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href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%A6%AC%E5%B8%8C%E7%AF%84" title="馬希範 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="馬希範" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0_%D0%A1%D1%96%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C" title="Ма Сіфань – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ма Сіфань" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A3_Hy_Ph%E1%BA%A1m" title="Mã Hy Phạm – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mã Hy Phạm" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link 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.infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn" style="background-color: #cbe; color:inherit; font-size: 125%">Prince Wenzhao of Chu<br />楚文昭王</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i>Prince of Chu</i></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">Prince of <a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Chu</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">7 February 934<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AS_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 30 May 947<sup id="cite_ref-AS_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ287_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ287-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Vacant (<a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Ma Yin</a> as King of Chu)</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Ma Xiguang</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/Jiedushi" title="Jiedushi">Jiedushi</a></i> of Wu'an Circuit<br />(武安軍節度使)</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Tenure</th><td class="infobox-data">14 September 932<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-AS_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 30 May 947</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Predecessor</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Successor</th><td class="infobox-data">Ma Xiguang</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #e4dcf6;color:inherit;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><div style="height: 4px; width:100%;"></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">899<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD66_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD66-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />likely <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tang_dynasty" title="Tang dynasty">Tang</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">30 May 947<br />Changsha, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Chu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Wife</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lady_Peng_(Ma_Xifan%27s_wife)" title="Lady Peng (Ma Xifan's wife)">Lady Peng</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Issue_(genealogy)" title="Issue (genealogy)">Issue</a></th><td class="infobox-data">One or more sons, name(s) unknown</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Names</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data nickname" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Mǎ Xīfàn (馬希範)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left">Era dates</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;"><i>Adopted the era names of <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></i>:<br />Changxing (長興): 930–932<br />Yingshun (應順): 934<br />Qingtai (清泰): 934–936<br /><i>Adopted the era names of <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></i>:<br />Tianfu (天福): 936–944<br />Kaiyun (開運): 944–947</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="text-align:left"><a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">Posthumous name</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align:left; padding-left:0.7em;">Prince Wénzhāo (文昭王, "civil and accomplished")</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">House</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Ma</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Ma Chu</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Father</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Ma Yin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Mother</th><td class="infobox-data">Lady Chen</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ma Xifan</b> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">traditional Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">馬希範</span>; <a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">simplified Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hans">马希范</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Mǎ Xīfàn</span></i>; 899<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD66_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD66-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> – 30 May 947<sup id="cite_ref-AS_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AS-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ287_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ287-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_name" title="Courtesy name">courtesy name</a> <b>Baogui</b> (寶規), also known by his <a href="/wiki/Posthumous_name" title="Posthumous name">posthumous name</a> as the <b>Prince Wenzhao of Chu</b> (楚文昭王), was the third ruler of the <a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Ma Chu dynasty</a> of China during the <a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Xifan&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ma Xifan was born in 899, during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Zhaozong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Zhaozong of Tang">Emperor Zhaozong of Tang</a>, as the fourth son of the warlord <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Ma Yin</a>. At that time, Ma Yin had just taken control of <a href="/wiki/Tanzhou_(in_modern_Hunan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tanzhou (in modern Hunan)">Tan Prefecture</a> (in modern <a href="/wiki/Changsha" title="Changsha">Changsha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>) following the assassination of Ma Yin's predecessor <a href="/wiki/Liu_Jianfeng_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Liu Jianfeng (Tang dynasty)">Liu Jianfeng</a>, and was not yet fully in control of Wu'an Circuit (武安, headquartered at Tan Prefecture), which would eventually become the central circuit for the Chu state, but was in the process of gradually consolidating his control.