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id="toc-Civil_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Civil War </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Civil War subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Civil_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Buell's_command" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buell's_command"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Buell's command </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buell's_command-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chief_of_staff_for_Rosecrans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chief_of_staff_for_Rosecrans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Chief of staff for Rosecrans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chief_of_staff_for_Rosecrans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Congressional_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Congressional_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Congressional career </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Congressional_career-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Congressional career subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Congressional_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Election_in_1862;_Civil_War_years" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Election_in_1862;_Civil_War_years"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Election in 1862; Civil War years </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Election_in_1862;_Civil_War_years-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reconstruction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reconstruction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Reconstruction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reconstruction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tariffs_and_finance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tariffs_and_finance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Tariffs and finance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tariffs_and_finance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Crédit_Mobilier_scandal;_salary_grab" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Crédit_Mobilier_scandal;_salary_grab"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Crédit Mobilier scandal; salary grab </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Crédit_Mobilier_scandal;_salary_grab-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Floor_leader;_Hayes_administration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Floor_leader;_Hayes_administration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Floor leader; Hayes administration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Floor_leader;_Hayes_administration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_career_and_other_activities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_career_and_other_activities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Legal career and other activities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_career_and_other_activities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1880" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidential_election_of_1880"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Presidential election of 1880 </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidential_election_of_1880-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidential election of 1880 subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidential_election_of_1880-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Republican_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Republican_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Republican nomination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Republican_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Campaign_against_Hancock" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Campaign_against_Hancock"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Campaign against Hancock </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Campaign_against_Hancock-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Presidency_(1881)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Presidency_(1881)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Presidency (1881) </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Presidency_(1881)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Presidency (1881) subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Presidency_(1881)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cabinet_and_inauguration" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cabinet_and_inauguration"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Cabinet and inauguration </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cabinet_and_inauguration-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Refinance_of_national_debt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Refinance_of_national_debt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Refinance of national debt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Refinance_of_national_debt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_Court_nomination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Court_nomination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Supreme Court nomination </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Court_nomination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reforms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reforms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Reforms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reforms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Civil_rights_and_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Civil_rights_and_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Civil rights and education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Civil_rights_and_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_policy_and_naval_reform" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_policy_and_naval_reform"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Foreign policy and naval reform </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_policy_and_naval_reform-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Assassination" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assassination"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Assassination </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Assassination subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Assassination-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Guiteau_and_shooting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guiteau_and_shooting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Guiteau and shooting </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guiteau_and_shooting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment_and_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment_and_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Treatment and death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Treatment_and_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Funeral,_memorials_and_commemorations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Funeral,_memorials_and_commemorations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Funeral, memorials and commemorations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Funeral,_memorials_and_commemorations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy_and_historical_view" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy_and_historical_view"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy and historical view </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy_and_historical_view-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Works cited </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Works cited subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Books" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Books"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Books </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Books-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Periodicals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Periodicals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Periodicals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Periodicals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Online" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Online"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.3 Online </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Online-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">James A. Garfield</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 126 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-126" aria-hidden="true" > 126 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8C%84%E1%88%9D%E1%88%B5_%E1%8C%8B%E1%88%AD%E1%8D%8A%E1%88%8D%E1%8B%B5" title="ጄምስ ጋርፊልድ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ጄምስ ጋርፊልድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جيمس جارفيلد – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جيمس جارفيلد" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceyms_Qarfild" title="Ceyms Qarfild – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ceyms Qarfild" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A6%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جئیمز آبرام قارفیلد – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="جئیمز آبرام قارفیلد" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%8F._%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1" title="জেমস এ. গারফিল্ড – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="জেমস এ. গারফিল্ড" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Джэймс Абрам Гарфілд – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Джэймс Абрам Гарфілд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B7_%D0%AD%D0%B9%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D1%96%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Джэймз Эйбрам Гарфілд – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Джэймз Эйбрам Гарфілд" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%8F._%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="जेम्स ए. गारफील्ड – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="जेम्स ए. गारफील्ड" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Джеймс Гарфийлд – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Джеймс Гарфийлд" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abram_Garfield" title="James Abram Garfield – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="James Abram Garfield" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abram_Garfield" title="James Abram Garfield – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="James Abram Garfield" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Джеймс Абрам Гарфилд – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Джеймс Абрам Гарфилд" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%96%DE%AD%DE%89%DE%B0%DE%90%DE%B0_%DE%8E%DE%A6%DE%83%DE%8A%DE%A9%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%B0" title="ޖޭމްސް ގަރފީލްޑް – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޖޭމްސް ގަރފީލްޑް" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%B6%CE%AD%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%82_%CE%93%CE%BA%CE%AC%CF%81%CF%86%CE%B9%CE%BB%CE%BD%CF%84" title="Τζέιμς Γκάρφιλντ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τζέιμς Γκάρφιλντ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جیمز آبرام گارفیلد – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جیمز آبرام گارفیلد" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abram_Garfield" title="James Abram Garfield – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="James Abram Garfield" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C%EC%9E%84%EC%8A%A4_A._%EA%B0%80%ED%95%84%EB%93%9C" title="제임스 A. 가필드 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제임스 A. 가필드" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%B4%D5%BD_%D4%B3%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%86%D5%AB%D5%AC%D5%A4" title="Ջեյմս Գարֆիլդ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջեյմս Գարֆիլդ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="जेम्स अब्राहम गार्फ़ील्ड – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="जेम्स अब्राहम गार्फ़ील्ड" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A1_%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%93" title="ג'יימס גרפילד – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'יימס גרפילד" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AB%E0%B3%80%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A1,_%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%8F%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%82" title="ಗಾರ್ಫೀಲ್ಡ, ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಏಬ್ರಂ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗಾರ್ಫೀಲ್ಡ, ಜೇಮ್ಸ್ ಏಬ್ರಂ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ გარფილდი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ჯეიმზ გარფილდი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Джеймс Гарфилд – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Джеймс Гарфилд" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iacobus_Garfield" title="Iacobus Garfield – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Iacobus Garfield" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/D%C5%BEeimss_G%C4%81rf%C4%ABlds" title="Džeimss Gārfīlds – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Džeimss Gārfīlds" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Џејмс Гарфилд – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Џејмс Гарфилд" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abram_Garfield" title="James Abram Garfield – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="James Abram Garfield" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%AB%E0%B5%80%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D" title="ജയിംസ് ഗാർഫീൽഡ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ജയിംസ് ഗാർഫീൽഡ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AB%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1" title="जेम्स गारफील्ड – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="जेम्स गारफील्ड" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%AF%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%96_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A4%E1%83%98%E1%83%9A%E1%83%93%E1%83%98" title="ჯეიმზ გარფილდი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ჯეიმზ გარფილდი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%86%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%D9%8A%D9%84%D8%AF" title="چيمس جارفيلد – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="چيمس جارفيلد" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A2%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جیمز آبرام کارفیلد – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="جیمز آبرام کارفیلد" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%96%D1%8D%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4" title="Жэймс Абрам Гарфильд – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Жэймс Абрам Гарфильд" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%B1%E1%80%98%E1%80%9B%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%82%E1%80%AB%E1%80%96%E1%80%AE%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BA%E1%80%92%E1%80%BA" title="ဂျိမ်းစ် အေဘရမ် ဂါဖီးလ်ဒ် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဂျိမ်းစ် အေဘရမ် ဂါဖီးလ်ဒ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%A0%E3%82%BA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%83%95%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%83%89" title="ジェームズ・ガーフィールド – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジェームズ・ガーフィールド" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abram_Garfield" title="James Abram Garfield – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="James Abram Garfield" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%9C%E0%A9%87%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BC_%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B9%E0%A8%AE_%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AB%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%A1" title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਅਬਰਾਹਮ ਗਾਰਫੀਲਡ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਜੇਮਜ਼ ਅਬਰਾਹਮ ਗਾਰਫੀਲਡ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%88" title="جیمز گارفیلڈ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="جیمز گارفیلڈ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B2_%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%85_%DA%AB%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%DA%89" title="جیمز ابرام ګارفیلډ – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="جیمز ابرام ګارفیلډ" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abram_Garfield" title="James Abram Garfield – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="James Abram Garfield" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abram_Garfield" title="James Abram Garfield – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="James Abram Garfield" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abram_Garfield" title="James Abram Garfield – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="James Abram Garfield" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Гарфилд, Джеймс Абрам – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Гарфилд, Джеймс Абрам" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%9A%E0%B6%B8%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%92._%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A9%E0%B7%8A" title="ජේම්ස් ඒ. ගාෆීල්ඩ් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ජේම්ස් ඒ. ගාෆීල්ඩ්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abram_Garfield" title="James Abram Garfield – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="James Abram Garfield" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Abram_Garfield" title="James Abram Garfield – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="James Abram Garfield" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%DB%95%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3_%D8%A6%DB%95%DB%8C_%DA%AF%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF" title="جەیمس ئەی گارفیلد – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="جەیمس ئەی گارفیلد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%90._%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Џејмс А. Гарфилд – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Џејмс А. Гарфилд" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_Garfield" title="James Garfield – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="James Garfield" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="James A. Garfield" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%83%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="சேம்சு கார்ஃபீல்டு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="சேம்சு கார்ஃபீல்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%96%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BC%D1%81_%D0%90%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B0%D2%BB%D0%B0%D0%BC_%D0%93%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B4" title="Җеймс Абраһам Гарфилд – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Җеймс Абраһам Гарфилд" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD._%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C" title="เจมส์ เอ. การ์ฟีลด์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เจมส์ เอ. การ์ฟีลด์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A5%E1%8E%BB_%E1%8E%A6%E1%8F%AB%E1%8E%B5%E1%8F%97" title="ᏥᎻ ᎦᏫᎵᏗ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏥᎻ ᎦᏫᎵᏗ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="James A. 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/James_Garfield_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="James Garfield (disambiguation)">James Garfield (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">James A. Garfield</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Abram_Garfield,_photo_portrait_seated_(cropped)(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Garfield wears a double breasted suit and has a full beard and receding hairline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/220px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/330px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/440px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4034" /></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Garfield in 1881</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">20th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Chester A. Arthur</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">19th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office March 4, 1863 – November 8, 1880</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Riddle" title="Albert G. Riddle">Albert G. Riddle</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_B._Taylor" title="Ezra B. Taylor">Ezra B. Taylor</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Member of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Senate" title="Ohio Senate">Ohio Senate</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_26th_senatorial_district" title="Ohio's 26th senatorial district">26th</a> district</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">In office January 2, 1860 – August 21, 1861</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Preceded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_P._Ashmun" class="mw-redirect" title="George P. Ashmun">George P. Ashmun</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data">Lucius V. Bierce</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">James Abram Garfield</div> (1831-11-19)November 19, 1831 <a href="/wiki/Moreland_Hills,_Ohio" title="Moreland Hills, Ohio">Moreland Hills, Ohio</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">September 19, 1881(1881-09-19) (aged 49) <a href="/wiki/Elberon,_New_Jersey" title="Elberon, New Jersey">Elberon, New Jersey</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Manner of death</th><td class="infobox-data">Massive infection including <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a>, after <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">being shot</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Memorial" title="James A. Garfield Memorial">James A. Garfield Memorial</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Garfield" title="Lucretia Garfield">Lucretia Rudolph</a></div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style>1858)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">7, including <a href="/wiki/Harry_Augustus_Garfield" title="Harry Augustus Garfield">Hal</a>, <a href="/wiki/James_Rudolph_Garfield" title="James Rudolph Garfield">James</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Abram_Garfield" title="Abram Garfield">Abram</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hiram_College" title="Hiram College">Hiram College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Politician</li><li>lawyer</li><li>amateur mathematician</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Abram_Garfield_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="James A. Garfield's signature"><img alt="Cursive signature in ink" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/James_Abram_Garfield_Signature.svg/128px-James_Abram_Garfield_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/James_Abram_Garfield_Signature.svg/192px-James_Abram_Garfield_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/James_Abram_Garfield_Signature.svg/256px-James_Abram_Garfield_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="385" data-file-height="130" /></a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Military service</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">United States</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Branch/service</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1861–1863</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist" style="margin-left:1em;text-indent:-1em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Ohio_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd Ohio Infantry">42nd Ohio Volunteer Infantry</a></li> <li>20th Brigade, 6th Division, <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ohio" title="Army of the Ohio">Army of the Ohio</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Battles/wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1116488514">.mw-parser-output .treeview ul{padding:0;margin:0}.mw-parser-output .treeview li{padding:0;margin:0;list-style-type:none;list-style-image:none}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li{background:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Treeview-grey-line.png")no-repeat 0 -2981px;padding-left:21px;text-indent:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .treeview li li:last-child{background-position:0 -5971px}.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>.mw-empty-elt:first-child+.emptyline,.mw-parser-output .treeview li.emptyline>ul>li:first-child{background-position:0 9px}</style><div class="treeview"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middle_Creek" title="Battle of Middle Creek">Battle of Middle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Corinth" title="Siege of Corinth">Siege of Corinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tullahoma Campaign">Tullahoma Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> James Abram Garfield (November 19, 1831 – September 19, 1881) was the 20th <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">president of the United States</a>, serving from March 1881 until <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">his assassination</a> in September that year. A preacher, lawyer, and <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> general, Garfield served nine terms in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">United States House of Representatives</a> and is the only sitting member of the House to be elected president. Before his candidacy for the presidency, he had been elected to the <a href="/wiki/U.S._Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Senate">U.S. Senate</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_General_Assembly" title="Ohio General Assembly">Ohio General Assembly</a>—a position he declined when he became <a href="/wiki/President-elect_of_the_United_States" title="President-elect of the United States">president-elect</a>. Garfield was born into poverty in a log cabin and grew up in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Ohio" title="Northeast Ohio">northeastern Ohio</a>. After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a> in 1856, he studied law and became an attorney. He was a preacher in the <a href="/wiki/Stone%E2%80%93Campbell_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Stone–Campbell Movement">Stone–Campbell Movement</a> and president of the <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_Eclectic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve Eclectic Institute">Western Reserve Eclectic Institute</a>, affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> Garfield was elected as a <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> member of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_State_Senate" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio State Senate">Ohio State Senate</a> in 1859, serving until 1861. He opposed <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate secession</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Union_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Union Army">Union Army</a> during the American Civil War, and fought in the battles of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middle_Creek" title="Battle of Middle Creek">Middle Creek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Shiloh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Chickamauga</a>. He was elected to Congress in 1862 to represent <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">Ohio's 19th district</a>. Throughout his congressional service, he firmly supported the <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a> and gained a reputation as a skilled orator. He initially agreed with <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical Republican</a> views on <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_era" title="Reconstruction era">Reconstruction</a> but later favored a <a href="/wiki/Moderate_Republicans_(Reconstruction_era)" title="Moderate Republicans (Reconstruction era)">Moderate Republican</a>–aligned approach to civil rights enforcement for <a href="/wiki/Freedmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Freedmen">freedmen</a>. Garfield's aptitude for mathematics extended to <a href="/wiki/Garfield%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem" title="Garfield's proof of the Pythagorean theorem">his own proof</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a>, which he published in 1876. At the <a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a>, delegates chose Garfield, who had not sought the White House, as a compromise presidential nominee on the 36th ballot. In the <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 presidential election</a>, he conducted a low-key <a href="/wiki/Front_porch_campaign" title="Front porch campaign">front porch campaign</a> and narrowly defeated the Democratic nominee, <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a>. Garfield's accomplishments as president included his assertion of presidential authority against <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">senatorial courtesy</a> in executive appointments, a purge of corruption in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">Post Office</a>, and his appointment of a Supreme Court justice. He advocated for <a href="/wiki/Agricultural_technology" title="Agricultural technology">agricultural technology</a>, an educated electorate, and <a href="/wiki/Civil_rights_movement_(1865%E2%80%931896)" title="Civil rights movement (1865–1896)">civil rights for African Americans</a>. He also proposed substantial <a href="/wiki/Civil_service_reform_in_the_United_States" title="Civil service reform in the United States">civil service reforms</a>, which were passed by Congress in 1883 as the <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Civil_Service_Reform_Act" title="Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act">Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act</a> and signed into law by his successor, <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a>. Garfield was a member of the intraparty "<a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breed</a>" faction who used the powers of the presidency to defy the powerful "<a href="/wiki/Stalwarts_(politics)" title="Stalwarts (politics)">Stalwart</a>" Senator <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a> from New York. He did this by appointing <a href="/wiki/Blaine_faction" title="Blaine faction">Blaine faction</a> leader <a href="/wiki/William_H._Robertson" title="William H. Robertson">William H. Robertson</a> to the lucrative post of <a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">Collector of the Port of New York</a>. The ensuing political battle resulted in Robertson's confirmation and the resignations of Conkling and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Thomas C. Platt</a> from the Senate. On July 2, 1881, <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Charles J. Guiteau</a>, a disappointed and delusional <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">office seeker</a>, shot Garfield at the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Potomac_Railroad_Station" title="Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station">Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station</a> in Washington. The wound was not immediately fatal, but an <a href="/wiki/Iatrogenesis" title="Iatrogenesis">infection caused by his doctors' unsanitary methods</a> in treating the wound killed Garfield on September 19. Due to his brief tenure in office, historians tend to <a href="/wiki/Historical_rankings_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Historical rankings of presidents of the United States">rank Garfield</a> as a below-average president or omit him entirely from rankings, though he has earned praise for anti-corruption and pro-civil rights stances.<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Childhood_and_early_life">Childhood and early life</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MorelandHillsGarfieldCabin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A log cabin with a statue and a tree in front" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MorelandHillsGarfieldCabin.jpg/220px-MorelandHillsGarfieldCabin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MorelandHillsGarfieldCabin.jpg/330px-MorelandHillsGarfieldCabin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/MorelandHillsGarfieldCabin.jpg/440px-MorelandHillsGarfieldCabin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Replica of the <a href="/wiki/Log_cabin" title="Log cabin">log cabin</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moreland_Hills,_Ohio" title="Moreland Hills, Ohio">Moreland Hills, Ohio</a>, where Garfield was born</figcaption></figure> James Abram Garfield was born the youngest of five children on November 19, 1831, in a log cabin in <a href="/wiki/Orange_Township,_Cuyahoga_County,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Orange Township, Cuyahoga County, Ohio">Orange Township</a>, now <a href="/wiki/Moreland_Hills,_Ohio" title="Moreland Hills, Ohio">Moreland Hills, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[b]</a> Garfield's ancestor Edward Garfield migrated from <a href="/wiki/Hillmorton" title="Hillmorton">Hillmorton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a>, England, to Massachusetts around 1630. James's father Abram was born in <a href="/wiki/Worcester,_New_York" title="Worcester, New York">Worcester, New York</a>, and came to Ohio to woo his childhood sweetheart, Mehitabel Ballou, only to find her married. He instead wed her sister Eliza, who was born in New Hampshire. James was named after an earlier son of Eliza and Abram who had died in infancy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin19784–6-6">[4]</a> In early 1833, Abram and Eliza Garfield joined a Stone-Campbell church, a decision that influenced their youngest son's life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin19786–7-7">[5]</a> Abram died later that year, and James was raised in poverty in a household led by his strong-willed mother.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin19788–10-8">[6]</a> He was her favorite child and the two remained close for the rest of his life.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow20064-9">[7]</a> Eliza remarried in 1842, but soon left her second husband, Warren (or Alfred) Belden, and a scandalous divorce was awarded in 1850. James took his mother's side in the matter and noted Belden's 1880 death with satisfaction in his diary.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197810–11-10">[8]</a> Garfield also enjoyed his mother's stories about his ancestry, especially those about his <a href="/wiki/Welsh_people" title="Welsh people">Welsh</a> great-great-grandfathers and an ancestor who served as a knight of <a href="/wiki/Caerphilly_Castle" title="Caerphilly Castle">Caerphilly Castle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown188123-11">[9]</a> Poor and fatherless, Garfield was mocked by his peers and became sensitive to slights throughout his life; he sought escape through voracious reading.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197810–11-10">[8]</a> He left home at age 16 in 1847 and was rejected for work on the only ship in port in <a href="/wiki/Cleveland,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleveland, Ohio">Cleveland</a>. Garfield instead found work on a canal boat, managing the mules that pulled it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown188130–33-12">[10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Horatio_Alger" title="Horatio Alger">Horatio Alger</a> later used this labor to good effect when he wrote Garfield's campaign biography in 1880.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200610-13">[11]</a> After six weeks, illness forced Garfield to return home, and during his recuperation, his mother and a local school official secured his promise to forgo canal work for a year of school. In 1848, he began at <a href="/wiki/Geauga_Seminary" title="Geauga Seminary">Geauga Seminary</a>, in nearby <a href="/wiki/Chester_Township,_Geauga_County,_Ohio" title="Chester Township, Geauga County, Ohio">Chester Township, Geauga County, Ohio</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197814–17-14">[12]</a> Garfield later said of his childhood, "I lament that I was born to poverty, and in this chaos of childhood, seventeen years passed before I caught any inspiration ... a precious 17 years when a boy with a father and some wealth might have become fixed in manly ways."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197813-15">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education,_marriage_and_early_career">Education, marriage and early career</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garfield-at-16.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An unsmiling young man with curly hair wearing a three piece suit" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Garfield-at-16.jpg/170px-Garfield-at-16.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="232" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Garfield-at-16.jpg/255px-Garfield-at-16.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/91/Garfield-at-16.jpg 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Garfield at age 16</figcaption></figure> Garfield attended Geauga Seminary from 1848 to 1850 and learned academic subjects for which he had not previously had time. He excelled as a student and was especially interested in languages and elocution. He began to appreciate the power a speaker had over an audience, writing that the speaker's platform "creates some excitement. I love agitation and investigation and glory in defending unpopular truth against popular error."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow20066-16">[14]</a> Geauga was coeducational, and Garfield was attracted to one of his classmates, <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Garfield" title="Lucretia Garfield">Lucretia Rudolph</a>, whom he later married.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown188171–73-17">[15]</a> To support himself at Geauga, he worked as a carpenter's assistant and teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown188147–49-18">[16]</a> The need to go from town to town to find work as a teacher aggravated Garfield, and he developed a dislike of what he called "place-seeking", which became, he said, "the law of my life."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197816-19">[17]</a> In later years, he astounded his friends by disregarding positions that could have been his with little politicking.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197816-19">[17]</a> Garfield had attended church more to please his mother than to worship God, but in his late teens he underwent a religious awakening. He attended many <a href="/wiki/Camp_meeting" title="Camp meeting">camp meetings</a>, which led to his being <a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">born again</a> on March 4, 1850, when he was baptized into Christ by being submerged in the icy waters of the <a href="/wiki/Chagrin_River" title="Chagrin River">Chagrin River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197817-20">[18]</a> After he left Geauga, Garfield worked for a year at various jobs, including teaching jobs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197821-21">[19]</a> Finding that some New Englanders worked their way through college, Garfield determined to do the same and sought a school that could prepare him for the entrance examinations. From 1851 to 1854, he attended the <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve_Eclectic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve Eclectic Institute">Western Reserve Eclectic Institute</a> (later named <a href="/wiki/Hiram_College" title="Hiram College">Hiram College</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Hiram,_Ohio" title="Hiram, Ohio">Hiram, Ohio</a>, a school founded by and still affiliated with the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>. While there, he was most interested in the study of Greek and Latin but was inclined to learn about and discuss any new thing he encountered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197827–28-22">[20]</a> Securing a position on entry as <a href="/wiki/Janitor" class="mw-redirect" title="Janitor">janitor</a>, he obtained a teaching position while he was still a student there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197822–23-23">[21]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Rudolph" class="mw-redirect" title="Lucretia Rudolph">Lucretia Rudolph</a> also enrolled at the Institute and Garfield wooed her while teaching her Greek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197829-24">[22]</a> He developed a regular preaching circuit at neighboring churches and, in some cases, earned one <a href="/wiki/Gold_dollar" title="Gold dollar">gold dollar</a> per service. By 1854, Garfield had learned all the Institute could teach him and was a full-time teacher.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown188156Peskin197830-25">[23]</a> Garfield then enrolled at <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Williamstown,_Massachusetts" title="Williamstown, Massachusetts">Williamstown, Massachusetts</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Junior_(education_year)" title="Junior (education year)">third-year student</a>; he received credit for two years' study at the Institute after passing a cursory examination. Garfield was also impressed with the college president, <a href="/wiki/Mark_Hopkins_(educator)" title="Mark Hopkins (educator)">Mark Hopkins</a>, who had responded warmly to Garfield's letter inquiring about admission. He said of Hopkins, "The ideal college is Mark Hopkins on one end of a log with a student on the other."