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Disponibil în 16 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-16" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">16 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%91%D0%BC" title="Ідыём – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ідыём" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Идиом (социолингвистика) – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Идиом (социолингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Идиом – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Идиом" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom_(Spracheigent%C3%BCmlichkeit)" title="Idiom (Spracheigentümlichkeit) – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Idiom (Spracheigentümlichkeit)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiomo" title="Idiomo – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Idiomo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idioma" title="Idioma – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Idioma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiome" title="Idiome – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Idiome" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%91e%27%E1%BA%BD_(%C3%B1e%27%E1%BA%BD)" title="Ñe'ẽ (ñe'ẽ) – guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Ñe'ẽ (ñe'ẽ)" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idi%C3%B3ma" title="Idióma – maghiară" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Idióma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="maghiară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Идиом – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Идиом" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiomas" title="Idiomas – lituaniană" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Idiomas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Идиом – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Идиом" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ідіом – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Ідіом" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idiom_(sociolingvistika)" title="Idiom (sociolingvistika) – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Idiom (sociolingvistika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BC_(%D1%81%D0%BE%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Идиом (социолингвистика) – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Идиом (социолингвистика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BE%D0%BC" title="Ідіом – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ідіом" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q337968#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Spații de nume"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" 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carte</span></a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Idiom&action=show-download-screen"><span>Descărcare ca PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&printable=yes" title="Versiunea de tipărit a acestei pagini [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Versiune de tipărit</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> În alte proiecte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q337968" title="Legătură către elementul asociat din depozitul de date [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Element Wikidata</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Aspect"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Aspect</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">mută în bara laterală</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">ascunde</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">De la Wikipedia, enciclopedia liberă</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ro" dir="ltr"><p>În <a href="/wiki/Lingvistic%C4%83" title="Lingvistică">lingvistică</a>, termenul „<b>idiom</b>” (în <a href="/wiki/Limba_rom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba română">română</a> din cuvântul <a href="/wiki/Limba_francez%C4%83" title="Limba franceză">francez</a> <i>idiome</i><sup id="cite_ref-dex_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dex-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, la rândul său din <a href="/wiki/Limba_latin%C4%83" title="Limba latină">latinescul</a> <i>idioma</i> provenind din cuvântul <a href="/wiki/Limba_greac%C4%83" title="Limba greacă">grecesc</a> <i>ἰδίωμα – idíōma</i>) înglobează termenul „<a href="/wiki/Limb%C4%83_(comunicare)" title="Limbă (comunicare)">limbă</a>”, termenii care denumesc diversele feluri de limbi (de exemplu „<a href="/wiki/Limb%C4%83_creol%C4%83" title="Limbă creolă">limbă creolă</a>”, „<a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">pidgin</a>”, „<i><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">lingua franca</a></i>”, „<a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">limbă vehiculară</a>” etc.), <a href="/wiki/Varietate_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Varietate (lingvistică)">varietățile</a> regionale ale unei limbi („<a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a>”, „<a href="/wiki/Grai" title="Grai">subdialect</a>”, „<a href="/wiki/Grai" title="Grai">grai</a>”) și varietățile sociale ale unei limbi: „<a href="/wiki/Argou" title="Argou">argou</a>”, „<a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">jargon</a>” etc. Unii lingviști<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> includ aici și termenul „<a href="/wiki/Idiolect" title="Idiolect">idiolect</a>”. Prin urmare, se poate vorbi, de exemplu, despre idiomul românesc, <a href="/wiki/Limba_arom%C3%A2n%C4%83" title="Limba aromână">idiomul aromân (macedoromân)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graiul_muntenesc" title="Graiul muntenesc">idiomul muntenesc</a>, <a href="/wiki/Graiul_muntenesc" title="Graiul muntenesc">idiomul oltean</a> etc.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>După lingvistul francez Philippe Blanchet, </p> <blockquote style="color:var(--color-base, #606060); text-align: left; font-size:95%"><div style="font-style:italic">„Un idiom este o rețea minimală de sisteme lingvistice individuale ce se identifică printr-un autoglotonim<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> și o conștiință lingvistică specifice<sup id="cite_ref-blanchet_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blanchet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.”