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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-artes_prohibitae_and_artes_magicae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#artes_prohibitae_and_artes_magicae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span><i>artes prohibitae</i> and <i>artes magicae</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-artes_prohibitae_and_artes_magicae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voodoo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voodoo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voodoo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Voodoo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Works_cited" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Works_cited"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Works cited</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Works_cited-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Black magic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swartmagie" title="Swartmagie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Swartmagie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AD%D8%B1_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="سحر أسود – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سحر أسود" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%8B_%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81" title="কালো জাদু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কালো জাদু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Черна магия – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Черна магия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A0gia_negra" title="Màgia negra – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Màgia negra" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cern%C3%A1_magie" title="Černá magie – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Černá magie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sort_magi" title="Sort magi – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Sort magi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magia_negra" title="Magia negra – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Magia negra" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nigra_magio" title="Nigra magio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Nigra magio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magia_beltz" title="Magia beltz – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Magia beltz" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%87" title="جادوی سیاه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="جادوی سیاه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magie_noire_(surnaturel)" title="Magie noire (surnaturel) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Magie noire (surnaturel)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swarte_magy" title="Swarte magy – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Swarte magy" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%9D%91%EB%A7%88%EB%B2%95" title="흑마법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="흑마법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%BE_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="काला जादू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="काला जादू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_magija" title="Crna magija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Crna magija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sihir_hitam" title="Sihir hitam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sihir hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magia_nera" title="Magia nera – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Magia nera" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A3_%D7%A9%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A8" title="כישוף שחור – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כישוף שחור" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sikir" title="Sikir – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Sikir" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AE%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%9A%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0" title="ವಾಮಾಚಾರ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ವಾಮಾಚಾರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magia_malefica" title="Magia malefica – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Magia malefica" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Juodoji_magija" title="Juodoji magija – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Juodoji magija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nia mw-list-item"><a href="https://nia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elemu" title="Elemu – Nias" lang="nia" hreflang="nia" data-title="Elemu" data-language-autonym="Li Niha" data-language-local-name="Nias" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Li Niha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Црна магија – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Црна магија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B3%E0%A5%80_%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82" title="काळी जादू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="काळी जादू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_hitam" title="Ilmu hitam – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Ilmu hitam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zwarte_magie" title="Zwarte magie – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zwarte magie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%92%E9%AD%94%E8%A1%93" title="黒魔術 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="黒魔術" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Svartekunst" title="Svartekunst – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Svartekunst" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="کالا جادو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کالا جادو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Czarna_magia" title="Czarna magia – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Czarna magia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magia_negra" title="Magia negra – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Magia negra" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magie_neagr%C4%83" title="Magie neagră – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Magie neagră" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%91%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Чёрная магия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чёрная