<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD66_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD66-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Xifan's mother was a Lady Chen, who was Ma Yin's concubine, not his wife — as Ma Yin's first son, Ma Xizhen (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希振</span></span>), was said to be born of his wife, who was not named in historical sources. (Lady Chen later bore at least one younger son among Ma Yin's at least 35 sons, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Ma Xiguang</a>.)<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ68_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ68-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ69_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ69-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ71_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ71-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Xifan and his brother, Ma Yin's second son <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a>, were born on the same day, but Ma Xisheng was born earlier on that day. (Another brother, unnamed in historical sources, was therefore likely born on the same day of a different mother, between Ma Xisheng's and Ma Xifan's births.)<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD66_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD66-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 909 — by which time Tang had fallen, and Ma was ruling his own domain as the Prince of <a href="/wiki/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu (Ten Kingdoms)">Chu</a>, as a vassal to Tang's successor state <a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a> — there was a time when forces of Chu's northeastern neighbor <a href="/wiki/Wu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wu (Ten Kingdoms)">Wu</a> were battling the forces of the warlord <a href="/wiki/Wei_Quanfeng" title="Wei Quanfeng">Wei Quanfeng</a>, who controlled four prefectures centered around Fu Prefecture (撫州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Fuzhou,_Jiangxi" title="Fuzhou, Jiangxi">Fuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>). The Wu general <a href="/wiki/Zhou_Ben" title="Zhou Ben">Zhou Ben</a> was able to defeat and capture Wei, and when Wu forces then approached one of Wei's four prefectures, Ji Prefecture (吉州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Ji%27an" title="Ji'an">Ji'an</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a>), Ji's prefect Peng Gan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">彭玕</span></span>) fled to Chu and submitted to Ma. Ma made Peng the prefect of one of his own prefectures, Chen Prefecture (郴州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Chenzhou" title="Chenzhou">Chenzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), and, either at that time or later, had Ma Xifan marry <a href="/wiki/Lady_Peng_(Ma_Xifan%27s_wife)" title="Lady Peng (Ma Xifan's wife)">Peng's daughter</a> as his wife.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ267_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ267-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 923, Later Liang was conquered by <a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Yin submitted to Later Tang as a vassal, and sent Ma Xifan to the Later Tang capital <a href="/wiki/Luoyang" title="Luoyang">Luoyang</a> to offer tributes. The Later Tang emperor <a href="/wiki/Li_Cunxu" title="Li Cunxu">Li Cunxu</a>, both because he was impressed by Ma Xifan's alertness and intelligence, and because he wanted to try to alienate Ma Yin's trust in his chief strategist <a href="/wiki/Gao_Yu" title="Gao Yu">Gao Yu</a>, made the comment, "I had long heard that the Ma state would be seized by Gao Yu. With a son like you, how could Gao steal the state?" (Ma Yin, however, was not swayed by this comment, and continued to trust Gao, although Gao would eventually be killed by Ma Xisheng in 929.)<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 928, Ma's erstwhile fellow vassal of Later Tang, <a href="/wiki/Gao_Jixing" title="Gao Jixing">Gao Jixing</a> the ruler of <a href="/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a>, had turned against Later Tang over territorial and material disputes, and Gao Jixing submitted instead to Wu as a vassal. Later Tang's emperor <a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a> (Li Cunxu's adoptive brother and successor) ordered Ma to attack Jingnan. Ma sent his major general <a href="/wiki/Xu_Dexun" title="Xu Dexun">Xu Dexun</a> to do so, with Ma Xifan serving as Xu's army monitor. When the Chu army reached Shatou (沙頭, in modern <a href="/wiki/Jingzhou" title="Jingzhou">Jingzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), it encountered the Jingnan army. Gao Jixing's nephew and officer Gao Congsi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">高從嗣</span></span>) personally went on the frontline and challenged Ma Xifan to a duel, offering to let their personal duel serve as a substitute for the battle between the armies. Ma Xifan apparently did not respond, but the Chu officer Liao Kuangqi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">廖匡齊</span></span>) stepped out and battled Gao Congsi, killing him. In fear, Gao Jixing sued for peace, and Xu withdrew.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By this point, Ma Yuan's sons were struggling among each other to become his successor.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ276_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ276-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While Ma Xizhen would have been considered the legitimate heir under the traditional Chinese principles (as his mother was Ma Yin's wife and he was the oldest), Ma Yin eventually chose Ma Xisheng on the basis that Ma Xisheng's mother, <a href="/wiki/Consort_Yuan_(Ma_Yin)" title="Consort Yuan (Ma Yin)">Consort Yuan</a>, was his favorite, and Ma Xisheng accepted the designation without at least showing some signs of willingness to yield. This drew resentment from both Ma Xifan and his mother Lady Chen, as Ma Xifan was born on the same day as Ma Xisheng.