a>或者<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8D%E6%95%99&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="名教（页面弗存在）">名教</a>之名學中「名」个本意。<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%92%8C%E8%A3%BD%E6%BC%A2%E8%AA%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="和製漢語（页面弗存在）">和製漢語</a>採用漢字「論理」，意譯爲「論理學」。<a href="/wiki/%E5%AD%AB%E6%96%87" class="mw-redirect" title="孫文">孫文</a>於其文《治國方略·以作文爲證》意譯爲「理則」，當代中文一般採取音譯方式，擔佢譯爲邏輯。 </p><p>邏輯本身是指是推論搭<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E" title="证明">證明</a>个思想過程，而邏輯學是研究「有效<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="推論（页面弗存在）">推論</a>搭證明个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8E%9F%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="原則（页面弗存在）">原則</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%A8%99%E6%BA%96" title="標準">標準</a>」个一門學科。作爲一個<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式科學（页面弗存在）">形式科學</a>，邏輯透過對<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="推論（页面弗存在）">推論</a>个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式系統（页面弗存在）">形式系統</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="自然语言">自然語言</a>中个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AB%96%E8%AD%89&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="論證（页面弗存在）">論證</a>等來研究並分類命題與論證个結構。 </p><p>逻辑个范围是邪氣广阔个，從對<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="謬論（页面弗存在）">謬論</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E6%82%96%E8%AE%BA" title="悖论">悖論</a>个研究之類个核心議題，到利用<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A9%9F%E7%8E%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="機率（页面弗存在）">機率</a>來推論及包含<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%9B%A0%E6%9E%9C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="因果（页面弗存在）">因果論</a>个論證等專業个推理分析。邏輯在乃朝也常畀使用在論辯理論之中。<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>传统丄咾，逻辑畀作为<a href="/wiki/%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" class="mw-redirect" title="哲学">哲学</a>个一個分支来研究，和<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%87%E6%B3%95&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="文法（页面弗存在）">文法</a>與<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BF%AE%E8%BE%AD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="修辭（页面弗存在）">修辭</a>一同畀稱爲<b>古典三學科</b>。自十九世紀中葉，「形式邏輯」已畀作爲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8%E5%9F%BA%E7%A4%8E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="數學基礎（页面弗存在）">數學基礎</a>而畀研究，當中經常畀稱之爲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="符號邏輯（页面弗存在）">符號邏輯</a>。1903年，<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%98%BF%E5%BC%97%E7%83%88%C2%B7%E8%AB%BE%E5%A4%AB%C2%B7%E6%87%B7%E6%B5%B7%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="阿弗烈·諾夫·懷海德（页面弗存在）">阿弗烈·諾夫·懷海德</a>與<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">伯特蘭·羅素</a>寫成功《Principia Mathematica》，試圖擔邏輯形式地建立成數學个基石。<sup id="cite_ref-Principia_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>弗過，除脫些基本个以外，當時个系統已弗再畀使用，大部份儕畀<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA" title="集合论">集合論</a>所取代脫哉。當對形式邏輯个研究逐步擴張仔之後，研究也弗再衹侷限於基礎个議題，之後个各個<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B8%E5%AD%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="數學">數學</a>領域畀合稱爲<a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">數理邏輯</a>。形式邏輯个發展搭其在電腦上个應用是<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9B%BB%E8%85%A6%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="電腦科學（页面弗存在）">電腦科學</a>个基礎。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="本质"><span id=".E6.9C.AC.E8.B4.A8"></span>本质</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&section=2" title="编辑章节：本质"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式（页面弗存在）">形式</a>是邏輯个核心，但在「形式邏輯」裏向對「形式」使用个辰光咾常弗是老明確，乃末使其闡述變得邪氣費解。其中，符號邏輯僅爲形式邏輯个一種類型，而搭形式邏輯个另一種類型－衹處理<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E8%A8%80%E5%91%BD%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直言命題（页面弗存在）">直言命題</a>个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E6%AE%B5%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三段論（页面弗存在）">三段論</a>弗同。 </p> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非形式邏輯（页面弗存在）">非形式邏輯</a></b>是研究<a href="/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E7%84%B6%E8%AF%AD%E8%A8%80" title="自然语言">自然語言</a><a href="/wiki/%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E8%AE%BA%E8%AF%81" title="逻辑论证">論證</a>个一門學科。對<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AC%AC%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="謬論（页面弗存在）">謬論</a>个研究是非形式邏輯中尤其重要个一個分支。