магия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magjia_e_zez%C3%AB" title="Magjia e zezë – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Magjia e zezë" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Black_magic" title="Black magic – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Black magic" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cierna_m%C3%A1gia" title="Čierna mágia – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Čierna mágia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_magija" title="Crna magija – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Crna magija" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crna_magija" title="Crna magija – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Crna magija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teluh" title="Teluh – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Teluh" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Musta_magia" title="Musta magia – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Musta magia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karunungang_itim" title="Karunungang itim – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karunungang itim" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Чорна магія – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Чорна магія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7_%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%88" title="کالا جادو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کالا جادو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A9p_thu%E1%BA%ADt_%C4%91en" title="Phép thuật đen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phép thuật đen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95" title="黑魔法 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="黑魔法" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%BB%91%E9%AD%94%E6%B3%95" title="黑魔法 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="黑魔法" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Magic_(supernatural)" title="Category:Magic (supernatural)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef;font-size:170%;"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image" style="background:#ffffff"><span class="mw-default-size notpageimage" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg/110px-Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="106" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg/165px-Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg/220px-Heptameron_magic_circle.jpg 2x" data-file-width="529" data-file-height="510" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Background</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_magic" title="History of magic">History of magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_theories_of_magic" title="Psychological theories of magic">Psychological theories of magic</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Forms</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invocation" title="Invocation">Invocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_magic" title="Natural magic">Natural magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thaumaturgy" title="Thaumaturgy">Thaumaturgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theurgy" title="Theurgy">Theurgy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Religion</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_magic" title="Islam and magic">Islam and magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thelema" title="Thelema">Thelema</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related topics</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Magic_sidebar" title="Template:Magic sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Magic_sidebar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Magic sidebar (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Magic_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Magic sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Black magic</b> (or <b>dark magic</b>) traditionally refers to the use of <a href="/wiki/Magic_(paranormal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic (paranormal)">magic</a> or <a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">supernatural</a> powers for <a href="/wiki/Evil" title="Evil">evil</a> and selfish purposes.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2001_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2001-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The links and interaction between black magic and religion are many and varied. Beyond black magic's historical persecution by <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a> and its inquisitions, there are links between religious and black magic rituals. For example, 17th-century priest <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tienne_Guibourg" title="Étienne Guibourg">Étienne Guibourg</a> is said to have performed a series of <a href="/wiki/Black_Mass" title="Black Mass">Black Mass</a> rituals with alleged witch <a href="/wiki/La_Voisin" title="La Voisin">Catherine Monvoisin</a> for <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7oise-Ath%C3%A9na%C3%AFs_de_Rochechouart,_Marquise_de_Montespan" title="Françoise-Athénaïs de Rochechouart, Marquise de Montespan">Madame de Montespan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (July 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup> During his period of scholarship, <a href="/wiki/A._E._Waite" title="A. E. Waite">A. E. Waite</a> provided a comprehensive account of black magic practices, rituals and traditions in <i>The Book of Ceremonial Magic</i> (1911).<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite2011_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite2011-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of popular culture has allowed other practices to be drawn in under the broad banner of black magic, including the concept of <a href="/wiki/Satanism" title="Satanism">Satanism</a>. While the invocation of demons or spirits is an accepted part of black magic, this practice is distinct from the worship or deification of such spiritual beings.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The two are usually combined in medieval beliefs about <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div><p> The first known appearance of "black magic" in English is <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Spenser" title="Edmund Spenser">Edmund Spenser</a>'s epic poem <i><a href="/wiki/The_Faerie_Queene" title="The Faerie Queene">The Faerie Queene</a></i>, where he anglicizes the contemporary term "nigromancy", derived from Latin <i>nigromantia,</i> a medieval variant of <i>necromantia</i> "<a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a>" influenced by Latin <i>niger</i> "black"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>.