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ68_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ68-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ71_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ71-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ma Yin would die in 930, and Ma Xisheng succeeded him.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reign">Reign</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Xifan&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Reign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Later_Tang">During Later Tang</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Xifan&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: During Later Tang"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 932, Ma Xisheng died. The officers, headed by Yuan Quan (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">袁詮</span></span>) and Pan Yue (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">潘約</span></span>), welcomed Ma Xifan, who then carried the title of military governor of Zhennan Circuit (鎮南, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Nanchang" title="Nanchang">Nanchang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jiangxi" title="Jiangxi">Jiangxi</a> — an honorary title as at that time, Zhennan was a Wu possession) and who was the defender of Lang Prefecture (朗州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Changde" title="Changde">Changde</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), to Changsha. Ma Xifan thereafter assumed the reins of the Chu state. Shortly after, Li Siyuan commissioned him the military governor of Wu'an, and gave him the honorary <a href="/wiki/Chancellor_of_Tang_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Chancellor of Tang Dynasty">chancellor</a> title <i>Shizhong</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">侍中</span></span>). In 933, Li Siyuan gave him the additional title of military governor of a new Wuping Circuit (武平, headquartered at Lang Prefecture) — thus establishing the Wuping command as subordinate but separate to the Wu'an command — as well as the honorary chancellor title <i>Zhongshu Ling</i> (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">中書令</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Through the years, Ma Xifan still bore grudges against Ma Xisheng and Consort Yuan for Ma Xisheng's failure to make any efforts to appear to be open to yield his heirship to other brothers. Once he came into power, he was disrespectful to Consort Yuan, and he often rebuked her younger son Ma Xiwang (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希旺</span></span>), who then served as a commander of the headquarters guards. Consort Yuan, fearful of what might happen to Ma Xiwang, offered to have him stripped of all titles and be made a <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoist</a> monk. Ma Xifan declined, but stripped Ma Xiwang of his command, made him live in a bamboo house, and denied him permission to attend gatherings of the brothers. After Consort Yuan's death — implied to be in or shortly after 933 — Ma Xiwang also died, in anger and fear.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 934, Li Siyuan's son and successor <a href="/wiki/Li_Conghou" title="Li Conghou">Li Conghou</a> created Ma Xifan the Prince of Chu.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ278-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Meanwhile, Ma Xifan's younger brother Ma Xigao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">馬希杲</span></span>), born of Lady Hua, had been serving as the military governor of Jingjiang Circuit (靜江, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Guilin" title="Guilin">Guilin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>), and governed the circuit well. However, Ma Xigao's army monitor Pei Renzhao (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">裴仁照</span></span>) secretly submitted accusations to Ma Xifan that Ma Xigao was trying to ingratiate the people. This caused suspicion in Ma Xifan's mind. In summer 936, when <a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a>'s general Sun Dewei (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">孫德威</span></span>) intruded into Chu's Meng (蒙州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Wuzhou" title="Wuzhou">Wuzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guangxi" title="Guangxi">Guangxi</a>) and Gui (桂州, Jingjiang's capital) Prefectures, Ma Xifan decided to leave his full younger brother Ma Xiguang temporarily in charge at Changsha, and he headed to the frontline himself with 5,000 soldiers. This caused Ma Xigao to become apprehensive. His mother Lady Hua decided to rendezvous with Ma Xifan at Mount Quanyi (全義嶺, in modern Guilin), and she stated, "Xigao ruled the circuit poorly, such that bandits [(i.e., the Southern Han army)] invaded and that Your Royal Highness had to climb over dangerous mountains. This is all the fault of your servant [(i.e., herself)]. I am willing to have you strip him of his land, and I am willing to be a cleaner in the palace, to pay for Xigao's crimes." Ma Xifan responded, "I have not seen Xigao for quite some time. I heard that his governance was exceptional, and therefore decided to come to see for myself." The Southern Han army soon withdrew, but Ma Xifan moved Ma Xigao to be the acting prefect of Lang.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ280_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ280-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="During_Later_Jin">During Later Jin</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Xifan&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: During Later Jin"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 936, then-Later Tang emperor <a href="/wiki/Li_Congke" title="Li Congke">Li Congke</a> (Li Siyuan's adoptive son) was overthrown by his brother-in-law <a href="/wiki/Shi_Jingtang" title="Shi Jingtang">Shi Jingtang</a>, who established <a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a> with the support of the <a href="/wiki/Khitan_people" title="Khitan people">Khitan</a> <a href="/wiki/Liao_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Liao Dynasty">Liao Dynasty</a>. Ma Xifan continued to be a vassal to Later Jin.