<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>个作品<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>是非形式邏輯个一隻重要例子。</li></ul> <ul><li><b>形式邏輯</b>是研究純形式內容个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="推論（页面弗存在）">推論</a>个一門學科，昰種內容是邪明確个。若一個推论可以畀表達成一個完全抽象个規則（即弗罷是搭任一特定事物或性質有關个規則）个一個特定應用，则昰個推論擁有<b>純形式內容</b>。形式邏輯个規則由<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞里斯多德（页面弗存在）">亞里斯多德</a>最先寫成<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。在交關邏輯个定義中，邏輯推論與帶有純形式內容个推論會是同一種概念。但昰個弗表示非形式邏輯个概念是空洞个，因爲嘸沒任何一種形式語言可以捕捉到自然語言語義間所有个微細差別。</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%AC%A6%E8%99%9F%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="符號邏輯（页面弗存在）">符號邏輯</a></b>捕獲了邏輯推論个形式特徵，並擔其抽象化爲符號个研究<sup id="cite_ref-Principia_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Principia-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>。符號邏輯通常分爲兩個分支：<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%91%BD%E9%A1%8C%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="命題邏輯（页面弗存在）">命題邏輯</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AC%82%E8%A9%9E%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="謂詞邏輯（页面弗存在）">謂詞邏輯</a>。</li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E7%90%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91" title="数理逻辑">數理邏輯</a></b>是符號邏輯在其佢領域中个延伸，特別是对<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模型論（页面弗存在）">模型論</a>、<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AD%89%E6%98%8E%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="證明論（页面弗存在）">證明論</a>、<a href="/wiki/%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA" title="集合论">集合論</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%9E%E6%AD%B8%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="遞歸論（页面弗存在）">遞歸論</a>个研究。</li></ul> <p>「形式邏輯」常莊作为符號邏輯个同義詞，而非形式邏輯嚜是畀理解爲弗包含符號抽象化个任何一種邏輯推論；箇是由「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E8%AA%9E%E8%A8%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式語言（页面弗存在）">形式語言</a>」搭「<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式理論（页面弗存在）">形式理論</a>」中類推而來个用法。但廣義地來講，形式邏輯是古老个，可追溯至兩千年以前，而符號邏輯咾相對較新，衹有得一個世紀橫裏个歷史而已。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="邏輯學基本原理"><span id=".E9.82.8F.E8.BC.AF.E5.AD.B8.E5.9F.BA.E6.9C.AC.E5.8E.9F.E7.90.86"></span>邏輯學基本原理</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&section=3" title="编辑章节：邏輯學基本原理"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8C%E4%B8%80%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="同一律（页面弗存在）">同一律</a>（the law of identity）</dt> <dd>事物跟其自身相等同，「自家」弗能「弗是自家」。</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%84%A1%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="無矛盾律（页面弗存在）">無矛盾律</a>（the law of non-contradiction）</dt> <dd>事物弗能同時「是」跟「弗是」。是就是，弗是就弗是。</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%92%E4%B8%AD%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="排中律（页面弗存在）">排中律</a>（the law of excluded middle）</dt> <dd>事物衹能有「是」或「弗是」兩種狀態，弗存在其佢中間狀態。</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%85%E8%B6%B3%E7%90%86%E7%94%B1%E5%BE%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="充足理由律（页面弗存在）">充足理由律</a>（the law of sufficient reason）</dt> <dd>任何事物儕有得其存在个充足理由。</dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="邏輯系統个性質"><span id=".E9.82.8F.E8.BC.AF.E7.B3.BB.E7.B5.B1.E4.B8.AA.E6.80.A7.E8.B3.AA"></span>邏輯系統个性質</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&section=4" title="编辑章节：邏輯系統个性質"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="形式系統（页面弗存在）">邏輯系統</a>可具有下列性質： </p> <dl><dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%9C%89%E6%95%88%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="有效性（页面弗存在）">有效性</a>（validity）</dt> <dd>依系統个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86%E8%A6%8F%E5%89%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="推理規則（页面弗存在）">推理規則</a>，若所有<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%89%8D%E6%8F%90&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="前提（页面弗存在）">前提</a>皆爲<a href="/wiki/%E7%9C%9F%E7%90%86" title="真理">真</a>則結論必爲真（保真）。所有<a href="/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E9%A1%8C" class="mw-redirect" title="命題">命題</a>之前提皆<b><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AA%9E%E7%BE%A9%E8%98%8A%E6%B6%B5&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="語義蘊涵（页面弗存在）">語義蘊涵</a></b>（semantically implies）結論。