</p><blockquote><p>"For he the tyraunt, which her hath in ward | By strong enchauntments and blacke Magicke leare | Hath in a dungeon deepe her close embard, | And many dreadfull feends hath pointed to her gard." (Book III, Canto XI)<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval European magic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Sorcery (goetia)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style=";"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> <p>The lowest depths of black mysticism are well-nigh<br /> as difficult to plumb as it is arduous to scale<br /> the heights of sanctity. The Grand Masters of<br /> the witch covens are men of genius – a foul genius,<br /> crooked, distorted, disturbed, and diseased. </p> </blockquote> <p style="padding-bottom: 0;"><cite class="right-aligned" style=""><a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Montague Summers</a><br /><i>Witchcraft and Black Magic</i></cite></p> </div> <p><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Place" title="Robert M. Place">Robert M. Place</a>'s 2009 book, <i>Magic and Alchemy</i> describes the origins of black magic as being like its counterpart <a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">white magic</a>: traced to the primitive, ritualistic worship of spirits.<sup id="cite_ref-place_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-place-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike white magic, in which Place sees parallels with primitive <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanistic</a> efforts to achieve closeness with spiritual beings, the rituals that developed into modern black magic were designed to <a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">evoke</a> those same spirits to produce beneficial outcomes for the practitioner. Place also provides a broad modern definition of both black and white magic, preferring instead to refer to them as "<a href="/wiki/High_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="High magic">high magic</a>" (white) and "<a href="/wiki/Low_magic" class="mw-redirect" title="Low magic">low magic</a>" (black) based primarily on intentions of the practitioner employing them. He acknowledges, though, that this broader definition (of "high" and "low") suffers from prejudices because good-intentioned <a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">folk magic</a> may be considered "low" while <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ceremonial magic</a> involving expensive or exclusive components may be considered by some as "high magic", regardless of intent.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans-Pritchard1931_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-Pritchard1931-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance" title="Renaissance">Renaissance</a>, many magical practices and rituals were considered evil or irreligious and by extension, black magic in the broad sense. <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">Witchcraft</a> and non-mainstream <a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">esoteric study</a> were prohibited and targeted by the <a href="/wiki/Inquisition" title="Inquisition">Inquisition</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-zambelli_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zambelli-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, <a href="/wiki/Natural_magic" title="Natural magic">natural magic</a> developed as a way for thinkers and intellectuals, like <a href="/wiki/Marsilio_Ficino" title="Marsilio Ficino">Marsilio Ficino</a>, abbot <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Trithemius" title="Johannes Trithemius">Johannes Trithemius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Cornelius_Agrippa" title="Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa">Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa</a>, to advance esoteric and ritualistic study (though still often in secret) without significant persecution.<sup id="cite_ref-zambelli_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-zambelli-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum,_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff/lossy-page1-220px-Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="298" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff/lossy-page1-330px-Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff/lossy-page1-440px-Sprenger_-_Malleus_maleficarum%2C_1669_-_BEIC_9477645.tiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3270" data-file-height="4434" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i>, 1669 edition</figcaption></figure> <p>While "natural magic" became popular among the educated and upper classes of the 16th and 17th century, <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">ritualistic magic</a> and folk magic remained subject to persecution. Twentieth-century writer <a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Montague Summers</a> generally rejects the definitions of "white" and "black" magic as "contradictory", though he highlights the extent to which magic in general, regardless of intent, was considered "black" and cites <a href="/wiki/William_Perkins_(theologian)" title="William Perkins (theologian)">William Perkins</a> posthumous 1608 instructions in that regard: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>All witches "convicted by the Magistrate" should be executed. He allows no exception and under this condemnation fall "all Diviners, Charmers, Jugglers, all Wizards, commonly called wise men or wise women". All those purported "good Witches which do not hurt but good, which do not spoil and destroy, but save and deliver" should come under the extreme sentence.<sup id="cite_ref-summers_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p><span class="anchor" id="nigromancer"></span><span class="anchor" id="nigromancy"></span>In particular, though, the term was most commonly reserved for those accused of invoking <a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">demons</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Demon#Evil_spirits" title="Demon">evil spirits</a>, those hexing or <a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">cursing</a> their neighbours, those using magic to destroy crops, and those capable of leaving their earthly bodies and <a href="/wiki/Astral_projection" title="Astral projection">travelling great distances in spirit</a> (to which the <i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> "devotes one long and important chapter"), usually to engage in devil-worship. Summers also highlights the etymological development of the term <i>nigromancer</i>, in common use from 1200 to approximately 1500, (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">niger</i>, black; <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>: <span lang="el">μαντεία</span>, divination), broadly "one skilled in the black arts".