<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ68_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ68-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 937, Shi gave Ma the additional titles of generalissimo of the circuits south of the <a href="/wiki/Yangtze_River" class="mw-redirect" title="Yangtze River">Yangtze River</a> (江南諸道都統, <i>Jiangnan Zhudao Dutong</i>) and overseer of the armies of Wuping and Jingjiang.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ281_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ281-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 938, Ma's wife Lady Peng died. It was said that Lady Peng was ugly in appearance, but capable in governing the household; while she was alive, Ma was respectful and fearful of her. After she died, Ma became to overexert in entertainment and licentiousness, spending much of his nights drinking. There was a time when he killed a merchant so that he could seize the merchant's beautiful wife, but the merchant's wife refused to accede to his designs on her, and committed suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ281_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ281-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 939, Shi bestowed on Ma the title of <i>Tiance Shangjiangjun</i> (天策上將軍, "Grand General of Heavenly Strategies") — a title formerly held by the great Tang emperor <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Tang" title="Emperor Taizong of Tang">Emperor Taizong of Tang</a> and his father Ma Yin. The bestowment included a seal bearing that title, and permission for him to establish a <i>Tiance</i> Office. Ma Xifan thus established a number of office titles within that office, which he bestowed on his brothers and officers. He also, imitating Emperor Taizong, commissioned 18 staff members to serve as scholars at the <i>Tiance</i> Office.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ282_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ282-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Also in 939, the non-<a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han</a> tribal chief Peng Shichou (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">彭士愁</span></span>), who carried the title of prefect of Xi Prefecture (溪州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Xiangxi_Tujia_and_Miao_Autonomous_Prefecture" title="Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture">Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), technically under the sovereignty of Chu's western neighbor <a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a>, attacked Chu's Chen (辰州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Huaihua" title="Huaihua">Huaihua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>, not the same prefecture that Ma's father-in-law Peng Gan once governed) and Li (澧州, in modern Changde) Prefectures, and sought reinforcements from Later Shu's emperor <a href="/wiki/Meng_Chang" title="Meng Chang">Meng Chang</a>. Meng, believing that this campaign was too far from Later Shu proper, refused. Ma sent his generals Liu Qing (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">劉勍</span></span>) and Liao Kuangqi against Peng Shichou. They were initially successful, forcing Peng to abandon Xi Prefecture and flee into the mountain caves. However, during the subsequent siege of the caves, Liao died in battle. When Ma sent an emissary to pay respects to Liao, Liao's mother, not crying, stated to his emissary, "The 300 people of the Liao clan were bestowed clothes and food by the Prince. Even if the entire clan were to die, we still cannot repay it, not to mention just one son. May the Prince not be bothered by this." Ma believed that Mother Liao was a wise woman, and richly rewarded her household for Liao Kuangqi's sacrifice. In 940, Liu was finally able to force Peng's submission. Ma relocated the seat for Xi Prefecture to somewhere with easier transportation, and recommissioned Peng as its prefect while commissioning Liu the prefect of Jin Prefecture (錦州, in modern Huaihua). It was said that from this point on, the non-Han of the region submitted to Chu rule. Meanwhile, Ma, claiming descent from the <a href="/wiki/Han_Dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Han Dynasty">Han Dynasty</a> general <a href="/wiki/Ma_Yuan_(Han_Dynasty)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ma Yuan (Han Dynasty)">Ma Yuan</a>, made a huge pillar of bronze, with inscriptions of mutual oaths of governance/submission on it, at Xi Prefecture.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ282_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ282-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In late 941, <a href="/wiki/An_Congjin" title="An Congjin">An Congjin</a>, the Later Jin military governor of Shannan East Circuit (山南東道, headquartered in modern <a href="/wiki/Xiangyang" title="Xiangyang">Xiangyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hubei" title="Hubei">Hubei</a>), rebelled against Later Jin. Shi ordered that both Chu and Jingnan assist the operations of the imperial general <a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingzhou" title="Gao Xingzhou">Gao Xingzhou</a>, whom he sent against An. Both Ma and Jingnan's prince <a href="/wiki/Gao_Conghui" title="Gao Conghui">Gao Conghui</a> did so, with Ma sending the general Zhang Shaodi (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">張少敵</span></span>) and supplying Gao Xingzhou's army with food.