</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%80%E8%87%B4%E6%80%A7_(%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="一致性 (邏輯)（页面弗存在）">自洽性</a>（consistency）</dt> <dd>系統中任一定理儕弗與其佢定理相<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9F%9B%E7%9B%BE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="矛盾（页面弗存在）">矛盾</a>。弗存在命題P，P搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E9%9D%9E&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邏輯非（页面弗存在）">非</a>P皆可在系統中<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E" title="证明">證明</a>。</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E9%9D%A0%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可靠性定理（页面弗存在）">可靠性</a>（soundness）</dt> <dd>系統中所有定理（有效且可證明个命題）皆爲真。可靠性與完備性互爲<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%86%E5%91%BD%E9%A1%8C&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逆命題（页面弗存在）">逆命題</a>。</dd> <dt><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%AE%8C%E5%82%99%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="完備性（页面弗存在）">完備性</a>（completeness）</dt> <dd>系統中弗存在無法證明或證否个有效命題。系統中真命題皆可證明（真命題皆爲定理）且假命題皆可證否。</dd></dl> <p>一些<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E7%B3%BB%E7%B5%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邏輯系統（页面弗存在）">邏輯系統</a>弗擁有上述所有性質，譬如<a href="/wiki/%E5%BA%93%E5%B0%94%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94" title="库尔特·哥德尔">庫爾特·哥德爾</a>个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%BC%97%E5%AE%8C%E5%82%99%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥德爾弗完備定理（页面弗存在）">哥德爾弗完備定理</a>證明了，嘸沒任何一個蘊涵<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9A%AE%E4%BA%9E%E8%AB%BE%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="皮亞諾公理（页面弗存在）">皮亞諾公理</a>个算術形式系統可以同時滿足自洽性搭完備性。<sup id="cite_ref-Hamilton_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hamilton-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>同時佢个針對嘸沒通過特定公理擴展爲帶有等式个算術形式系統个一階謂詞邏輯个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E7%88%BE%E5%AE%8C%E5%82%99%E6%80%A7%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥德爾完備性定理（页面弗存在）">定理</a>，證實了佢拉可以同時滿足自洽性搭完備性。<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="对於逻辑个弗同理解"><span id=".E5.AF.B9.E6.96.BC.E9.80.BB.E8.BE.91.E4.B8.AA.E5.BC.97.E5.90.8C.E7.90.86.E8.A7.A3"></span>对於逻辑个弗同理解</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&section=5" title="编辑章节：对於逻辑个弗同理解"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>邏輯產生於對論證正確性个關注。邏輯是對論證个研究，昰個概念在歷史上是老基本个，而昰個也是弗同邏輯傳統个創立者如<a href="/wiki/%E6%9F%8F%E6%8B%89%E5%9C%96" title="柏拉圖">柏拉圖</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9E%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亞里斯多德（页面弗存在）">亞里斯多德</a>所設想个。現代个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF%E5%AD%B8%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="邏輯學家（页面弗存在）">邏輯學家</a>通常會希望確保對邏輯个研究衹侷限於由適度一般化了个推論中所產生出來个論證；所以像《<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%96%AF%E5%9D%A6%E7%A6%8F%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%B8%E7%99%BE%E7%A7%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="斯坦福哲學百科（页面弗存在）">斯坦福哲學百科</a>》所稱，「邏輯……嘸沒涵蓋有效推理个整個課題，那是理性<a href="/wiki/%E7%90%86%E8%AE%BA" title="理论">理論</a>个工作。更明確地說，邏輯處理一種推論，其有效性可追溯至推論中个表述个形式特徵，昰個可以是語言个，心理个，或其佢个表述。」(Hofweber 2004).<sup id="cite_ref-stanford-logic-onthology_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stanford-logic-onthology-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>相對个，<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9B%BC%E5%8A%AA%E5%B0%94%C2%B7%E5%BA%B7%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="伊曼努尔·康德">伊曼努爾·康德</a>引入了另一種概念來闡述啥是邏輯。佢主張邏輯應當畀設想爲判斷个科學，昰種想法畀<a href="/wiki/%E6%88%88%E7%89%B9%E6%B4%9B%E5%B8%83%C2%B7%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC" title="戈特洛布·弗雷格">戈特洛布·弗雷格</a>採納，寫入佢个邏輯與哲學著作之中，其中，思維（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>：Gedanke）昰一詞取代了康德个判斷（<a href="/wiki/%E5%BE%B7%E8%AA%9E" class="mw-redirect" title="德語">德語</a>：Urteil）。在此觀點下頭，有效个邏輯推論是源於判斷或思維个結構特徵。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="演绎和归纳"><span id=".E6.BC.94.E7.BB.8E.E5.92.8C.E5.BD.92.E7.BA.B3"></span>演绎和归纳</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&section=6" title="编辑章节：演绎和归纳"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%BB%8E%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演绎推理">演繹推理</a>關注於從給定个前提下有啥是可得出个。而<a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="归纳推理">歸納推理</a>（從觀察中推論出可靠廣義化个過程）有時也畀包含在對邏輯个研究中。相對應个，必須要區分出演繹有效性搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%A2%BA%E8%AA%8D%E6%80%A7&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="確認性（页面弗存在）">歸納有效性</a>。