<sup id="cite_ref-summers_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-summers-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a modern context, the line between white magic and black magic is somewhat clearer and most modern definitions focus on intent rather than practice.<sup id="cite_ref-place_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-place-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There is also an extent to which many modern <a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a> practitioners have sought to distance themselves from those intent on practising black magic. Those who seek to do harm or evil are less likely to be accepted into mainstream Wiccan circles or <a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">covens</a> in an era where benevolent magic is increasingly associated with <a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">new-age</a> beliefs and practices, and self-help <a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">spiritualism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lewis_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="artes_prohibitae_and_artes_magicae"><i>artes prohibitae</i> and <i>artes magicae</i></h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle" style="background: #efefef">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Magic_(supernatural)" title="Category:Magic (supernatural)">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #efefef;font-size:170%;"><a href="/wiki/Artes_prohibitae" title="Artes prohibitae">Artes Prohibitae</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nigromancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Nigromancy">nigromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geomancy" title="Geomancy">geomancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydromancy" title="Hydromancy">hydromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aeromancy" title="Aeromancy">aeromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyromancy" title="Pyromancy">pyromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiromancy" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiromancy">chiromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scapulimancy" title="Scapulimancy">scapulimancy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist" style="padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background: #efefef;background:#ccccff;padding:0;color:#333399;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Related</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_magic" title="History of magic">History of magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_and_religion" title="Magic and religion">Magic and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychological_theories_of_magic" title="Psychological theories of magic">Psychological theories of magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Sorcery (goetia)</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occult</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Artes_prohibitae" title="Template:Artes prohibitae"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:Artes_prohibitae&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:Artes prohibitae (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Artes_prohibitae" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Artes prohibitae"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="anchor" id="artes_prohibitae"></span> <span class="anchor" id="artes_magicae"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"></p><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Artes_prohibitae" title="Artes prohibitae">artes prohibitae</a></div> <p>Seven <i>artes prohibitae</i> or <i>artes magicae</i> were arts prohibited by canon law as expounded by <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Hartlieb" title="Johannes Hartlieb">Johannes Hartlieb</a> in 1456. Their sevenfold partition reflecting that of the <a href="/wiki/Artes_liberales" class="mw-redirect" title="Artes liberales">artes liberales</a> and <a href="/wiki/Artes_mechanicae" title="Artes mechanicae">artes mechanicae</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidukHerbersLehner2020834_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidukHerbersLehner2020834-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the term nigromancy broadly construed includes the six associated divinatory practices, it more specifically refers to the <a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">demonic magic</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a>. Demonic magic was performed in groups surrounding a leader in possession of a <a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">grimoire</a>. Practitioners were typically members of the educated elite, as most grimoires were written in Latin. One such case in 1444, Inquisitor Gaspare Sighicelli took action against a group active in Bologna. Marco Mattei of Gesso and friar Jacopo of Viterbo confessed to taking part in magical practices. Nigromancy may include, but is not a synonym for, <a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">necromancy</a> ("death magic").<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzig20111028_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzig20111028-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voodoo">Voodoo</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vudu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vudu.jpg/220px-Vudu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vudu.jpg/330px-Vudu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Vudu.jpg/440px-Vudu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="768" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Voodoo_doll" title="Voodoo doll">Voodoo doll</a></figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Voodoo" title="Louisiana Voodoo">Louisiana Voodoo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Haitian_Vodou" title="Haitian Vodou">Haitian Vodou</a></div> <p>Voodoo has been associated with modern black magic; drawn together in popular culture and fiction. However, while hexing or cursing may be accepted black magic practices, Voodoo has its own distinct history and traditions.