</div></blockquote> <p>În general, termenul „idiom” este folosit când subiectul abordat de cercetător nu necesită ca acesta să opteze pentru unul din termenii „limbă”, „dialect”, „subdialect” și „grai”, mai ales când este greu sau chiar imposibil să se oprească la unul din aceștia<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>„Idiom” este un termen util mai ales în cazul societăților <a href="/wiki/Multilingvism" title="Multilingvism">multilingve</a>, cum sunt cele din majoritatea țărilor <a href="/wiki/Africa" title="Africa">africane</a>, în care coexistă numeroase varietăți ale unor limbi care nu sunt nici măcar suficient studiate<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Termenul „idiom” se mai folosește și ca <a href="/wiki/Defini%C8%9Bie" title="Definiție">gen proxim</a> pentru definirea termenilor ce denumesc feluri de limbi sau varietăți ale unei limbi<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Deoarece chestiunea „limbă sau dialect?” provoacă de multe ori controverse extralingvistice, unii autori folosesc termenul „idiom” pentru a evita aceasta. Pierre Blanchet, în lucrarea în care îl folosește, justifică aceasta prin dorința de „a evita conotațiile <a href="/wiki/Ideologie" title="Ideologie">ideologice</a> ale terminologiei tradiționale”<sup id="cite_ref-blanchet_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-blanchet-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p><p>Termenul acesta se găsește și folosit în mod greșit, cu sensul „<a href="/wiki/Expresie_idiomatic%C4%83" title="Expresie idiomatică">expresie idiomatică</a>”, sub influența cuvântului <a href="/wiki/Limba_englez%C4%83" title="Limba engleză">englezesc</a> <i>idiom</i> care are și acest sens, mai ales în materiale privind limba engleză și învățarea ei<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. <a href="/wiki/Dic%C8%9Bionar" title="Dicționar">Dicționarele</a> explicative ale limbii române nu dau sensul „expresie idiomatică” la cuvântul „idiom”<sup id="cite_ref-dex_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dex-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-dex-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dex_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dex_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text">Cf. Dexonline, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro/definitie/idiom">articolul <b>idiom</b></a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">De exemplu Pons 2015 (p. 18, nota 14).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Constantinescu-Dobridor, 1980, p. 235.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Nume dat unui idiom de către vorbitorii săi ca idiom matern.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-blanchet-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-blanchet_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-blanchet_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/lsoc_0181-4095_1991_num_55_1_2515">Blanchet 1991, p. 85</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Exemple de lucrări de lingvistică în care se folosește termenul „idiom”: Dobrișan 2014 („idiomurile etiopiene”, „idiomurile asiro-babiloniene” etc.); Vasiliu 1985 [„două idiome diferite (graiuri, dialecte sau chiar limbi)”]; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dacoromania.inst-puscariu.ro/articole/1998-1999_8.pdf">Paliga 1998-1999</a> („idiom satem”, „idiom centum”); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/stiinte_litere/conferinte/situl_integrare_europeana/Lucrari/Danila.pdf">Dănilă 2005</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012731/http://www.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/stiinte_litere/conferinte/situl_integrare_europeana/Lucrari/Danila.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2016-03-05">5 martie 2016</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>..</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">Un exemplu pentru aceasta este Mahmoudian 1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">De exemplu în <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~lemelin/diagrammatique.pdf">Lemelin 1995-2017</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170927/http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~lemelin/diagrammatique.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2016-03-03">3 martie 2016</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., pp. 21–28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b> <span class="reference-text">De exemplu Cristina Ionescu, <i>Gramatica limbii engleze prin idiomuri</i>, Aramis, 2001.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Surse_bibliografice">Surse bibliografice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Surse bibliografice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Surse bibliografice"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> Blanchet, Philippe, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.persee.fr/doc/lsoc_0181-4095_1991_num_55_1_2515">Pour la reconnaissance du droit des locuteurs à disposer de leur idiome. Un nouveau principe linguistique</a> (Pentru recunoașterea dreptului vorbitorilor de a dispune de idiomul lor. Un nou principiu lingvistic), <i>Langage et société</i>, vol. 55, nr. 1, 1991, pp. 85-94 (accesat la 17 august 2018)</li> <li>Constantinescu-Dobridor, Gheorghe, <i>Mic dicționar de terminologie lingvistică</i>, București, Albatros, 1980</li> <li>Dănilă, Ioan, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/stiinte_litere/conferinte/situl_integrare_europeana/Lucrari/Danila.pdf">Destinul unui idiom – graiul ceangăiesc din moldova</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160305012731/http://www.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/stiinte_litere/conferinte/situl_integrare_europeana/Lucrari/Danila.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2016-03-05">5 martie 2016</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/stiinte_litere/conferinte/situl_integrare_europeana/engllist.html"><i>The Proceedings of "The European Integration – between Tradition and Modernity" congress</i>, vol. I.