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197834-26">[24]</a> Hopkins later said of Garfield in his student days, "There was a large general capacity applicable to any subject. There was no pretense of genius, or alternation of spasmodic effort, but a satisfactory accomplishment in all directions."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow20068-27">[25]</a> After his first term, Garfield was hired to teach penmanship to the students of nearby <a href="/wiki/Pownal,_Vermont" title="Pownal, Vermont">Pownal, Vermont</a>, a post <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> previously held.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow20068-27">[25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lucretia_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lucretia_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/170px-Lucretia_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lucretia_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/255px-Lucretia_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Lucretia_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/340px-Lucretia_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3024" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Garfield" title="Lucretia Garfield">Lucretia Garfield</a> in the 1870s</figcaption></figure> Garfield graduated <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa" title="Phi Beta Kappa">Phi Beta Kappa</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> from Williams in August 1856, was named <a href="/wiki/Salutatorian" title="Salutatorian">salutatorian</a>, and spoke at the <a href="/wiki/Graduation" title="Graduation">commencement</a>. His biographer Ira Rutkow writes that Garfield's years at Williams gave him the opportunity to know and respect those of different social backgrounds, and that, despite his origin as an unsophisticated Westerner, socially conscious New Englanders liked and respected him. "In short," Rutkow writes, "Garfield had an extensive and positive first experience with the world outside the Western Reserve of Ohio."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow20068-27">[25]</a> Upon his return to Ohio, the degree from a prestigious Eastern college made Garfield a man of distinction. He returned to Hiram to teach at the Institute and in 1857 was made its principal, though he did not see education as a field that would realize his full potential. The <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a> atmosphere at Williams had enlightened him politically, after which he began to consider politics as a career.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200611-29">[27]</a> He campaigned for Republican presidential candidate <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">John C. Frémont</a> in 1856.<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> In 1858, he married Lucretia, and they had seven children, five of whom survived infancy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200644-31">[29]</a> Soon after the wedding, he registered to <a href="/wiki/Read_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Read law">read law</a> at the office of attorney <a href="/wiki/Albert_Gallatin_Riddle" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert Gallatin Riddle">Albert Gallatin Riddle</a> in Cleveland, though he did his studying in Hiram.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown188174–75-33">[31]</a> He was admitted to the bar in 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197882-34">[32]</a> Local <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> leaders invited Garfield to enter politics upon the death of Cyrus Prentiss, the presumptive nominee for the local state senate seat. He was nominated at the party convention on the sixth ballot and was elected, serving from 1860 to 1861.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197860–61-35">[33]</a> Garfield's major effort in the state senate was an unsuccessful bill providing for Ohio's first <a href="/wiki/Geological_survey" title="Geological survey">geological survey</a> to measure its mineral resources.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197873-36">[34]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Civil_War">Civil War</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_James_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Seated portrait in army uniform. Garfield has a full beard and mustache" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/General_James_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/170px-General_James_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/General_James_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/255px-General_James_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/General_James_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/340px-General_James_Garfield_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2936" data-file-height="4192" /></a><figcaption>Garfield as a brigadier general during the Civil War</figcaption></figure> After <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>'s election as president, several Southern states announced their <a href="/wiki/Secession_in_the_United_States" title="Secession in the United States">secession</a> from the Union to form a new government, the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederate States of America</a>. Garfield read military texts while anxiously awaiting the war effort, which he regarded as a holy crusade against the <a href="/wiki/Slave_Power" title="Slave Power">Slave Power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197886–87-37">[35]</a> In April 1861, the rebels <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">bombarded Fort Sumter</a>, one of the South's last federal outposts, beginning the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>. Although he had no military training, Garfield knew his place was in the Union Army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197886–87-37">[35]</a> At Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Dennison_Jr." title="William Dennison Jr.">William Dennison's</a> request, Garfield deferred his military ambitions to remain in the legislature, where he helped appropriate the funds to raise and equip Ohio's volunteer regiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197887–89-38">[36]</a> When the legislature adjourned Garfield spent the spring and early summer on a speaking tour of northeastern Ohio, encouraging enlistment in the new regiments.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197887–89-38">[36]</a> Following a trip to Illinois to purchase muskets, Garfield returned to Ohio and, in August 1861, received a commission as a <a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">colonel</a> in the <a href="/wiki/42nd_Ohio_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="42nd Ohio Infantry">42nd Ohio Infantry</a> regiment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197890–93-39">[37]</a> The 42nd Ohio existed only on paper, so Garfield's first task was to fill its ranks. He did so quickly, recruiting many of his neighbors and former students.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197890–93-39">[37]</a> The regiment traveled to <a href="/wiki/Camp_Chase" title="Camp Chase">Camp Chase</a>, outside <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>, to complete training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197890–93-39">[37]</a> In December, Garfield was ordered to bring the 42nd to Kentucky, where they joined the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Ohio" title="Army of the Ohio">Army of the Ohio</a> under <a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier General</a> <a href="/wiki/Don_Carlos_Buell" title="Don Carlos Buell">Don Carlos Buell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin197898–101-40">[38]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buell's_command">Buell's command</h3></div> Buell quickly assigned Garfield the task of driving Confederate forces out of eastern Kentucky, giving him the 18th Brigade for the campaign, which, besides his own 42nd, included the <a href="/wiki/40th_Ohio_Infantry" class="mw-redirect" title="40th Ohio Infantry">40th Ohio Infantry</a>, two Kentucky infantry regiments and two cavalry units.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978101–103-41">[39]</a> They departed <a href="/wiki/Catlettsburg,_Kentucky" title="Catlettsburg, Kentucky">Catlettsburg, Kentucky</a>, in mid-December, advancing through the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Big_Sandy_River_(Ohio_River)" class="mw-redirect" title="Big Sandy River (Ohio River)">Big Sandy River</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978101–103-41">[39]</a> The march was uneventful until Union forces reached <a href="/wiki/Paintsville,_Kentucky" title="Paintsville, Kentucky">Paintsville, Kentucky</a>, on January 6, 1862, where Garfield's cavalry engaged the rebels at Jenny's Creek.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978106–112-42">[40]</a> Confederate troops under Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/Humphrey_Marshall_(general)" title="Humphrey Marshall (general)">Humphrey Marshall</a> held the town in numbers roughly equal to Garfield's own, but Garfield positioned his troops so as to deceive Marshall into believing the rebels were outnumbered.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978106–112-42">[40]</a> Marshall ordered his troops to withdraw to the forks of Middle Creek, on the road to Virginia, and Garfield ordered his troops to take up the pursuit.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978112–115-43">[41]</a> They attacked the rebel positions on January 9, 1862, in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middle_Creek" title="Battle of Middle Creek">Battle of Middle Creek</a>, the only pitched battle Garfield commanded personally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell196576–78-44">[42]</a> At the fighting's end, the Confederates withdrew from the field and Garfield sent his troops to <a href="/wiki/Prestonsburg,_Kentucky" title="Prestonsburg, Kentucky">Prestonsburg</a> to reprovision.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978116–120-45">[43]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_Creek_Battlefield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Middle_Creek_Battlefield.jpg/250px-Middle_Creek_Battlefield.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Middle_Creek_Battlefield.jpg/375px-Middle_Creek_Battlefield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Middle_Creek_Battlefield.jpg/500px-Middle_Creek_Battlefield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4000" /></a><figcaption>Middle Creek battlefield. Garfield commanded from the distant hill in the center of the photo.</figcaption></figure> In recognition of his success, Garfield was promoted to brigadier general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978128-46">[44]</a> After Marshall's retreat, Garfield's command was the sole remaining Union force in eastern Kentucky and he announced that any men who had fought for the Confederacy would be granted amnesty if they returned to their homes, lived peaceably, and remained loyal to the Union.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978122–127-47">[45]</a> The proclamation was surprisingly lenient, as Garfield now believed the war was a crusade for eradication of slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978122–127-47">[45]</a> Following a brief skirmish at <a href="/wiki/Pound_Gap" title="Pound Gap">Pound Gap</a>, the last rebel units in the area were outflanked and retreated to Virginia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell196581–82-48">[46]</a> Garfield's promotion gave him command of the 20th Brigade of the Army of the Ohio, which received orders to join <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major General</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>'s forces as they advanced on <a href="/wiki/Corinth,_Mississippi" title="Corinth, Mississippi">Corinth, Mississippi</a>, in early 1862.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978131–133-49">[47]</a> Before the 20th Brigade arrived, however, Confederate forces under General <a href="/wiki/Albert_Sidney_Johnston" title="Albert Sidney Johnston">Albert Sidney Johnston</a> surprised Grant's men in their camps, driving them back.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978134–135-50">[48]</a> Garfield's troops received word of the battle and advanced quickly, joining the rest of the army on the second day to drive the Confederates back across the field and into retreat.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978135–137-51">[49]</a> The action, later known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shiloh" title="Battle of Shiloh">Battle of Shiloh</a>, was the bloodiest of the war to date; Garfield was exposed to fire for much of the day, but emerged uninjured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978135–137-51">[49]</a> Major General <a href="/wiki/Henry_W._Halleck" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry W. Halleck">Henry W. Halleck</a>, Grant's superior, took charge of the combined armies and advanced ponderously toward Corinth; when they arrived, the Confederates had fled.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978138–139-52">[50]</a> That summer, Garfield suffered from <a href="/wiki/Jaundice" title="Jaundice">jaundice</a> and significant weight loss.<a href="#cite_note-54">[c]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978146–147-55">[52]</a> He was forced to return home, where his wife nursed him back to health.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978146–147-55">[52]</a> While he was home, Garfield's friends worked to gain him the Republican nomination for Congress, but he refused to campaign with the delegates.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978147–148-56">[53]</a> He returned to military duty that autumn and went to Washington to await his next assignment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978149–151-57">[54]</a> During this period of idleness, a rumor of an extramarital affair caused friction in the Garfields' marriage until Lucretia eventually chose to overlook it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978160–161-58">[55]</a> Garfield repeatedly received tentative assignments that were quickly withdrawn, to his frustration.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978161–162-59">[56]</a> In the meantime, he served on the <a href="/wiki/Court-martial_of_Fitz_John_Porter" title="Court-martial of Fitz John Porter">court-martial of Fitz John Porter</a> for his tardiness at the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Bull_Run" title="Second Battle of Bull Run">Second Battle of Bull Run</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978162–165-60">[57]</a> He was convinced of Porter's guilt and voted with his fellow generals to convict Porter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978162–165-60">[57]</a> The trial lasted almost two months, from November 1862 to January 1863, and, by its end, Garfield had procured an assignment as chief of staff to Major General <a href="/wiki/William_S._Rosecrans" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Rosecrans">William S. Rosecrans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978166-61">[58]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chief_of_staff_for_Rosecrans">Chief of staff for Rosecrans</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GenWmSRosecrans.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GenWmSRosecrans.jpg/170px-GenWmSRosecrans.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="244" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GenWmSRosecrans.jpg/255px-GenWmSRosecrans.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/GenWmSRosecrans.jpg/340px-GenWmSRosecrans.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4387" data-file-height="6293" /></a><figcaption>General <a href="/wiki/William_S._Rosecrans" class="mw-redirect" title="William S. Rosecrans">William S. Rosecrans</a></figcaption></figure> Generals' chiefs of staff were usually more junior officers, but Garfield's influence with Rosecrans was greater than usual, with duties extending beyond communication of orders to actual management of his <a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_Cumberland" title="Army of the Cumberland">Army of the Cumberland</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978176-62">[59]</a> Rosecrans had a voracious appetite for conversation, especially when unable to sleep; in Garfield, he found "the first well read person in the Army" and the ideal candidate for discussions that ran deep into the night.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978169-63">[60]</a> They discussed everything, especially religion, and the two became close despite Garfield's being 12 years his junior. Rosecrans, who had converted from <a href="/wiki/Methodism" title="Methodism">Methodism</a> to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism">Roman Catholicism</a>, softened Garfield's view of his faith.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978170-64">[61]</a> Garfield recommended that Rosecrans replace wing commanders <a href="/wiki/Alexander_McCook" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander McCook">Alexander McCook</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Leonidas_Crittenden" title="Thomas Leonidas Crittenden">Thomas Crittenden</a>, as he believed they were ineffective, but Rosecrans ignored the suggestion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978177-65">[62]</a> With Rosecrans, Garfield devised the <a href="/wiki/Tullahoma_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tullahoma Campaign">Tullahoma Campaign</a> to pursue and trap Confederate General <a href="/wiki/Braxton_Bragg" title="Braxton Bragg">Braxton Bragg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tullahoma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tullahoma">Tullahoma</a>. After initial Union success, Bragg retreated toward <a href="/wiki/Chattanooga" class="mw-redirect" title="Chattanooga">Chattanooga</a>, where Rosecrans stalled and requested more troops and supplies.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978180–182-66">[63]</a> Garfield argued for an immediate advance, in line with demands from Halleck and Lincoln.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978180–182-66">[63]</a> After a council of war and lengthy deliberations, Rosecrans agreed to attack.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978183–189-67">[64]</a> At the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chickamauga" title="Battle of Chickamauga">Battle of Chickamauga</a> on September 19 and 20, 1863, confusion among the wing commanders over Rosecrans's orders created a gap in the lines, resulting in a rout of the right flank. Rosecrans concluded that the battle was lost and fell back on Chattanooga to establish a defensive line.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978205–208-68">[65]</a> Garfield, however, thought part of the army had held and, with Rosecrans's approval, headed across <a href="/wiki/Missionary_Ridge" title="Missionary Ridge">Missionary Ridge</a> to survey the scene. Garfield's hunch was correct.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978205–208-68">[65]</a> Consequently, his ride became legendary and Rosecrans's error reignited criticism about the latter's leadership.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978205–208-68">[65]</a> While Rosecrans's army had avoided disaster, they were stranded in Chattanooga, surrounded by Bragg's army. Garfield sent a telegram to Secretary of War <a href="/wiki/Edwin_M._Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin M. Stanton">Edwin M. Stanton</a> alerting Washington to the need for reinforcements to avoid annihilation. Lincoln and Halleck responded to the request for reinforcements by sending 20,000 troops to Garfield by rail within nine days.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978210-69">[66]</a> In the meantime, Grant was promoted to command of the western armies and quickly replaced Rosecrans with <a href="/wiki/George_H._Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="George H. Thomas">George H. Thomas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978213-70">[67]</a> Garfield was ordered to report to Washington, where he was promoted to major general.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978219–220-71">[68]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Jean Edward Smith</a>, Grant and Garfield had a "guarded relationship" since Grant promoted Thomas, rather than Garfield, to command of the Army of the Cumberland after Rosecrans's dismissal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001550–551-72">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Congressional_career">Congressional career</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Election_in_1862;_Civil_War_years">Election in 1862; Civil War years</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mathew_Brady,_Portrait_of_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Salmon_P._Chase,_officer_of_the_United_States_government_(1860%E2%80%931865).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mathew_Brady%2C_Portrait_of_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Salmon_P._Chase%2C_officer_of_the_United_States_government_%281860%E2%80%931865%29.jpg/170px-Mathew_Brady%2C_Portrait_of_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Salmon_P._Chase%2C_officer_of_the_United_States_government_%281860%E2%80%931865%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mathew_Brady%2C_Portrait_of_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Salmon_P._Chase%2C_officer_of_the_United_States_government_%281860%E2%80%931865%29.jpg/255px-Mathew_Brady%2C_Portrait_of_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Salmon_P._Chase%2C_officer_of_the_United_States_government_%281860%E2%80%931865%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Mathew_Brady%2C_Portrait_of_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Salmon_P._Chase%2C_officer_of_the_United_States_government_%281860%E2%80%931865%29.jpg/340px-Mathew_Brady%2C_Portrait_of_Secretary_of_the_Treasury_Salmon_P._Chase%2C_officer_of_the_United_States_government_%281860%E2%80%931865%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1539" data-file-height="1926" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a> was Garfield's ally until Andrew Johnson's impeachment trial.</figcaption></figure> While he served in the Army in early 1862, friends of Garfield approached him about running for Congress from Ohio's newly redrawn and heavily Republican <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">19th district</a>. He worried that he and other state-appointed generals would receive obscure assignments, and running for Congress would allow him to resume his political career. That the new Congress would not hold its first regular session until December 1863 allowed him to continue his war service for a time.<a href="#cite_note-73">[d]</a> Home on medical leave, he refused to campaign for the nomination, leaving that to political managers who secured it at the local convention in September 1862 on the eighth ballot. In the October general election, he defeated D.B. Woods by a two-to-one margin for a seat in the <a href="/wiki/38th_United_States_Congress" title="38th United States Congress">38th Congress</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200617Peskin1978148-74">[70]</a> Days before his Congressional term began, Garfield lost his eldest daughter, three-year-old Eliza, and became anxious and conflicted, saying his "desolation of heart" might require his return to "the wild life of the army."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978219-75">[71]</a> He also assumed that the war would end before his joining the House, but it had not, and he felt strongly that he belonged in the field, rather than in Congress. He also thought he could expect a favorable command, so he decided to see President Lincoln. During their meeting, Lincoln recommended he take his House seat, as there was an excess of generals and a shortage of administration congressmen, especially those with knowledge of military affairs. Garfield accepted this recommendation and resigned his military commission to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978219-75">[71]</a> Garfield met and befriended Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Salmon P. Chase</a>, who saw Garfield as a younger version of himself. The two agreed politically and both were part of the <a href="/wiki/Radical_Republican" class="mw-redirect" title="Radical Republican">Radical</a> wing of the Republican Party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200618-76">[72]</a> Once he took his seat in December 1863, Garfield was frustrated at Lincoln's reluctance to press the South hard. Many radicals, led in the House by Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Thaddeus Stevens</a>, wanted rebel-owned lands confiscated, but Lincoln threatened to veto any bill that proposed to do so on a widespread basis. In debate on the House floor, Garfield supported such legislation and, discussing England's <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a>, hinted that Lincoln might be thrown out of office for resisting it.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965139–142-77">[73]</a> Garfield had supported Lincoln's <a href="/wiki/Emancipation_Proclamation" title="Emancipation Proclamation">Emancipation Proclamation</a> and marveled at the "strange phenomenon in the world's history, when a second-rate Illinois lawyer is the instrument to utter words which shall form an epoch memorable in all future ages."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200625–26-78">[74]</a> Garfield not only favored the <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolition of slavery</a>, but also believed the leaders of the rebellion had forfeited their constitutional rights. He supported the confiscation of Southern plantations and even exile or execution of rebellion leaders as a means to ensure a permanent end to slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978233-79">[75]</a> Garfield felt Congress had an obligation "to determine what legislation is necessary to secure equal justice to all loyal persons, without regard to color."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978234-80">[76]</a> He was more supportive of Lincoln when he took action against slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978152-81">[77]</a> Garfield showed leadership early in his congressional career; he was initially the only Republican vote to terminate the use of bounties in military recruiting. Some financially able recruits had used the bounty system to buy their way out of service (called commutation), which Garfield considered reprehensible.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978224-82">[78]</a> He gave a speech pointing out the flaws in the existing conscription law: 300,000 recruits had been called upon to enlist, but barely 10,000 had done so, with the remainder claiming exemption, providing money, or recruiting a substitute. Lincoln appeared before the Military Affairs committee on which Garfield served, demanding a more effective bill; even if it cost him reelection, Lincoln was confident he could win the war before his term expired.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965145–147-83">[79]</a> After many false starts, Garfield, with Lincoln's support, procured the passage of a conscription bill that excluded commutation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978232-84">[80]</a> Under Chase's influence, Garfield became a staunch proponent of a dollar backed by a <a href="/wiki/Gold_standard" title="Gold standard">gold standard</a>, and strongly opposed the "<a href="/wiki/Greenback_(money)" class="mw-redirect" title="Greenback (money)">greenback</a>". He also accepted the necessity of <a href="/wiki/Specie_Payment_Resumption_Act" title="Specie Payment Resumption Act">suspension of payment in gold or silver</a> during the Civil War with strong reluctance.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978156-85">[81]</a> He voted with the Radical Republicans in passing the <a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Davis_Bill" title="Wade–Davis Bill">Wade–Davis Bill</a>, designed to give Congress more authority over <a href="/wiki/Reconstruction_Era_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconstruction Era of the United States">Reconstruction</a>, but Lincoln defeated it with a <a href="/wiki/Pocket_veto" title="Pocket veto">pocket veto</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978241-86">[82]</a> Garfield did not consider Lincoln very worthy of reelection, but there seemed to be no viable alternative. "He will probably be the man, though I think we could do better", he said.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200625–26-78">[74]</a> Garfield attended <a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">the party convention</a> and promoted Rosecrans as Lincoln's running mate, but delegates chose Military Governor of Tennessee <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978240-87">[83]</a> Lincoln was reelected, as was Garfield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrown1881134–137-88">[84]</a> By then, Chase had left the Cabinet and been appointed <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_United_States" title="Chief Justice of the United States">Chief Justice</a>, and his relations with Garfield became more distant.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965153-89">[85]</a> Garfield took up the practice of law in 1865 to improve his personal finances. His efforts took him to Wall Street where, the day after Lincoln's assassination, a riotous crowd drew him into an impromptu speech to calm their passions: "Fellow citizens! Clouds and darkness are round about Him! His pavilion is dark waters and thick clouds of the skies! Justice and judgment are the establishment of His throne! Mercy and truth shall go before His face! Fellow citizens! God reigns, and the Government at Washington still lives!"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978250-90">[86]</a> The speech, with no mention or praise of Lincoln, was, according to Garfield biographer Robert G. Caldwell, "quite as significant for what it did not contain as for what it did."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965154–155-91">[87]</a> In the following years, Garfield had more praise for Lincoln; a year after Lincoln's death, Garfield said, "Greatest among all these developments were the character and fame of Abraham Lincoln," and in 1878 he called Lincoln "one of the few great rulers whose wisdom increased with his power".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965155–156-92">[88]</a> When in Washington, Garfield attended Vermont Avenue Christian Church, which later became <a href="/wiki/National_City_Christian_Church" title="National City Christian Church">National City Christian Church</a>, a building constructed and funded by the <a href="/wiki/Christian_Church_(Disciples_of_Christ)" title="Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)">Disciples</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reconstruction">Reconstruction</h3></div> In 1864, the U.S. Senate passed the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">13th Amendment</a>, which abolished slavery throughout the Union. The bill failed to pass the House by a two-thirds majority until January 31, 1865, when it was then sent to the states for ratification. The Amendment opened other issues concerning <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> civil rights. Garfield asked, "[What] is freedom? Is it the bare privilege of not being chained?...If this is all, then freedom is a bitter mockery, a cruel delusion."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner201466-94">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[e]</a> Garfield supported <a href="/wiki/Black_suffrage" title="Black suffrage">black suffrage</a> as firmly as he supported abolition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198147–48-97">[92]</a> President Johnson sought the rapid restoration of the Southern states during the months between his accession and the meeting of Congress in December 1865; Garfield hesitantly supported this policy as an experiment. Johnson, an old friend, sought Garfield's backing and their conversations led Garfield to assume Johnson's differences with Congress were not large. When Congress assembled in December (to Johnson's chagrin, without the elected representatives of the Southern states, who were excluded), Garfield urged conciliation on his colleagues, although he feared that Johnson, a former Democrat, might join other Democrats to gain political control. Garfield foresaw conflict even before February 1866, when Johnson vetoed a bill to extend the life of the <a href="/wiki/Freedmen%27s_Bureau" title="Freedmen's Bureau">Freedmen's Bureau</a>, charged with aiding the former slaves. By April, Garfield had concluded that Johnson was either "crazy or drunk with opium."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978279-98">[93]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garfield_Monument1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A black statue of Garfield atop an elaborate pillar. The United States Capitol rotunda is visible in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Garfield_Monument1.JPG/170px-Garfield_Monument1.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Garfield_Monument1.JPG/255px-Garfield_Monument1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Garfield_Monument1.JPG/340px-Garfield_Monument1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2297" data-file-height="3124" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">Garfield Monument</a>, by the Capitol, where he served almost twenty years</figcaption></figure> The conflict between Congress and President Johnson was the major issue of the 1866 campaign, with Johnson taking to the campaign trail in a <a href="/wiki/Swing_Around_the_Circle" title="Swing Around the Circle">Swing Around the Circle</a> and Garfield facing opposition within the Republican party in his home district. With the South still disenfranchised and Northern public opinion behind the Republicans, they gained a two-thirds majority in both houses of Congress. Garfield, having overcome his challengers at the district nominating convention, won reelection easily.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965170–172-99">[94]</a> Garfield opposed the <a href="/wiki/Efforts_to_impeach_Andrew_Johnson" title="Efforts to impeach Andrew Johnson">proposed impeachment of Johnson</a> initially when Congress convened in December 1866, but supported legislation to limit Johnson's powers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1867)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1867)">Tenure of Office Act</a>, which restricted Johnson's ability to remove presidential appointees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978278-100">[95]</a> Distracted by committee duties, Garfield spoke about these bills rarely, but was a loyal Republican vote against Johnson.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965173–174Peskin1978287–289-101">[96]</a> On January 7, 1867, Garfield voted in support of the resolution that launched <a href="/wiki/First_impeachment_inquiry_against_Andrew_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="First impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson">the first impeachment inquiry against Johnson</a> (run by the <a href="/wiki/House_Committee_on_the_Judiciary" class="mw-redirect" title="House Committee on the Judiciary">House Committee on the Judiciary</a>).<a href="#cite_note-102">[97]</a> On December 7, 1867, he voted against the unsuccessful resolution to impeach Johnson that the House Committee on the Judiciary had sent the full House.<a href="#cite_note-103">[98]</a> On January 27, 1868, he voted to pass the resolution that authorized the <a href="/wiki/Second_impeachment_inquiry_against_Andrew_Johnson" class="mw-redirect" title="Second impeachment inquiry against Andrew Johnson">second impeachment inquiry against Johnson</a> (run by the <a href="/wiki/House_Select_Committee_on_Reconstruction" class="mw-redirect" title="House Select Committee on Reconstruction">House Select Committee on Reconstruction</a>).<a href="#cite_note-104">[99]</a> Due to a court case, he was absent on February 24, 1868, <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment of Andrew Johnson">when the House impeached Johnson</a>, but gave a speech aligning himself with Thaddeus Stevens and others who sought Johnson's removal shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965173–174Peskin1978287–289-101">[96]</a> Garfield was present on March 2 and 3, 1868, when the House voted on specific articles of impeachment, and voted in support of all 11 articles.<a href="#cite_note-105">[100]</a> During the March 2 debate on the articles, Garfield argued that what he characterized as Johnson's attempts to render <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Tecumseh Sherman</a>, and <a href="/wiki/William_H._Emory" title="William H. Emory">William H. Emory</a> personal tools of his demonstrated Johnson's intent to disregard the law and override the Constitution, suggesting that Johnson's trial perhaps could be expedited to last only a day in order to hasten his removal.<a href="#cite_note-106">[101]</a> When Johnson was acquitted in <a href="/wiki/Impeachment_trial_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Impeachment trial of Andrew Johnson">his trial before the Senate</a>, Garfield was shocked and blamed the outcome on the trial's presiding officer, Chief Justice Chase, his onetime mentor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965173–174Peskin1978287–289-101">[96]</a> By the time Grant succeeded Johnson in 1869, Garfield had moved away from the remaining radicals (Stevens, their leader, had died in 1868). By this time, many in the Republican Party wanted to remove the "Negro question" from national affairs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2014449-107">[102]</a> Garfield hailed the ratification of the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fifteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">15th Amendment</a> in 1870 as a triumph and favored Georgia's readmission to the Union as a matter of right, not politics. An influential Republican, Garfield said, "[The] Fifteen Amendment confers on the African race the care of its own destiny. It places their fortunes in their own hands."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2014449-107">[102]</a> In 1871, Congress took up the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan_Act" title="Ku Klux Klan Act">Ku Klux Klan Act</a>, which was designed to combat attacks on African Americans' suffrage rights. Garfield opposed the act, saying, "I have never been more perplexed by a piece of legislation." He was torn between his indignation at the Klan, whom he called "terrorists", and his concern for the power given the president to enforce the act through suspension of <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978332–334-108">[103]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tariffs_and_finance">Tariffs and finance</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US-$1-LT-1862-Fr-16c.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US-%241-LT-1862-Fr-16c.jpg/220px-US-%241-LT-1862-Fr-16c.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="196" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US-%241-LT-1862-Fr-16c.jpg/330px-US-%241-LT-1862-Fr-16c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/US-%241-LT-1862-Fr-16c.jpg/440px-US-%241-LT-1862-Fr-16c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="4001" /></a><figcaption>The greenback despised by Garfield</figcaption></figure> Throughout his political career, Garfield favored the gold standard and decried attempts to increase the money supply through the issuance of paper money not backed by gold, and later, through the <a href="/wiki/Free_silver" title="Free silver">free and unlimited coinage of silver</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965205–218-109">[104]</a> In 1865, he was put on the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Ways_and_Means" title="United States House Committee on Ways and Means">House Ways and Means Committee</a>, a long-awaited opportunity to focus on financial and economic issues. He reprised his opposition to the greenback, saying, "Any party which commits itself to paper money will go down amid the general disaster, covered with the curses of a ruined people."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978261-110">[105]</a> In 1868 Garfield gave a two-hour speech on currency in the House, which was widely applauded as his best oratory to that point; in it, he advocated a gradual resumption of specie payments, that is, the government paying out silver and gold, rather than paper money that could not be redeemed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978268-111">[106]</a> Tariffs had been raised to high levels during the Civil War. Afterward, Garfield, who made a close study of financial affairs, advocated moving toward free trade, though the standard Republican position was a protective tariff that would allow American industries to grow. This break with his party likely cost him his place on the Ways and Means Committee in 1867, and though Republicans held the majority in the House until 1875, Garfield remained off that committee. Garfield came to chair the powerful <a href="/wiki/House_Appropriations_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Appropriations Committee">House Appropriations Committee</a>, but it was Ways and Means, with its influence over fiscal policy, that he really wanted to lead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200631–32-112">[107]</a> One reason he was denied a place on Ways and Means was the opposition of the influential Republican editor <a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Horace Greeley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978265,_327-113">[108]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photographic portrait of Grant" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg/150px-Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg/225px-Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg/300px-Ulysses_S_Grant_by_Brady_c1870-restored.