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2002_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2002-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-lewis_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lewis-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voodoo tradition makes its own distinction between black and white magic, with sorcerers like the <a href="/wiki/Bokor" title="Bokor">Bokor</a> known for using magic and rituals of both. But practitioners' penchant for magic associated with curses, poisons and <a href="/wiki/Zombie" title="Zombie">zombies</a> means they, and Voodoo in general, are regularly associated with black magic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwusu2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwusu2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2></div> <p>Concepts related to black magic or described as black magic are a regular feature of books, films and other popular culture. Examples include: </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Devil_Rides_Out" title="The Devil Rides Out">The Devil Rides Out</a></i> (1934) – a novel by Dennis Wheatley – made into a famous film by <a href="/wiki/Hammer_Studios" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammer Studios">Hammer Studios</a> in 1968.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rosemary%27s_Baby_(novel)" title="Rosemary's Baby (novel)">Rosemary's Baby</a></i> (1968) – a horror novel in which black magic is a central theme.</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Craft_(film)" title="The Craft (film)">The Craft</a></i> (1996) – a horror film featuring four friends who become involved in <a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">white witchcraft</a> but turn to black magic rituals for personal gain.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter" title="Harry Potter">Harry Potter</a> book series (1997–2007) – black magic spells and curses are referred to as "<a href="/wiki/Magic_in_Harry_Potter#Dark_Arts" title="Magic in Harry Potter">the dark arts</a>" against which students are taught to defend themselves. Made into a <a href="/wiki/Harry_Potter_(film_series)" title="Harry Potter (film series)">film series</a> (2001–2011).</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_Holmes_(2009_film)" title="Sherlock Holmes (2009 film)">Sherlock Holmes</a></i> (2009) – the first of the three Sherlock Holmes films directed by <a href="/wiki/Guy_Ritchie" title="Guy Ritchie">Guy Ritchie</a> includes elements of black magic although they are later discovered to be false.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine">2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Russia" title="Mass media in Russia">Russian state media</a> accused Ukraine of using black magic to fend off the Russian military, specifically accusing <a href="/wiki/Oleksiy_Arestovych" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleksiy Arestovych">Oleksiy Arestovych</a> of enlisting sorcerers and witches as well as Ukrainian soldiers of consecrating "weapons with blood magick".<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGault2022_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGault2022-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Brugen2022_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Brugen2022-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/31px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="31" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/47px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/62px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Artes_prohibitae" title="Artes prohibitae">Artes prohibitae</a> – Types of magic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dakini" title="Dakini">Dakini</a> – female demon or witch in Hinduism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonology" title="Demonology">Demonology</a> – Study of demons or beliefs about demons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filipino_witches" class="mw-redirect" title="Filipino witches">Filipino witches</a> – Users of black magic in Philippine folklore<span style="display:none" class="category-annotation-with-redirected-description">Pages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a> – Form of supernatural magic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_(poison)" title="Gu (poison)">Gu</a> – Venom-based poison associated with cultures of south China, particularly Nanyue</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a> – Organization for the practice of occult magic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a> – Old Norse term for a type of shamanistic sorcery</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_in_Christian_demonology" title="Sexuality in Christian demonology">Sexuality in Christian demonology</a> (<a href="/wiki/Incubus" title="Incubus">incubus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Succubus" title="Succubus">succubus</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Sorcery</a> – Magical practice involving evocation of spirits</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMelton2001-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMelton2001_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMelton2001">Melton 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESummers2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESummers2013[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummers2013">Summers 2013</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWaite2011-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWaite2011_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWaite2011">Waite 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lewis-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lewis_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLewis1996">Lewis 1996</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oed.com/dictionary/black-magic_n?tab=factsheet#19401068100">"black magic, Oxford English Dictionary Online"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=black+magic%2C+Oxford+English+Dictionary+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oed.com%2Fdictionary%2Fblack-magic_n%3Ftab%3Dfactsheet%2319401068100&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sacred-texts.com/neu/eng/fq/fq37.htm">"The Faerie Queene: Book 3: Canto XI"</a>. <i>sacred-texts.