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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Beschrijving</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beschrijving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ecoregio's" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ecoregio's"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Ecoregio's</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ecoregio's-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Inhoud" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" 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mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Ga naar een artikel in een andere taal. Beschikbaar in 102 talen" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-102" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">102 talen</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Aragonees" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A9" title="تندرة – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تندرة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Azerbeidzjaans" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbeidzjaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Basjkiers" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Basjkiers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Balinees" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondra" title="Tondra – Samogitisch" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Tondra" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Bulgaars" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE" title="তুন্দ্রা – Bengaals" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="তুন্দ্রা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengaals" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Bosnisch" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Catalaans" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="تەندرا – Soranî" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="تەندرا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Soranî" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Tsjechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tsjechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Tsjoevasjisch" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Tsjoevasjisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Deens" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Deens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Duits" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Duits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%B1" title="Τούνδρα – Grieks" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τούνδρα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grieks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Engels" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engels" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundro" title="Tundro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Tundro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Spaans" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Estisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="توندرا – Perzisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="توندرا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Perzisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Fins" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fins" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toundra" title="Toundra – Frans" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Toundra" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Frans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Noord-Fries" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Noord-Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%BBndra" title="Tûndra – Fries" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Tûndra" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Fries" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Iers" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Iers" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%94" title="טונדרה – Hebreeuws" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טונדרה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebreeuws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE" title="टुण्ड्रा – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="टुण्ड्रा" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toundra" title="Toundra – Haïtiaans Creools" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Toundra" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haïtiaans Creools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Hongaars" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hongaars" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%A4%D6%80%D5%A1" title="Տունդրա – Armeens" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տունդրա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nunavik" title="Nunavik – Inupiaq" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Nunavik" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="Inupiaq" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundro" title="Tundro – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Tundro" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fre%C3%B0m%C3%BDri" title="Freðmýri – IJslands" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Freðmýri" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="IJslands" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Italiaans" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italiaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iu mw-list-item"><a href="https://iu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%93%87%E1%90%B9%E1%96%85%E1%91%90%E1%96%83%E1%95%88%E1%93%90%E1%93%87%E1%99%B1%E1%91%A6%E1%91%90%E1%96%85" title="ᓇᐹᖅᑐᖃᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ – Inuktitut" lang="iu" hreflang="iu" data-title="ᓇᐹᖅᑐᖃᕈᓐᓇᙱᑦᑐᖅ" data-language-autonym="ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut" data-language-local-name="Inuktitut" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᐃᓄᒃᑎᑐᑦ / inuktitut</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%84%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%A9" title="ツンドラ – Japans" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ツンドラ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="ტუნდრა – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ტუნდრა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Kabylisch" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabylisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Kazachs" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazachs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%88%B0%EB%93%9C%EB%9D%BC" title="툰드라 – Koreaans" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="툰드라" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Kirgizisch" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgizisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Latijn" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latijn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra – Limburgs" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Ligurisch" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundula" title="Tundula – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Tundula" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Litouws" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litouws" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Lets" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Тундро – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Тундро" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Macedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A6%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="തുന്ദ്ര – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തുന്ദ്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%AA%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B6" title="टुंड्रा प्रदेश – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="टुंड्रा प्रदेश" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Maleis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Maleis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Noors - Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Noors - Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Noors - Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Noors - Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tondra" title="Tondra – Occitaans" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Tondra" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundru" title="Tundru – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Tundru" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundiraa" title="Tundiraa – Afaan Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Tundiraa" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Afaan Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Pools" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Pools" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ٹنڈرا – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ٹنڈرا" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Portugees" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundr%C4%83" title="Tundră – Roemeens" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Tundră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Roemeens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Roetheens" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Roetheens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Туундара – Jakoets" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Туундара" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakoets" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Schots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BD%D9%86%DA%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ٽنڊرا – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ٽنڊرا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Servo-Kroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Servo-Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F" title="තුන්ද්‍රා – Singalees" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="තුන්ද්‍රා" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singalees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Slowaaks" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowaaks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Sloveens" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Sloveens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Albanees" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Servisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Servisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Soendanees" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Soendanees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Zweeds" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Zweeds" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A4%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D" title="தூந்திரம் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="தூந்திரம்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2" title="ทันดรา – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ทันดรา" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Turks" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Тундра – Oekraïens" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тундра" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Oekraïens" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%D9%86%DA%88%D8%B1%D8%A7" title="ٹنڈرا – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ٹنڈرا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Oezbeeks" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Oezbeeks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%90%C3%A0i_nguy%C3%AAn" title="Đài nguyên – Vietnamees" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Đài nguyên" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toendra" title="Toendra – West-Vlaams" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Toendra" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West-Vlaams" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra" title="Tundra – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Tundra" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%86%BB%E5%8E%9F" title="冻原 – Wuyu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="冻原" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8E%9F" title="凍原 – Chinees" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="凍原" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%87%8D%E5%8E%9F" title="凍原 – Kantonees" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="凍原" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonees" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tundra_climate" title="Tundra climate – Zoeloe" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Tundra climate" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zoeloe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiZulu</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43262#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Taalkoppelingen bewerken" class="wbc-editpage">Koppelingen bewerken</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Naamruimten"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg/399px-Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg/532px-Tundra_in_Siberia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="911" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:center;" colspan="3"><div style="font-size:90%">Toendravlakte in Noord-Siberië</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="ta-center" style="padding:0;" colspan="3"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Biome_map_11.