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2014" data-file-height="2518" /></a><figcaption>President U.S. Grant <a href="/wiki/Mathew_Brady" title="Mathew Brady">Mathew Brady</a> 1870</figcaption></figure> Starting in January 1870, Garfield, then chairman of the <a href="/wiki/House_Banking_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="House Banking Committee">House Banking Committee</a>, led an investigation into the <a href="/wiki/Black_Friday_(1869)" title="Black Friday (1869)">Black Friday</a> Gold Panic scandal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2017146-114">[109]</a> In 1869, during Grant's first term in office, two New York conspirators, <a href="/wiki/Jay_Gould" title="Jay Gould">Jay Gould</a> and <a href="/wiki/James_Fisk_(financier)" title="James Fisk (financier)">James Fisk</a>, launched a scheme to corner the gold market. The conspiracy was broken on Friday, September 24, 1869, when Grant and Treasury Secretary <a href="/wiki/George_Boutwell" class="mw-redirect" title="George Boutwell">George Boutwell</a> released gold into the market, causing widespread financial panic. During the investigation, rumors spread that Grant's family might have been involved. In order not to force Grant's wife to testify, Garfield had a private meeting with Grant at the White House. When Garfield showed Grant testimony about him and his family, Grant thanked Garfield but refused to read it or give a response.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2017125,_146-115">[110]</a> Grant personally resented Garfield for investigating Black Friday and his wife Julia concerning possible involvement in the scandal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmith2001550–551-72">[69]</a> Garfield's investigation and final majority report, released on September 12, 1870, were thorough but found no indictable offenses and exonerated Grant and Julia of wrongdoing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECalhoun2017146Smith2001550–551-116">[111]</a> Garfield thought the scandal was enabled by the greenbacks that financed the speculation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFeely1981328Peskin1978311Calhoun2017146Smith2001550–551-117">[112]</a> Garfield was not at all enthused about President Grant's reelection in 1872—until Greeley, who emerged as the candidate of the Democrats and <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Liberal Republican Party (United States)">Liberal Republicans</a>, became the only serious alternative. Garfield said, "I would say Grant was not fit to be nominated and Greeley is not fit to be elected."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978350–351-118">[113]</a> Both Grant and Garfield were overwhelmingly reelected.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978350–351-118">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Crédit_Mobilier_scandal;_salary_grab">Crédit Mobilier scandal; salary grab</h3></div> The <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_of_America_scandal" class="mw-redirect" title="Crédit Mobilier of America scandal">Crédit Mobilier of America scandal</a> involved corruption in the financing of the <a href="/wiki/Union_Pacific_Railroad" title="Union Pacific Railroad">Union Pacific Railroad</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Transcontinental_railroad" title="Transcontinental railroad">transcontinental railroad</a> which was completed in 1869. Union Pacific officers and directors secretly purchased control of the <a href="/wiki/Cr%C3%A9dit_Mobilier_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Crédit Mobilier of America">Crédit Mobilier of America</a> company, then contracted with it to undertake construction of the railroad. The railroad paid the company's grossly inflated invoices with federal funds appropriated to subsidize the project, and the company was allowed to purchase Union Pacific securities at <a href="/wiki/Par_value" title="Par value">par value</a>, well below the market rate. Crédit Mobilier showed large profits and stock gains, and distributed substantial dividends. The high expenses meant Congress was called upon to appropriate more funds. One of the railroad officials who controlled Crédit Mobilier was also a congressman, <a href="/wiki/Oakes_Ames" title="Oakes Ames">Oakes Ames</a> of <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>. He offered some of his colleagues the opportunity to buy Crédit Mobilier stock at par value, well below what it sold for on the market, and the railroad got its additional appropriations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965219-119">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png/280px-Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png/420px-Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png/560px-Keppler_Credit_Mobilier_Hari-Kari.png 2x" data-file-width="2998" data-file-height="1958" /></a><figcaption>Editorial cartoon: <a href="/wiki/Uncle_Sam" title="Uncle Sam">Uncle Sam</a> directs U.S. Senators and Representatives implicated in the Crédit Mobilier scheme to commit <a href="/wiki/Hara-Kiri" class="mw-redirect" title="Hara-Kiri">Hara-Kiri</a>.</figcaption></figure> The story broke in July 1872, in the middle of the presidential campaign. Among those named were Vice President <a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Schuyler Colfax</a>, Massachusetts Senator <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a> (the Republican candidate for vice president), Speaker <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> of Maine, and Garfield. Greeley had little luck taking advantage of the scandal. When Congress reconvened after the election, Blaine, seeking to clear his name, demanded a House investigation. Evidence before the special committee exonerated Blaine. Garfield had said in September 1872 that Ames had offered him stock but he had repeatedly refused it. Testifying before the committee in January, Ames said he had offered Garfield ten shares of stock at par value, but that Garfield had never taken them or paid for them, though a year passed, from 1867 to 1868, before Garfield had finally refused. Appearing before the committee on January 14, 1873, Garfield confirmed much of this. Ames testified several weeks later that Garfield agreed to take the stock on credit, and that it was paid for by the company's huge dividends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965224–226-120">[115]</a> The two men differed over $300 that Garfield received and later paid back, with Garfield deeming it a loan and Ames a dividend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978354–359-121">[116]</a> Garfield's biographers have been unwilling to exonerate him in the scandal. Allan Peskin writes, "Did Garfield lie? Not exactly. Did he tell the truth? Not completely. Was he corrupted? Not really. Even Garfield's enemies never claimed that his involvement in the affair influenced his behavior."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978362-122">[117]</a> Rutkow writes, "Garfield's real offense was that he knowingly denied to the House investigating committee that he had agreed to accept the stock and that he had also received a dividend of $329."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200634-123">[118]</a> Caldwell suggests Garfield "told the truth [before the committee, but] certainly failed to tell the whole truth, clearly evading an answer to certain vital questions and thus giving the impression of worse faults than those of which he was guilty."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965230-124">[119]</a> That Crédit Mobilier was a corrupt organization had been a badly kept secret, even mentioned on the floor of Congress, and editor Sam Bowles wrote at the time that Garfield, in his positions on committees dealing with finance, "had no more right to be ignorant in a matter of such grave importance as this, than the sentinel has to snore on his post."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978362-122">[117]</a> Another issue that caused Garfield trouble in his 1874 reelection bid was the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Salary_Grab_Act" title="Salary Grab Act">Salary Grab</a>" of 1873, which increased the compensation for members of Congress by 50%, retroactive to 1871. As chairman of the Appropriations Committee, Garfield was responsible for shepherding the appropriations bill through the House; during the debate in February 1873, Massachusetts Representative <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Benjamin Butler (politician)">Benjamin Butler</a> offered the increase as an amendment, and despite Garfield's opposition, it passed the House and eventually became law. The law was very popular in the House, as almost half the members were <a href="/wiki/Lame_duck_(politics)" title="Lame duck (politics)">lame ducks</a>, but the public was outraged, and many of Garfield's constituents blamed him, though he personally refused to accept the increase. In a bad year for Republicans, who lost control of the House for the first time since the Civil War, Garfield had his closest congressional election, winning with only 57% of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-126">[f]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965233–236Rutkow200634–35-127">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Floor_leader;_Hayes_administration">Floor leader; Hayes administration</h3></div> The Democratic takeover of the House of Representatives in 1875 meant the loss of Garfield's chairmanship of the Appropriations Committee, though the Democrats did put him on the Ways and Means Committee. With many of his leadership rivals defeated in the 1874 Democratic landslide, and Blaine elected to the Senate, Garfield was seen as the Republican <a href="/wiki/Floor_leader" class="mw-redirect" title="Floor leader">floor leader</a>, and the likely Speaker, should the party regain control of the chamber.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200637–39-128">[122]</a> Garfield thought the <a href="/wiki/Public_Land_Survey_System#Railroad_land_grants" title="Public Land Survey System">land grants</a> given to expanding railroads was an unjust practice. He also opposed monopolistic practices by corporations, as well as the power sought by workers' unions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978331-129">[123]</a> He supported the proposed establishment of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_civil_service" class="mw-redirect" title="United States civil service">United States civil service</a> as a means of ridding officials of the annoyance of aggressive office seekers. He especially wished to eliminate the practice of forcing government workers, in exchange for their positions, to <a href="/wiki/Kickback_(bribery)" title="Kickback (bribery)">kick back</a> a percentage of their wages as political contributions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978335–338-130">[124]</a> As the <a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">1876 presidential election</a> approached, Garfield was loyal to the candidacy of Senator Blaine, and fought for the former Speaker's nomination at the <a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 Republican National Convention</a> in Cincinnati. When it became clear, after six ballots, that Blaine could not prevail, the convention nominated Ohio Governor <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a>. Although Garfield had supported Blaine, he had kept good relations with Hayes, and wholeheartedly supported the governor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978398–400-131">[125]</a> Garfield had hoped to retire from politics after his term expired to devote himself full-time to the practice of law, but to help his party, he sought re-election, and won it easily that October. Any celebration was short-lived, as Garfield's youngest son, Neddie, fell ill with <a href="/wiki/Whooping_cough" title="Whooping cough">whooping cough</a> shortly after the congressional election, and soon died.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978401–405-132">[126]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Electoral_Commission_(United_States).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Electoral_Commission_%28United_States%29.jpg/200px-Electoral_Commission_%28United_States%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Electoral_Commission_%28United_States%29.jpg/300px-Electoral_Commission_%28United_States%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Electoral_Commission_%28United_States%29.jpg/400px-Electoral_Commission_%28United_States%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="610" data-file-height="488" /></a><figcaption>Garfield (second from right in the row of commissioners just below the gallery) served on the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a> that decided the disputed 1876 presidential election. Painting by <a href="/wiki/Cornelia_Adele_Strong_Fassett" title="Cornelia Adele Strong Fassett">Cornelia Adele Strong Fassett</a>.</figcaption></figure> When Hayes appeared to have lost the presidential election the following month to Democrat <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Tilden" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel Tilden">Samuel Tilden</a>, the Republicans launched efforts to reverse the results in South Carolina, Louisiana, and Florida, where they held the governorship. If Hayes won all three states, he would take the election by a single electoral vote. Grant asked Garfield to serve as a "neutral observer" of the recount in Louisiana. The observers soon recommended to the state electoral commissions that Hayes be declared the winner—Garfield recommended the entire vote of <a href="/wiki/West_Feliciana_Parish,_Louisiana" title="West Feliciana Parish, Louisiana">West Feliciana Parish</a>, which had given Tilden a sizable majority, be thrown out. The Republican governors of the three states certified that Hayes had won their states, to the outrage of Democrats, who had the state legislatures submit rival returns, and threatened to prevent the counting of the electoral vote—under the Constitution, Congress is the final arbiter of the election. Congress then established an <a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Electoral Commission</a>, consisting of eight Republicans and seven Democrats, to determine the winner. Despite his objection to the Commission, Garfield was appointed to it. He felt Congress should count the vote and proclaim Hayes victorious. Hayes emerged the victor by a party line vote of 8–7.<a href="#cite_note-133">[127]</a> In exchange for recognizing Hayes as president, Southern Democrats secured the removal of federal troops from the South, ending Reconstruction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965251–261Rutkow200640-134">[128]</a> Although an Ohio Senate seat would be vacated by the resignation of <a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a> to become Treasury Secretary, Hayes needed Garfield's expertise to protect him from the agenda of a hostile Congress, and asked him not to seek it. Garfield agreed. As Hayes's key legislator in the House, he gained considerable prestige and respect for his role there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200641-135">[129]</a> When Congress debated the <a href="/wiki/Bland%E2%80%93Allison_Act" title="Bland–Allison Act">Bland–Allison Act</a>, to have the government purchase large quantities of silver and strike it into legal tender <a href="/wiki/Morgan_dollar" title="Morgan dollar">dollar coins</a>, Garfield opposed it as a deviation from the gold standard; it was enacted over Hayes's veto in February 1878.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965261-136">[130]</a> In 1876, Garfield purchased the property in <a href="/wiki/Mentor,_Ohio" title="Mentor, Ohio">Mentor</a> that reporters later dubbed <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_National_Historic_Site" title="James A. Garfield National Historic Site">Lawnfield</a>, where he conducted the first successful <a href="/wiki/Front_porch_campaign" title="Front porch campaign">front porch campaign</a> for the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978498-137">[131]</a> Hayes suggested that Garfield run for governor in 1879, seeing that as a road likely to take Garfield to the White House. Garfield preferred to seek election as a U.S. senator. Rivals were spoken of for the seat, such as Secretary Sherman, but he had presidential ambitions (for which he sought Garfield's support), and other candidates fell by the wayside. The General Assembly elected Garfield to the Senate in January 1880, though his term was not scheduled to commence until March 4, 1881.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978442–447-138">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legal_career_and_other_activities">Legal career and other activities</h3></div> In 1865, Garfield became a partner in the law firm of a fellow Disciple of Christ, <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_Black" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah Black">Jeremiah Black</a>. They had much in common, except politics: Black was an avid Democrat, having served in the cabinet of President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978270-139">[133]</a> The next year, Black was retained by some pro-Confederate northern civilians who had been found guilty of treason in a military court and sentenced to death. Black saw an opportunity to strike a blow against military courts and the Republicans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978271-140">[134]</a> He had heard Garfield's military speeches, and learned of not only his oratory skills but also his resistance to expansive powers of military commissions. Black assigned the case to Garfield one week before arguments were to be made before the U. S. Supreme Court. When Black warned him of the political peril, Garfield responded, "It don't make any difference. I believe in English liberty and English law."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978272-141">[135]</a> In this landmark case, <a href="/wiki/Ex_parte_Milligan" title="Ex parte Milligan">Ex parte Milligan</a>, Garfield successfully argued that civilians could not be tried before military tribunals, despite a declaration of martial law, as long as civil courts were still operating. In his first court appearance, Garfield's oral argument lasted over two hours, and though his wealthy clients refused to pay him, he had established himself as a preeminent lawyer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978271-140">[134]</a> During Grant's first term, Garfield was discontented with public service and in 1872 again pursued opportunities in the law. But he declined a partnership offer from a Cleveland law firm when told his prospective partner was of "intemperate and licentious" reputation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978347-142">[136]</a> In 1873, after Chase's death, Garfield appealed to Grant to appoint Justice <a href="/wiki/Noah_H._Swayne" class="mw-redirect" title="Noah H. Swayne">Noah H. Swayne</a> Chief Justice, but Grant appointed <a href="/wiki/Morrison_R._Waite" class="mw-redirect" title="Morrison R. Waite">Morrison R. Waite</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcFeely1981387–389,_392-143">[137]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garfield_Pythagoras.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Garfield_Pythagoras.svg/170px-Garfield_Pythagoras.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="211" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Garfield_Pythagoras.svg/255px-Garfield_Pythagoras.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Garfield_Pythagoras.svg/340px-Garfield_Pythagoras.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="634" /></a><figcaption>Garfield's proof of the Pythagorean theorem features a right triangle within a trapezoid.</figcaption></figure> In 1871, Garfield traveled to <a href="/wiki/Montana_Territory" title="Montana Territory">Montana Territory</a> to negotiate the removal of the <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Salish" title="Bitterroot Salish">Bitterroot Salish</a> tribe to the <a href="/wiki/Flathead_Indian_Reservation" title="Flathead Indian Reservation">Flathead Indian Reservation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-144">[138]</a> Having been told that the people would happily move, Garfield expected an easy task. Instead, he found the Salish determined to stay in their <a href="/wiki/Bitterroot_Valley" title="Bitterroot Valley">Bitterroot Valley</a> homeland. His attempts to coerce <a href="/wiki/Chief_Charlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Charlo">Chief Charlo</a> to sign the agreement nearly brought about a military clash. In the end, he convinced two subchiefs to sign and move to the reservation with a few of the Salish people. Garfield never convinced Charlo to sign, although the official treaty document voted on by Congress bore his forged mark.<a href="#cite_note-145">[139]</a> In 1876, Garfield developed a <a href="/wiki/Garfield%27s_proof_of_the_Pythagorean_theorem" title="Garfield's proof of the Pythagorean theorem">trapezoid proof</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Pythagorean_theorem" title="Pythagorean theorem">Pythagorean theorem</a>, which was published in the <a href="/wiki/New_England_Journal_of_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="New England Journal of Education">New England Journal of Education</a>.<a href="#cite_note-146">[140]</a> Mathematics historian <a href="/wiki/William_Dunham_(mathematician)" title="William Dunham (mathematician)">William Dunham</a> wrote that Garfield's trapezoid work was "really a very clever proof."<a href="#cite_note-147">[141]</a> According to the Journal, Garfield arrived at the proof "in mathematical amusements and discussions with other members of congress."<a href="#cite_note-148">[142]</a> After his conversion experience in 1850, religious inquiry was a high priority for Garfield. He read widely and moved beyond the confines of his early experience as a member of the Disciples of Christ. His new, broader perspective was rooted in his devotion to freedom of inquiry and his study of history. The intensity of Garfield's religious thought was also influenced by his experience in combat and his interaction with voters.<a href="#cite_note-149">[143]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidential_election_of_1880">Presidential election of 1880</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 United States presidential election</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Republican_nomination">Republican nomination</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Appomattox_of_the_third_termers_-_unconditional_surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cartoon. Grant, on the right, is semi-kneeling while others kneel behind him. Garfield stands upright and receives a sword from Grant. Behind him are cheering throngs, and two men raise a flag in the background." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Appomattox_of_the_third_termers_-_unconditional_surrender.jpg/200px-The_Appomattox_of_the_third_termers_-_unconditional_surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Appomattox_of_the_third_termers_-_unconditional_surrender.jpg/300px-The_Appomattox_of_the_third_termers_-_unconditional_surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/The_Appomattox_of_the_third_termers_-_unconditional_surrender.jpg/400px-The_Appomattox_of_the_third_termers_-_unconditional_surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1173" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption>Following Grant's defeat for the nomination <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck magazine</a> satirized <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>'s surrender to him at Appomattox by depicting Grant giving up his sword to Garfield.</figcaption></figure> Having just been elected to the Senate with John Sherman's support, Garfield was committed to Sherman for the 1880 Republican presidential nomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978454–455-151">[145]</a> Before the convention began, however, a few Republicans, including <a href="/wiki/Wharton_Barker" title="Wharton Barker">Wharton Barker</a> of Philadelphia, thought Garfield the best choice for the nomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978454–455-151">[145]</a> Garfield denied any interest in the position, but the attention was enough to make Sherman suspicious of his lieutenant's ambitions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978456–457-152">[146]</a> Besides Sherman, the early favorites for the nomination were Blaine, former President Grant; several other candidates attracted delegates as well.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198117–19-153">[147]</a> The Republican Party at the time was split into two factions: the "Stalwarts", who supported the existing federal government patronage system, and the "Half-Breeds", who wanted civil service reform.<a href="#cite_note-154">[148]</a> As the convention began, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a> Senator <a href="/wiki/Roscoe_Conkling" title="Roscoe Conkling">Roscoe Conkling</a>, floor leader for the Stalwarts, who supported former President Ulysses S. Grant, proposed that the delegates pledge to back the eventual nominee in the general election.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman200381–83-155">[149]</a> When three West Virginia delegates declined to be so bound, Conkling sought to expel them from the convention. Garfield rose to defend the men, giving a passionate speech in defense of their right to reserve judgment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman200381–83-155">[149]</a> The crowd turned against Conkling, and he withdrew the motion.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman200381–83-155">[149]</a> The performance delighted Garfield's boosters, who were then convinced he was the only one who could attract a majority of the delegates' votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978464–465-156">[150]</a> After speeches in favor of the other front-runners, Garfield rose to place Sherman's name in nomination; his speech was well-received, but the delegates mustered little excitement for Sherman as the next president.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978466–469-157">[151]</a> The first ballot showed Grant leading with 304 votes to Blaine's 284, and Sherman's 93 votes placed him in a distant third. Subsequent ballots demonstrated a deadlock between Grant and Blaine, with neither having the 379 votes needed for nomination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman200396–101-158">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jeremiah_McLain_Rusk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeremiah McLain Rusk">Jeremiah McLain Rusk</a>, a member of the Wisconsin delegation, and <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a>, an Indiana delegate, sought to break the deadlock by shifting a few of the anti-Grant votes to a <a href="/wiki/Dark_horse" title="Dark horse">dark horse</a> candidate—Garfield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978472–475-159">[153]</a> Garfield gained 50 votes on the 35th ballot, and a stampede began. Garfield protested to the Ohio delegation that he did not seek the nomination and would not betray Sherman, but they overruled his objections and cast their ballots for him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978475–477-160">[154]</a> In the next round of voting, nearly all the Sherman and Blaine delegates shifted their support to Garfield, giving him 399 votes, and the Republican nomination. Most of the Grant forces backed the former president to the end, creating a disgruntled Stalwart minority in the party.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003110–114-161">[155]</a> To obtain that faction's support for the ticket, Chester A. Arthur, a former <a href="/wiki/Collector_of_the_Port_of_New_York" title="Collector of the Port of New York">New York customs collector</a> and member of Conkling's <a href="/wiki/Political_machine" title="Political machine">political machine</a>, was chosen as the vice presidential nominee.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978480–481-162">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Campaign_against_Hancock">Campaign against Hancock</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1880RepublicanPoster.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/200px-1880RepublicanPoster.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/300px-1880RepublicanPoster.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/1880RepublicanPoster.png/400px-1880RepublicanPoster.png 2x" data-file-width="984" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>Garfield–Arthur election poster</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ElectoralCollege1880.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ElectoralCollege1880.svg/200px-ElectoralCollege1880.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ElectoralCollege1880.svg/300px-ElectoralCollege1880.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/ElectoralCollege1880.svg/400px-ElectoralCollege1880.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1020" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>1880 electoral vote results</figcaption></figure> Even with a Stalwart on the ticket, animosity between the Republican factions carried over from the convention, so Garfield traveled to New York to meet with party leaders.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978488–491-163">[157]</a> After convincing the Stalwart crowd to put aside their differences and unite for the coming campaign, Garfield returned to Ohio, leaving the active campaigning to others, as was traditional at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978498–500-164">[158]</a> Meanwhile, the Democrats settled on their nominee, Major General <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield Scott Hancock</a> of Pennsylvania, a career military officer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978488–491-163">[157]</a> Hancock and the Democrats expected to carry the <a href="/wiki/Solid_South" title="Solid South">Solid South</a>, while much of the North was considered safe territory for Garfield and the Republicans; most of the campaign focused on a few <a href="/wiki/Swing_state" title="Swing state">close states</a>, including New York and Indiana.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978501–502-165">[159]</a> Practical differences between the candidates were few, but Republicans began the campaign with the familiar theme of <a href="/wiki/Waving_the_bloody_shirt" title="Waving the bloody shirt">waving the bloody shirt</a>. They reminded Northern voters the Democratic Party was responsible for secession and four years of civil war, and Democrats would reverse the gains of that war, dishonor Union veterans, and pay Confederate veterans pensions out of the federal treasury.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958175–180-166">[160]</a> Fifteen years had passed since the end of the war, and with Union generals at the head of both tickets, the bloody shirt was of diminishing value in exciting the voters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978493–494-167">[161]</a> With a few months to go before the election, the Republicans switched tactics to emphasize the <a href="/wiki/Tariff" title="Tariff">tariff</a>. Seizing on the Democratic platform's call for a "tariff for revenue only", Republicans told Northern workers a Hancock presidency would weaken the tariff protection that kept them in good jobs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClancy1958232–233-168">[162]</a> Hancock made the situation worse when, attempting to strike a moderate stance, he said, "The tariff question is a local question."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978493–494-167">[161]</a> The Republican ploy proved effective in uniting the North behind Garfield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978511–513-169">[163]</a> Ultimately, of the more than 9.2 million popular votes cast, fewer than 2,000 separated the two candidates.<a href="#cite_note-170">[164]</a> But in the <a href="/wiki/Electoral_College_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="Electoral College (United States)">Electoral College</a>, Garfield had an easy victory over Hancock, 214 to 155.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978510–511-171">[165]</a> The election made Garfield the only sitting member of the House ever to be elected to the presidency.<a href="#cite_note-172">[166]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Presidency_(1881)">Presidency (1881)</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="padding-bottom:2px; padding-top:2px;"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="border-bottom:0; padding-bottom:1px;"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield" title="James A. Garfield"><img alt="James A. Garfield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/220px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/330px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg/440px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated_%28cropped%29%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3120" data-file-height="4034" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="padding-top:2px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none">Presidency of James A. Garfield March 4, 1881 – September 19, 1881</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Cabinet</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="#Cabinet_and_inauguration">See list</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Seat_of_government" title="Seat of government">Seat</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">White House</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div style="line-height:normal; padding-top:1px;"><div style="width:100%"><div style="float: left; text-align:left;padding-right:0.5em;" class="noprint">← <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></div><div style="float: right; text-align:right;padding-left:0.5em;" class="noprint"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> →</div></div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"> <hr class="nomobile" style="background:#eee; height:5px; clear:both; margin:0 0 8px;" /> <div class="center"><div style="display:inline-block; padding:6px 0 2px;"><a href="/wiki/File:PresidentHayesInvitationCOA.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PresidentHayesInvitationCOA.png/100px-PresidentHayesInvitationCOA.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="122" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PresidentHayesInvitationCOA.png/150px-PresidentHayesInvitationCOA.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/PresidentHayesInvitationCOA.png/200px-PresidentHayesInvitationCOA.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="670" /></a></div> <div style="line-height:normal; min-height:1px; padding-bottom:2px;">Presidential coat of arms (1877–1913)</div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="infobox" style="width:auto;text-align:left;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:1em; margin-right:0; float:right; clear:right;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="3" style="line-height:1.5em;font-size:110%;background:#DCDCDC;text-align:center">The Garfield cabinet</th></tr><tr><th>Office</th><th>Name</th><th>Term</th></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#000"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold">James A. Garfield</th><td>1881</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_the_United_States" title="Vice President of the United States">Vice President</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></th><td>1881</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></th><td>1881</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">William Windom</a></th><td>1881</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a></th><td>1881</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">Wayne MacVeagh</a></th><td>1881</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemuel_James" title="Thomas Lemuel James">Thomas Lemuel James</a></th><td>1881</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">William H. Hunt</a></th><td>1881</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="background:#D1D1D1"></td></tr><tr><td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></td><th style="font-weight:bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Kirkwood" title="Samuel J. Kirkwood">Samuel J. Kirkwood</a></th><td>1881</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cabinet_and_inauguration">Cabinet and inauguration</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Garfield_in_reviewing_stand,_viewing_inauguration_ceremonies,_March_4,_1881_LCCN00650941.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/President_Garfield_in_reviewing_stand%2C_viewing_inauguration_ceremonies%2C_March_4%2C_1881_LCCN00650941.tif/lossy-page1-200px-President_Garfield_in_reviewing_stand%2C_viewing_inauguration_ceremonies%2C_March_4%2C_1881_LCCN00650941.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/President_Garfield_in_reviewing_stand%2C_viewing_inauguration_ceremonies%2C_March_4%2C_1881_LCCN00650941.tif/lossy-page1-300px-President_Garfield_in_reviewing_stand%2C_viewing_inauguration_ceremonies%2C_March_4%2C_1881_LCCN00650941.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/President_Garfield_in_reviewing_stand%2C_viewing_inauguration_ceremonies%2C_March_4%2C_1881_LCCN00650941.tif/lossy-page1-400px-President_Garfield_in_reviewing_stand%2C_viewing_inauguration_ceremonies%2C_March_4%2C_1881_LCCN00650941.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3469" data-file-height="2956" /></a><figcaption>President Garfield in reviewing stand, viewing inauguration ceremonies, on March 4, 1881</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GARFIELD,_James_A-President_(BEP_engraved_portrait).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GARFIELD%2C_James_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/200px-GARFIELD%2C_James_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GARFIELD%2C_James_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/300px-GARFIELD%2C_James_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/GARFIELD%2C_James_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg/400px-GARFIELD%2C_James_A-President_%28BEP_engraved_portrait%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8220" data-file-height="10346" /></a><figcaption>Line engraving of Garfield, produced around 1902 by the Bureau of Engraving and Printing as part of a presentation album of the first 26 presidents</figcaption></figure> Before his inauguration, Garfield was occupied with assembling a cabinet that might engender peace between the party's Conkling and Blaine factions. Blaine's delegates had provided much of the support for Garfield's nomination, so the Maine senator received the place of honor as Secretary of State.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978519–521-173">[167]</a> Blaine was not only the president's closest advisor, but he was also obsessed with knowing all that took place in the White House, and allegedly posted spies there in his absence.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978554–555-174">[168]</a> Garfield nominated <a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">William Windom</a> of Minnesota as Secretary of the Treasury, <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">William H. Hunt</a> of Louisiana as Secretary of the Navy, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a> as Secretary of War, and <a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Kirkwood" title="Samuel J. Kirkwood">Samuel J. Kirkwood</a> of Iowa as Secretary of the Interior. New York was represented by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemuel_James" title="Thomas Lemuel James">Thomas Lemuel James</a> as Postmaster General. Garfield appointed Pennsylvania's <a href="/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">Wayne MacVeagh</a>, an adversary of Blaine's, as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198133–36-175">[169]</a> Blaine tried to sabotage the appointment by convincing Garfield to name an opponent of MacVeagh, <a href="/wiki/William_E._Chandler" title="William E. Chandler">William E. Chandler</a>, as <a href="/wiki/United_States_Solicitor_General" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Solicitor General">Solicitor General</a> under MacVeagh. Only Chandler's rejection by the Senate forestalled MacVeagh's resignation over the matter.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978555–561-176">[170]</a> Because Garfield was distracted by cabinet maneuvering, his inaugural address was a "compendium of platitudes" and fell below expectations.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965330-177">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberger2002272-178">[172]</a> At one high point, however, Garfield emphasized the civil rights of <a href="/wiki/African-Americans" class="mw-redirect" title="African-Americans">African-Americans</a>, saying "Freedom can never yield its fullness of blessings so long as the law or its administration places the smallest obstacle in the pathway of any virtuous citizen."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978538–540-179">[173]</a> After discussing the gold standard, the need for education, and an unexpected denunciation of <a href="/wiki/Mormon_polygamy" class="mw-redirect" title="Mormon polygamy">Mormon polygamy</a>, the speech ended. The crowd applauded, but the speech, according to Peskin, "however sincerely intended, betrayed its hasty composition by the flatness of its tone and the conventionality of its subject matter."