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEvans-Pritchard1931-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEvans-Pritchard1931_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEvans-Pritchard1931">Evans-Pritchard 1931</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-zambelli-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-zambelli_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-zambelli_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFZambelli2007">Zambelli 2007</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-summers-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-summers_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-summers_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSummers2012">Summers 2012</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHeidukHerbersLehner2020834-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHeidukHerbersLehner2020834_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHeidukHerbersLehner2020">Heiduk, Herbers & Lehner 2020</a>, p. 834.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHerzig20111028-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHerzig20111028_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHerzig2011">Herzig 2011</a>, p. 1028.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELong2002-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELong2002_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLong2002">Long 2002</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwusu2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwusu2002[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2022]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;<i>[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(December_2022)">page&nbsp;needed</span>]]</i>&#93;</sup>_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwusu2002">Owusu 2002</a>, p. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (December 2022)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGault2022-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGault2022_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGault2022">Gault 2022</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEvan_Brugen2022-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEvan_Brugen2022_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFvan_Brugen2022">van Brugen 2022</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Works_cited">Works cited</h3></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-hanging-indents refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans-Pritchard1931" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/E._E._Evans-Pritchard" title="E. E. Evans-Pritchard">Evans-Pritchard, E. E.</a> (January 1931). "Sorcery and Native Opinion". <i>Africa: Journal of the International African Institute</i>. <b>4</b> (1): 22–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1155736">10.2307/1155736</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1155736">1155736</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:146139860">146139860</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Africa%3A+Journal+of+the+International+African+Institute&rft.atitle=Sorcery+and+Native+Opinion&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=22-55&rft.date=1931-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A146139860%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1155736%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1155736&rft.aulast=Evans-Pritchard&rft.aufirst=E.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGault2022" class="citation news cs1">Gault, Matthew (5 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/en/article/dypmpk/russian-state-media-claims-to-discover-militarized-ukrainian-witches">"Russian State Media Claims to Discover Militarized Ukrainian Witches"</a>. <i>Vice</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"The Demons and the Friars: Illicit Magic and Mendicant Rivalry in Renaissance Bologna". <i>Renaissance Quarterly</i>. <b>64</b> (4): 1025–1058. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F664084">10.1086/664084</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162081348">162081348</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Renaissance+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Demons+and+the+Friars%3A+Illicit+Magic+and+Mendicant+Rivalry+in+Renaissance+Bologna&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=64&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=1025-1058&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F664084&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162081348%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Herzig&rft.aufirst=Tamar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/James_R._Lewis_(scholar)" title="James R. 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Gale Research Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8103-9488-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8103-9488-X"><bdi>0-8103-9488-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Black+Magic&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Occultism+%26+Parapsychology&rft.edition=5th&rft.pub=Gale+Research+Inc.&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-8103-9488-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwusu2002" class="citation book cs1">Owusu, Heike (2002). <i>Voodoo Rituals: A User's Guide</i>. <a href="/wiki/Sterling_Publishing_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Sterling Publishing Company">Sterling Publishing Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1402700354" title="Special:BookSources/978-1402700354"><bdi>978-1402700354</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Voodoo+Rituals%3A+A+User%27s+Guide&rft.pub=Sterling+Publishing+Company&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-1402700354&rft.aulast=Owusu&rft.aufirst=Heike&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlace2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._Place" title="Robert M. Place">Place, Robert M.