一個推論是演繹有效个，若且唯若弗可能存在所有前提皆爲真但結論爲假个狀況。對於形式邏輯个系統，演繹有效性个概念可以用<a href="/wiki/%E8%AF%AD%E4%B9%89%E5%AD%A6" title="语义学">語義學</a>中已明確理解个概念嚴格地陳述出来。另一方面，歸納个有效性則要求必須定義對某一觀察集合个「可靠廣義化」。此定義可以用各種弗同个方式來達成，有个方式會比其佢个方式弗介形式化；有些定義作興會用到機率个<a 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href="/wiki/%E5%8E%9F%E5%AD%90%E8%AE%BA#印度个原子论" title="原子论">正理派</a>个创新持续到18世纪早期。佢嘸沒存活到殖民地时期。在20世纪，西方哲学家如Stanislaw Schayer搭Klaus Glashoff探究了<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8D%B0%E5%BA%A6%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="印度邏輯（页面弗存在）">印度传统逻辑学</a>个某些方面。 </p><p>中世纪时期，在<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>个想法显示与信仰大量兼容之后，佢个逻辑畀给予更大强调。在中世纪个后期，逻辑成为一部分哲学家个關注焦点，佢拉專注於對哲学论证个逻辑分析。 </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="逻辑架構"><span id=".E9.80.BB.E8.BE.91.E6.9E.B6.E6.A7.8B"></span>逻辑架構</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&section=8" title="编辑章节：逻辑架構"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%8F%E5%85%B8%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="经典逻辑（页面弗存在）">经典逻辑</a> <ul><li><a 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class="new" title="Curry-Howard同构（页面弗存在）">Curry-Howard同构</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%92%E5%BD%92%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="递归论（页面弗存在）">递归论</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%9B%E6%BC%94%E7%AE%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Λ演算（页面弗存在）">λ演算</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BB%84%E5%90%88%E5%AD%90%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="组合子逻辑（页面弗存在）">组合子逻辑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%85%AC%E7%90%86%E5%8C%96%E9%9B%86%E5%90%88%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="公理化集合论（页面弗存在）">公理化集合论</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%8C%E9%9A%8E%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="二階邏輯（页面弗存在）">二階邏輯</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%A5%E5%BE%B7%E5%B0%94%E5%BC%97%E5%AE%8C%E5%A4%87%E5%AE%9A%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哥德尔弗完备定理（页面弗存在）">哥德尔弗完备定理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E8%A7%89%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直觉逻辑（页面弗存在）">直觉逻辑</a>（构造性逻辑） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Heyting%E4%BB%A3%E6%95%B0&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heyting代数（页面弗存在）">Heyting代数</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%AD%E9%97%B4%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="中间逻辑（页面弗存在）">中间逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B4%E8%A7%89%E7%B1%BB%E5%9E%8B%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="直觉类型论（页面弗存在）">直觉类型论</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%A4%9A%E5%80%BC%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="多值逻辑（页面弗存在）">多值逻辑</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%B8%89%E5%80%BC%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="三值逻辑（页面弗存在）">三值逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E7%B3%8A%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模糊逻辑（页面弗存在）">模糊逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A6%82%E7%8E%87%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="概率逻辑（页面弗存在）">概率逻辑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E4%BA%9A%E7%BB%93%E6%9E%84%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="亚结构逻辑（页面弗存在）">亚结构逻辑</a>（子结构逻辑） <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BA%BF%E6%80%A7%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="线性逻辑（页面弗存在）">线性逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9B%B8%E5%B9%B2%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="相干逻辑（页面弗存在）">相干逻辑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%8D%95%E8%B0%83%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非单调逻辑（页面弗存在）">非单调逻辑</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%BC%BA%E7%9C%81%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="缺省逻辑（页面弗存在）">缺省逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E5%8A%A8%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自动认识逻辑（页面弗存在）">自动认识逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E5%BA%9F%E6%AD%A2%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可废止逻辑（页面弗存在）">可废止逻辑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A8%A1%E6%80%81%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="模态逻辑（页面弗存在）">模态逻辑</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E7%9C%9F%E