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978539-180">[174]</a> Garfield's appointment of James infuriated Conkling, a factional opponent of the Postmaster General, who demanded a compensatory appointment for his faction, such as the position of Secretary of the Treasury. The resulting squabble occupied much of Garfield's brief presidency. The feud with Conkling reached a climax when the president, at Blaine's instigation, nominated Conkling's enemy, Judge <a href="/wiki/William_H._Robertson" title="William H. Robertson">William H. Robertson</a>, to be Collector of the Port of New York. This was one of the prize patronage positions below cabinet level and was then held by <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Atkins_Merritt" title="Edwin Atkins Merritt">Edwin A. Merritt</a>. Conkling raised the time-honored principle of <a href="/wiki/Senatorial_courtesy" title="Senatorial courtesy">senatorial courtesy</a> in an attempt to defeat the nomination, to no avail. Garfield, who believed the practice was corrupt, would not back down and threatened to withdraw all nominations unless Robertson was confirmed, intending to "settle the question whether the president is registering clerk of the Senate or the Executive of the United States."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198138-181">[175]</a> Ultimately, Conkling and his New York colleague, Senator <a href="/wiki/Thomas_C._Platt" title="Thomas C. Platt">Thomas C. Platt</a>, resigned their Senate seats to seek vindication but found only further humiliation when the New York legislature elected others in their places. Robertson was confirmed as Collector and Garfield's victory was clear. To Blaine's chagrin, the victorious Garfield returned to his goal of balancing the interests of party factions and nominated a number of Conkling's Stalwart friends to offices.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978273-182">[176]</a> With his cabinet complete, Garfield had to contend with myriad office seekers. He exclaimed, "My God! What is there in this place that a man should ever get into it." Garfield's family happily settled into the White House, but he found presidential duties exasperating.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberger2002272-178">[172]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Refinance_of_national_debt">Refinance of national debt</h3></div> Garfield ordered the Secretary of the Treasury <a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">William Windom</a> to refund (refinance) the national debt by calling in outstanding U.S. bonds paying 6% interest. Holders would have the option of accepting cash or new bonds at 3%, closer to the interest rates of the time. Taxpayers were saved an estimated $10 million. By comparison, federal expenditures in 1881 were below $261 million (~$7.09 billion in 2023).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberger2002273-183">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[178]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Court_nomination">Supreme Court nomination</h3></div> In 1880, President Hayes had nominated <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Matthews_(judge)" title="Stanley Matthews (judge)">Stanley Matthews</a> to the Supreme Court but the Senate declined to act on the nomination. In March 1881, Garfield re-nominated Matthews to the Court and the Senate confirmed Matthews by a vote of 24–23.<a href="#cite_note-185">[179]</a> According to The New York Times, "opposition to Matthews's Supreme Court appointment ... stemmed from his prosecution in 1859 of a newspaper editor who had assisted two runaway slaves." Because Matthews was "a professed abolitionist at the time, the matter was later framed as political expediency triumphing over moral principle."<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-186">[180]</a> Matthews served on the Court until his death in 1889.<a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-186">[180]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reforms">Reforms</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Left_Puck.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A cartoon. Garfield, in night clothes and slippers, is on the doorstep looking at an ugly crying baby in a basket on the ground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Left_Puck.jpg/200px-Left_Puck.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Left_Puck.jpg/300px-Left_Puck.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Left_Puck.jpg/400px-Left_Puck.jpg 2x" data-file-width="619" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>An 1881 <a href="/wiki/Puck_(magazine)" title="Puck (magazine)">Puck</a> cartoon shows Garfield finding a baby at his front door with a tag marked "Civil Service Reform, compliments of <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">R.B. Hayes</a>". Hayes, his predecessor in the presidency, is seen in the background dressed like a woman and holding a bag marked "R.B. Hayes' Savings, <a href="/wiki/Fremont,_Ohio" title="Fremont, Ohio">Fremont, Ohio</a>".</figcaption></figure> Grant and Hayes had both advocated civil service reform, and by 1881 such reform associations had organized with renewed energy across the nation. Garfield sympathized with them, believing the <a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">spoils system</a> damaged the presidency and often eclipsed more important concerns.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198139–41-187">[181]</a> Some reformers became disappointed when Garfield promoted limited tenure only to minor office seekers and gave appointments to his old friends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198139–41-187">[181]</a> Corruption in the post office also cried out for reform. In April 1880, there had been a congressional investigation of corruption in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">Post Office Department</a>, where profiteering rings allegedly stole millions of dollars, securing bogus mail contracts on <a href="/wiki/Star_routes" title="Star routes">star routes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978578-188">[182]</a> After obtaining contracts with the lowest bid, costs to run the mail routes would be escalated and profits would be divided among ring members. Shortly after taking office, Garfield received word of postal corruption by an alleged star route ringleader, Assistant Postmaster General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Brady" title="Thomas J. Brady">Thomas J. Brady</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978580-189">[183]</a> Garfield demanded Brady's resignation and ordered prosecutions that ended in trials for conspiracy. When told that his party, including his campaign manager, <a href="/wiki/Stephen_W._Dorsey" title="Stephen W. Dorsey">Stephen W. Dorsey</a>, was involved, Garfield directed that the corruption in the Post Office be rooted out "to the bone", regardless of where it might lead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978578-188">[182]</a> Brady resigned and was indicted for conspiracy, though jury trials in 1882 and 1883 found Brady not guilty.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198194–95-190">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Civil_rights_and_education">Civil rights and education</h3></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jgarfield.jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Formal seated portrait in oils" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jgarfield.jpeg/200px-Jgarfield.jpeg" decoding="async" width="200" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jgarfield.jpeg/300px-Jgarfield.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Jgarfield.jpeg/400px-Jgarfield.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2411" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>Official White House portrait of James Garfield, 1881</figcaption></figure> Garfield believed the key to improving the state of African American civil rights was government supported education.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198148-191">[185]</a> During Reconstruction, <a href="/wiki/Freedman" title="Freedman">freedmen</a> had gained citizenship and suffrage, which enabled them to participate in government, but Garfield believed their rights were being eroded by Southern white resistance and illiteracy, and he was concerned that blacks would become America's permanent "<a href="/wiki/Peasantry" class="mw-redirect" title="Peasantry">peasantry</a>".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198148–49-192">[186]</a> He proposed a "universal" education system funded by the federal government. In February 1866, as a congressman from Ohio, Garfield and Ohio School Commissioner Emerson Edward White had drafted a bill for the National Department of Education. They believed that through the use of statistics they could push the US Congress to establish a federal agency for school reform.<a href="#cite_note-193">[187]</a> But by the time of Garfield's presidency, Congress and the northern white public had lost interest in African-American rights, and Congress did not pass federal funding for universal education during his term.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198148–49-192">[186]</a> Garfield also worked to appoint several African Americans to prominent positions: <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, recorder of deeds in Washington; <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Elliott" title="Robert B. Elliott">Robert Elliot</a>, special agent to the Treasury; <a href="/wiki/John_M._Langston" class="mw-redirect" title="John M. Langston">John M. Langston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haiti" title="Haiti">Haitian</a> minister; and <a href="/wiki/Blanche_Bruce" title="Blanche Bruce">Blanche K. Bruce</a>, register to the Treasury. Garfield believed Southern support for the Republican Party could be gained by "commercial and industrial" interests rather than race issues and began to reverse Hayes's policy of conciliating Southern Democrats.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198149–50-194">[188]</a> He appointed <a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">William H. Hunt</a>, a Republican from Louisiana, as Secretary of the Navy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198149–50-194">[188]</a> To break the hold of the resurgent Democratic Party in the Solid South, Garfield took patronage advice from Virginia Senator <a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> of the biracial independent <a href="/wiki/Readjuster_Party" title="Readjuster Party">Readjuster Party</a>, hoping to add the independents' strength to the Republicans' there.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke198150–53-195">[189]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_policy_and_naval_reform">Foreign policy and naval reform</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_U.S._foreign_policy,_1861%E2%80%931897" title="History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897">History of U.S. foreign policy, 1861–1897</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/170px-James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="204" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/255px-James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg/340px-James_G._Blaine_-_Brady-Handy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4851" data-file-height="5820" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a>, Garfield's Secretary of State</figcaption></figure> Garfield had little foreign policy experience, so he leaned heavily on Blaine.<a href="#cite_note-196">[190]</a> They agreed on the need to promote freer trade, especially within the <a href="/wiki/Western_Hemisphere" title="Western Hemisphere">Western Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrapol200062–64-197">[191]</a> Garfield and Blaine believed increasing trade with <a href="/wiki/Latin_America" title="Latin America">Latin America</a> would be the best way to keep the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland</a> from dominating the region.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrapol200062–64-197">[191]</a> And by encouraging exports, they believed they could increase American prosperity.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrapol200062–64-197">[191]</a> Garfield authorized Blaine to call for a Pan-American conference in 1882 to mediate disputes among the Latin American nations and to serve as a forum for talks on increasing trade.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrapol200065–66Doenecke198155–57-198">[192]</a> At the same time, they hoped to negotiate a peace in the <a href="/wiki/War_of_the_Pacific" title="War of the Pacific">War of the Pacific</a> then being fought by <a href="/wiki/Bolivia" title="Bolivia">Bolivia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrapol200065–66Doenecke198155–57-198">[192]</a> Blaine favored a resolution that would result in Peru yielding no territory, but Chile by 1881 had occupied the Peruvian capital of <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a>, and rejected any settlement that restored the previous status quo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrapol200070Doenecke198157–58-199">[193]</a> Garfield sought to expand American influence in other areas, calling for renegotiation of the <a href="/wiki/Clayton%E2%80%93Bulwer_Treaty" title="Clayton–Bulwer Treaty">Clayton–Bulwer Treaty</a> to allow the United States to construct <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">a canal through Panama</a> without British involvement and attempting to reduce British influence in the strategically located <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hawaii" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Hawaii">Kingdom of Hawaii</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrapol200074–80Peskin1978576–577-200">[194]</a> Garfield's and Blaine's plans for the United States' involvement in the world stretched even beyond the Western Hemisphere, as he sought commercial treaties with <a href="/wiki/Joseon_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseon Dynasty">Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECrapol200081Doenecke198171–73-201">[195]</a> Garfield also considered enhancing U.S. military strength abroad, asking Navy Secretary Hunt to investigate the navy's condition with an eye toward expansion and modernization.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981145–147-202">[196]</a> In the end, these ambitious plans came to nothing after Garfield was assassinated. Nine countries had accepted invitations to the Pan-American conference, but the invitations were withdrawn in April 1882 after Blaine resigned from the cabinet and Arthur, Garfield's successor, cancelled the conference.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981130–131-203">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[g]</a> Naval reform continued under Arthur, on a more modest scale than Garfield and Hunt had envisioned, ultimately ending in the construction of the <a href="/wiki/Squadron_of_Evolution" title="Squadron of Evolution">Squadron of Evolution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981148–149-205">[198]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assassination">Assassination</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guiteau_and_shooting">Guiteau and shooting</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></div> <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Charles J. Guiteau</a> had followed various professions in his life, but in 1880 had determined to gain federal office by supporting what he expected would be the winning Republican ticket.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003114-206">[199]</a> He composed a speech, "Garfield vs. Hancock", and got it printed by the Republican National Committee. One means of persuading the voters in that era was through orators expounding on the candidate's merits, but with the Republicans seeking more famous men, Guiteau received few opportunities to speak.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003151–152-207">[200]</a> On one occasion, according to Kenneth D. Ackerman, Guiteau was unable to finish his speech due to nerves. Guiteau, who considered himself a <a href="/wiki/Stalwart_(politics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalwart (politics)">Stalwart</a>, deemed his contribution to Garfield's victory sufficient to justify his appointment to the position of consul in Paris, despite the fact that he spoke no French, nor any foreign language.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003189–190,_237-208">[201]</a> One medical expert has since described Guiteau as possibly a narcissistic schizophrenic;<a href="#cite_note-209">[202]</a> neuroscientist <a href="/wiki/Kent_Kiehl" title="Kent Kiehl">Kent Kiehl</a> assessed him as a clinical psychopath.<a href="#cite_note-210">[203]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garfield_assassination_engraving_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Garfield_assassination_engraving_cropped.jpg/200px-Garfield_assassination_engraving_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Garfield_assassination_engraving_cropped.jpg/300px-Garfield_assassination_engraving_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Garfield_assassination_engraving_cropped.jpg/400px-Garfield_assassination_engraving_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1160" data-file-height="790" /></a><figcaption>Garfield, shot by <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Guiteau" title="Charles J. Guiteau">Charles J. Guiteau</a>, collapses as Secretary of State Blaine gestures for help. Engraving from <a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Illustrated_Newspaper" title="Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper">Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</a>.</figcaption></figure> One of Garfield's more wearying duties was seeing office-seekers, and he saw Guiteau at least once. White House officials suggested to Guiteau that he approach Blaine, as the consulship was within the Department of State.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003237–238-211">[204]</a> Blaine also saw the public regularly, and Guiteau became a regular at these sessions. Blaine, who had no intention of giving Guiteau a position he was unqualified for and had not earned, simply said the deadlock in the Senate over Robertson's nomination made it impossible to consider the Paris consulship, which required Senate confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003278–279-212">[205]</a> Once the New York senators had resigned, and Robertson had been confirmed as Collector, Guiteau pressed his claim, and Blaine told him he would not receive the position.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003299-213">[206]</a> Guiteau came to believe he had lost the position because he was a Stalwart. He decided the only way to end the Republican Party's internecine warfare was for Garfield to die—though he had nothing personal against the president. Arthur's succession would restore peace, he felt, and lead to rewards for fellow Stalwarts, including Guiteau.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003305–308-214">[207]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Assassination of Abraham Lincoln">assassination of Abraham Lincoln</a> was deemed a fluke due to the Civil War, and Garfield, like most people, saw no reason the president should be guarded; his movements and plans were often printed in the newspapers. Guiteau knew Garfield would leave Washington for a cooler climate on July 2, 1881, and made plans to kill him before then. He purchased a gun he thought would look good in a museum, and followed Garfield several times, but each time his plans were frustrated, or he lost his nerve.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003313–316-215">[208]</a> His opportunities dwindled to one—Garfield's departure by train for New Jersey on the morning of July 2.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003328–330-216">[209]</a> Guiteau concealed himself by the ladies' waiting room at the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Potomac_Railroad_Station" title="Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station">Sixth Street Station</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Potomac_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Potomac Railroad">Baltimore and Potomac Railroad</a>, from where Garfield was scheduled to depart. Most of Garfield's cabinet planned to accompany him at least part of the way. Blaine, who was to remain in Washington, came to the station to see him off. The two men were deep in conversation and did not notice Guiteau before he took out his revolver and shot Garfield twice, once in the back and once in the arm. Guiteau attempted to leave the station but was quickly captured.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978596-217">[210]</a> As Blaine recognized him, Guiteau was led away, and said, "I did it. I will go to jail for it. I am a Stalwart and Arthur will be President."<a href="#cite_note-218">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335-219">[211]</a> News of his motivation to benefit the Stalwarts reached many with the news of the shooting, causing rage against that faction.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335–340-220">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Treatment_and_death">Treatment and death</h3></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:B%26PStation1908.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An ornate Victorian Gothic style building with a square tower" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/B%26PStation1908.jpg/220px-B%26PStation1908.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="269" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/B%26PStation1908.jpg/330px-B%26PStation1908.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/B%26PStation1908.jpg/440px-B%26PStation1908.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="586" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Potomac_Railroad_Station" title="Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station">Baltimore and Potomac Railroad Station</a> in Washington D.C., where Garfield was shot July 2, 1881</figcaption></figure> Garfield was struck by two shots: one glanced off his arm while the other pierced his back, shattering a rib and embedding itself in his abdomen. "My God, what is this?" he exclaimed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003333–334-221">[213]</a> Among those at the station was <a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a>, who was deeply upset, thinking back to when his father Abraham Lincoln was assassinated 16 years earlier. Garfield was taken on a mattress upstairs to a private office, where several doctors examined him. At his request, Garfield was taken back to the White House, and his wife, then in New Jersey, was sent for.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335–336-222">[214]</a> Blaine sent word to Vice President Arthur in New York City, who received threats against his life because of his animosity toward Garfield and Guiteau's statements.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200688–89-223">[215]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Lister,_1st_Baron_Lister" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Lister, 1st Baron Lister">Joseph Lister</a>'s pioneering work in antisepsis was known to American doctors, few of them had confidence in it, and none of his advocates were among Garfield's treating physicians.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow2006106–107-224">[216]</a> The physician who took charge at the depot and then at the White House was <a href="/wiki/Doctor_Willard_Bliss" title="Doctor Willard Bliss">Doctor Willard Bliss</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[i]</a> A noted physician and surgeon, Bliss was an old friend of Garfield, and about a dozen doctors, led by Bliss, were soon probing the wound with unsterilized fingers and instruments. Garfield was given <a href="/wiki/Morphine" title="Morphine">morphine</a> for the pain, and asked Bliss to frankly tell him his chances, which Bliss put at one in a hundred. "Well, Doctor, we'll take that chance."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003346-226">[217]</a> Over the next few days, Garfield made some improvement, as the nation viewed the news from the capital and prayed. Although he never stood again, he was able to sit up and write several times, and his recovery was viewed so positively that a steamer was fitted out as a seagoing hospital to aid with his convalescence. He was nourished on oatmeal <a href="/wiki/Porridge" title="Porridge">porridge</a> (which he detested) and milk from a cow on the White House lawn. When told that Indian chief <a href="/wiki/Sitting_Bull" title="Sitting Bull">Sitting Bull</a>, a prisoner of the army, was starving, Garfield said, "Let him starve..." initially, but a few moments later said, "No, send him my oatmeal."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978601–602-227">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Projectional_radiography" title="Projectional radiography">X-ray imaging</a>, which could have assisted physicians in precisely locating the bullet in Garfield's body, would not be invented for another 14 years. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a> tried to locate the bullet with a primitive metal detector, but was unsuccessful, though the device had been effective when tested on others. But Bliss limited its use on Garfield, ensuring he remained in charge. Because Bliss insisted the bullet rested someplace it did not, the detector could not locate it. Bell shortly returned after adjusting his device, which emitted an unusual tone in the area where Bliss believed the bullet was lodged. Bliss took this as confirmation that the bullet was where he declared it to be. Bliss recorded the test as a success, saying it was: <blockquote>now unanimously agreed that the location of the ball has been ascertained with reasonable certainty, and that it lies, as heretofore stated, in the front wall of the abdomen, immediately over the groin, about five inches [130 mm] below and to the right of the navel.<a href="#cite_note-228">[219]</a></blockquote> One means of keeping Garfield comfortable in Washington's summer heat was one of the first successful <a href="/wiki/Air_conditioning" title="Air conditioning">air conditioning</a> units: air propelled by fans over ice and then dried reduced the temperature in the sickroom by 20 °F (11 °C).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978601–602-227">[218]</a> Engineers from the navy, and other scientists, worked together to develop it, though there were problems to solve, such as excessive noise and increased humidity.<a href="#cite_note-229">[220]</a> On July 23, Garfield took a turn for the worse when his temperature increased to 104 °F (40 °C); doctors, concerned by an <a href="/wiki/Abscess" title="Abscess">abscess</a> at the wound, inserted a drainage tube. This initially helped, and the bedridden Garfield held a brief cabinet meeting on July 29; members were under orders from Bliss to discuss nothing that might excite Garfield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978603-230">[221]</a> Doctors probed the abscess, hoping to find the bullet; they likely made the infections worse. Garfield performed only one official act in August, signing an extradition paper. By the end of the month, he was much feebler than he had been, and his weight had decreased from 210 pounds (95 kg) to 130 pounds (59 kg).<a href="#cite_note-231">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003374–375-232">[223]</a> Garfield had long been anxious to escape hot, unhealthy Washington, and in early September the doctors agreed to move him to <a href="/wiki/Elberon,_New_Jersey" title="Elberon, New Jersey">Elberon</a>, part of <a href="/wiki/Long_Branch,_New_Jersey" title="Long Branch, New Jersey">Long Branch, New Jersey</a>, where his wife had recovered earlier in the summer. He left the White House for the last time on September 5, traveling in a specially cushioned railway car; a spur line to the <a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Francklyn" title="Charles G. Francklyn">Francklyn Cottage</a>, a seaside mansion given over to his use, was built in a night by volunteers. After arriving in Elberon the next day, Garfield was moved from the train car to a bedroom where he could see the ocean as officials and reporters maintained what became (after an initial rally) a death watch. Garfield's personal secretary, <a href="/wiki/Joe_Stanley_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Joe Stanley Brown">Joe Stanley Brown</a>, wrote forty years later, "to this day I cannot hear the sound of the low slow roll of the Atlantic on the shore, the sound which filled my ears as I walked from my cottage to his bedside, without recalling again that ghastly tragedy."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003374–376-233">[224]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus.jpg/170px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus.jpg/255px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus.jpg/340px-Chester_A._Arthur_by_Abraham_Bogardus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3470" data-file-height="5190" /></a><figcaption>Vice-president <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> assumed the presidency after Garfield's death.</figcaption></figure> On September 18, Garfield asked Colonel A.F. Rockwell, a friend, if he would have a place in history. Rockwell assured him he would and told Garfield he had much work still before him. But his response was, "No, my work is done."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965355-234">[225]</a> The following day, Garfield, then suffering also from pneumonia and hypertension, marveled that he could not pick up a glass despite feeling well and went to sleep without discomfort. He awoke that evening around 10:15 p.m. complaining of great pain in his chest to his chief of staff General <a href="/wiki/David_G._Swaim" title="David G. Swaim">David Swaim</a>, who was watching him, as he placed his hand over his heart.<a href="#cite_note-235">[226]</a> The president then requested a drink of water from Swaim. After finishing his glass, Garfield said, "Oh Swaim, this terrible pain—press your hand on it." As Swaim put his hand on Garfield's chest, Garfield's hands went up reflexively. Clutching his heart, he exclaimed, "Oh, Swaim, can't you stop this? Oh, oh, Swaim!" Those were Garfield's last words.<a href="#cite_note-236">[227]</a> Swaim ordered another attendant to send for Bliss, who found Garfield unconscious. Despite efforts to revive him, Garfield never awoke, and he was pronounced dead at about 10:30 p.m.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003376–377Rutkow2006127-237">[228]</a><a href="#cite_note-238">[229]</a> Learning from a reporter of Garfield's death the following day, Chester A. Arthur took the presidential oath of office administered by New York Supreme Court Justice <a href="/wiki/John_R._Brady" title="John R. Brady">John R. Brady</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978608-239">[230]</a> According to some historians and medical experts, Garfield might have survived his wounds had the doctors attending him had at their disposal today's medical research, knowledge, techniques, and equipment.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer2006-240">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[233]</a> Standard medical practice at the time dictated that priority be given to locating the path of the bullet. Several of his doctors inserted their <a href="/wiki/Asepsis" title="Asepsis">unsterilized</a> fingers into the wound to probe for the bullet, a common practice in the 1880s.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer2006-240">[231]</a> Historians agree that massive infection was a significant factor in Garfield's demise.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer2006-240">[231]</a> Biographer Peskin said medical malpractice did not contribute to Garfield's death; the inevitable infection and blood poisoning that would ensue from a deep bullet wound resulted in damage to multiple organs and spinal fragmentation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978607-243">[234]</a> Rutkow, a professor of surgery at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Medicine_and_Dentistry_of_New_Jersey" title="University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey">University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey</a>, has argued that starvation also played a role. Rutkow suggests "Garfield had such a nonlethal wound. In today's world, he would have gone home in a matter of two or three days."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer2006-240">[231]</a> The conventional narrative regarding Garfield's post-shooting medical condition was challenged by Theodore Pappas and Shahrzad Joharifard in a 2013 article in <a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Surgery" title="The American Journal of Surgery">The American Journal of Surgery</a>. They argued that Garfield died from a late rupture of a splenic artery <a href="/wiki/Pseudoaneurysm" title="Pseudoaneurysm">pseudoaneurysm</a>, which developed secondary to the path of the bullet adjacent to the splenic artery. They also argued that his sepsis was actually caused by post-traumatic acute acalculous <a href="/wiki/Cholecystitis" title="Cholecystitis">cholecystitis</a>. Based on the <a href="/wiki/Autopsy" title="Autopsy">autopsy</a> report, the authors speculate that his gallbladder subsequently ruptured, leading to the development of a large bile-containing abscess adjacent to the gallbladder. Pappas and Joharifard say this caused the septic decline in Garfield's condition that was visible starting from July 23, 1881. Pappas and Joharifard also state that they don't believe that Garfield's doctors could have saved him even if they had been aware of his cholecystitis, since the first successful <a href="/wiki/Cholecystectomy" title="Cholecystectomy">cholecystectomy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Surgical" class="mw-redirect" title="Surgical">surgical</a> removal of the gallbladder) was performed a year after Garfield's death.<a href="#cite_note-244">[235]</a> Guiteau was indicted on October 14, 1881, for the murder of the president. During his trial, Guiteau declared that he was not responsible for Garfield's death, admitting to the shooting but not the killing. In his defense, Guiteau wrote: "General Garfield died from malpractice. According to his own physicians, he was not fatally shot. The doctors who mistreated him ought to bear the odium of his death, and not his assailant. They ought to be indicted for murdering James A. Garfield, and not me."<a href="#cite_note-245">[236]</a> After a chaotic trial in which Guiteau often interrupted and argued, and in which his counsel used the <a href="/wiki/Insanity_defense" title="Insanity defense">insanity defense</a>, the jury found him guilty on January 25, 1882, and he was sentenced to death by hanging. Guiteau may have had <a href="/wiki/Neurosyphilis" title="Neurosyphilis">neurosyphilis</a>, a disease that causes physiological mental impairment.<a href="#cite_note-246">[237]</a> He was executed on June 30, 1882.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003444–446-247">[238]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funeral,_memorials_and_commemorations">Funeral, memorials and commemorations</h2></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Garfield-casket.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Garfield-casket.jpg/200px-Garfield-casket.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Garfield-casket.jpg/300px-Garfield-casket.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Garfield-casket.jpg/400px-Garfield-casket.jpg 2x" data-file-width="928" data-file-height="686" /></a><figcaption>Garfield's casket <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lying in state</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">Capitol Rotunda</a></figcaption></figure> Garfield's funeral train left Long Branch on the same special track that had brought him there, traveling over tracks blanketed with flowers and past houses adorned with flags. His body was transported to the Capitol and then continued on to Cleveland for burial.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978608–609-248">[239]</a> Shocked by his death, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Band" title="United States Marine Band">Marine Band</a> leader <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> composed the march "<a href="/wiki/In_Memoriam:_President_Garfield%27s_Funeral_March" title="In Memoriam: President Garfield's Funeral March">In Memoriam</a>", which was played when Garfield's body was received in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[240]</a> More than 70,000 citizens, some waiting over three hours, passed by Garfield's coffin as his body <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lay in state</a> from September 21 to 23, 1881,<a href="#cite_note-250">[241]</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a>; on September 25, in Cleveland, Garfield's casket was paraded down <a href="/wiki/Euclid_Avenue_(Cleveland)" title="Euclid Avenue (Cleveland)">Euclid Avenue</a> from Wilson Avenue to <a href="/wiki/Public_Square,_Cleveland" title="Public Square, Cleveland">Public Square</a>, with those in attendance including former presidents Grant and Hayes, and Generals <a href="/wiki/William_Tecumseh_Sherman" title="William Tecumseh Sherman">William Sherman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Sheridan" title="Philip Sheridan">Sheridan</a> and Hancock.<a href="#cite_note-251">[242]</a> More than 150,000—a number equal to the city's population—likewise paid their respects, and Sousa's march was again played.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978608–609-248">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[243]</a> Garfield's body was temporarily interred in the <a href="/wiki/Levi_Scofield" title="Levi Scofield">Schofield</a> family vault in Cleveland's <a href="/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery" title="Lake View Cemetery">Lake View Cemetery</a> until his permanent memorial was built.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978608–609-248">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[244]</a> Memorials to Garfield were erected across the country. On April 10, 1882, seven months after Garfield's death, the U.S. Post Office Department issued a postage stamp in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithsonian_2006-254">[245]</a> In 1884, sculptor <a href="/wiki/Frank_Happersberger" title="Frank Happersberger">Frank Happersberger</a> completed a monument on the grounds of the <a href="/wiki/Conservatory_of_Flowers" title="Conservatory of Flowers">San Francisco Conservatory of Flowers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadfordRadford200223-255">[246]</a> In 1887, the <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">James A. Garfield Monument</a> was dedicated in Washington.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003441-256">[247]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Garfield_Memorial,_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="James Garfield Memorial, Philadelphia">Another monument</a>, in Philadelphia's <a href="/wiki/Fairmount_Park" title="Fairmount Park">Fairmount Park</a>, was erected in 1896.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBach1992207-257">[248]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria, Australia">Victoria, Australia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Garfield,_Victoria" title="Garfield, Victoria">Cannibal Creek</a> was renamed Garfield in his honor.<a href="#cite_note-258">[249]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Garfield_Obsequies_at_Cleveland,_Schofield_vault,_temporary_resting_place_of_the_remains,_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Garfield_Obsequies_at_Cleveland%2C_Schofield_vault%2C_temporary_resting_place_of_the_remains%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/200px-The_Garfield_Obsequies_at_Cleveland%2C_Schofield_vault%2C_temporary_resting_place_of_the_remains%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Garfield_Obsequies_at_Cleveland%2C_Schofield_vault%2C_temporary_resting_place_of_the_remains%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/300px-The_Garfield_Obsequies_at_Cleveland%2C_Schofield_vault%2C_temporary_resting_place_of_the_remains%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/The_Garfield_Obsequies_at_Cleveland%2C_Schofield_vault%2C_temporary_resting_place_of_the_remains%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg/400px-The_Garfield_Obsequies_at_Cleveland%2C_Schofield_vault%2C_temporary_resting_place_of_the_remains%2C_from_Robert_N._Dennis_collection_of_stereoscopic_views.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2737" data-file-height="1467" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Stereoscopy" title="Stereoscopy">Stereoscopic images</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Levi_Scofield" title="Levi Scofield">Schofield</a> family vault where Garfield's remains were kept until completion of his permanent memorial<a href="#cite_note-259">[250]</a></figcaption></figure> On May 19, 1890, Garfield's body was permanently interred, with great solemnity and fanfare, in a <a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Memorial" title="James A. Garfield Memorial">mausoleum</a> in Lake View Cemetery. Attending the dedication ceremonies were former President Hayes, President Benjamin Harrison, and future president <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMemorial_189046–49-260">[251]</a> Garfield's Treasury Secretary, William Windom, also attended.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMemorial_189046–49-260">[251]</a> Harrison said Garfield was always a "student and instructor" and that his life works and death would "continue to be instructive and inspiring incidents in American history".