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ282_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ282-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By 942, Ma had built a grand building for the <i>Tiance</i> Office. It was said that even its window sills and thresholds were adorned with gold and jade, while its walls were painted with cinnabar. Its floors were covered with bamboo mats in the spring and summer, and <a href="/wiki/Bombax_ceiba" title="Bombax ceiba">Bombax ceiba</a> threads in the fall and winter. By 943, it was said that Chu was so wealthy, and Ma's taste for luxury so great, such that he used gold to cover the spears for decoration such that they became useless as weapons. His expenditures were innumerable. He built a Jiulong Hall (九龍殿, "Nine Dragons Hall") with eight elaborate dragon statutes therein — i.e., being the ninth dragon himself. To pay for these expenses, he taxed the people heavily, and further sold political offices to merchants. He also encouraged people who committed crimes to pay fines or to carry out military service, in lieu of punishment, such that only the poor and the weak actually get punished. When his official Tuoba Heng (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh">拓拔恆</span></span>) tried to discourage him from this behavior, he refused to listen, causing Tuoba to lament and comment, "The Prince is excessive in his desires and refuses to listen to corrections. I see his clan's 1,000 people becoming vagrants with no home." Hearing of Tuoba's comment, Ma became incensed, and refused to see Tuoba for the rest of his life.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ283_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ283-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 945, Ma again suspected Ma Xigao, then at Lang, of having drawn the favor of the people. He sent emissaries to monitor Ma Xigao. Ma Xigao, in fear, claimed illness and requested to leave his post to return to Changsha. Ma Xifan refused, and sent doctors to see Ma Xigao. The doctors, apparently at Ma Xifan's direction, poisoned Ma Xigao to death.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ284_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ284-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Knowing that Shi Jingtang's nephew and successor <a href="/wiki/Shi_Chonggui" title="Shi Chonggui">Shi Chonggui</a>, who was emperor of Later Jin by this point, had a liking for precious items, Ma Xifan repeatedly offered such items in tribute to the emperor, and requested to be given the title of generalissimo of all circuits (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">諸道兵馬都元帥</span></span>). Shi Chonggui bestowed that title on him in 946.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ285_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ285-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="After_Later_Jin's_fall"><span id="After_Later_Jin.27s_fall"></span>After Later Jin's fall</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Xifan&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: After Later Jin's fall"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Meanwhile, Shi Chonggui had taken a confrontational posture against Liao Dynasty over the years, eventually leading Liao's <a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong</a> to launch a major attack on Later Jin in 946, destroying it.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ285_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ285-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emperor Taizong entered the Later Jin capital <a href="/wiki/Kaifeng" title="Kaifeng">Kaifeng</a>, and claimed to also be the emperor of China.<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ286_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ286-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He sent an emissary to Chu, giving Ma Xifan the great title of <i>Shangfu</i> (尚父, "imperial father"). Ma was very pleased.<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ68_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ68-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Eventually, though, facing Han resistance, Emperor Taizong withdrew, and died on the way back to Liao territory; Later Jin territory eventually came under the sovereignty of the Later Jin general <a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhiyuan" title="Liu Zhiyuan">Liu Zhiyuan</a>, who claimed imperial title and founded <a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ286_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ286-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although this news never reached Ma Xifan.)<sup id="cite_ref-SGCQ68_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SGCQ68-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Over the years, Ma Xifan had greatly trusted his younger full brother Ma Xiguang, making him the deputy military governor of Wu'an, the commandant of the <i>Tiance</i> Office, and military governor of Zhennan, as well as making him in charge of the headquarters. In 947, Ma Xifan died suddenly. After deliberations between staff members, the majority wanted to support Ma Xiguang to succeed Ma Xifan — even though another brother, <a href="/wiki/Ma_Xi%27e" title="Ma Xi'e">Ma Xi'e</a>, who then carried the titles of military governor of Wuping and acting prefect of Yong Prefecture (永州, in modern <a href="/wiki/Yongzhou" title="Yongzhou">Yongzhou</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hunan" title="Hunan">Hunan</a>), was older, despite opposition from Tuoba Heng and Zhang Shaodi. Ma Xiguang thus was declared the new ruler,<sup id="cite_ref-ZZTJ287_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ZZTJ287-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> eventually precipitating a civil war between him and Ma Xi'e that would bring down the Chu state.