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160228083016/http://www.upm.ro/facultati_departamente/stiinte_litere/conferinte/situl_integrare_europeana/engllist.html">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2016-02-28">28 februarie 2016</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., Editura Universității „Petru Maior”, 2005, ISSN 1844-2048, pp. 233–243 (accesat la 17 august 2018)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dexonline.ro">Dicționare ale limbii române</a> (Dexonline) (accesat la 19 martie 2017)</li> <li>Dobrișan, Nicolae, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ujmag.ro/economie/dezvoltare-personala/limba-araba-contemporana-voli-editia-a-ii-a/rasfoire/"><i>Limba arabă contemporană</i></a>, vol. I, București, Editura Pro Universitaria, 2014 (accesat la 17 august 2018)</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> Lemelin, Jean-Marc, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~lemelin/diagrammatique.pdf">Diagrammatique du langage. Initiation à la linguistique générale</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303170927/http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~lemelin/diagrammatique.pdf">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2016-03-03">3 martie 2016</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Diagramatica limbajului. Inițiere în lingvistica generală), curs universitar, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~lemelin/"><i>Pragrammatique</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170215001102/http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~lemelin/">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2017-02-15">15 februarie 2017</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>., 1995-2017 (accesat la 17 august 2018)</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> Mahmoudian, Mortéza, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bibliotheque.auf.org/doc_num.php?explnum_id=759">Problèmes de la gestion des situations plurilingues</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170320052432/http://www.bibliotheque.auf.org/doc_num.php?explnum_id=759">Arhivat</a> în <time datetime="2017-03-20">20 martie 2017</time>, la <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. (Probleme ale gestionării situațiilor plurilingve), Juillard, Caroline și Calvet, Louis-Jean (coord.), <i>Les politiques linguistiques, mythes et réalités</i> (Politicile lingvistice, mituri și realități), AUPELF-UREF, FMA, 1996, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/2920021656" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 2-920021-65-6</a>, pp. 243-296 (accesat la 17 august 2018)</li> <li>Paliga, Sorin, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dacoromania.inst-puscariu.ro/articole/1998-1999_8.pdf">Hidronimia și dialectele trace ca precursoare ale dialectelor limbii române</a>, <i>Dacoromania</i>, serie nouă, anii III-IV, 1998-1999, pp. 67–73 (accesat la 17 august 2018)</li> <li><span style="border:solid 1px #44A; background-color:#EEF; font-family:monospace; color:#008; font-size:0.9em; padding:0px 4px 2px 4px; position:relative; bottom:0.2em; cursor:help;" title="Limba franceză">fr</span> Pons, Julien, <i>Du latin classique au latin impérial. Phonétique et phonologie</i> (De la latina clasică la latina imperială), Edilivre, 2015, <a href="/wiki/Special:Referin%C8%9Be_%C3%AEn_c%C4%83r%C8%9Bi/9782332869807" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 9782332869807</a></li> <li>Vasiliu, Emanuel, Divergență dialectală și intercomunicare, <i>Anuar de lingvistică și istorie literară</i>, tom XXX, 1985, A. Lingvistică, pp. 11–16</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Idiom&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argou" title="Argou">Argou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grai" title="Grai">Grai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idiolect" title="Idiolect">Idiolect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jargon" title="Jargon">Jargon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limb%C4%83_creol%C4%83" title="Limbă creolă">Limbă creolă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingua_franca" title="Lingua franca">Lingua franca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pidgin" title="Pidgin">Pidgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociolect" title="Sociolect">Sociolect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Varietate_(lingvistic%C4%83)" title="Varietate (lingvistică)">Varietate (lingvistică)</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Adus de la <a dir="ltr" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idiom&oldid=16561999">https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Idiom&oldid=16561999</a></div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categorii" title="Special:Categorii">Categorii</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Lingvistic%C4%83" title="Categorie:Lingvistică">Lingvistică</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Sociolingvistic%C4%83" title="Categorie:Sociolingvistică">Sociolingvistică</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Dialectologie" title="Categorie:Dialectologie">Dialectologie</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Categorii ascunse: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Categorie:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Pagini_ce_folosesc_leg%C4%83turi_automate_c%C4%83tre_ISBN" title="Categorie:Pagini ce folosesc legături automate către ISBN">Pagini ce folosesc legături automate către ISBN</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Ultima editare a paginii a fost efectuată la 11 octombrie 2024, ora 16:29.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Acest text este disponibil sub licența <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.ro">Creative Commons cu atribuire și distribuire în condiții identice</a>; pot exista și clauze suplimentare. 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cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>16 limbi</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Adăugare subiect</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-58bd586cbd-2c97t","wgBackendResponseTime":129,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.058","walltime":"0.070","ppvisitednodes":{"value":258,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":4967,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":225,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":4,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":0,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":4686,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 45.370 1 -total"," 77.80% 35.300 7 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