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Toendra" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Biome_map_11.svg/266px-Biome_map_11.svg.png" decoding="async" width="266" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Biome_map_11.svg/399px-Biome_map_11.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Biome_map_11.svg/532px-Biome_map_11.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1119" data-file-height="608" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="infobox-kop notheme center" style="background-color:#99ccff; color:inherit;" colspan="3"> <table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <tbody><tr> <td style="vertical-align:middle;"><b>Portaal</b>  <span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Portal.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portaalicoon"><img alt="Portaalicoon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/22px-Portal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/33px-Portal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c9/Portal.svg/44px-Portal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="32" /></a></span>   </td> <td class="ta-left"><b><a href="/wiki/Portaal:Biologie" title="Portaal:Biologie">Biologie</a> </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Tundra_coastal_vegetation_Alaska.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Tundra_coastal_vegetation_Alaska.jpg/260px-Tundra_coastal_vegetation_Alaska.jpg" decoding="async" width="260" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ee/Tundra_coastal_vegetation_Alaska.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="348" data-file-height="214" /></a><figcaption>Toendravegetatie aan de kust van <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> in de zomer</figcaption></figure> <p>Een <b>toendra</b> is een gebied zonder <a href="/wiki/Boomlaag" title="Boomlaag">boom-</a> en <a href="/wiki/Struiklaag" title="Struiklaag">struiklaag</a>, grenzend aan een <a href="/wiki/Poolgebied" title="Poolgebied">poolgebied</a>. De begroeiing bestaat uit <a href="/wiki/Grassenfamilie" title="Grassenfamilie">grassen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">mossen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Korstmos" title="Korstmos">korstmossen</a> en <a href="/wiki/Dwergstruik" title="Dwergstruik">dwergstruiken</a>. In de <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>-indeling van 's werelds <a href="/wiki/Ecoregio" title="Ecoregio">ecoregio's</a> vormen de toendraregio's het elfde <a href="/wiki/Bioom" title="Bioom">bioom</a>. </p><p>Het woord <i>toendra</i> komt uit het <a href="/wiki/Kildin-Samisch" title="Kildin-Samisch">Kildin-Samisch</a>, een taal die gesproken wordt op het Russische schiereiland <a href="/wiki/Kola_(schiereiland)" title="Kola (schiereiland)">Kola</a>. Het woord <i>tūndra</i> is de <a href="/wiki/Genitief" title="Genitief">genitief</a> van <i>tundar</i>, "boomloze steppe". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Beschrijving">Beschrijving</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toendra&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Beschrijving" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toendra&action=edit&section=1" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Beschrijving"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Het algemeen klimaat op een toendra is zeer ongunstig voor de groei van hogere planten. De bodem is gedurende minstens negen maanden bevroren of met sneeuw bedekt. Het groeiseizoen is zeer kort en de gemiddelde temperatuur van de warmste maand ligt onder de 10 °C. Tijdens de zomer ontdooit enkel de bovenste laag van de bodem, over een diepte van 30 tot 60 cm boven de <a href="/wiki/Permafrost" title="Permafrost">permafrost</a>. Hoewel de hoeveelheid neerslag vrij gering is, zijn de meeste bodems op een toendra moerassig. Dit komt doordat het water niet kan wegzinken in de bevroren onderlaag en doordat de verdamping ook zeer laag is. Op vele plaatsen wordt dan ook <a href="/wiki/Veen_(grondsoort)" title="Veen (grondsoort)">veen</a> aangetroffen. Typisch voor de toendra zijn ook de polygoonvormige <a href="/wiki/Structuurbodem" title="Structuurbodem">structuurbodems</a>, die ontstaan als gevolg van opvriezing. Als gevolg van de permafrost zijn op veel toendra's <a href="/wiki/Palsa" title="Palsa">palsa's</a> te vinden; de veel grotere <a href="/wiki/Pingo" title="Pingo">pingo's</a> zijn zeldzamer. </p><p>Toendra's komen voor in onder andere <a href="/wiki/Rusland" title="Rusland">Rusland</a>, <a href="/wiki/IJsland" title="IJsland">IJsland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a> en <a href="/wiki/Kerguelen" title="Kerguelen">Kerguelen</a>. In het zuiden wordt de toendra begrensd door de <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a>, althans op het noordelijk halfrond. De toendra komt deels overeen met de klimaatzone waarin het <a href="/wiki/Toendraklimaat" title="Toendraklimaat">toendraklimaat</a> heerst. </p><p>Er bestaan twee soorten toendra: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Polaire_toendra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Polaire toendra (de pagina bestaat niet)">polaire toendra</a> en <a href="/w/index.php?title=Alpine_toendra&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Alpine toendra (de pagina bestaat niet)">alpine toendra</a>. Daarnaast is er de overgangsvorm <a href="/wiki/Bostoendra" title="Bostoendra">bostoendra</a>, die als een gordel tussen de toendra en de <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">taiga</a> ligt. </p><p>De toendra wordt sedert 2000 in toenemende mate geteisterd door <a href="/wiki/Natuurbranden_in_het_noordpoolgebied" title="Natuurbranden in het noordpoolgebied">natuurbranden</a>. </p><p>Op de toendra en de taiga leven bijvoorbeeld wolven, rendieren, bizons en bevers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ecoregio's"><span id="Ecoregio.27s"></span>Ecoregio's</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toendra&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Bewerk dit kopje: Ecoregio's" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toendra&action=edit&section=2" title="De broncode bewerken van de sectie: Ecoregio's"><span>brontekst