5%8A%BF%E6%A8%A1%E6%80%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="真势模态（页面弗存在）">真势模态</a>逻辑</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A4%E8%AF%86%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="认识逻辑（页面弗存在）">认识逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%81%93%E4%B9%89%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="道义逻辑（页面弗存在）">道义逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%97%B6%E9%97%B4%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="时间逻辑（页面弗存在）">时间逻辑</a>（时态逻辑）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8A%A8%E6%80%81%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="动态逻辑（页面弗存在）">动态逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%AF%81%E6%98%8E%E6%80%A7%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可证明性逻辑（页面弗存在）">可证明性逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E8%A7%A3%E9%87%8A%E6%80%A7%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可解释性逻辑（页面弗存在）">可解释性逻辑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="哲学逻辑（页面弗存在）">哲学逻辑</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AC%A1%E5%8D%8F%E8%B0%83%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="次协调逻辑（页面弗存在）">次协调逻辑</a>（弗协调逻辑）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%87%AA%E7%94%B1%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="自由逻辑（页面弗存在）">自由逻辑</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E6%B3%95" title="辩证法">辩证法</a>（<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%BE%A9%E8%AF%81%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="辩证逻辑（页面弗存在）">辩证逻辑</a>）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%9D%9E%E5%BD%A2%E5%BC%8F%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="非形式逻辑（页面弗存在）">非形式逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AE%9E%E7%8E%B0%E4%B8%AA%E4%B8%89%E7%A7%8D%E6%96%B9%E5%BC%8F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逻辑实现个三种方式（页面弗存在）">逻辑实现个三种方式</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%E6%BC%94%E7%BB%8E%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="演绎推理">演绎推理</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%BD%92%E7%BA%B3%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86" title="归纳推理">归纳推理</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%BA%AF%E5%9B%A0%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="溯因推理（页面弗存在）">溯因推理</a>（设因推理，假设推理）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%8F%AF%E5%BA%9F%E6%AD%A2%E6%8E%A8%E7%90%86&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="可废止推理（页面弗存在）">可废止推理</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%8F%B2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="逻辑史（页面弗存在）">逻辑史</a> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%B7%A5%E5%85%B7%E8%AE%BA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="工具论（页面弗存在）">工具论</a>（古希腊）<a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%9A%E9%87%8C%E5%A3%AB%E5%A4%9A%E5%BE%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="亚里士多德">亚里士多德</a>（BC384-BC322）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%80%9D%E7%BB%B4%E8%A7%84%E5%BE%8B%E7%A0%94%E7%A9%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="思维规律研究（页面弗存在）">思维规律研究</a>（英国）<a href="/wiki/%E4%B9%94%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E5%B8%83%E5%B0%94" title="乔治·布尔">乔治·布尔</a>（1815-1864）</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%A6%82%E5%BF%B5%E6%96%87%E5%AD%97&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="概念文字（页面弗存在）">概念文字</a>（德国）<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%BC%97%E9%9B%B7%E6%A0%BC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="弗雷格（页面弗存在）">弗雷格</a>（1848-1925）</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%8E%9F%E7%90%86" title="数学原理">数学原理</a>（英国）<a href="/wiki/%E4%BC%AF%E7%89%B9%E5%85%B0%C2%B7%E7%BD%97%E7%B4%A0" title="伯特兰·罗素">罗素</a>（1872-1970）</li></ul></li> <li>逻辑学应用 <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%A6%E5%9F%BA%E7%A1%80&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="数学基础（页面弗存在）">数学基础</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%87%8F%E5%AD%90%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="量子逻辑（页面弗存在）">量子逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E5%88%86%E6%9E%90%E5%93%B2%E5%AD%A6" title="分析哲学">分析哲學</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E8%AE%A1%E7%AE%97%E6%9C%BA%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="计算机逻辑（页面弗存在）">计算机逻辑</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E4%BA%BA%E5%B7%A5%E6%99%BA%E8%83%BD" title="人工智能">人工智能</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%B3%95%E5%BE%8B%E9%80%BB%E8%BE%91%E5%AD%A6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="法律逻辑学（页面弗存在）">法律逻辑学</a></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="註記"><span