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMemorial_189051-261">[252]</a> Three panels on the monument display Garfield as a teacher, Union major general, and <a href="/wiki/Orator" title="Orator">orator</a>; another shows him taking the presidential oath, and a fifth shows his body lying in state at the Capitol rotunda in Washington, D.C.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMemorial_189034–35-262">[253]</a> Garfield's murder by a deranged office-seeker awakened public awareness of the need for civil service reform legislation. Senator <a href="/wiki/George_H._Pendleton" title="George H. Pendleton">George H. Pendleton</a>, a Democrat from Ohio, launched a reform effort that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Pendleton_Act" class="mw-redirect" title="Pendleton Act">Pendleton Act</a> in January 1883.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981100–102-263">[254]</a> This act reversed the "spoils system" where office seekers paid up or gave political service to obtain or keep federally appointed positions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981100–102-263">[254]</a> Under the act, appointments were awarded on merit and competitive examination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981102–103-264">[255]</a> To ensure the reform was implemented, Congress and Arthur established and funded the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Civil_Service_Commission" title="United States Civil Service Commission">Civil Service Commission</a>. The Pendleton Act, however, covered only 10% of federal government workers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981102–103-264">[255]</a> For Arthur, previously known for having been a "veteran spoilsman", civil service reform became his most noteworthy achievement.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978610-265">[256]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_A._Garfield_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of James A. Garfield (U.S. Capitol)">marble statue of Garfield</a> by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Niehaus" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Niehaus">Charles Niehaus</a> was added to the <a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall_Collection" title="National Statuary Hall Collection">National Statuary Hall Collection</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington_D.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Washington D.C.">Washington D.C.</a>, a gift from the State of <a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a> in 1886.<a href="#cite_note-266">[257]</a> Garfield is honored with a life-size bronze sculpture inside the <a href="/wiki/Soldiers%27_and_Sailors%27_Monument_(Cleveland)" title="Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument (Cleveland)">Cuyahoga County Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument</a> in Cleveland, Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-267">[258]</a> On March 2, 2019, the <a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> erected exhibit panels in Washington to mark the site of his assassination.<a href="#cite_note-268">[259]</a> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Garf_07-04-2008_02;10;53PM.JPG" class="mw-file-description" title="Lawnfield, Garfield National Historic Site, location of the "front porch campaign""><img alt="A large three-story house of wood and stone" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Garf_07-04-2008_02%3B10%3B53PM.JPG/200px-Garf_07-04-2008_02%3B10%3B53PM.JPG" decoding="async" width="200" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Garf_07-04-2008_02%3B10%3B53PM.JPG/300px-Garf_07-04-2008_02%3B10%3B53PM.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Garf_07-04-2008_02%3B10%3B53PM.JPG/400px-Garf_07-04-2008_02%3B10%3B53PM.JPG 2x" data-file-width="871" data-file-height="589" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_National_Historic_Site" title="James A. Garfield National Historic Site">Lawnfield, Garfield National Historic Site</a>, location of the "<a href="/wiki/Front_porch_campaign" title="Front porch campaign">front porch campaign</a>"</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_A._Garfield_Monument_01_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Garfield Memorial at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio"><img alt="Garfield Memorial at Lake View Cemetery in Cleveland, Ohio" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/James_A._Garfield_Monument_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/179px-James_A._Garfield_Monument_01_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/James_A._Garfield_Monument_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/269px-James_A._Garfield_Monument_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/James_A._Garfield_Monument_01_%28cropped%29.jpg/358px-James_A._Garfield_Monument_01_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2441" data-file-height="2726" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Memorial" title="James A. Garfield Memorial">Garfield Memorial</a> at <a href="/wiki/Lake_View_Cemetery_(Cleveland)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lake View Cemetery (Cleveland)">Lake View Cemetery</a> in Cleveland, Ohio</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_A._Garfield_Monument_(general_view)_-_Washington,_DC.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="James A. Garfield Monument in Washington, D.C."><img alt="James A. Garfield Monument in Washington, D.C." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/James_A._Garfield_Monument_%28general_view%29_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg/150px-James_A._Garfield_Monument_%28general_view%29_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/James_A._Garfield_Monument_%28general_view%29_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg/225px-James_A._Garfield_Monument_%28general_view%29_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/James_A._Garfield_Monument_%28general_view%29_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg/300px-James_A._Garfield_Monument_%28general_view%29_-_Washington%2C_DC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">James A. Garfield Monument</a> in Washington, D.C.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><a href="/wiki/File:James_Garfield2_1882_Issue-5c.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="First Garfield postage stamp, 1882"><img alt="First Garfield postage stamp, 1882" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/James_Garfield2_1882_Issue-5c.jpg/163px-James_Garfield2_1882_Issue-5c.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/James_Garfield2_1882_Issue-5c.jpg/244px-James_Garfield2_1882_Issue-5c.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/James_Garfield2_1882_Issue-5c.jpg/325px-James_Garfield2_1882_Issue-5c.jpg 2x" data-file-width="501" data-file-height="616" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">First Garfield postage stamp, 1882</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy_and_historical_view">Legacy and historical view</h2></div> For a few years after his assassination, Garfield's life story was seen as an exemplar of the American success story—that even the poorest boy might someday become President of the United States. Peskin wrote: "In mourning Garfield, Americans were not only honoring a president; they were paying tribute to a man whose life story embodied their own most cherished aspirations."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin2000-269">[260]</a> As the rivalry between Stalwarts and <a href="/wiki/Half-Breeds_(politics)" title="Half-Breeds (politics)">Half-Breeds</a> faded from the scene in the late 1880s and after, so too did memories of Garfield. In the 1890s, Americans became disillusioned with politicians, and looked elsewhere for inspiration, focusing on industrialists, labor leaders, scientists, and others as their heroes. Increasingly, Garfield's short time as president was forgotten.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow2006136-270">[261]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/video/?159447-1/dark-horse-president-james-garfield">Booknotes interview with Kenneth Ackerman on Dark Horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of President James A. Garfield, July 27, 2003</a>, <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></td></tr></tbody></table> The 20th century saw no revival for Garfield. <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wolfe" title="Thomas Wolfe">Thomas Wolfe</a> deemed the presidents of the <a href="/wiki/Gilded_Age" title="Gilded Age">Gilded Age</a>, including Garfield, "lost Americans" whose "gravely vacant and bewhiskered faces mixed, melted, swam together".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003399-271">[262]</a> The politicians of the Gilded Age faded from the public eye, their luster eclipsed by those who had influenced America outside of political office during that time; the <a href="/wiki/Robber_baron_(industrialist)" title="Robber baron (industrialist)">robber barons</a>, the inventors, those who had sought social reform, and others who had lived as America rapidly changed. Current events and more recent figures occupied America's attention. According to Ackerman, "the busy Twentieth Century has made Garfield's era seem remote and irrelevant, its leaders ridiculed for their very obscurity."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003399-271">[262]</a> Garfield's biographers, and those who have studied his presidency, tend to think well of him, and that his presidency saw a promising start before its untimely end. Historian <a href="/wiki/Justus_D._Doenecke" class="mw-redirect" title="Justus D. Doenecke">Justus D. Doenecke</a>, while deeming Garfield a bit of an enigma, chronicles his achievements: "by winning a victory over the Stalwarts, he enhanced both the power and prestige of his office. As a man, he was intelligent, sensitive, and alert, and his knowledge of how government worked was unmatched."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981182-272">[263]</a> Doenecke criticizes Garfield's dismissal of Merritt in Robertson's favor, and wonders if the president was truly in command of the situation even after the latter's confirmation.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981183-273">[264]</a> In 1931, Caldwell wrote: "If Garfield lives in history, it will be partly on account of the charm of his personality—but also because in life and in death, he struck the first shrewd blows against a dangerous system of boss rule which seemed for a time about to engulf the politics of the nation. Perhaps if he had lived he could have done no more."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965363-274">[265]</a> Rutkow writes that "James Abram Garfield's presidency is reduced to a tantalizing 'what if.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow2006136-270">[261]</a> In 2002, historian Bernard A. Weisberger said, "[Garfield] was, to some extent, a perfect moderate. He read widely (and unobtrusively) without its visibly affecting his Christianity, his Republicanism, or his general laissez-faire orthodoxy. He was not so much a scholar in politics as a politic scholar."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberger2002271-275">[266]</a> Peskin believes Garfield deserves more credit for his political career than he has received: "True, his accomplishments were neither bold nor heroic, but his was not an age that called for heroism. His stormy presidency was brief, and in some respects, unfortunate, but he did leave the office stronger than he found it. As a public man he had a hand in almost every issue of national importance for almost two decades, while as a party leader he, along with Blaine, forged the Republican Party into the instrument that would lead the United States into the twentieth century."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978611-276">[267]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List of presidents of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States_by_previous_experience" title="List of presidents of the United States by previous experience">List of presidents of the United States by previous experience</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Divisions in the Stone-Campbell Movement were not recognized until the 20th Century. The names Christian Church, Church of Christ, and Disciples of Christ were used interchangeably until then.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMcAlisterTucker1975252-2">[2]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Orange Township had been in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Reserve" class="mw-redirect" title="Western Reserve">Western Reserve</a> until 1800. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Biographer Allan Peskin speculated that he may have had <a href="/wiki/Infectious_hepatitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious hepatitis">infectious hepatitis</a> instead.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978632–633-53">[51]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Until the ratification of the Twentieth Amendment in 1933, Congress convened annually in December. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> On June 13, 1868, the House passed the <a href="/wiki/Fourteenth_Amendment_to_the_United_States_Constitution" title="Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution">14th Amendment</a> that gave <a href="/wiki/African_Americans" title="African Americans">African Americans</a> U.S. citizenship.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFoner2014253–254-95">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> Garfield typically won two or three times his Democratic opponents' votes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978148,_244,_277,_292-125">[120]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> In October 1883, the War of the Pacific was settled without American involvement, with the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Anc%C3%B3n" title="Treaty of Ancón">Treaty of Ancón</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> The words vary in some sources </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> "Doctor" was his given name. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFRushford1977" class="citation thesis cs1">Rushford, Jerry Bryant (August 1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.pepperdine.edu/heritage_center/7/">Political Disciple: The Relationship Between James A. 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Crown Publishers. p. 76. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7704-3586-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7704-3586-8"><bdi>978-0-7704-3586-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213011832/https://books.google.com/books?id=oemMDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA76">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Psychopath+Whisperer%3A+The+Science+of+Those+Without+Conscience&rft.pages=76&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=978-0-7704-3586-8&rft.aulast=Kiehl&rft.aufirst=Kent&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoemMDQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA76&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003237–238-211"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003237–238_211-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 237–238. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003278–279-212"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003278–279_212-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 278–279. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003299-213"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003299_213-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003305–308-214"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003305–308_214-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 305–308. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003313–316-215"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003313–316_215-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 313–316. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003328–330-216"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003328–330_216-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 328–330. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978596-217"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978596_217-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, p. 596. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335-219"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335_219-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, p. 335. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335–340-220"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335–340_220-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 335–340. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003333–334-221"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003333–334_221-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 333–334. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335–336-222"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003335–336_222-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 335–336. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow200688–89-223"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutkow200688–89_223-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRutkow2006">Rutkow 2006</a>, pp. 88–89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow2006106–107-224"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutkow2006106–107_224-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRutkow2006">Rutkow 2006</a>, pp. 106–107. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003346-226"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003346_226-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, p. 346. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978601–602-227">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978601–602_227-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978601–602_227-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, pp. 601–602. </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard2011" class="citation book cs1">Millard, Candice (2011). Destiny of the Republic. Doubleday. pp. 201–202, 213. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52626-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52626-5"><bdi>978-0-385-52626-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destiny+of+the+Republic&rft.pages=201-202%2C+213&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52626-5&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Candice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard2011" class="citation book cs1">Millard, Candice (2011). Destiny of the Republic. Doubleday. p. 178. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52626-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52626-5"><bdi>978-0-385-52626-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destiny+of+the+Republic&rft.pages=178&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52626-5&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Candice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978603-230"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978603_230-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, p. 603. </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/gar.htm">"The Death Of President Garfield, 1881"</a>. www.eyewitnesstohistory.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180930045040/http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/gar.htm">Archived</a> from the original on September 30, 2018. Retrieved August 3, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.eyewitnesstohistory.com&rft.atitle=The+Death+Of+President+Garfield%2C+1881&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eyewitnesstohistory.com%2Fgar.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003374–375-232"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003374–375_232-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 374–375. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003374–376-233"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003374–376_233-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 374–376. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965355-234"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965355_234-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaldwell1965">Caldwell 1965</a>, p. 355. </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRidpath1881" class="citation book cs1">Ridpath, John Clark (1881). The Life and Work of James A. Garfield. p. 638.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Work+of+James+A.+Garfield&rft.pages=638&rft.date=1881&rft.aulast=Ridpath&rft.aufirst=John+Clark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosen2016" class="citation book cs1">Rosen, Fred (September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9GGxDAAAQBAJ">Murdering the President: Alexander Graham Bell and the Race to Save James Garfield</a>. University of Nebraska Press. p. 173. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-865-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61234-865-0"><bdi>978-1-61234-865-0</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210126031423/https://books.google.com/books?id=9GGxDAAAQBAJ">Archived</a> from the original on January 26, 2021. Retrieved September 17, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Murdering+the+President%3A+Alexander+Graham+Bell+and+the+Race+to+Save+James+Garfield&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=University+of+Nebraska+Press&rft.date=2016-09&rft.isbn=978-1-61234-865-0&rft.aulast=Rosen&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9GGxDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003376–377Rutkow2006127-237"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003376–377Rutkow2006127_237-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 376–377; <a href="#CITEREFRutkow2006">Rutkow 2006</a>, p. 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkel2016" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Howard_Markel" title="Howard Markel">Markel, Howard</a> (September 16, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/newshour/health/dirty-painful-death-president-james-garfield">"The dirty, painful death of President James A. Garfield"</a>. PBS. Retrieved July 1, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PBS&rft.atitle=The+dirty%2C+painful+death+of+President+James+A.+Garfield&rft.date=2016-09-16&rft.aulast=Markel&rft.aufirst=Howard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fnewshour%2Fhealth%2Fdirty-painful-death-president-james-garfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978608-239"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978608_239-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, p. 608. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchaffer2006-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffer2006_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffer2006_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffer2006_240-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchaffer2006_240-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchaffer2006">Schaffer 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealy2008" class="citation news cs1">Healy, Donna (February 29, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billingsgazette.com/lifestyles/famous-assassinations-who-could-doctors-save-today/article_978d85a3-6f92-5b79-84dc-a3389e7d2b44.html">"Famous assassinations: Who could doctors save today?"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Billings_Gazette" title="Billings Gazette">Billings Gazette</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210213011631/https://billingsgazette.com/lifestyles/famous-assassinations-who-could-doctors-save-today/article_978d85a3-6f92-5b79-84dc-a3389e7d2b44.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 13, 2021. Retrieved December 25, 2018. <q>Today's outcome: Doctors would have been able to treat his injuries and infection and been able to offer nourishment intravenously or through tube feedings. 'This was a no-brainer. It would have been an unreasonable death by today's standard,' [Dr. Terry] Housinger said.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Billings+Gazette&rft.atitle=Famous+assassinations%3A+Who+could+doctors+save+today%3F&rft.date=2008-02-29&rft.aulast=Healy&rft.aufirst=Donna&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbillingsgazette.com%2Flifestyles%2Ffamous-assassinations-who-could-doctors-save-today%2Farticle_978d85a3-6f92-5b79-84dc-a3389e7d2b44.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChariesHanks2018" class="citation news cs1">Charies, Eric J.; Hanks, John B. (January 6, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bulletin.facs.org/2018/01/the-assassination-of-president-james-garfield-could-he-have-survived/">"The assassination of President James Garfield: Could he have survived?"</a>. Bulletin of the <a href="/wiki/American_College_of_Surgeons" title="American College of Surgeons">American College of Surgeons</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225225103/http://bulletin.facs.org/2018/01/the-assassination-of-president-james-garfield-could-he-have-survived/">Archived</a> from the original on December 25, 2018. Retrieved December 25, 2018. <q>Viewed through the lens of modern trauma care, President Garfield's wounds would be regarded as distinctly survivable.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+College+of+Surgeons&rft.atitle=The+assassination+of+President+James+Garfield%3A+Could+he+have+survived%3F&rft.date=2018-01-06&rft.aulast=Charies&rft.aufirst=Eric+J.&rft.au=Hanks%2C+John+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbulletin.facs.org%2F2018%2F01%2Fthe-assassination-of-president-james-garfield-could-he-have-survived%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978607-243"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978607_243-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, p. 607. </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPappasJoharifard2013" class="citation journal cs1">Pappas, Theodore N.; Joharifard, Shahrzad (July 8, 2013). "Did James A. Garfield die of cholecystitis? Revisiting the autopsy of the 20th president of the United States". <a href="/wiki/The_American_Journal_of_Surgery" title="The American Journal of Surgery">The American Journal of Surgery</a>. 206 (4): 613–618. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amjsurg.2013.02.007">10.1016/j.amjsurg.2013.02.007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0002-9610">0002-9610</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23827513">23827513</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+Surgery&rft.atitle=Did+James+A.+Garfield+die+of+cholecystitis%3F+Revisiting+the+autopsy+of+the+20th+president+of+the+United+States&rft.volume=206&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=613-618&rft.date=2013-07-08&rft.issn=0002-9610&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23827513&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.amjsurg.2013.02.007&rft.aulast=Pappas&rft.aufirst=Theodore+N.&rft.au=Joharifard%2C+Shahrzad&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard2011" class="citation book cs1">Millard, Candice (2011). Destiny of the Republic. Doubleday. p. 239. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52626-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-385-52626-5"><bdi>978-0-385-52626-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destiny+of+the+Republic&rft.pages=239&rft.pub=Doubleday&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-385-52626-5&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Candice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaulson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Paulson, G. (2006). "Death of a President and his Assassin—Errors in their Diagnosis and Autopsies". Journal of the History of the Neurosciences. 15 (2): 77–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F096470490953455">10.1080/096470490953455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16608737">16608737</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:21899497">21899497</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+History+of+the+Neurosciences&rft.atitle=Death+of+a+President+and+his+Assassin%E2%80%94Errors+in+their+Diagnosis+and+Autopsies&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=77-91&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A21899497%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16608737&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F096470490953455&rft.aulast=Paulson&rft.aufirst=G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003444–446-247"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003444–446_247-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, pp. 444–446. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978608–609-248">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978608–609_248-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978608–609_248-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978608–609_248-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, pp. 608–609. </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierley1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_E._Bierley" title="Paul E. Bierley">Bierley, Paul E</a> (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/worksofjohnphili00bier/page/62/mode/2up?q=The+works+of+John+Philip+Sousa">The Works of John Philip Sousa</a>. <a href="/wiki/Columbus,_Ohio" title="Columbus, Ohio">Columbus, Ohio</a>: Integrity Press. pp. 63–64. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-918048-04-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-918048-04-2"><bdi>978-0-918048-04-2</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/84080665">84080665</a>. <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL2876313M">2876313M</a>. Retrieved June 29, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Works+of+John+Philip+Sousa&rft.place=Columbus%2C+Ohio&rft.pages=63-64&rft.pub=Integrity+Press&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL2876313M%23id-name%3DOL&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F84080665&rft.isbn=978-0-918048-04-2&rft.aulast=Bierley&rft.aufirst=Paul+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fworksofjohnphili00bier%2Fpage%2F62%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DThe%2Bworks%2Bof%2BJohn%2BPhilip%2BSousa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a href="#History,_Arts,_&_Archives_United_States_House_of_Representatives">History, Arts, & Archives United States House of Representatives</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampen1964" class="citation news cs1">Campen, Richard N. (April 5, 1964). "Story of a Sad Station". <a href="/wiki/The_Plain_Dealer" title="The Plain Dealer">The Plain Dealer</a>. p. Sunday Magazine, 29.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Plain+Dealer&rft.atitle=Story+of+a+Sad+Station&rft.pages=Sunday+Magazine%2C+29&rft.date=1964-04-05&rft.aulast=Campen&rft.aufirst=Richard+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBierley" class="citation web cs1">Bierley, Paul E. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marineband.marines.mil/Audio-Resources/The-Complete-Marches-of-John-Philip-Sousa/In-Memoriam-President-Garfields-Funeral-March/">"In Memoriam (President Garfield's Funeral March)"</a>. United States Marine Band. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184416/https://www.marineband.marines.mil/Audio-Resources/The-Complete-Marches-of-John-Philip-Sousa/In-Memoriam-President-Garfields-Funeral-March/">Archived</a> from the original on July 9, 2021. Retrieved July 5, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+States+Marine+Band&rft.atitle=In+Memoriam+%28President+Garfield%27s+Funeral+March%29&rft.aulast=Bierley&rft.aufirst=Paul+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marineband.marines.mil%2FAudio-Resources%2FThe-Complete-Marches-of-John-Philip-Sousa%2FIn-Memoriam-President-Garfields-Funeral-March%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zmg1qKX7LYo">The Life and Death of James A. Garfield: One of Ohio's Greatest Sons</a>, September 29, 2020, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211114/zmg1qKX7LYo">archived</a> from the original on November 14, 2021, retrieved March 6, 2021</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Death+of+James+A.+Garfield%3A+One+of+Ohio%27s+Greatest+Sons&rft.date=2020-09-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dzmg1qKX7LYo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESmithsonian_2006-254"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmithsonian_2006_254-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSmithsonian_2006">Smithsonian 2006</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadfordRadford200223-255"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadfordRadford200223_255-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadfordRadford2002">Radford & Radford 2002</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003441-256"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003441_256-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, p. 441. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBach1992207-257"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBach1992207_257-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBach1992">Bach 1992</a>, p. 207. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120401082257/http://www.cardinia.vic.gov.au/files/Strategic_planning/SP_GarfieldTownshipStrategy_2002-08-19.pdf">"Garfield Township Strategy"</a> (PDF). Cardinia Shire Council. August 19, 2002. p. 36. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cardinia.vic.gov.au/files/Strategic_planning/SP_GarfieldTownshipStrategy_2002-08-19.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on April 1, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012. <q>Originally Cannibal Creek Siding was built in 1877 to serve the booming timber industry when the railway line was laid from Dandenong to Bunyip. The district was latter [sic] renamed Garfield after an American President.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Garfield+Township+Strategy&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Cardinia+Shire+Council&rft.date=2002-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cardinia.vic.gov.au%2Ffiles%2FStrategic_planning%2FSP_GarfieldTownshipStrategy_2002-08-19.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-9a52-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">"The Garfield Obsequies at Cleveland, Schofield vault, temporary resting place of the remains"</a>. NYPL Digital Collections. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211214010359/https://digitalcollections.nypl.org/items/510d47e0-9a52-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99">Archived</a> from the original on December 14, 2021. Retrieved August 18, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NYPL+Digital+Collections&rft.atitle=The+Garfield+Obsequies+at+Cleveland%2C+Schofield+vault%2C+temporary+resting+place+of+the+remains.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcollections.nypl.org%2Fitems%2F510d47e0-9a52-a3d9-e040-e00a18064a99&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMemorial_189046–49-260">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMemorial_189046–49_260-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMemorial_189046–49_260-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMemorial_1890">Memorial 1890</a>, pp. 46–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMemorial_189051-261"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMemorial_189051_261-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMemorial_1890">Memorial 1890</a>, p. 51. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMemorial_189034–35-262"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMemorial_189034–35_262-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMemorial_1890">Memorial 1890</a>, pp. 34–35. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981100–102-263">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981100–102_263-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981100–102_263-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke1981">Doenecke 1981</a>, pp. 100–102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981102–103-264">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981102–103_264-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981102–103_264-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke1981">Doenecke 1981</a>, pp. 102–103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978610-265"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978610_265-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, p. 610. </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> Architect of the Capitol Under the Direction of the Joint Committee on the Library, Compilation of Works of Art and Other Objects in the United States Capitol, United States Government Printing Office, Washington 1965, p. 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-267"><a href="#cite_ref-267">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPacini2019" class="citation book cs1">Pacini, Lauren R. (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1107321740">Honoring their memory : Levi T. Scofield, Cleveland's monumental architect and sculptor</a>. Cleveland [Ohio]. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-578-48036-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-578-48036-7"><bdi>978-0-578-48036-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1107321740">1107321740</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220221025734/https://www.worldcat.org/title/honoring-their-memory-levi-t-scofield-clevelands-monumental-architect-and-sculptor/oclc/1107321740">Archived</a> from the original on February 21, 2022. Retrieved March 6, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Honoring+their+memory+%3A+Levi+T.+Scofield%2C+Cleveland%27s+monumental+architect+and+sculptor&rft.place=Cleveland+%5BOhio%5D&rft.date=2019&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1107321740&rft.isbn=978-0-578-48036-7&rft.aulast=Pacini&rft.aufirst=Lauren+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F1107321740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarfieldNPS2019" class="citation web cs1">@GarfieldNPS (March 2, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/GarfieldNPS/status/1101815971944321024">"One year ago today, @SmithsonianMag ran an article lamenting that site of Garfield assassination was unmarked. We have rectified that! Exhibit panels are now at up in Washington, DC near site of the shooting. ... [thread]"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=One+year+ago+today%2C+%40SmithsonianMag+ran+an+article+lamenting+that+site+of+Garfield+assassination+was+unmarked.+We+have+rectified+that%21+Exhibit+panels+are+now+at+up+in+Washington%2C+DC+near+site+of+the+shooting.%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E+%3C%2Fspan%3E...+%5Bthread%5D&rft.date=2019-03-02&rft.au=GarfieldNPS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2FGarfieldNPS%2Fstatus%2F1101815971944321024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin2000-269"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin2000_269-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeskin2000">Peskin 2000</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERutkow2006136-270">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutkow2006136_270-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERutkow2006136_270-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRutkow2006">Rutkow 2006</a>, p. 136. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003399-271">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003399_271-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEAckerman2003399_271-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAckerman2003">Ackerman 2003</a>, p. 399. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981182-272"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981182_272-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke1981">Doenecke 1981</a>, p. 182. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981183-273"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoenecke1981183_273-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDoenecke1981">Doenecke 1981</a>, p. 183. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965363-274"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECaldwell1965363_274-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCaldwell1965">Caldwell 1965</a>, p. 363. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWeisberger2002271-275"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWeisberger2002271_275-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWeisberger2002">Weisberger 2002</a>, p. 271. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978611-276"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPeskin1978611_276-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeskin1978">Peskin 1978</a>, p. 611. </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Books">Books</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAckerman2003" class="citation book cs1">Ackerman, Kenneth D. (2003). Dark Horse: The Surprise Election and Political Murder of James A. Garfield. New York, New York: Avalon Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1396-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7867-1396-7"><bdi>978-0-7867-1396-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dark+Horse%3A+The+Surprise+Election+and+Political+Murder+of+James+A.+Garfield&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Avalon+Publishing&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7867-1396-7&rft.aulast=Ackerman&rft.aufirst=Kenneth+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBach1992" class="citation book cs1">Bach, Penny Balkin (1992). Public Art in Philadelphia. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Temple University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-822-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87722-822-6"><bdi>978-0-87722-822-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Public+Art+in+Philadelphia&rft.place=Philadelphia%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Temple+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-87722-822-6&rft.aulast=Bach&rft.aufirst=Penny+Balkin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrown1881" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Emma_Elizabeth_Brown" class="mw-redirect" title="Emma Elizabeth Brown">Brown, Emma Elizabeth</a> (1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifepublicservic00lcbrow">The Life and Public Services of James A. Garfield / Twentieth President of the United States</a>. Boston, Massachusetts: D. Lothrop Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/3037198">3037198</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Public+Services+of+James+A.+Garfield+%2F+Twentieth+President+of+the+United+States&rft.place=Boston%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=D.+Lothrop+Company&rft.date=1881&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F3037198&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Emma+Elizabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flifepublicservic00lcbrow&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCaldwell1965" class="citation book cs1">Caldwell, Robert Granville (1965) [1931]. James A. Garfield: Party Chieftain. New York, New York: Dodd, Mead & Co. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/833793627">833793627</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+A.+Garfield%3A+Party+Chieftain&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Dodd%2C+Mead+%26+Co&rft.date=1965&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F833793627&rft.aulast=Caldwell&rft.aufirst=Robert+Granville&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalhoun2017" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Calhoun" title="Charles W. Calhoun">Calhoun, Charles W.</a> (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KWXdswEACAAJ">The Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant</a>. Lawrence: University Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2484-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-2484-3"><bdi>978-0-7006-2484-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidency+of+Ulysses+S.+Grant&rft.place=Lawrence&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-2484-3&rft.aulast=Calhoun&rft.aufirst=Charles+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKWXdswEACAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"> scholarly review and response by Calhoun at <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14296%2FRiH%2F2014%2F2270">10.14296/RiH/2014/2270</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClancy1958" class="citation book cs1">Clancy, Herbert J. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidentialelec0000clan">The Presidential Election of 1880</a>. Chicago, Illinois: Loyola University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-258-19190-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-258-19190-0"><bdi>978-1-258-19190-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidential+Election+of+1880&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Loyola+University+Press&rft.date=1958&rft.isbn=978-1-258-19190-0&rft.aulast=Clancy&rft.aufirst=Herbert+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidentialelec0000clan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrapol2000" class="citation book cs1">Crapol, Edward P. (2000). James G. Blaine: Architect of Empire. Biographies in American Foreign Policy. Vol. 4. Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2604-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8420-2604-8"><bdi>978-0-8420-2604-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+G.+Blaine%3A+Architect+of+Empire&rft.place=Wilmington%2C+Delaware&rft.series=Biographies+in+American+Foreign+Policy&rft.pub=Scholarly+Resources&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8420-2604-8&rft.aulast=Crapol&rft.aufirst=Edward+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDoenecke1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Justus_Drew_Doenecke" title="Justus Drew Doenecke">Doenecke, Justus D.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/presidenciesofja00doen">The Presidencies of James A. Garfield & Chester A. Arthur</a>. Lawrence, Kansas: The Regents Press of Kansas. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0208-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7006-0208-7"><bdi>978-0-7006-0208-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidencies+of+James+A.+Garfield+%26+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.place=Lawrence%2C+Kansas&rft.pub=The+Regents+Press+of+Kansas&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-7006-0208-7&rft.aulast=Doenecke&rft.aufirst=Justus+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpresidenciesofja00doen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoner2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Foner" title="Eric Foner">Foner, Eric</a> (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhvA0S_op38C">Reconstruction: America's Unfinished Revolution 1863–1877 Updated Version</a>. New York: Harper Perennial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-235451-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-235451-8"><bdi>978-0-06-235451-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reconstruction%3A+America%27s+Unfinished+Revolution+1863%E2%80%931877+Updated+Version&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Harper+Perennial&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-06-235451-8&rft.aulast=Foner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFhvA0S_op38C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMemorial_1890" class="citation book cs1">Garfield National Memorial Association (1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manandmausoleum00assogoog">The Man and the Mausoleum</a>. Cleveland, Ohio: Cleveland Print and Publishing Company. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/1656783">1656783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man+and+the+Mausoleum&rft.place=Cleveland%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Cleveland+Print+and+Publishing+Company&rft.date=1890&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F1656783&rft.au=Garfield+National+Memorial+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanandmausoleum00assogoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAlisterTucker1975" class="citation book cs1">McAlister, Lester G.; Tucker, William E. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/journeyinfaithhi00tuck">Journey in Faith: A History of the Christian Church (Disciples of Christ)</a>. St. Louis, Missouri: Chalice Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-1703-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8272-1703-4"><bdi>978-0-8272-1703-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journey+in+Faith%3A+A+History+of+the+Christian+Church+%28Disciples+of+Christ%29&rft.place=St.+Louis%2C+Missouri&rft.pub=Chalice+Press&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=978-0-8272-1703-4&rft.aulast=McAlister&rft.aufirst=Lester+G.&rft.au=Tucker%2C+William+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjourneyinfaithhi00tuck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcFeely1981" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_S._McFeely" title="William S. McFeely">McFeely, William S.</a> (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grantbiography00mcfe">Grant: A Biography</a>. New York, New York: W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32394-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-32394-8"><bdi>978-0-393-32394-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company%2C+Inc&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=978-0-393-32394-8&rft.aulast=McFeely&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrantbiography00mcfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeskin1978" class="citation book cs1">Peskin, Allan (1978). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/garfieldbiograph0000pesk">Garfield: A Biography</a>. Kent, Ohio: Kent State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-210-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87338-210-6"><bdi>978-0-87338-210-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Garfield%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=Kent%2C+Ohio&rft.pub=Kent+State+University+Press&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-87338-210-6&rft.aulast=Peskin&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgarfieldbiograph0000pesk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pletcher, David M. The Awkward Years: American Foreign Relations under Garfield and Arthur (U of Missouri Press, 1962). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/awkwardyearsamer0000plet">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadfordRadford2002" class="citation book cs1">Radford, Warren; Radford, Georgia (2002). Outdoor Sculpture in San Francisco: a Heritage of Public Art. Gualala, California: Helsham Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9717607-1-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9717607-1-4"><bdi>978-0-9717607-1-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Outdoor+Sculpture+in+San+Francisco%3A+a+Heritage+of+Public+Art&rft.place=Gualala%2C+California&rft.pub=Helsham+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-9717607-1-4&rft.aulast=Radford&rft.aufirst=Warren&rft.au=Radford%2C+Georgia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRutkow2006" class="citation book cs1">Rutkow, Ira (2006). James A. Garfield. New York, New York: <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6950-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6950-1"><bdi>978-0-8050-6950-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/255885600">255885600</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=James+A.+Garfield&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan+Publishers&rft.date=2006&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F255885600&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6950-1&rft.aulast=Rutkow&rft.aufirst=Ira&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Edward_Smith" title="Jean Edward Smith">Smith, Jean Edward</a> (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/grant00smit">Grant</a>. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster Paperback. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84927-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-84927-0"><bdi>978-0-684-84927-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grant&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster+Paperback&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-684-84927-0&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Jean+Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgrant00smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeisberger2002" class="citation book cs1">Weisberger, Bernard A. (2002). Henry F. Graff (ed.). The Presidents A Reference History James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur. Charles Scribners's Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Presidents+A+Reference+History+James+A.+Garfield+and+Chester+A.+Arthur&rft.pub=Charles+Scribners%27s+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Weisberger&rft.aufirst=Bernard+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Periodicals">Periodicals</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaffer2006" class="citation news cs1">Schaffer, Amanda (July 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/25/health/25garf.html">"A President Felled by an Assassin and 1880s Medical Care"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. New York, New York. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190301170020/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/07/25/health/25garf.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 1, 2019. Retrieved February 22, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=A+President+Felled+by+an+Assassin+and+1880s+Medical+Care&rft.date=2006-07-25&rft.aulast=Schaffer&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2006%2F07%2F25%2Fhealth%2F25garf.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="The_Magazine_of_American_History" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AdA2AQAAMAAJ">The Magazine of American History</a> (digital). Vol. 25. The University of California: A.S. Barnes & Company. 1891.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Magazine+of+American+History&rft.place=The+University+of+California&rft.pub=A.S.+Barnes+%26+Company&rft.date=1891&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DAdA2AQAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Online">Online</h3></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeskin2000" class="citation web cs1">Peskin, Allan (February 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anb.org/articles/05/05-00264.html">"Garfield, James Abram"</a>. American National Biography Online. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170205020914/http://www.anb.org/articles/05/05-00264.html">Archived</a> from the original on February 5, 2017. Retrieved March 6, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+National+Biography+Online&rft.atitle=Garfield%2C+James+Abram&rft.date=2000-02&rft.aulast=Peskin&rft.aufirst=Allan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anb.org%2Farticles%2F05%2F05-00264.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988">(subscription required)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmithsonian_2006" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140907004654/http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2032596">"5 cent Garfield"</a>. Smithsonian National Postal Museum. May 16, 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&cmd=1&tid=2032596">the original</a> on September 7, 2014. Retrieved September 6, 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=5+cent+Garfield&rft.pub=Smithsonian+National+Postal+Museum&rft.date=2006-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farago.si.edu%2Findex.asp%3Fcon%3D1%26cmd%3D1%26tid%3D2032596&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="History,_Arts,_&_Archives_United_States_House_of_Representatives" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/G/GARFIELD,-James-Abram-(G000063)/">"Garfield, James Abram 1831–1881"</a>. history.house.gov. History, Arts, & Archives United States House of Representatives. Retrieved November 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=history.house.gov&rft.atitle=Garfield%2C+James+Abram+1831%E2%80%931881&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhistory.house.gov%2FPeople%2FListing%2FG%2FGARFIELD%2C-James-Abram-%28G000063%29%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFuller2022" class="citation book cs1">Fuller, Corydon E. (2022) [1887]. Reminiscences of James A. Garfield. Hansebooks. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-34807-944-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-34807-944-0"><bdi>978-3-34807-944-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reminiscences+of+James+A.+Garfield&rft.pub=Hansebooks&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-3-34807-944-0&rft.aulast=Fuller&rft.aufirst=Corydon+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Goodyear, C. W. (2023). <a href="/wiki/President_Garfield:_From_Radical_to_Unifier" title="President Garfield: From Radical to Unifier">President Garfield: From Radical to Unifier</a>. New York, New York: Simon & Schuster.</li> <li>Graff Henry F., ed. The Presidents: A Reference History (3rd ed. 2002) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.presidentprofiles.com/">online</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHammondAshhurst,_Jr.SimsHodgen1881" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_A._Hammond" title="William A. Hammond">Hammond, William A.</a>; Ashhurst, Jr., John; <a href="/wiki/J._Marion_Sims" title="J. Marion Sims">Sims, J. Marion</a>; Hodgen, John T. (December 1881). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101018">"The Surgical Treatment of President Garfield"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_North_American_Review" class="mw-redirect" title="The North American Review">The North American Review</a>. 133 (301): 578–610. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/25101018">25101018</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+North+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+Surgical+Treatment+of+President+Garfield&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=301&rft.pages=578-610&rft.date=1881-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101018%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=William+A.&rft.au=Ashhurst%2C+Jr.%2C+John&rft.au=Sims%2C+J.+Marion&rft.au=Hodgen%2C+John+T.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F25101018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Houdek, John Thomas. "James A. Garfield and Rutherford B. Hayes: A Study in State and National Politics" (PhD dissertation, Michigan State University; Proquest Dissertations Publishing, 1970. 7111871).</li> <li>Menke, Richard. "Media in America, 1881: Garfield, Guiteau, Bell, Whitman." Critical Inquiry 31.3 (2005): 638–664.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillard2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Candice_Millard" title="Candice Millard">Millard, Candice</a> (2012). Destiny of the Republic: A Tale of Madness, Medicine and the Murder of a President. New York, New York: Anchor Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-2971-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7679-2971-4"><bdi>978-0-7679-2971-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Destiny+of+the+Republic%3A+A+Tale+of+Madness%2C+Medicine+and+the+Murder+of+a+President&rft.place=New+York%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Anchor+Books&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7679-2971-4&rft.aulast=Millard&rft.aufirst=Candice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJames+A.+Garfield" class="Z3988"></li> <li>North, Ira Lutts. "A rhetorical criticism of the speaking of James Abram Garfield, 1876-1880" (PhD dissertation, Louisiana State University; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1953. DP69446).</li> <li>Rushford, Jerry Bryant. "Political Disciple: The Relationship Between James A. Garfield And The Disciples Of Christ" (PhD dissertation, University of California, Santa Barbara; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1977. 7807029).</li> <li>Skidmore, Max J. "James A. Garfield and Chester A. Arthur." in Maligned Presidents: The Late 19th Century (Palgrave Macmillan, New York, 2014) pp. 63–79.</li> <li>Sutton, Thomas C. "James A. Garfield." in The Presidents and the Constitution (Volume One. New York University Press, 2020) pp. 266–275.</li> <li>Uhler, Kevin A. "The demise of patronage: Garfield, the midterm election, and the passage of the Pendleton Civil Service Act" (PhD. Diss. The Florida State University, 2011) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fsu.digital.flvc.org/islandora/object/fsu:183530/datastream/PDF/view">online</a>.</li> <li>Vermilya, Daniel J. James Garfield and the Civil War: For Ohio and the Union (Arcadia Publishing, 2015).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> James A. Garfield at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" class="extiw" title="c:James A. Garfield">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/James_A._Garfield" class="extiw" title="q:James A. Garfield">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:James_Abram_Garfield" class="extiw" title="s:Author:James Abram Garfield">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34597" class="extiw" title="d:Q34597">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000063">Garfield, James Abram, (1831–1881) Congressional Biography</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.loc.gov/rr/program/bib/presidents/garfield/index.html">James Garfield: A Resource Guide</a> from the Library of Congress</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbcs.rutgers.edu/all-scholars/8720-garfield-james-abram">James A. Garfield</a> at the Database of Classical Scholars</li> <li>[<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://millercenter.org/president/garfield">http://millercenter.org/president/garfield</a> Brief essays on James A. Garfield and his administration from the <a href="/wiki/Miller_Center_of_Public_Affairs" title="Miller Center of Public Affairs">Miller Center of Public Affairs</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.c-span.org/video/?151093-1/life-portrait-james-garfield">"Life Portrait of James Garfield"</a>, from <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a>'s <a href="/wiki/American_Presidents:_Life_Portraits" title="American Presidents: Life Portraits">American Presidents: Life Portraits</a>, July 26, 1999</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Garfield%2C%20James%20Abram%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Garfield%2C%20James%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Garfield%2C%20J%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20Abram%20Garfield%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22James%20A%2E%20Garfield%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22J%2E%20A%2E%20Garfield%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20Abram%20Garfield%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22James%20A%2E%20Garfield%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20A%2E%20Garfield%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22J%2E%20Abram%20Garfield%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Garfield%2C%20James%20Abram%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Garfield%2C%20James%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Garfield%2C%20J%2E%20A%2E%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Garfield%2C%20J%2E%20Abram%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20Abram%20Garfield%22%20OR%20title%3A%22James%20A%2E%20Garfield%22%20OR%20title%3A%22J%2E%20A%2E%20Garfield%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20Abram%20Garfield%22%20OR%20description%3A%22James%20A%2E%20Garfield%22%20OR%20description%3A%22J%2E%20A%2E%20Garfield%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Garfield%2C%20James%20Abram%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Garfield%2C%20James%20A%2E%22%29%20OR%20%28%221831-1881%22%20AND%20Garfield%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about James A. Garfield</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/11291">Works by James A. Garfield</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160930170240/http://www.deltau.org/aboutus/notablealumni">Notable alumni</a> of <a href="/wiki/Delta_Upsilon" title="Delta Upsilon">Delta Upsilon</a> fraternity, including Garfield</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.shapell.org/Collection/Presidents/Garfield-James-A">James A. Garfield Personal Manuscripts</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesspace.williams.edu/repositories/4/resources/275">James A. Garfield Collection</a> at Williams College Chapin Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archivesspace.williams.edu/repositories/2/resources/54">James A. Garfield Collection</a> at Williams College Archives and Special Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://collections.nlm.nih.gov/catalog/nlm:nlmuid-2933066R-root">Official medical bulletins relating to the health of U.S. President James Garfield</a> from the U.S. National Library of Medicine. Contains medical bulletins issued by attending physicians D. Hayes Agnes, J.K. Barnes, D. W. Bliss, Frank H. Hamilton, Robert Reyburn, and J.J. Woodward between July 6 – September 19, 1881.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="James_A._Garfield" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:James_A._Garfield" title="Template:James A. 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Garfield</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">20th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Ohio" title="List of United States representatives from Ohio">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">OH–19</a> (1863–1880)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/42nd_Ohio_Infantry_Regiment" title="42nd Ohio Infantry Regiment">42nd Ohio Infantry Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Middle_Creek" title="Battle of Middle Creek">Battle of Middle Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_National_Historic_Site" title="James A. Garfield National Historic Site">James A. Garfield National Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_porch_campaign" title="Front porch campaign">Front porch campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 Republican National Convention</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inauguration_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Inauguration of James A. Garfield">Inauguration of James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Route_scandal" title="Star Route scandal">Star Route scandal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_James_A._Garfield" title="Assassination of James A. Garfield">Assassination of James A. Garfield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/In_Memoriam:_President_Garfield%27s_Funeral_March" title="In Memoriam: President Garfield's Funeral March">In Memoriam: President Garfield's Funeral March</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_James_A._Garfield" title="List of memorials to James A. Garfield">List of memorials to James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Monument" title="James A. Garfield Monument">James A. Garfield Monument, Washington, D.C.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Garfield_Memorial,_Philadelphia" class="mw-redirect" title="James Garfield Memorial, Philadelphia">James Garfield Memorial, Philadelphia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_A._Garfield_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of James A. Garfield (U.S. Capitol)">U.S. Capitol statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Garfield_Memorial" title="James A. Garfield Memorial">James A. Garfield Memorial and burial site, Cleveland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_James_A._Garfield_(Cincinnati)" title="Statue of James A. Garfield (Cincinnati)">Cincinnati statue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/These_Are_My_Jewels" title="These Are My Jewels">These Are My Jewels</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Garfield" title="Lucretia Garfield">Lucretia Garfield</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Augustus_Garfield" title="Harry Augustus Garfield">Harry Augustus Garfield</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Rudolph_Garfield" title="James Rudolph Garfield">James Rudolph Garfield</a> (son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abram_Garfield" title="Abram Garfield">Abram Garfield</a> (son)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">← Rutherford B. Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur →</a></li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:James_A._Garfield" title="Category:James A. Garfield">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Offices_and_distinctions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Offices_and_distinctions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Offices and distinctions</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Senate" title="Ohio Senate">Ohio Senate</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">George P. Ashmun</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/Ohio_Senate" title="Ohio Senate">Ohio Senate</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_26th_senatorial_district" title="Ohio's 26th senatorial district">26th district</a> 1860–1861 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Lucius V. Bierce</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="United States House of Representatives">U.S. House of Representatives</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Riddle" title="Albert G. Riddle">Albert G. Riddle</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Member of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Representatives_from_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="List of United States Representatives from Ohio">U.S. House of Representatives</a> from <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">Ohio's 19th congressional district</a> 1863–1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ezra_B._Taylor" title="Ezra B. Taylor">Ezra B. Taylor</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Robert C. Schenck</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">House Military Affairs Committee</a> 1867–1869 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Theodore M. Pomeroy</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">House Financial Services Committee</a> 1869–1871 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Samuel Hooper</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Henry L. Dawes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Chair of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">House Appropriations Committee</a> 1871–1875 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">nominee</a> for President of the United States <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880</a> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Rutherford Hayes</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> 1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFF157;">Honorary titles </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"> Persons who have <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state or honor</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">United States Capitol rotunda</a> 1881 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">John A. Logan</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Articles_related_to_James_A._Garfield" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#e8e8ff;"><div id="Articles_related_to_James_A._Garfield" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Articles related to James A. Garfield</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0;font-size:114%"><div style="padding:0px"> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_presidents" title="Template:US presidents"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_presidents" title="Template talk:US presidents"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_presidents" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US presidents"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Presidents_of_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">Presidents of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidents and presidencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div style="display:flex"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;flex:1;text-align:left;white-space:nowrap"> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_Washington" title="Presidency of George Washington">1789–1797</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Adams" title="John Adams">John Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Adams" title="Presidency of John Adams">1797–1801</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson" title="Thomas Jefferson">Thomas Jefferson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Thomas_Jefferson" title="Presidency of Thomas Jefferson">1801–1809</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">James Madison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Madison" title="Presidency of James Madison">1809–1817</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Monroe" title="Presidency of James Monroe">1817–1825</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">John Quincy Adams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Quincy_Adams" title="Presidency of John Quincy Adams">1825–1829</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">1829–1837</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Martin_Van_Buren" title="Presidency of Martin Van Buren">1837–1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">William Henry Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison#Presidency_(1841)" title="William Henry Harrison">1841</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">John Tyler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_Tyler" title="Presidency of John Tyler">1841–1845</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_K._Polk" title="James K. Polk">James K. Polk</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_K._Polk" title="Presidency of James K. Polk">1845–1849</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Zachary Taylor</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor#Presidency_(1849–1850)" title="Zachary Taylor">1849–1850</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Millard_Fillmore" title="Millard Fillmore">Millard Fillmore</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Millard_Fillmore" title="Presidency of Millard Fillmore">1850–1853</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Pierce" title="Franklin Pierce">Franklin Pierce</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_Pierce" title="Presidency of Franklin Pierce">1853–1857</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">1857–1861</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">1861–1865</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Andrew Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">1865–1869</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">1869–1877</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Rutherford B. Hayes</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">1877–1881</a>)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James A. Garfield</a> (<a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Presidency_(1881)">1881</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">1881–1885</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#First_presidency_(1885–1889)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1885–1889</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Benjamin Harrison</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">1889–1893</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grover_Cleveland" title="Grover Cleveland">Grover Cleveland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidencies_of_Grover_Cleveland#Second_presidency_(1893–1897)" title="Presidencies of Grover Cleveland">1893–1897</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">William McKinley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">1897–1901</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">1901–1909</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">William Howard Taft</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">1909–1913</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodrow_Wilson" title="Woodrow Wilson">Woodrow Wilson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Presidency of Woodrow Wilson">1913–1921</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Warren G. Harding</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">1921–1923</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Calvin Coolidge</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">1923–1929</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">1929–1933</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Franklin D. Roosevelt">1933–1945</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._Truman" title="Harry S. Truman">Harry S. Truman</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">1945–1953</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">1953–1961</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="Presidency of John F. Kennedy">1961–1963</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Lyndon B. Johnson</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Presidency of Lyndon B. Johnson">1963–1969</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">1969–1974</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Gerald Ford</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">1974–1977</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Jimmy_Carter" title="Presidency of Jimmy Carter">1977–1981</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">1981–1989</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">George H. W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">1989–1993</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Bill_Clinton" title="Presidency of Bill Clinton">1993–2001</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">2001–2009</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Barack_Obama" title="Presidency of Barack Obama">2009–2017</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a> (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Joe_Biden" title="Presidency of Joe Biden">2021–present</a>)</li></ol> </div></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Presidency timelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_Washington_presidency" title="Timeline of the George Washington presidency">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_McKinley_presidency" title="Timeline of the William McKinley presidency">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Theodore_Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Theodore Roosevelt presidency">T. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_William_Howard_Taft_presidency" title="Timeline of the William Howard Taft presidency">Taft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Woodrow_Wilson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Woodrow Wilson presidency">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Warren_G._Harding_presidency" title="Timeline of the Warren G. Harding presidency">Harding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Calvin_Coolidge_presidency" title="Timeline of the Calvin Coolidge presidency">Coolidge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Herbert_Hoover_presidency" title="Timeline of the Herbert Hoover presidency">Hoover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Franklin_D._Roosevelt_presidency" title="Timeline of the Franklin D. Roosevelt presidency">F. D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Harry_S._Truman_presidency" title="Timeline of the Harry S. Truman presidency">Truman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Dwight_D._Eisenhower_presidency" title="Timeline of the Dwight D. Eisenhower presidency">Eisenhower</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_John_F._Kennedy_presidency" title="Timeline of the John F. Kennedy presidency">Kennedy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Lyndon_B._Johnson_presidency" title="Timeline of the Lyndon B. Johnson presidency">L. B. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Richard_Nixon_presidency" title="Timeline of the Richard Nixon presidency">Nixon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Gerald_Ford_presidency" title="Timeline of the Gerald Ford presidency">Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Jimmy_Carter_presidency" title="Timeline of the Jimmy Carter presidency">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Ronald_Reagan_presidency" title="Timeline of the Ronald Reagan presidency">Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_H._W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George H. W. Bush presidency">G. H. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Bill_Clinton_presidency" title="Timeline of the Bill Clinton presidency">Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_George_W._Bush_presidency" title="Timeline of the George W. Bush presidency">G. W. Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Barack_Obama_presidency" title="Timeline of the Barack Obama presidency">Obama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Donald_Trump_presidencies" title="Timeline of the Donald Trump presidencies">Trump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Joe_Biden_presidency" title="Timeline of the Joe Biden presidency">Biden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Presidents_of_the_United_States" title="Category:Presidents of the United States">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/16px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/23px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/d/db/Symbol_list_class.svg/31px-Symbol_list_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_James_A._Garfield_(1881)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Garfield_cabinet" title="Template:Garfield cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Garfield_cabinet" title="Template talk:Garfield cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Garfield_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Garfield cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cabinet_of_President_James_A._Garfield_(1881)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_the_United_States" title="Cabinet of the United States">Cabinet</a> of <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">James A. Garfield</a> (1881)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/100px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/150px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg/200px-James_Abram_Garfield%2C_photo_portrait_seated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3182" data-file-height="4034" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">William Windom</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Todd_Lincoln" title="Robert Todd Lincoln">Robert Todd Lincoln</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wayne_MacVeagh" title="Wayne MacVeagh">Wayne MacVeagh</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Postmaster_General" title="United States Postmaster General">Postmaster General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Lemuel_James" title="Thomas Lemuel James">Thomas Lemuel James</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Navy" title="United States Secretary of the Navy">Secretary of the Navy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_H._Hunt" title="William H. Hunt">William H. Hunt</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Kirkwood" title="Samuel J. Kirkwood">Samuel J. Kirkwood</a> (1881)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Ohio&#039;s_19th_and_20th_congressional_districts" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OhioRepresentatives19-20" title="Template:OhioRepresentatives19-20"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OhioRepresentatives19-20" title="Template talk:OhioRepresentatives19-20"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives19-20" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OhioRepresentatives19-20"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_U.S._House_of_Representatives_from_Ohio&#039;s_19th_and_20th_congressional_districts" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Members of the U.S. House of Representatives from Ohio's <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">19th</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 20th congressional district">20th</a> congressional districts</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_19th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 19th congressional district">Ohio 19</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humphrey_H._Leavitt" title="Humphrey H. Leavitt">Leavitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Kilgore_(politician)" title="Daniel Kilgore (politician)">Kilgore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Swearingen" title="Henry Swearingen">Swearingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Stokely" title="Samuel Stokely">Stokely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_R._Tilden" title="Daniel R. Tilden">Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Crowell_(Ohio_politician)" title="John Crowell (Ohio politician)">Crowell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eben_Newton" title="Eben Newton">Newton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Wade" title="Edward Wade">Wade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_G._Riddle" title="Albert G. Riddle">Riddle</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ezra_B._Taylor" title="Ezra B. Taylor">E. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_A._Northway" title="Stephen A. Northway">Northway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_W._F._Dick" title="Charles W. F. Dick">Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Aubrey_Thomas" title="W. Aubrey Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellsworth_Raymond_Bathrick" title="Ellsworth Raymond Bathrick">Bathrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_G._Cooper" title="John G. Cooper">Cooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_J._Kirwan" title="Michael J. Kirwan">Kirwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Carney" title="Charles J. Carney">Carney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyle_Williams" title="Lyle Williams">Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Feighan" title="Ed Feighan">Feighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Fingerhut" title="Eric Fingerhut">Fingerhut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_LaTourette" title="Steve LaTourette">LaTourette</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="2" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding-left:1.0em;"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ohio%27s_20th_congressional_district" title="Ohio's 20th congressional district">Ohio 20</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joshua_Reed_Giddings" title="Joshua Reed Giddings">Giddings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutchins_(politician)" title="John Hutchins (politician)">Hutchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_C._Parsons" title="Richard C. Parsons">Parsons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_Townsend" title="Amos Townsend">Townsend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_R._Paige" title="David R. Paige">Paige</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._Crouse" title="George W. Crouse">Crouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_L._Smyser" title="Martin L. Smyser">Smyser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_A._Taylor" title="Vincent A. Taylor">V. Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._White_(politician)" title="William J. White (politician)">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_B._Beach" title="Clifton B. Beach">Beach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fremont_O._Phillips" title="Fremont O. Phillips">Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_A._Beidler" title="Jacob A. Beidler">Beidler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Paul_Howland" title="L. Paul Howland">Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Gordon_(Ohio_politician)" title="William Gordon (Ohio politician)">Gordon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Mooney" title="Charles A. Mooney">Mooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miner_G._Norton" title="Miner G. Norton">Norton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Mooney" title="Charles A. Mooney">Mooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_L._Sweeney" title="Martin L. Sweeney">Sweeney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_A._Feighan" title="Michael A. Feighan">Feighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_V._Stanton" title="James V. Stanton">Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Rose_Oakar" title="Mary Rose Oakar">Oakar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Appropriations_chairs" title="Template:US House Appropriations chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Appropriations_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Appropriations chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Appropriations_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Appropriations chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Appropriations" title="United States House Committee on Appropriations">Chairs of the United States House Committee on Appropriations</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_L._Dawes" title="Henry L. Dawes">Dawes</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hiester_Clymer" title="Hiester Clymer">Clymer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_DeWitt_Clinton_Atkins" class="mw-redirect" title="John DeWitt Clinton Atkins">Atkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Hiscock" title="Frank Hiscock">Hiscock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">J. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_S._Holman" title="William S. Holman">Holman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_D._Sayers" title="Joseph D. Sayers">Sayers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">J. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_A._Hemenway" title="James A. Hemenway">Hemenway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Albertus_Tawney" class="mw-redirect" title="James Albertus Tawney">Tawney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Fitzgerald" title="John J. Fitzgerald">Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Swagar_Sherley" title="J. Swagar Sherley">Sherley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_William_Good" class="mw-redirect" title="James William Good">Good</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Russell_Davis" title="Charles Russell Davis">Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_B._Madden" title="Martin B. Madden">Madden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Read_Anthony_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Daniel Read Anthony Jr.">Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_R._Wood_(Indiana_politician)" title="William R. Wood (Indiana politician)">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Byrns_Sr." class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph W. Byrns Sr.">Byrns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_P._Buchanan" title="James P. Buchanan">Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_T._Taylor" title="Edward T. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Cannon" title="Clarence Cannon">C. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taber" title="John Taber">Taber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Cannon" title="Clarence Cannon">C. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Taber" title="John Taber">Taber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Cannon" title="Clarence Cannon">C. Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Mahon" title="George H. Mahon">Mahon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamie_Whitten" title="Jamie Whitten">Whitten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Natcher" title="William Natcher">Natcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">Obey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Livingston" title="Bob Livingston">Livingston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Young_(Florida_politician)" title="Bill Young (Florida politician)">Young</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis_(California_politician)" title="Jerry Lewis (California politician)">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dave_Obey" title="Dave Obey">Obey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Rogers" title="Hal Rogers">Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rodney_Frelinghuysen" title="Rodney Frelinghuysen">Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nita_Lowey" title="Nita Lowey">Lowey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_DeLauro" title="Rosa DeLauro">DeLauro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Granger" title="Kay Granger">Granger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Cole" title="Tom Cole">Cole</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Financial_Services_chairs" title="Template:US House Financial Services chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Financial_Services_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Financial Services chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Financial_Services_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Financial Services chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Financial_Services" title="United States House Committee on Financial Services">Chairs of the United States House Committee on Financial Services</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horace_Maynard" title="Horace Maynard">Maynard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox" title="Samuel S. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aylett_Hawes_Buckner" class="mw-redirect" title="Aylett Hawes Buckner">Buckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_W._Crapo" title="William W. Crapo">Crapo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aylett_Hawes_Buckner" class="mw-redirect" title="Aylett Hawes Buckner">Buckner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Gregg_Curtin" title="Andrew Gregg Curtin">Curtin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beriah_Wilkins" title="Beriah Wilkins">Wilkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_Emery_Dorsey" class="mw-redirect" title="George Washington Emery Dorsey">Dorsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Bacon_(New_York)" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry Bacon (New York)">Bacon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKendree_Springer" title="William McKendree Springer">Springer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Walker" title="Joseph H. Walker">Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marriott_Henry_Brosius" class="mw-redirect" title="Marriott Henry Brosius">Brosius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_N._Fowler" title="Charles N. Fowler">Fowler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_B._Vreeland" title="Edward B. Vreeland">Vreeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ars%C3%A8ne_Pujo" title="Arsène Pujo">Pujo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Glass" title="Carter Glass">Glass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Francis_Phelan" title="Michael Francis Phelan">Phelan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Platt" title="Edmund Platt">Platt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Thomas_McFadden" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis Thomas McFadden">McFadden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Steagall" title="Henry B. Steagall">Steagall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Spence" title="Brent Spence">Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Spence" title="Brent Spence">Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jesse_P._Wolcott" title="Jesse P. Wolcott">Wolcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brent_Spence" title="Brent Spence">Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Patman" title="Wright Patman">Patman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_S._Reuss" title="Henry S. Reuss">Reuss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fernand_St._Germain" class="mw-redirect" title="Fernand St. Germain">St. Germain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Gonz%C3%A1lez" title="Henry B. González">González</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Leach" title="Jim Leach">Leach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Oxley" title="Mike Oxley">Oxley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Frank" title="Barney Frank">Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Bachus" title="Spencer Bachus">Bachus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeb_Hensarling" title="Jeb Hensarling">Hensarling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxine_Waters" title="Maxine Waters">Waters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrick_McHenry" title="Patrick McHenry">McHenry</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/75px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/113px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:US_House_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template:US House Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:US_House_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Template talk:US House Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:US_House_Armed_Services_chairs" title="Special:EditPage/Template:US House Armed Services chairs"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairs_of_the_United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Chairs of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_House_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States House Committee on Armed Services">United States House Committee on Armed Services</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Military Affairs Committee (1822–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Eustis" title="William Eustis">Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Jr." title="James Hamilton Jr.">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Vance_(Ohio_politician)" title="Joseph Vance (Ohio politician)">Vance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hamilton_Jr." title="James Hamilton Jr.">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Drayton" title="William Drayton">Drayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Mentor_Johnson" title="Richard Mentor Johnson">R. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Iver_McKay" class="mw-redirect" title="James Iver McKay">McKay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_Johnson" title="Cave Johnson">C. Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddy_Thompson_Jr." title="Waddy Thompson Jr.">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Crosby_Dawson" class="mw-redirect" title="William Crosby Dawson">Dawson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Stanly" title="Edward Stanly">Stanly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_A._Haralson" title="Hugh A. Haralson">Haralson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Botts" title="John Botts">Botts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armistead_Burt" title="Armistead Burt">Burt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bissell" title="William Henry Bissell">Bissell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hart_Benton_(politician)" title="Thomas Hart Benton (politician)">Benton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Quitman" title="John A. Quitman">Quitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Faulkner" title="Charles J. Faulkner">Faulkner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Stanton" title="Benjamin Stanton">B. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Preston_Blair_Jr." title="Francis Preston Blair Jr.">Blair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buffington_(Fall_River,_Massachusetts)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Buffington (Fall River, Massachusetts)">Buffington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Schenck" title="Robert C. Schenck">Schenck</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Coburn_(Indiana_politician)" title="John Coburn (Indiana politician)">Coburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Banning" title="Henry B. Banning">Banning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_A._J._Sparks" title="William A. J. Sparks">Sparks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">Henderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rosecrans" title="William Rosecrans">Rosecrans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_S._Bragg" title="Edward S. Bragg">Bragg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_W._Townshend" title="Richard W. Townshend">Townshend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byron_M._Cutcheon" title="Byron M. Cutcheon">Cutcheon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_H._Outhwaite" title="Joseph H. Outhwaite">Outhwaite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._T._Hull" title="John A. T. Hull">Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Hay_(politician)" title="James Hay (politician)">Hay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S._Hubert_Dent_Jr." title="S. Hubert Dent Jr.">Dent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julius_Kahn_(congressman)" title="Julius Kahn (congressman)">Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_C._McKenzie" title="John C. McKenzie">McKenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Morin" title="John M. Morin">Morin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/W._Frank_James" title="W. Frank James">James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Quin" title="Percy Quin">Quin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._McSwain" title="John J. McSwain">McSwain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Lister_Hill" title="J. Lister Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_J._May" title="Andrew J. May">May</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States House of Representatives"><img alt="Seal of the United States House of Representatives" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/90px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/135px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Naval Affairs Committee (1822–1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Fuller" title="Timothy Fuller">Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Williams_Crowninshield" title="Benjamin Williams Crowninshield">Crowninshield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_R._Storrs" title="Henry R. Storrs">Storrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Hoffman_(congressman)" title="Michael Hoffman (congressman)">Hoffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anderson_(Maine_politician)" title="John Anderson (Maine politician)">Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campbell_P._White" title="Campbell P. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_Jarvis" title="Leonard Jarvis">Jarvis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ingham" title="Samuel Ingham">Ingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Thomas" title="Francis Thomas">Thomas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Wise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Parmenter" title="William Parmenter">Parmenter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_E._Holmes" title="Isaac E. Holmes">Holmes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Butler_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Butler King">King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Perry_Stanton" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Perry Stanton">F. Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Benson" title="Samuel P. Benson">Benson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Bocock" title="Thomas S. Bocock">Bocock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freeman_H._Morse" title="Freeman H. Morse">Morse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_B._Sedgwick" title="Charles B. Sedgwick">Sedgwick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_H._Rice" title="Alexander H. Rice">Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Pike" title="Frederick A. Pike">Pike</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glenni_William_Scofield" class="mw-redirect" title="Glenni William Scofield">Scofield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_C._Whitthorne" title="Washington C. Whitthorne">Whitthorne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_W._Harris" title="Benjamin W. Harris">Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_S._Cox" title="Samuel S. Cox">Cox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Boutelle" title="Charles A. Boutelle">Boutelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hilary_A._Herbert" title="Hilary A. Herbert">Herbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amos_J._Cummings" title="Amos J. Cummings">Cummings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacob_Augustus_Geissenhainer" title="Jacob Augustus Geissenhainer">Geissenhainer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Boutelle" title="Charles A. Boutelle">Boutelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Edmund_Foss" class="mw-redirect" title="George Edmund Foss">Foss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lemuel_P._Padgett" title="Lemuel P. Padgett">Padgett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Butler" title="Thomas S. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_A._Britten" title="Frederick A. Britten">Britten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Armed Services Committee* (from 1947)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Walter_G._Andrews" title="Walter G. Andrews">Andrews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dewey_Jackson_Short" class="mw-redirect" title="Dewey Jackson Short">Short</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Vinson" title="Carl Vinson">Vinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L._Mendel_Rivers" title="L. Mendel Rivers">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_J._Philbin" title="Philip J. Philbin">Philbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Edward_H%C3%A9bert" class="mw-redirect" title="Felix Edward Hébert">Hébert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melvin_Price" title="Melvin Price">Price</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Les_Aspin" title="Les Aspin">Aspin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Dellums" title="Ron Dellums">Dellums</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floyd_Spence" title="Floyd Spence">Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Stump" title="Bob Stump">Stump</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_L._Hunter" title="Duncan L. Hunter">Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ike_Skelton" title="Ike Skelton">Skelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buck_McKeon" title="Buck McKeon">McKeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_Thornberry" title="Mac Thornberry">Thornberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Smith_(Washington_politician)" title="Adam Smith (Washington politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Rogers_(Alabama_politician)" title="Mike Rogers (Alabama politician)">Rogers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div>*Alternately named National Security in 104th and 105th Congresses.</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Republican_Party" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;;background:#E81B23; color:white"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:white">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Template talk:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:white">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Republican Party (United States)"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:white">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Republican_Party" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#FFB6B6;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="History of the Republican Party (United States)">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Union_Party_(United_States)" title="National Union Party (United States)">National Union Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Party_System" title="Third Party System">Third Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Party_System" title="Fourth Party System">Fourth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Party_System" title="Fifth Party System">Fifth Party System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Party_System" title="Sixth Party System">Sixth Party System</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Republican_Party_presidential_tickets" title="List of United States Republican Party presidential tickets">Presidential tickets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Convention" title="Republican National Convention">national conventions</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">presidential primaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1856_Republican_National_Convention" title="1856 Republican National Convention">1856 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Fr%C3%A9mont" title="John C. Frémont">Frémont</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_L._Dayton" title="William L. Dayton">Dayton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_Republican_National_Convention" title="1860 Republican National Convention">1860 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Hannibal_Hamlin" title="Hannibal Hamlin">Hamlin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1864_National_Union_National_Convention" title="1864 National Union National Convention">1864 (Baltimore)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a>/<a href="/wiki/Andrew_Johnson" title="Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1868_Republican_National_Convention" title="1868 Republican National Convention">1868 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1872_Republican_National_Convention" title="1872 Republican National Convention">1872 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1876_Republican_National_Convention" title="1876 Republican National Convention">1876 (Cincinnati)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_A._Wheeler" title="William A. Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">1880 (Chicago)</a>: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garfield</a>/<a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1884_Republican_National_Convention" title="1884 Republican National Convention">1884 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1888_Republican_National_Convention" title="1888 Republican National Convention">1888 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Levi_P._Morton" title="Levi P. Morton">Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1892_Republican_National_Convention" title="1892 Republican National Convention">1892 (Minneapolis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Harrison" title="Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a>/<a href="/wiki/Whitelaw_Reid" title="Whitelaw Reid">Reid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1896_Republican_National_Convention" title="1896 Republican National Convention">1896 (Saint Louis)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Garret_Hobart" title="Garret Hobart">Hobart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1900_Republican_National_Convention" title="1900 Republican National Convention">1900 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley</a>/<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1904_Republican_National_Convention" title="1904 Republican National Convention">1904 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_Republican_National_Convention" title="1908 Republican National Convention">1908 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_National_Convention" title="1912 Republican National Convention">1912 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">Taft</a>/<a href="/wiki/James_S._Sherman" title="James S. Sherman">Sherman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Murray_Butler" title="Nicholas Murray Butler">Butler</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1912_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1912 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_National_Convention" title="1916 Republican National Convention">1916 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Evans_Hughes" title="Charles Evans Hughes">Hughes</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_W._Fairbanks" title="Charles W. Fairbanks">Fairbanks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1916_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1916 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_National_Convention" title="1920 Republican National Convention">1920 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding</a>/<a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1920_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1920 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_National_Convention" title="1924 Republican National Convention">1924 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Calvin_Coolidge" title="Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_G._Dawes" title="Charles G. Dawes">Dawes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1924_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1924 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1928 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_Curtis" title="Charles Curtis">Curtis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1932 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_National_Convention" title="1936 Republican National Convention">1936 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Alf_Landon" title="Alf Landon">Landon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Knox" title="Frank Knox">Knox</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1936_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1936 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_National_Convention" title="1940 Republican National Convention">1940 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Wendell_Willkie" title="Wendell Willkie">Willkie</a>/<a href="/wiki/Charles_L._McNary" title="Charles L. McNary">McNary</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1940_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1940 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_National_Convention" title="1944 Republican National Convention">1944 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/John_W._Bricker" title="John W. Bricker">Bricker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1944_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1944 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_National_Convention" title="1948 Republican National Convention">1948 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Thomas_E._Dewey" title="Thomas E. Dewey">Dewey</a>/<a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1948_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1948 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_National_Convention" title="1952 Republican National Convention">1952 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1952_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1952 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_National_Convention" title="1956 Republican National Convention">1956 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a>/<a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1956_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1956 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_National_Convention" title="1960 Republican National Convention">1960 (Chicago)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Henry_Cabot_Lodge_Jr." title="Henry Cabot Lodge Jr.">Lodge</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1960_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1960 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_National_Convention" title="1964 Republican National Convention">1964 (San Francisco)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Barry_Goldwater" title="Barry Goldwater">Goldwater</a>/<a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1964_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1964 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_National_Convention" title="1968 Republican National Convention">1968 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1968_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1968 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_National_Convention" title="1972 Republican National Convention">1972 (Miami Beach)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Nixon</a>/<a href="/wiki/Spiro_Agnew" title="Spiro Agnew">Agnew</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1972_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1972 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_National_Convention" title="1976 Republican National Convention">1976 (Kansas City)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a>/<a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1976_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1976 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_National_Convention" title="1980 Republican National Convention">1980 (Detroit)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1980_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1980 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_National_Convention" title="1984 Republican National Convention">1984 (Dallas)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a>/<a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1984_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1984 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_National_Convention" title="1988 Republican National Convention">1988 (New Orleans)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1988_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1988 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_National_Convention" title="1992 Republican National Convention">1992 (Houston)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dan_Quayle" title="Dan Quayle">Quayle</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1992 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_National_Convention" title="1996 Republican National Convention">1996 (San Diego)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jack_Kemp" title="Jack Kemp">Kemp</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1996_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="1996 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_National_Convention" title="2000 Republican National Convention">2000 (Philadelphia)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2000_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2000 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_National_Convention" title="2004 Republican National Convention">2004 (New York)</a>: <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a>/<a href="/wiki/Dick_Cheney" title="Dick Cheney">Cheney</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2004_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2004 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_National_Convention" title="2008 Republican National Convention">2008 (St. Paul)</a>: <a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain</a>/<a href="/wiki/Sarah_Palin" title="Sarah Palin">Palin</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2008 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_National_Convention" title="2012 Republican National Convention">2012 (Tampa)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mitt_Romney" title="Mitt Romney">Romney</a>/<a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2012 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_National_Convention" title="2016 Republican National Convention">2016 (Cleveland)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2016_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2016 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_National_Convention" title="2020 Republican National Convention">2020 (Charlotte/other locations)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Pence" title="Mike Pence">Pence</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2020_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2020 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Convention" title="2024 Republican National Convention">2024 (Milwaukee)</a>: <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Trump</a>/<a href="/wiki/JD_Vance" title="JD Vance">Vance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="2024 Republican Party presidential primaries">primaries</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2028_Republican_National_Convention" title="2028 Republican National Convention">2028 (Houston)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">Presidential</a> <a href="/wiki/Administration_(government)" title="Administration (government)">administrations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="Presidency of Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln</a> (1861–1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Johnson" title="Presidency of Andrew Johnson">Johnson</a> (1865–1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Presidency of Ulysses S. Grant">Grant</a> (1869–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Rutherford_B._Hayes" title="Presidency of Rutherford B. Hayes">Hayes</a> (1877–1881)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garfield</a> (1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Chester_A._Arthur" title="Presidency of Chester A. Arthur">Arthur</a> (1881–1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Benjamin_Harrison" title="Presidency of Benjamin Harrison">Harrison</a> (1889–1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_McKinley" title="Presidency of William McKinley">McKinley</a> (1897–1901)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Presidency of Theodore Roosevelt">Roosevelt</a> (1901–1909)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_William_Howard_Taft" title="Presidency of William Howard Taft">Taft</a> (1909–1913)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Warren_G._Harding" title="Presidency of Warren G. Harding">Harding</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Calvin_Coolidge" title="Presidency of Calvin Coolidge">Coolidge</a> (1923–1929)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Herbert_Hoover" title="Presidency of Herbert Hoover">Hoover</a> (1929–1933)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Presidency of Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower</a> (1953–1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Richard_Nixon" title="Presidency of Richard Nixon">Nixon</a> (1969–1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Presidency of Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1974–1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Presidency of Ronald Reagan">Reagan</a> (1981–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Presidency of George H. W. Bush">G. H. W. Bush</a> (1989–1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_George_W._Bush" title="Presidency of George W. Bush">G. W. Bush</a> (2001–2009)</li> <li>Trump (<a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">2017–2021</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Party_leaders_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Party leaders of the United States House of Representatives">U.S. House leaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_speakers_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="List of speakers of the United States House of Representatives">Speakers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">Conference chairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Pennington" title="William Pennington">Pennington</a> (1860–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galusha_A._Grow" title="Galusha A. Grow">Grow</a> (1861–1863)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schuyler_Colfax" title="Schuyler Colfax">Colfax</a> (1863–1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_M._Pomeroy" title="Theodore M. Pomeroy">Pomeroy</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">Blaine</a> (1869–1875)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_W._McCrary" title="George W. McCrary">McCrary</a> (1875–1877)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugene_Hale" title="Eugene Hale">Hale</a> (1877–1879)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_P._Frye" title="William P. Frye">Frye</a> (1879–1881)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Warren_Keifer" title="J. Warren Keifer">Keifer</a> (1881–1883)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1883–1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1889–1891)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Henderson_(politician)" title="Thomas J. Henderson (politician)">T. J. Henderson</a> (1891–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Brackett_Reed" title="Thomas Brackett Reed">Reed</a> (1895–1899)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_B._Henderson" title="David B. Henderson">D. B. Henderson</a> (1899–1903)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Gurney_Cannon" title="Joseph Gurney Cannon">Cannon</a> (1903–1911)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Robert_Mann_(Illinois_politician)" title="James Robert Mann (Illinois politician)">Mann</a> (1911–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_H._Gillett" title="Frederick H. Gillett">Gillett</a> (1919–1925)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Longworth" title="Nicholas Longworth">Longworth</a> (1925–1931)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Snell" title="Bertrand Snell">Snell</a> (1931–1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a> (1939–1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Halleck" title="Charles A. Halleck">Halleck</a> (1959–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jacob_Rhodes" title="John Jacob Rhodes">Rhodes</a> (1973–1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Michel" title="Robert H. Michel">Michel</a> (1981–1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newt_Gingrich" title="Newt Gingrich">Gingrich</a> (1995–1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Hastert" title="Dennis Hastert">Hastert</a> (1999–2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Boehner" title="John Boehner">Boehner</a> (2007–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Ryan" title="Paul Ryan">Ryan</a> (2015–2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_McCarthy" title="Kevin McCarthy">McCarthy</a> (2019–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Johnson" title="Mike Johnson">Johnson</a> (2023–)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Committee" title="Republican National Committee">RNC</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chairs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Jarvis_Raymond" title="Henry Jarvis Raymond">Raymond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcus_Lawrence_Ward" title="Marcus Lawrence Ward">Ward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Claflin" title="William Claflin">Claflin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_D._Morgan" title="Edwin D. Morgan">Morgan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachariah_Chandler" title="Zachariah Chandler">Chandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Donald_Cameron" title="J. Donald Cameron">Cameron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Jewell" title="Marshall Jewell">Jewell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_M._Sabin" title="Dwight M. Sabin">Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Franklin_Jones_(industrialist)" title="Benjamin Franklin Jones (industrialist)">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matthew_Quay" title="Matthew Quay">Quay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_S._Clarkson" title="James S. Clarkson">Clarkson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_James_Campbell" title="William James Campbell">Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_H._Carter" title="Thomas H. Carter">Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Hanna" title="Mark Hanna">Hanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay_Payne" title="Henry Clay Payne">Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_B._Cortelyou" title="George B. Cortelyou">Cortelyou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_S._New" title="Harry S. New">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Harris_Hitchcock" title="Frank Harris Hitchcock">Hitchcock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Fremont_Hill" title="John Fremont Hill">Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Rosewater" title="Victor Rosewater">Rosewater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_D._Hilles" title="Charles D. Hilles">Hilles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Russell_Willcox" title="William Russell Willcox">Wilcox</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Will_H._Hays" title="Will H. Hays">Hays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_T._Adams" title="John T. Adams">Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_M._Butler" title="William M. Butler">Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Work" title="Hubert Work">Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudius_H._Huston" title="Claudius H. Huston">Huston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simeon_D._Fess" title="Simeon D. Fess">Fess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Sanders" title="Everett Sanders">Sanders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_P._Fletcher" title="Henry P. Fletcher">Fletcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hamilton_(Kansas_politician)" title="John Hamilton (Kansas politician)">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_W._Martin_Jr." title="Joseph W. Martin Jr.">Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bailey_Walsh" title="Bailey Walsh">Walsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrison_E._Spangler" title="Harrison E. Spangler">Spangler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Brownell_Jr." title="Herbert Brownell Jr.">Brownell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B._Carroll_Reece" title="B. Carroll Reece">Reece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Scott" title="Hugh Scott">Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy_Gabrielson" title="Guy Gabrielson">Gabrielson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Summerfield" title="Arthur Summerfield">Summerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._Wesley_Roberts" title="C. Wesley Roberts">Roberts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_W._Hall" title="Leonard W. Hall">Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meade_Alcorn" title="Meade Alcorn">Alcorn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thruston_Ballard_Morton" title="Thruston Ballard Morton">T. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_E._Miller" title="William E. Miller">Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dean_Burch" title="Dean Burch">Burch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_C._Bliss" title="Ray C. Bliss">Bliss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogers_Morton" title="Rogers Morton">R. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Louise_Smith_(politician)" title="Mary Louise Smith (politician)">Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Brock" title="Bill Brock">Brock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Richards_(Utah_politician)" title="Richard Richards (Utah politician)">Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Laxalt" title="Paul Laxalt">Laxalt</a>/<a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Fahrenkopf" title="Frank Fahrenkopf">Fahrenkopf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Atwater" title="Lee Atwater">Atwater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clayton_Yeutter" title="Clayton Yeutter">Yeutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bond_(political_executive)" title="Richard Bond (political executive)">Bond</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haley_Barbour" title="Haley Barbour">Barbour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Nicholson_(Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs)" title="Jim Nicholson (Secretary of Veterans Affairs)">Nicholson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Gilmore" title="Jim Gilmore">Gilmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marc_Racicot" title="Marc Racicot">Racicot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Gillespie" title="Ed Gillespie">Gillespie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Mehlman" title="Ken Mehlman">Mehlman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_Mart%C3%ADnez" title="Mel Martínez">Martínez</a>/<a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Duncan" title="Mike Duncan">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Steele" title="Michael Steele">Steele</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reince_Priebus" title="Reince Priebus">Priebus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronna_McDaniel" title="Ronna McDaniel">McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Whatley" title="Michael Whatley">Whatley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Chair elections</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2009_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2009 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2009</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2011 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2013_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2013 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2013</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2015_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2015 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2015</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2017 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2017</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2019_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2019 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2021_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2021 Republican National Committee chairmanship election (page does not exist)">2021</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" title="2023 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Republican_National_Committee_chairmanship_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 Republican National Committee chairmanship election">2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_parties_of_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="List of state parties of the Republican Party (United States)">Parties</a> by state and territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">State</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alabama_Republican_Party" title="Alabama Republican Party">Alabama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Republican_Party" title="Alaska Republican Party">Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_Republican_Party" title="Arizona Republican Party">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Arkansas" title="Republican Party of Arkansas">Arkansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorado_Republican_Party" title="Colorado Republican Party">Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Republican_Party" title="Connecticut Republican Party">Connecticut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_State_Committee_of_Delaware" title="Republican State Committee of Delaware">Delaware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Florida" title="Republican Party of Florida">Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_Republican_Party" title="Georgia Republican Party">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaii_Republican_Party" title="Hawaii Republican Party">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idaho_Republican_Party" title="Idaho Republican Party">Idaho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Republican_Party" title="Illinois Republican Party">Illinois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indiana_Republican_Party" title="Indiana Republican Party">Indiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Iowa" title="Republican Party of Iowa">Iowa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas_Republican_Party" title="Kansas Republican Party">Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Kentucky" title="Republican Party of Kentucky">Kentucky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Louisiana" title="Republican Party of Louisiana">Louisiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maine_Republican_Party" title="Maine Republican Party">Maine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Republican_Party" title="Maryland Republican Party">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Republican_Party" title="Massachusetts Republican Party">Massachusetts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Republican_Party" title="Michigan Republican Party">Michigan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Minnesota" title="Republican Party of Minnesota">Minnesota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Republican_Party" title="Mississippi Republican Party">Mississippi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Republican_Party" title="Missouri Republican Party">Missouri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_Republican_Party" title="Montana Republican Party">Montana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nebraska_Republican_Party" title="Nebraska Republican Party">Nebraska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_Republican_Party" title="Nevada Republican Party">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire_Republican_State_Committee" title="New Hampshire Republican State Committee">New Hampshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Jersey_Republican_Party" title="New Jersey Republican Party">New Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_New_Mexico" title="Republican Party of New Mexico">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Republican_State_Committee" title="New York Republican State Committee">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="North Carolina Republican Party">North Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="North Dakota Republican Party">North Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ohio_Republican_Party" title="Ohio Republican Party">Ohio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oklahoma_Republican_Party" title="Oklahoma Republican Party">Oklahoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oregon_Republican_Party" title="Oregon Republican Party">Oregon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Republican_Party" title="Pennsylvania Republican Party">Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island_Republican_Party" title="Rhode Island Republican Party">Rhode Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Carolina_Republican_Party" title="South Carolina Republican Party">South Carolina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Dakota_Republican_Party" title="South Dakota Republican Party">South Dakota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tennessee_Republican_Party" title="Tennessee Republican Party">Tennessee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Texas" title="Republican Party of Texas">Texas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Republican_Party" title="Utah Republican Party">Utah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vermont_Republican_Party" title="Vermont Republican Party">Vermont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Virginia" title="Republican Party of Virginia">Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Washington_State_Republican_Party" title="Washington State Republican Party">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Virginia_Republican_Party" title="West Virginia Republican Party">West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Wisconsin" title="Republican Party of Wisconsin">Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wyoming_Republican_Party" title="Wyoming Republican Party">Wyoming</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Territory</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_American_Samoa" title="Republican Party of American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_Republican_Party" title="District of Columbia Republican Party">District of Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Guam" title="Republican Party of Guam">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(Northern_Mariana_Islands)" title="Republican Party (Northern Mariana Islands)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_Puerto_Rico" title="Republican Party of Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_of_the_Virgin_Islands" title="Republican Party of the Virgin Islands">Virgin Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)_organizations" title="Republican Party (United States) organizations">Affiliated organizations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/House_Republican_Conference" title="House Republican Conference">House Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_Digest" title="Legislative Digest">Legislative Digest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steering_and_Policy_Committees_of_the_United_States_House_of_Representatives" title="Steering and Policy Committees of the United States House of Representatives">Steering and Policy Committees</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senate_Republican_Conference" title="Senate Republican Conference">Senate Conference</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Republican_Policy_Committee" title="United States Senate Republican Policy Committee">Policy Committee</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Factions_in_the_Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Factions in the Republican Party (United States)">Factions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Caucus" title="Freedom Caucus">Freedom Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_Solvers_Caucus" title="Problem Solvers Caucus">Problem Solvers Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governance_Group" title="Republican Governance Group">Republican Governance Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Study_Committee" title="Republican Study Committee">Republican Study Committee</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Fundraising groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Congressional_Committee" title="National Republican Congressional Committee">National Republican Congressional Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Redistricting_Trust" title="National Republican Redistricting Trust">National Republican Redistricting Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Republican_Senatorial_Committee" title="National Republican Senatorial Committee">National Republican Senatorial Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Attorneys_General_Association" title="Republican Attorneys General Association">Republican Attorneys General Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Governors_Association" title="Republican Governors Association">Republican Governors Association</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Sectional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/College_Republicans" title="College Republicans">College Republicans</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_chairpersons_of_the_College_Republicans" title="List of chairpersons of the College Republicans">Chairmen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Congressional_Hispanic_Conference" title="Congressional Hispanic Conference">Congressional Hispanic Conference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Log_Cabin_Republicans" title="Log Cabin Republicans">Log Cabin Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Jewish_Coalition" title="Republican Jewish Coalition">Republican Jewish Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Hispanic_Assembly" title="Republican National Hispanic Assembly">Republican National Hispanic Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Abroad" title="Republicans Abroad">Republicans Abroad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Republicans" title="Teen Age Republicans">Teen Age Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Republicans" title="Young Republicans">Young Republicans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicans_Overseas" title="Republicans Overseas">Republicans Overseas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_School_Republican_National_Federation" title="High School Republican National Federation">High School Republican National Federation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Factional groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Main_Street_Partnership" title="Republican Main Street Partnership">Republican Main Street Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Majority_for_Choice" title="Republican Majority for Choice">Republican Majority for Choice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Liberty_Caucus" title="Republican Liberty Caucus">Republican Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_National_Coalition_for_Life" title="Republican National Coalition for Life">Republican National Coalition for Life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ConservAmerica" title="ConservAmerica">ConservAmerica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberty_Caucus" title="Liberty Caucus">Liberty Caucus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon_Society" title="Ripon Society">Ripon Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Wish_List_(political_organization)" title="The Wish List (political organization)">The Wish List</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#FFB6B6;;width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Republican_Party_presidential_primaries" title="List of Republican Party presidential primaries">Primaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_presidential_debates" title="Republican Party presidential debates">Debates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_history_of_the_Republican_Party" title="Bibliography of the history of the Republican Party">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Democracy_Union" title="International Democracy Union">International Democracy Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_modern_American_conservatism" title="Timeline of modern American conservatism">Timeline of modern American conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumpism" title="Trumpism">Trumpism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Members_of_the_Electoral_Commission" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Election_Commission" title="Template:Election Commission"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Election_Commission" title="Template talk:Election Commission"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Election_Commission" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Election Commission"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Members_of_the_Electoral_Commission" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_Commission_(United_States)" title="Electoral Commission (United States)">Members of the Electoral Commission</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Clifford" title="Nathan Clifford">Nathan Clifford</a> (President of the Commission)</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_T._Frelinghuysen" title="Frederick T. Frelinghuysen">Frederick T. Frelinghuysen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_P._Morton" title="Oliver P. Morton">Oliver P. Morton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Gardner_Abbott" title="Josiah Gardner Abbott">Josiah Gardner Abbott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Eppa Hunton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Henry B. Payne</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">James A. Garfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Hoar" title="George F. Hoar">George F. Hoar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen Johnson Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_P._Bradley" title="Joseph P. Bradley">Joseph P. Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Freeman_Miller" title="Samuel Freeman Miller">Samuel Freeman Miller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Strong_(Pennsylvania_judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="William Strong (Pennsylvania judge)">William Strong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="(←_1876)_1880_United_States_presidential_election_(1884_→)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Template talk:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1880 United States presidential election"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="(←_1876)_1880_United_States_presidential_election_(1884_→)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">(<a href="/wiki/1876_United_States_presidential_election" title="1876 United States presidential election">← 1876</a>) <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_presidential_election" title="1880 United States presidential election">1880 United States presidential election</a> (<a href="/wiki/1884_United_States_presidential_election" title="1884 United States presidential election">1884 →</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #E81B23;"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_Republican_National_Convention" title="1880 Republican National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">James A. Garfield</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/Chester_A._Arthur" title="Chester A. Arthur">Chester A. Arthur</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ulysses_S._Grant" title="Ulysses S. Grant">Ulysses S. Grant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_G._Blaine" title="James G. Blaine">James G. Blaine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sherman" title="John Sherman">John Sherman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_F._Edmunds" title="George F. Edmunds">George F. Edmunds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elihu_B._Washburne" title="Elihu B. Washburne">Elihu B. Washburne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Windom" title="William Windom">William Windom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #3333FF;"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1880 Democratic National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nominees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>President: <a href="/wiki/Winfield_Scott_Hancock" title="Winfield Scott Hancock">Winfield S. Hancock</a></li> <li>Vice President: <a href="/wiki/William_Hayden_English" title="William Hayden English">William H. English</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other candidates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_F._Bayard" title="Thomas F. Bayard">Thomas F. Bayard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Randall" title="Samuel J. Randall">Samuel J. Randall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_B._Payne" title="Henry B. Payne">Henry B. Payne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_J._Tilden" title="Samuel J. Tilden">Samuel J. Tilden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allen_G._Thurman" title="Allen G. Thurman">Allen G. Thurman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Johnson_Field" title="Stephen Johnson Field">Stephen J. Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Ralls_Morrison" title="William Ralls Morrison">William R. Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_A._Hendricks" title="Thomas A. Hendricks">Thomas A. Hendricks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Third-party_and_independent_candidates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Third_party_(U.S._politics)" title="Third party (U.S. politics)">Third-party</a> and <a href="/wiki/Independent_politician" title="Independent politician">independent</a> candidates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #0BDA51;"><a href="/wiki/Greenback_Party" title="Greenback Party">Greenback Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/1880_Greenback_National_Convention" title="1880 Greenback National Convention">Convention</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/James_B._Weaver" title="James B. Weaver">James B. Weaver</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Barzillai_J._Chambers" title="Barzillai J. Chambers">Barzillai J. Chambers</a></li></ul> <ul><li>Other candidates: <a href="/wiki/Hendrick_Bradley_Wright" class="mw-redirect" title="Hendrick Bradley Wright">Hendrick B. Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_D._Dillaye" title="Stephen D. Dillaye">Stephen D. Dillaye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Butler" title="Benjamin Butler">Benjamin Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solon_Chase" title="Solon Chase">Solon Chase</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_P._Allis_(businessman)" title="Edward P. Allis (businessman)">Edward P. Allis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Campbell_(Illinois_politician)" title="Alexander Campbell (Illinois politician)">Alexander Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thompson_H._Murch" title="Thompson H. Murch">Thompson H. Murch</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #FF00FF;"><a href="/wiki/Prohibition_Party" title="Prohibition Party">Prohibition Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/Neal_Dow" title="Neal Dow">Neal Dow</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Adams_Thompson" title="Henry Adams Thompson">Henry A. Thompson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:right;font-weight:normal;;box-shadow: inset -5px 0 0 0 #D99FE8;"><a href="/wiki/Know_Nothing" title="Know Nothing">American Party</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Nominee: <a href="/wiki/John_W._Phelps" title="John W. Phelps">John W. Phelps</a></li> <li>VP nominee: <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._Pomeroy" title="Samuel C. Pomeroy">Samuel C. Pomeroy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>Other 1880 elections: <a href="/wiki/1880_United_States_House_of_Representatives_elections" title="1880 United States House of Representatives elections">House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1880_and_1881_United_States_Senate_elections" class="mw-redirect" title="1880 and 1881 United States Senate elections">Senate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Template talk:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Lain_in_State_(USA)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Lain in State (USA)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Individuals_lain_in_state,_in_honor_and_in_repose_in_the_United_States" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Individuals <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">lain in state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lying in honor">in honor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">in repose</a> in the United States</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_the_United_States" title="State funerals in the United States">State funerals in the United States</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_state" title="Lying in state">Lain in state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Clay" title="Henry Clay">Clay (1852)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_Abraham_Lincoln" title="State funeral of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaddeus_Stevens" title="Thaddeus Stevens">Stevens (1868)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Sumner (1874)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Wilson (1875)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Garfield (1881)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_A._Logan" title="John A. Logan">Logan (1886)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Charles_L%27Enfant" title="Pierre Charles L'Enfant">L'Enfant (1909)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Dewey" title="George Dewey">Dewey (1917)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for World War I (1921)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Howard_Taft" title="William Howard Taft">W. H. Taft (1930)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_J._Pershing" title="John J. Pershing">Pershing (1948)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_A._Taft" title="Robert A. Taft">R. A. Taft (1953)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknowns_of_World_War_II_and_Korea" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldiers for World War II and the Korean War (1958)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">MacArthur (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">H. Hoover (1964)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Eisenhower (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everett_Dirksen" title="Everett Dirksen">Dirksen (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Edgar_Hoover" title="J. Edgar Hoover">J. E. Hoover (1972)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyndon_B._Johnson" title="Lyndon B. Johnson">Johnson (1973)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hubert_Humphrey" title="Hubert Humphrey">Humphrey (1978)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Blassie" title="Michael Blassie">Blassie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknowns#The_Unknown_of_Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Tomb of the Unknowns">Unknown Soldier for the Vietnam War (1984)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Pepper" title="Claude Pepper">Pepper (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Reagan (2004,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ronald_Reagan" title="Death and state funeral of Ronald Reagan">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">Ford (2006–07,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Gerald_Ford" title="Death and state funeral of Gerald Ford">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Inouye" title="Daniel Inouye">Inouye (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_McCain" title="John McCain">McCain (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._W._Bush" title="George H. W. Bush">Bush (2018,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_George_H._W._Bush" title="Death and state funeral of George H. W. Bush">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lewis" title="John Lewis">Lewis (2020)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dole" title="Bob Dole">Dole (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Reid" title="Harry Reid">Reid (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/National_Statuary_Hall" title="National Statuary Hall">National Statuary Hall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Cummings" title="Elijah Cummings">Cummings (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don_Young" title="Don Young">Young (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/US_Capitol#House_Chamber" class="mw-redirect" title="US Capitol">House Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hooper" title="Samuel Hooper">Hooper (1875)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Herbert_C._Hoover_Building" title="Herbert C. Hoover Building">Herbert C. Hoover Building</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ron_Brown" title="Ron Brown">Brown (1996)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Old_Senate_Chamber" title="Old Senate Chamber">Old Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Salmon_P._Chase" title="Salmon P. Chase">Chase (1873)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lain_in_honor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lain in honor">Lain in honor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="US_Capitol_rotunda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol_rotunda" title="United States Capitol rotunda">US Capitol rotunda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1998_United_States_Capitol_shooting#Officers" title="1998 United States Capitol shooting">Chestnut and Gibson (1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Parks (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Graham (2018)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death_of_Brian_Sicknick" title="Death of Brian Sicknick">Sicknick (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Evans_(police_officer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Billy Evans (police officer)">Evans (2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hershel_W._Williams" title="Hershel W. Williams">Williams (2022)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lying_in_repose" title="Lying in repose">Lain in repose</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/East_Room" title="East Room">East Room</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Harrison" title="William Henry Harrison">Harrison (1841)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zachary_Taylor" title="Zachary Taylor">Taylor (1850)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Lincoln (1865,</a> <a href="/wiki/Funeral_and_burial_of_Abraham_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Funeral and burial of Abraham Lincoln">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_McKinley" title="William McKinley">McKinley (1901)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_G._Harding" title="Warren G. Harding">Harding (1923)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Roosevelt (1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">Kennedy (1963,</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funeral_of_John_F._Kennedy" title="State funeral of John F. Kennedy">funeral</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Supreme_Court_Building" title="United States Supreme Court Building">Great Hall of the US Supreme Court</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Warren (1974)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thurgood_Marshall" title="Thurgood Marshall">Marshall (1993)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren_E._Burger" title="Warren E. Burger">Burger (1995)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Brennan_Jr." title="William J. Brennan Jr.">Brennan (1997)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Blackmun" title="Harry Blackmun">Blackmun (1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Rehnquist" title="William Rehnquist">Rehnquist (2005)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonin_Scalia" title="Antonin Scalia">Scalia (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Stevens" title="John Paul Stevens">Stevens (2019)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ginsburg (2020,</a> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Death and state funeral of Ruth Bader Ginsburg">funeral</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">O'Connor (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol#Senate_Chamber" title="United States Capitol">Senate Chamber</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Byrd" title="Robert Byrd">Byrd (2010)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Lautenberg" title="Frank Lautenberg">Lautenberg (2013)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Bold: Presidents and chief justices</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row 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.navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/19px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/29px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png/38px-United_states_confederate_flag_hybrid.png 2x" data-file-width="1875" data-file-height="1875" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:American_Civil_War" title="Portal:American Civil War">American Civil War</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Balance,_by_David.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/21px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/32px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Balance%2C_by_David.svg/41px-Balance%2C_by_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="606" data-file-height="558" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Law" title="Portal:Law">Law</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/21px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/32px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Ohio.svg/42px-Flag_of_Ohio.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="520" data-file-height="320" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Ohio" title="Portal:Ohio">Ohio</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000077124782">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/76703391">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/4703/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJB8tpcrvpXwYgRkVM4Qbd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118716379">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=495/47776">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007463234505171">Israel</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.kbr.be/LIBRARY/doc/AUTHORITY/14356854">Belgium</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=G000063">US Congress</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/902387">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd118716379.html?language=en">Deutsche 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Garfield\"] = 1,\n [\"Lain in State (USA)\"] = 1,\n [\"Librivox author\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 4,\n [\"Marriage\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes\"] = 2,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"OhioRepresentatives19-20\"] = 1,\n [\"Plainlist\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Republican Party (United States)\"] = 1,\n [\"S-aft\"] = 8,\n [\"S-bef\"] = 8,\n [\"S-end\"] = 1,\n [\"S-hon\"] = 1,\n [\"S-off\"] = 1,\n [\"S-par\"] = 2,\n [\"S-ppo\"] = 1,\n [\"S-start\"] = 1,\n [\"S-ttl\"] = 8,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 252,\n [\"SfnRef\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfnm\"] = 15,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Single double\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Snd\"] = 1,\n [\"Spaces\"] = 4,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list\"] = 1,\n [\"Tree list/end\"] = 1,\n [\"US House Appropriations chairs\"] = 1,\n [\"US House Armed Services chairs\"] = 1,\n [\"US House Financial Services chairs\"] = 1,\n [\"US Presidents\"] = 1,\n [\"United States presidential election, 1880\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Ushr\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n3\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","480","25.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","18.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","240","12.6"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","220","11.6"],["gsub","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntity","60","3.2"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","40","2.1"],["type","40","2.1"],["[others]","280","14.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-nnw6t","timestamp":"20241128184513","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"James A. 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