bewerken</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Een aantal ecoregio's van het bioom Toendra worden nader beschreven: </p> <ol><li>PA1101, de <a href="/wiki/Arctische_woestijn" title="Arctische woestijn">arctische woestijn</a></li> <li>PA1110, de <a href="/wiki/Toendra_van_Noorwegen,_Zweden_en_Finland" title="Toendra van Noorwegen, Zweden en Finland">toendra van Noorwegen, Zweden en Finland</a></li> <li>NA1112, de <a href="/wiki/Hoge_arctische_toendra_van_Groenland" title="Hoge arctische toendra van Groenland">hoge arctische toendra van Groenland</a></li> <li>NA1113, de <a href="/wiki/Lage_arctische_toendra_van_Groenland" title="Lage arctische toendra van Groenland">lage arctische toendra van Groenland</a></li> <li>AA1101, de <a href="/wiki/Toendra_van_de_Antipoden" title="Toendra van de Antipoden">toendra van de Antipoden</a></li> <li>AN1101, het <a href="/wiki/Antarctisch_Schiereiland" title="Antarctisch Schiereiland">Antarctisch Schiereiland</a></li> <li>AN1103, de <a href="/wiki/Eilandtoendra_van_de_Scotiazee" title="Eilandtoendra van de Scotiazee">eilandtoendra van de Scotiazee</a></li> <li>AN1104, de <a href="/wiki/Antarctische_eilanden_van_de_Indische_Oceaan" title="Antarctische eilanden van de Indische Oceaan">Antarctische eilanden van de Indische Oceaan</a></li></ol> <div class="interProject commons mw-list-item" style="display:none;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Tundra#mw-subcategories" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Tundra">Mediabestanden</a></div> <div class="interProjectTemplate interProject-groot toccolours" style="display:flex; gap:1em; align-items:center; clear:both; margin:1em 0 -0.5em 0;"> <div style="min-width:max-content;"><span class="noviewer noresize" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Bestand:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/25px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Plantkunde_en_deelgebieden" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">Plantkunde</a> en deelgebieden</div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud mw-collapsible-content"> <div style="background-color: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8);"><b><a href="/wiki/Geobotanie" title="Geobotanie">Geobotanie</a></b> (planten als onderdeel van de biosfeer)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r67785531">.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel{margin:0 auto 0 auto;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding-left:0.5em}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr{display:grid;grid-template-columns:1fr;width:100%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel tr:last-of-type{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .links{text-align:unset}.mw-parser-output .navigatie-tabel .rechts{padding:unset}}</style><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:19em;"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantengeografie" title="Plantengeografie">Plantengeografie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Adventief_(plant)" title="Adventief (plant)">adventief</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verspreidingsgebied" title="Verspreidingsgebied">areaal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Beschermingsstatus" title="Beschermingsstatus">beschermingsstatus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bioom" title="Bioom">bioom</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endemie_(biogeografie)" title="Endemie (biogeografie)">endemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Exoot" title="Exoot">exoot</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flora_(plantkunde)" title="Flora (plantkunde)">flora</a> · <a href="/wiki/Floradistrict" title="Floradistrict">floradistrict</a> · <a href="/wiki/Floristiek" title="Floristiek">floristiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiezonering_in_gebergten" title="Vegetatiezonering in gebergten">hoogtezonering</a> · <a href="/wiki/Invasieve_soort" title="Invasieve soort">invasieve soort</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantengeografie" title="Plantengeografie">Plantengeografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Status_(biogeografie)" title="Status (biogeografie)">status</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stinsenplant" title="Stinsenplant">stinsenplant</a> · <a href="/wiki/Uitsterven" title="Uitsterven">uitsterven</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verspreidingsgebied" title="Verspreidingsgebied">verspreidingsgebied</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Paleobotanie" title="Paleobotanie">Paleobotanie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Archeobotanie" title="Archeobotanie">archeobotanie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dendrochronologie" title="Dendrochronologie">dendrochronologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fossiele_planten" title="Fossiele planten">fossiele planten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gyttja" title="Gyttja">gyttja</a> · <a href="/wiki/Palynologie" title="Palynologie">palynologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pollenzone" title="Pollenzone">pollenzone</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varens_(fossiel)" title="Varens (fossiel)">varens</a> · <a href="/wiki/Veen_(grondsoort)" title="Veen (grondsoort)">veen</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><span class="nowrap"><b><a href="/wiki/Vegetatiekunde" title="Vegetatiekunde">Vegetatiekunde</a> & <a href="/wiki/Ecologie" title="Ecologie">plantenoecologie</a>:</b></span></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Abundantie_(ecologie)" title="Abundantie (ecologie)">abundantie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Associatie_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Associatie (vegetatiekunde)">associatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bedekking_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Bedekking (vegetatiekunde)">bedekking</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biodiversiteit" title="Biodiversiteit">biodiversiteit</a> · <a href="/wiki/Biotoop" title="Biotoop">biotoop</a> · <a href="/wiki/Boomlaag" title="Boomlaag">boomlaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bos_(vegetatie)" title="Bos (vegetatie)">bos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Braun-Blanquet-methode" title="Braun-Blanquet-methode">Braun-Blanquet-methode</a> · <a href="/wiki/Broekbos" title="Broekbos">broekbos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Climaxvegetatie" title="Climaxvegetatie">climaxvegetatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Clusteranalyse" title="Clusteranalyse">clusteranalyse</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeenschapsgradi%C3%ABnt" title="Gemeenschapsgradiënt">coenocline</a> · <a