<sup id="cite_ref-NHFD66_4-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NHFD66-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_references">Notes and references</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ma_Xifan&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes and references"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ278-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ278_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7278" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷278">vol. 278</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AS-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AS_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AS_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sinocal.sinica.edu.tw">Chinese-Western Calendar Convereter</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ287-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ287_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ287_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ287_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7287" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷287">vol. 287</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NHFD66-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD66_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD66_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD66_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD66_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-NHFD66_4-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/New_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="New History of the Five Dynasties">New History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B766" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新五代史/卷66">vol. 66</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGCQ68-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ68_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ68_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ68_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ68_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ68_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/06080957.cn#page/n112/mode/2up">vol. 68</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGCQ69-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ69_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/06080957.cn#page/n134/mode/2up">vol. 69</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SGCQ71-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ71_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SGCQ71_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/06080958.cn#page/n24/mode/2up">vol. 71</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ267-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ267_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7267" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷267">vol. 267</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7272" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷272">vol. 272</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ276-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ276_10-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7276" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷276">vol. 276</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7277" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷277">vol. 277</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ280-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ280_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7280" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷280">vol. 280</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ281-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ281_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ281_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7281" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷281">vol. 281</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ282-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ282_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ282_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ282_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7282" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷282">vol. 282</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ283-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ283_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7283" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷283">vol. 283</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ284-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ284_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7284" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷284">vol. 284</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ285-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ285_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ285_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7285" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷285">vol. 285</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ZZTJ286-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ286_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ZZTJ286_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Zizhi Tongjian</i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7286" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷286">vol. 286</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Old_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" title="Old History of the Five Dynasties">History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%88%8A%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B7133" class="extiw" title="zh:s:舊五代史/卷133">vol. 133</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/New_History_of_the_Five_Dynasties" class="mw-redirect" title="New History of the Five Dynasties">New History of the Five Dynasties</a></i>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E6%96%B0%E4%BA%94%E4%BB%A3%E5%8F%B2/%E5%8D%B766" class="extiw" title="zh:s:新五代史/卷66">vol. 66</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spring_and_Autumn_Annals_of_the_Ten_Kingdoms" title="Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms">Spring and Autumn Annals of the Ten Kingdoms</a></i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/06080957.cn#page/n112/mode/2up">vol. 68</a>.