id=".E8.A8.BB.E8.A8.98"></span>註記</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&section=9" title="编辑章节：註記"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-PopkinStroll1993-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PopkinStroll1993_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">（1 July 1993）<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=TWNo-4euyesC&pg=PR7">Philosophy Made Simple</a>．Random House Digital, Inc．<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0-385-42533-9" title="Special:网络书源/978-0-385-42533-9">ISBN 978-0-385-42533-9</a>．於5 March 2012参阅．</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Philosophy+Made+Simple&rft.date=1+July+1993&rft.pub=Random+House+Digital%2C+Inc&rft.isbn=978-0-385-42533-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTWNo-4euyesC%26pg%3DPR7"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stanford-logic-onthology-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stanford-logic-onthology_2-0">2.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-stanford-logic-onthology_2-1">2.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Hofweber-2004">Hofweber, T.（2004）．“<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ontology">Logic and Ontology</a>”，Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy．</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stanford+Encyclopedia+of+Philosophy&rft.atitle=Logic+and+Ontology&rft.aulast=Hofweber&rft.aufirst=T."> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal">（1983）Advances in Argumentation Theory and Research．<a href="/w/index.php?title=Southern_Illinois_University_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Southern Illinois University Press（页面弗存在）">Southern Illinois University Press</a>．<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/978-0809310500" title="Special:网络书源/978-0809310500">ISBN 978-0809310500</a>．</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Argumentation+Theory+and+Research&rft.pub=%5B%5BSouthern+Illinois+University+Press%5D%5D&rft.isbn=978-0809310500"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">譬如，可追溯至1900年前个<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E6%AD%A3%E7%90%86%E8%AB%96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="正理論（页面弗存在）">正理論</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">2200年前个<a href="/wiki/%E5%A2%A8%E5%AE%B6" title="墨家">墨家</a>搭<a href="/w/index.php?title=%E5%90%8D%E5%AE%B6&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="名家（页面弗存在）">名家</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. Robert Cox and Charles Arthur Willard, eds. <i>Advances in Argumentation Theory and Research</i>, Southern Illinois University Press, 1983 <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780809310500" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8093-1050-0</a>, ISBN-13 978-0809310500 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Principia-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Principia_7-0">7.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Principia_7-1">7.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell, <i>Principia Mathematical to *56</i>, Cambridge University Press, 1967, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521626064" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-62606-4</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Plato, <i>The Portable Plato</i>, edited by Scott Buchanan, Penguin, 1976, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780140150407" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-14-015040-7</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Aristotle, <i>The Basic Works</i>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Richard_Mckeon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Richard Mckeon（页面弗存在）">Richard Mckeon</a>, editor, Modern Library, 2001, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780375757990" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-375-75799-0</a>, see especially, <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posterior_Analytics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Posterior Analytics（页面弗存在）">Posterior Analytics</a></i>. </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hamilton-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_10-0">10.