href="/wiki/Concurrentie_(ecologie)" title="Concurrentie (ecologie)">concurrentie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Constant_taxon" title="Constant taxon">constant taxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Contactgemeenschap" title="Contactgemeenschap">contactgemeenschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Differenti%C3%ABrend_taxon" title="Differentiërend taxon">differentiërend taxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dwergstruweel" title="Dwergstruweel">dwergstruweel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ecologische_gradi%C3%ABnt" title="Ecologische gradiënt">ecologische gradiënt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ecologische_groep" title="Ecologische groep">ecologische groep</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ellenberg-indicatorwaarde" title="Ellenberg-indicatorwaarde">Ellenberg-indicatorwaarde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gemeenschapsgradi%C3%ABnt" title="Gemeenschapsgradiënt">gemeenschapsgradiënt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grasland" title="Grasland">grasland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Heide_(vegetatie)" title="Heide (vegetatie)">heide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kentaxon" title="Kentaxon">kentaxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kruidlaag" title="Kruidlaag">kruidlaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kwelder" title="Kwelder">kwelder</a> · <a href="/wiki/Minimumareaal" title="Minimumareaal">minimumareaal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moeras" title="Moeras">moeras</a> · <a href="/wiki/Moslaag" title="Moslaag">moslaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ordinatie" title="Ordinatie">ordinatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pioniersoort" title="Pioniersoort">pioniersoort</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantengemeenschap" title="Plantengemeenschap">plantengemeenschap</a> · <a href="/wiki/Potentieel_natuurlijke_vegetatie" title="Potentieel natuurlijke vegetatie">potentieel natuurlijke vegetatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Presentie_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Presentie (vegetatiekunde)">presentie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Regenwoud" title="Regenwoud">regenwoud</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatieopname" title="Vegetatieopname">relevé</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ruigte" title="Ruigte">ruigte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Savanne_(landschap)" title="Savanne (landschap)">savanne</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kwelder" title="Kwelder">schor</a> · <a href="/wiki/Steppe" title="Steppe">steppe</a> · <a href="/wiki/Struiklaag" title="Struiklaag">struiklaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Struweel" title="Struweel">struweel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Successie_(ecologie)" title="Successie (ecologie)">successie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syntaxon" title="Syntaxon">syntaxon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Syntaxonomie" title="Syntaxonomie">syntaxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatieschaal_van_Tansley" class="mw-redirect" title="Vegetatieschaal van Tansley">Tansley (methode)</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">toendra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tropisch_regenwoud" title="Tropisch regenwoud">tropisch regenwoud</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trouw_(vegetatiekunde)" title="Trouw (vegetatiekunde)">trouw</a> · <a href="/wiki/Veen_(grondsoort)" title="Veen (grondsoort)">veen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatie" title="Vegetatie">vegetatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatielaag" title="Vegetatielaag">vegetatielaag</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatieopname" title="Vegetatieopname">vegetatieopname</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vegetatiestructuur" title="Vegetatiestructuur">vegetatiestructuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantengemeenschap" title="Plantengemeenschap">vegetatietype</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vergrassing" title="Vergrassing">vergrassing</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verlanding" title="Verlanding">verlanding</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="background-color: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8);"><b><a href="/wiki/Idiobotanie" title="Idiobotanie">Idiobotanie</a></b> (planten onder gecontroleerde omstandigheden)</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:19em;"></td><td class="rechts"></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantenmorfologie" title="Plantenmorfologie">Plantenmorfologie</a> & <a href="/wiki/Plantenanatomie" title="Plantenanatomie">-anatomie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Beschrijvende_plantkunde" title="Beschrijvende plantkunde">beschrijvende plantkunde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Adventief_(morfologie)" title="Adventief (morfologie)">adventief</a> · <a href="/wiki/Apoplast" title="Apoplast">apoplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Blad_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Blad (hoofdbetekenis)">blad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">bladgroenkorrel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fyllotaxis" title="Fyllotaxis">bladstand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bloeiwijze" title="Bloeiwijze">bloeiwijze</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bloem_(plant)" title="Bloem (plant)">bloem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kroonblad" title="Kroonblad">bloemkroon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kroon_(plant)" title="Kroon (plant)">boomkruin</a> · <a href="/wiki/Celwand" title="Celwand">celwand</a> · <a href="/wiki/Chloroplast" title="Chloroplast">chloroplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Collenchym" title="Collenchym">collenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Schors" title="Schors">cortex</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cuticula_(planten)" title="Cuticula (planten)">cuticula</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eicel" title="Eicel">eicel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Epidermis" title="Epidermis">epidermis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurk_(weefsel)" title="Kurk (weefsel)">felleem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkcambium" title="Kurkcambium">fellogeen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkschors" title="Kurkschors">felloderm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fenologie" title="Fenologie">fenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flo%C3%ABem" title="Floëem">floëem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Beschrijvende_plantkunde" title="Beschrijvende plantkunde">fytografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gameet" title="Gameet">gameet</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gametofyt" title="Gametofyt">gametofyt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Groeivorm" title="Groeivorm">groeivorm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Haar_(plant)" title="Haar (plant)">haar</a> · <a href="/wiki/Houtvat" title="Houtvat">houtvat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Huidmondje" title="Huidmondje">huidmondje</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hypodermis" title="Hypodermis">hypodermis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intercellulaire_ruimte" title="Intercellulaire ruimte">intercellulair</a> · <a href="/wiki/Intercellulaire_ruimte" title="Intercellulaire ruimte">intercellulaire ruimte</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kelk_(bloem)" title="Kelk (bloem)">kelk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kroonblad" title="Kroonblad">kroonblad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurk_(weefsel)" title="Kurk (weefsel)">kurk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkcambium" title="Kurkcambium">kurkcambium</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kurkschors" title="Kurkschors">kurkschors</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levensduur_(plant)" title="Levensduur (plant)">levensduur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levensvorm" title="Levensvorm">levensvorm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Merg_(plant)" title="Merg (plant)">merg</a> · <a href="/wiki/Meristeem" title="Meristeem">meristeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Middenlamel" title="Middenlamel">middenlamel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Palissadeparenchym" title="Palissadeparenchym">palissadeparenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Parenchym_(plantkunde)" title="Parenchym (plantkunde)">parenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Periderm_(plant)" title="Periderm (plant)">periderm</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantaardige_cel" title="Plantaardige cel">plantaardige cel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plastide" title="Plastide">plastide</a> · <a href="/wiki/Schors" title="Schors">schors</a> · <a href="/wiki/Steencel" title="Steencel">sclereïde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sclerenchym" title="Sclerenchym">sclerenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadcel" title="Zaadcel">spermatozoïde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sponsparenchym" title="Sponsparenchym">sponsparenchym</a> · <a href="/wiki/Sporofyt" title="Sporofyt">sporofyt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stam_(plant)" title="Stam (plant)">stam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Steencel" title="Steencel">steencel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stengel" title="Stengel">stengel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stippel" title="Stippel">stippel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Symplast" title="Symplast">symplast</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tak_(plant)" title="Tak (plant)">tak</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thallus" title="Thallus">thallus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Topmeristeem" title="Topmeristeem">topmeristeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Houtvat" title="Houtvat">trachee</a> · <a href="/wiki/Trache%C3%AFde" title="Tracheïde">tracheïde</a> · <a href="/wiki/Thyllen" title="Thyllen">thyllen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vaatbundel" title="Vaatbundel">vaatbundel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vacuole" title="Vacuole">vacuole</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vrucht_(plant)" title="Vrucht (plant)">vrucht</a> · <a href="/wiki/Wortel_(plant)" title="Wortel (plant)">wortel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Xyleem" title="Xyleem">xyleem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaad_(plant)" title="Zaad (plant)">zaad</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadcel" title="Zaadcel">zaadcel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Flo%C3%ABem" title="Floëem">zeefvat</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zygote" title="Zygote">zygote</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantenfysiologie" title="Plantenfysiologie">Plantenfysiologie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Ademhaling_(plant)" title="Ademhaling (plant)">ademhaling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bladzuigkracht" title="Bladzuigkracht">bladzuigkracht</a> · <a href="/wiki/Evapotranspiratie" title="Evapotranspiratie">evapotranspiratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fotoperiodiciteit" title="Fotoperiodiciteit">fotoperiodiciteit</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fotosynthese" title="Fotosynthese">fotosynthese</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fototropie" title="Fototropie">fototropie </a> · <a href="/wiki/Fytochemie" title="Fytochemie">fytochemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gaswisseling" title="Gaswisseling">gaswisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Geotropie" title="Geotropie">geotropie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Heliotropisme" title="Heliotropisme">heliotropisme</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nastie" title="Nastie">nastie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenfysiologie" title="Plantenfysiologie">plantenfysiologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantenhormoon" title="Plantenhormoon">plantenhormoon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rubisco" title="Rubisco">rubisco</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stikstoffixatie" title="Stikstoffixatie">stikstoffixatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Stratificatie_(botanie)" title="Stratificatie (botanie)">stratificatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Transpiratie_(biologie)" title="Transpiratie (biologie)">transpiratie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Turgordruk" title="Turgordruk">turgordruk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Vernalisatie" title="Vernalisatie">vernalisatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Winterhard" title="Winterhard">winterhard</a> · <a href="/wiki/Worteldruk" title="Worteldruk">worteldruk</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Systematiek_(biologie)" title="Systematiek (biologie)">Plantensystematiek</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomie_(biologie)" title="Taxonomie (biologie)">taxonomie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Botanische_nomenclatuur" title="Botanische nomenclatuur">botanische nomenclatuur</a> · <a href="/wiki/Angiosperm_Phylogeny_Group" title="Angiosperm Phylogeny Group">Angiosperm Phylogeny Group</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG-systeem" title="APG-systeem">APG I-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG_II-systeem" title="APG II-systeem">APG II-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG_III-systeem" title="APG III-systeem">APG III-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/APG_IV-systeem" title="APG IV-systeem">APG IV-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Algen" title="Algen">algen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Botanische_naam" title="Botanische naam">botanische naam</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cladistiek" title="Cladistiek">cladistiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">Cormophyta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cryptogamen" title="Cryptogamen">cryptogamen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Classificatie" title="Classificatie">classificatie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">embryophyta</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiontentheorie" title="Endosymbiontentheorie">endosymbiontentheorie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endosymbiose" title="Endosymbiose">endosymbiose</a> · <a href="/wiki/Evolutie_(biologie)" title="Evolutie (biologie)">evolutie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten">fanerogamen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fylogenie" title="Fylogenie">fylogenie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Generatiewisseling" title="Generatiewisseling">generatiewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Groenwieren" title="Groenwieren">groenwieren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Hauwmossen" title="Hauwmossen">hauwmossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kernfasewisseling" title="Kernfasewisseling">kernfasewisseling</a> · <a href="/wiki/Korstmos" title="Korstmos">korstmossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kranswieren" title="Kranswieren">kranswieren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Embryophyta" title="Embryophyta">landplanten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levenscyclus_(hoofdbetekenis)" class="mw-redirect" title="Levenscyclus (hoofdbetekenis)">levenscyclus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Levermossen" title="Levermossen">levermossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mossen" title="Mossen">mossen</a> · <a href="/wiki/PPG_I-systeem" title="PPG I-systeem">PPG I-systeem</a> · <a href="/wiki/Pteridophyte_Phylogeny_Group" title="Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group">Pteridophyte Phylogeny Group</a> · <a href="/wiki/Roodwieren" title="Roodwieren">roodwieren</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">varens</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zaadplanten" title="Zaadplanten">zaadplanten</a> · <a href="/wiki/Zeewier" title="Zeewier">zeewier</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div style="background-color: var(--navigatie-titelbalkkleur,#ddeef8);"><b>Overig</b></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="links" style="width:19em;"></td><td class="rechts"></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Plantkunde#Bijzondere_plantkunde" title="Plantkunde">Bijzondere plantkunde</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">algologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Bryologie" title="Bryologie">bryologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Dendrologie" title="Dendrologie">dendrologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Fycologie" title="Fycologie">fycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Lichenologie" title="Lichenologie">lichenologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mycologie" title="Mycologie">mycologie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Varens" title="Varens">pteridologie</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67837862"> <div class="navigatie" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="Biogeografie"> <div class="navigatie-afb-links noviewer"><div class="navigatie-bewerken show-autoconfirmed nomobile"><span class="nowrap skin-invert-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sjabloon:Navigatie_biogeografisch" title="Sjabloon:Navigatie biogeografisch"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_article-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span> · <span class="ui-state-disabled" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)"><img alt="Overleg sjabloon (de pagina bestaat niet)" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_speechBubbles-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></span></span> · <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="//nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sjabloon:Navigatie_biogeografisch&action=edit" title="Sjabloon bewerken"><img alt="Sjabloon bewerken" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/16px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/24px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/32px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span></div></div> <div id="Biogeografie" class="navigatie-titel"><a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">Biogeografie</a></div> <div class="navigatie-inhoud"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r67785531"><table class="navigatie-tabel vatop" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style=""><tbody><tr><td class="links" style=""><b><a href="/wiki/Bioom" title="Bioom">Bioom</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Tropisch_bos" title="Tropisch bos">tropisch bos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Loofbos" title="Loofbos">loofbos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Naaldbos" title="Naaldbos">naaldbos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Grasland" title="Grasland">grasland</a> · <a