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zizhi_Tongjian" title="Zizhi Tongjian">Zizhi Tongjian</a></i>, vols. <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7267" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷267">267</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7276" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷276">276</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7278" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷278">278</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7279" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷279">279</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7280" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷280">280</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7281" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷281">281</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7282" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷282">282</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7283" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷283">283</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7284" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷284">284</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7285" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷285">285</a>, <a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/s:%E8%B3%87%E6%B2%BB%E9%80%9A%E9%91%91/%E5%8D%B7287" class="extiw" title="zh:s:資治通鑑/卷287">287</a>.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nobility" title="Chinese nobility">Chinese nobility</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="3">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chu_(Ten_Kingdoms)" class="mw-redirect" title="Chu (Ten Kingdoms)">Ruler of Chu</a> </b><br />932–947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Ma Xiguang</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruler of China (Southeastern Hunan/Northeastern Guangxi) (<i>de facto</i>) </b><br />932–947 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Ruler of China (Northwestern Hunan) (<i>de facto</i>) </b><br />932–947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xi%27e" title="Ma Xi'e">Ma Xi'e</a> (Prince Gongxiao)</div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist 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abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template talk:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period_rulers1121" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_period" title="Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period">Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period</a> rulers</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Five Dynasties<br />(and other northern states)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Liang_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Liang (Five Dynasties)">Later Liang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wen" title="Zhu Wen">Zhu Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Yougui" title="Zhu Yougui">Zhu Yougui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Youzhen" title="Zhu Youzhen">Zhu Youzhen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concurrent warlords</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Shouguang" title="Liu Shouguang">Liu Shouguang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Yan_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yan (Five Dynasties period)">Yan</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Rong_(warlord)" title="Wang Rong (warlord)">Wang Rong</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zhao_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Zhao (Five Dynasties period)">Zhao</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Maozhen" title="Li Maozhen">Li Maozhen</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qi_(Li_Maozhen%27s_state)" title="Qi (Li Maozhen's state)">Qi</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Tang" title="Later Tang">Later Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Jin34" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jin_(Later_Tang_precursor)" title="Jin (Later Tang precursor)">Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Li_Keyong" title="Li Keyong">Li Keyong</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Cunxu" title="Li Cunxu">Li Cunxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Siyuan" title="Li Siyuan">Li Siyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Conghou" title="Li Conghou">Li Conghou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Congke" title="Li Congke">Li Congke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Jin_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Jin (Five Dynasties)">Later Jin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Jingtang" title="Shi Jingtang">Shi Jingtang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shi_Chonggui" title="Shi Chonggui">Shi Chonggui</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Interregnum<br />(<a href="/wiki/Liao_dynasty" title="Liao dynasty">Liao</a> occupation)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Taizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Taizong of Liao">Emperor Taizong of Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Shizong_of_Liao" title="Emperor Shizong of Liao">Emperor Shizong of Liao</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Han_(Five_Dynasties)" title="Later Han (Five Dynasties)">Later Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zhiyuan" title="Liu Zhiyuan">Liu Zhiyuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chengyou" title="Liu Chengyou">Liu Chengyou</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Han" title="Northern Han">Northern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chong" title="Liu Chong">Liu Chong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jun_(Northern_Han)" title="Liu Jun (Northern Han)">Liu Chengjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Ji%27en" title="Liu Ji'en">Liu Ji'en</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Jiyuan" title="Liu Jiyuan">Liu Jiyuan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Zhou" title="Later Zhou">Later Zhou</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Wei" title="Guo Wei">Guo Wei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chai_Rong" title="Chai Rong">Chai Rong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Zongxun" title="Guo Zongxun">Guo Zongxun</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ten Kingdoms<br />(other than Northern Han)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Former_Shu" title="Former Shu">Former Shu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jian_(Former_Shu)" title="Wang Jian (Former Shu)">Wang Jian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Zongyan" title="Wang