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Hamilton_10-1">10.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">For a more modern treatment, see A. G. Hamilton, <i>Logic for Mathematicians</i>, Cambridge, 1980, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780521292917" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-521-29291-7</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="book" style="font-style:normal" id="Reference-Mendelson-1964">Mendelson, Elliott（1964）．“Quantification Theory: Completeness Theorems”，Introduction to Mathematical Logic．Van Nostrand．<a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/0412808307" title="Special:网络书源/0412808307">ISBN 0412808307</a>．</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Mathematical+Logic&rft.atitle=Quantification+Theory%3A+Completeness+Theorems&rft.aulast=Mendelson&rft.aufirst=Elliott&rft.pub=Van+Nostrand&rft.isbn=0412808307"> </span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="參考資料"><span id=".E5.8F.83.E8.80.83.E8.B3.87.E6.96.99"></span>參考資料</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&section=10" title="编辑章节：參考資料"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>G. Birkhoff and J. von Neumann, 1936. 'The Logic of Quantum Mechanics'. <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annals_of_Mathematics&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annals of Mathematics（页面弗存在）">Annals of Mathematics</a></i>, 37:823-843.</li> <li>D. Finkelstein, 1969. 'Matter, Space and Logic'. In R. S. Cohen and M. W. Wartofsky, (eds.), <i>Proceedings of the Boston Colloquium for the Philosophy of Science</i>, Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol 13. <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9789027703774" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-90-277-0377-4</a>.</li> <li>D. M. Gabbay and F. Guenthner (eds.) 2001-2005. <i>Handbook of philosophical logic</i> (2nd ed.). 13 volumes. Dordrecht, Kluwer.</li> <li>D. Hilbert and W. Ackermann, 1928. <i>Grundzüge der theoretischen Logik</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Principles_of_Theoretical_Logic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Principles of Theoretical Logic（页面弗存在）">Principles of Theoretical Logic</a>). Springer-Verlag, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780821820247" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-8218-2024-7</a>.</li> <li>W. Hodges, 2001. <i>Logic. An introduction to elementary logic</i>. Penguin Books.</li> <li>T. Hofweber, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/logic-ontology/">Logic and Ontology</a>. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy（页面弗存在）">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</li> <li>R. I. G. Hughes (editor), 1993. <i>A Philosophical Companion to First-Order Logic</i>. Hackett.</li> <li>W. Kneale and M. Kneale, 1962/1988. <i>The Development of Logic</i>. Oxford University Press, <a href="/wiki/Special:%E7%BD%91%E7%BB%9C%E4%B9%A6%E6%BA%90/9780198247739" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-19-824773-9</a>.</li> <li>G. Priest, 2004. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dialetheism/">Dialetheism</a>. In the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stanford_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy（页面弗存在）">Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a>.</li> <li>H. Putnam, 1969. <i>Is Logic Empirical?</i>. Boston Studies in the Philosophy of Science, vol V.</li> <li>B. Smith, 1989. 'Logic and the Sachverhalt', <i>The Monist</i>, 72(1):52-69.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="外部連結"><span id=".E5.A4.96.E9.83.A8.E9.80.A3.E7.B5.90"></span>外部連結</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=%E9%82%8F%E8%BC%AF&action=edit&section=11" title="编辑章节：外部連結"><span>编辑</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>倪梁康：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisixiang.com/data/26989.html">〈現象學與邏輯學〉</a>（2004）</li> <li>倪梁康：<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aisixiang.com/data/26775.html">〈《邏輯研究》裏向个觀念對象搭觀念直觀〉</a>（2009）</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ontology.co/history-of-logic.htm">History of Logic in Relationship to Ontology</a> Annotated bibliography on the history of logic</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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