href="/wiki/Woestijn" title="Woestijn">woestijn</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">toendra</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Fund_for_Nature" title="World Wide Fund for Nature">WWF</a>-<a href="/wiki/Bioom" title="Bioom">bioom</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Tropisch_of_subtropisch_regenwoud" class="mw-redirect" title="Tropisch of subtropisch regenwoud">Tropisch of subtropisch regenwoud</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tropisch_of_subtropisch_droog_woud" title="Tropisch of subtropisch droog woud">Tropisch of subtropisch droog woud</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tropisch_of_subtropisch_naaldwoud" title="Tropisch of subtropisch naaldwoud">Tropisch of subtropisch naaldwoud</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gematigd_loofbos_of_gemengd_bos" title="Gematigd loofbos of gemengd bos">Gematigd loofbos of gemengd bos</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gematigd_naaldwoud" title="Gematigd naaldwoud">Gematigd naaldwoud</a> · <a href="/wiki/Taiga" title="Taiga">Taiga</a> · <a href="/wiki/Tropisch_of_subtropisch_grasland,_savanne_of_struweel" title="Tropisch of subtropisch grasland, savanne of struweel">Tropisch of subtropisch grasland, savanne of struweel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Gematigd_grasland,_savanne_of_struweel" title="Gematigd grasland, savanne of struweel">Gematigd grasland, savanne of struweel</a> · <a href="/wiki/Overstromende_graslanden_en_savannes" title="Overstromende graslanden en savannes">Overstromende graslanden en savannes</a> · <a href="/wiki/Berggraslanden_en_-struwelen" title="Berggraslanden en -struwelen">Berggraslanden en -struwelen</a> · <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Toendra</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mediterrane_bossen,_bosland_en_struwelen" title="Mediterrane bossen, bosland en struwelen">Mediterrane bossen, bosland en struwelen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Woestijnen_en_droge_struwelen" title="Woestijnen en droge struwelen">Woestijnen en droge struwelen</a> · <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">Mangrove</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Ecozone" title="Ecozone">Ecozone</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Afrotropisch_gebied" title="Afrotropisch gebied">Afrotropisch gebied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Australaziatisch_gebied" title="Australaziatisch gebied">Australaziatisch gebied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Nearctisch_gebied" title="Nearctisch gebied">Nearctisch gebied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neotropisch_gebied" title="Neotropisch gebied">Neotropisch gebied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Ori%C3%ABntaals_gebied" title="Oriëntaals gebied">Oriëntaals gebied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Palearctisch_gebied" title="Palearctisch gebied">Palearctisch gebied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Oceanisch_gebied" title="Oceanisch gebied">Oceanisch gebied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Antarctisch_gebied" title="Antarctisch gebied">Antarctisch gebied</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Florarijk" title="Florarijk">Florarijken</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Holarctis" class="mw-redirect" title="Holarctis">Holarctis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Neotropis" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotropis">Neotropis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Paleotropis" title="Paleotropis">Paleotropis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Capensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Capensis">Capensis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Australis" class="mw-redirect" title="Australis">Australis</a> · <a href="/wiki/Antarctische_flora" title="Antarctische flora">Antarctis</a></td></tr><tr><td class="links"><b><a href="/wiki/Biogeografie" title="Biogeografie">Biogeografie</a>:</b></td><td class="rechts"><a href="/wiki/Adventief_(biogeografie)" title="Adventief (biogeografie)">adventief</a> · <a href="/wiki/Archeofyt" title="Archeofyt">archeofyt</a> · <a href="/wiki/Autochtoon_(biogeografie)" title="Autochtoon (biogeografie)">autochtoon</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verspreidingsgebied" title="Verspreidingsgebied">areaal</a> · <a href="/wiki/Beschermingsstatus" title="Beschermingsstatus">beschermingsstatus</a> · <a href="/wiki/Cultuurvolger" title="Cultuurvolger">cultuurvolger</a> · <a href="/wiki/Disjunct_verspreidingsgebied" title="Disjunct verspreidingsgebied">disjunct verspreidingsgebied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Eilandbiogeografie" title="Eilandbiogeografie">eilandbiogeografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Endemie_(biogeografie)" title="Endemie (biogeografie)">endemie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Exoot" title="Exoot">exoot</a> · <a href="/wiki/Uitsterven" title="Uitsterven">extinctie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Florarijk" title="Florarijk">florarijk</a> · <a href="/wiki/Floristiek" title="Floristiek">floristiek</a> · <a href="/wiki/Inburgering_(biogeografie)" title="Inburgering (biogeografie)">inburgering</a> · <a href="/wiki/Inheems_(taxon)" title="Inheems (taxon)">inheems</a> · <a href="/wiki/Invasieve_soort" title="Invasieve soort">invasieve soort</a> · <a href="/wiki/Kosmopolitische_verspreiding" title="Kosmopolitische verspreiding">kosmopolitische verspreiding</a> · <a href="/wiki/Massa-extinctie" title="Massa-extinctie">massa-extinctie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Plantengeografie" title="Plantengeografie">plantengeografie</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rode_Lijst_van_de_IUCN" title="Rode Lijst van de IUCN">Rode Lijst van de IUCN</a> · <a href="/wiki/Status_(biogeografie)" title="Status (biogeografie)">status</a> · <a href="/wiki/Uitsterven" title="Uitsterven">uitsterven</a> · <a href="/wiki/Verspreidingsgebied" title="Verspreidingsgebied">verspreidingsgebied</a> · <a href="/wiki/Inburgering_(biogeografie)" title="Inburgering (biogeografie)">vestiging</a></td></tr></tbody></table> </div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Overgenomen van "<a dir="ltr" href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toendra&oldid=67960380">https://nl.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toendra&oldid=67960380</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" 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