Zongyan">Wang Zongyan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Later_Shu" title="Later Shu">Later Shu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Zhixiang" title="Meng Zhixiang">Meng Zhixiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meng_Chang" title="Meng Chang">Meng Chang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jingnan" title="Jingnan">Jingnan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Jixing" title="Gao Jixing">Gao Jixing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Conghui" title="Gao Conghui">Gao Conghui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Baorong" title="Gao Baorong">Gao Baorong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Baoxu" title="Gao Baoxu">Gao Baoxu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Jichong" title="Gao Jichong">Gao Jichong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ma_Chu" title="Ma Chu">Chu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Yin" title="Ma Yin">Ma Yin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xisheng" title="Ma Xisheng">Ma Xisheng</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Ma Xifan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xiguang" title="Ma Xiguang">Ma Xiguang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xi%27e" title="Ma Xi'e">Ma Xi'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Xichong" title="Ma Xichong">Ma Xichong</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Han" title="Southern Han">Southern Han</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Yan_(Southern_Han)" class="mw-redirect" title="Liu Yan (Southern Han)">Liu Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Bin_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Bin (Southern Han)">Liu Bin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Sheng_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Sheng (Southern Han)">Liu Sheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Chang_(Southern_Han)" title="Liu Chang (Southern Han)">Liu Chang</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wu" title="Yang Wu">Wu</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Xingmi" title="Yang Xingmi">Yang Xingmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Wo" title="Yang Wo">Yang Wo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Longyan" title="Yang Longyan">Yang Longyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Pu" title="Yang Pu">Yang Pu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Tang" title="Southern Tang">Southern Tang</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Li_Bian" title="Li Bian">Li Bian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Jing_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Jing (Southern Tang)">Li Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yu_(Southern_Tang)" title="Li Yu (Southern Tang)">Li Yu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Min_(Ten_Kingdoms)" title="Min (Ten Kingdoms)">Min</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chao_(Tang_dynasty)" title="Wang Chao (Tang dynasty)">Wang Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Shenzhi" title="Wang Shenzhi">Wang Shenzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanhan" title="Wang Yanhan">Wang Yanhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanjun" title="Wang Yanjun">Wang Yanjun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jipeng" title="Wang Jipeng">Wang Jipeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanxi" title="Wang Yanxi">Wang Yanxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Wenjin" title="Zhu Wenjin">Zhu Wenjin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Yin_(Five_Dynasties_period)" title="Yin (Five Dynasties period)">Yin</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Yanzheng" title="Wang Yanzheng">Wang Yanzheng</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wuyue" title="Wuyue">Wuyue</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Liu" title="Qian Liu">Qian Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Yuanguan" title="Qian Yuanguan">Qian Yuanguan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Hongzuo" title="Qian Hongzuo">Qian Hongzuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Hongzong" title="Qian Hongzong">Qian Hongzong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qian_Chu" title="Qian Chu">Qian Chu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Xia" title="Template:Kings of Xia">Xia</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Shang" title="Template:Kings of Shang">Shang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Kings_of_Zhou" title="Template:Kings of Zhou">Zhou</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchs_of_Qin" title="Template:Monarchs of Qin">Qin</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Han_emperors" title="Template:Han emperors">Han</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Three_Kingdoms_emperors" title="Template:Three Kingdoms emperors">3 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Jin_emperors_(266%E2%80%93420)" title="Template:Jin emperors (266–420)">Jìn</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Sixteen_Kingdoms_rulers" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Sixteen Kingdoms rulers">16 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Southern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Southern dynasties emperors">S. Dynasties</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_dynasties_emperors" title="Template:Northern dynasties emperors">N. Dynasties</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Sui_emperors" title="Template:Sui emperors">Sui</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Tang_emperors" title="Template:Tang emperors">Tang</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Five_Dynasties_and_Ten_Kingdoms_rulers" title="Template:Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms rulers">5 Dynasties & 10 Kingdoms</a> → <a href="/wiki/Template:Liao_emperors" title="Template:Liao emperors">Liao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Song_emperors" title="Template:Song emperors">Song</a> / <a href="/wiki/Template:Western_Xia_emperors" title="Template:Western Xia emperors">W. 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