</a> (2009). <i>Magic and Alchemy</i>. <a href="/wiki/Infobase_Publishing" class="mw-redirect" title="Infobase Publishing">Infobase Publishing</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0791093900" title="Special:BookSources/978-0791093900"><bdi>978-0791093900</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Magic+and+Alchemy&rft.pub=Infobase+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0791093900&rft.aulast=Place&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers2012" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Montague_Summers" title="Montague Summers">Summers, Montague</a> (2012) [1946]. <i>Witchcraft and Black Magic</i>. <a href="/wiki/Courier_Dover_Publications" class="mw-redirect" title="Courier Dover Publications">Courier Dover Publications</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0486411255" title="Special:BookSources/978-0486411255"><bdi>978-0486411255</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Witchcraft+and+Black+Magic&rft.pub=Courier+Dover+Publications&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0486411255&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Montague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSummers2013" class="citation book cs1">Summers, Montague (2013) [1927]. <i>The Geography of Witchcraft</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0415847933" title="Special:BookSources/978-0415847933"><bdi>978-0415847933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Geography+of+Witchcraft&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0415847933&rft.aulast=Summers&rft.aufirst=Montague&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_Brugen2022" class="citation news cs1">van Brugen, Isabel (6 May 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsweek.com/witchers-sorcerers-russian-media-ukraine-black-magic-claims-1704224">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Witches and Sorcerers': Russian Media Peddles Ukraine Black Magic Claims"</a>. <i>Newsweek</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 May</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Newsweek&rft.atitle=%27Witches+and+Sorcerers%27%3A+Russian+Media+Peddles+Ukraine+Black+Magic+Claims&rft.date=2022-05-06&rft.aulast=van+Brugen&rft.aufirst=Isabel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsweek.com%2Fwitchers-sorcerers-russian-media-ukraine-black-magic-claims-1704224&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaite2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/A._E._Waite" title="A. E. Waite">Waite, A. E.</a> (2011) [1911]. <i>The Book of Ceremonial Magic: Including the Rites and Mysteries of Goetic Theurgy, Sorcery, and Infernal Necromancy</i>. Martino Fine Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1614271567" title="Special:BookSources/978-1614271567"><bdi>978-1614271567</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Book+of+Ceremonial+Magic%3A+Including+the+Rites+and+Mysteries+of+Goetic+Theurgy%2C+Sorcery%2C+and+Infernal+Necromancy&rft.pub=Martino+Fine+Books&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1614271567&rft.aulast=Waite&rft.aufirst=A.+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZambelli2007" class="citation book cs1">Zambelli, Paola (2007). <i>White Magic, Black Magic in the European Renaissance</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9004160989" title="Special:BookSources/978-9004160989"><bdi>978-9004160989</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=White+Magic%2C+Black+Magic+in+the+European+Renaissance&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-9004160989&rft.aulast=Zambelli&rft.aufirst=Paola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBergstrom2011" class="citation journal cs1">Bergstrom, Lisa A. (2011). "Nigromancy in the Later Middle Ages". <i>Inquiries</i>. <b>3</b> (6).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Inquiries&rft.atitle=Nigromancy+in+the+Later+Middle+Ages&rft.volume=3&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Bergstrom&rft.aufirst=Lisa+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKosloki2018" class="citation web cs1">Kosloki, Philip (9 October 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleteia.org/2018/10/09/what-is-a-black-mass/">"What is a "Black Mass"?"</a>. <i>Aleteia</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aleteia&rft.atitle=What+is+a+%22Black+Mass%22%3F&rft.date=2018-10-09&rft.aulast=Kosloki&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Faleteia.org%2F2018%2F10%2F09%2Fwhat-is-a-black-mass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLuck2006" class="citation book cs1">Luck, Georg (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/arcanamundimagic00luck"><i>Arcana Mundi: Magic and the Occult in the Greek and Roman Worlds: A Collection of Ancient Texts</i></a></span> (2nd ed.). The Johns Hopkins University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arcana+Mundi%3A+Magic+and+the+Occult+in+the+Greek+and+Roman+Worlds%3A+A+Collection+of+Ancient+Texts&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=The+Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Luck&rft.aufirst=Georg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farcanamundimagic00luck&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMathews2009" class="citation book cs1">Mathews, Chris (2009). <i>Modern Satanism: Anatomy of a Radical Subculture</i>. <a href="/wiki/Greenwood_Publishing_Group" title="Greenwood Publishing Group">Greenwood Publishing Group</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0313366390" title="Special:BookSources/978-0313366390"><bdi>978-0313366390</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Satanism%3A+Anatomy+of+a+Radical+Subculture&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0313366390&rft.aulast=Mathews&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPegg2001" class="citation book cs1">Pegg, Carole (2001). <i>Mongolian Music, Dance, & Oral Narrative: Performing Diverse Identities</i>. University of Washington Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0295981123" title="Special:BookSources/978-0295981123"><bdi>978-0295981123</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mongolian+Music%2C+Dance%2C+%26+Oral+Narrative%3A+Performing+Diverse+Identities&rft.pub=University+of+Washington+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0295981123&rft.aulast=Pegg&rft.aufirst=Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetersen2009" class="citation book cs1">Petersen, Jesper Aagaard (2009). <i>Contemporary religious Satanism: A Critical Anthology</i>. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5286-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-5286-1"><bdi>978-0-7546-5286-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contemporary+religious+Satanism%3A+A+Critical+Anthology&rft.pub=Ashgate+Publishing%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-7546-5286-1&rft.aulast=Petersen&rft.aufirst=Jesper+Aagaard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShimamura2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shimamura, Ippei (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=X8waCmzjiD4C&pg=PA650">"Yellow Shamans (Mongolia)"</a>. In Walter, Mariko Namba; Neumann Fridman, Eva Jane (eds.). <i>Shamanism: An Encyclopedia of World Beliefs, Practices, and Culture</i>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. pp. 649–651. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1576076453" title="Special:BookSources/978-1576076453"><bdi>978-1576076453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Yellow+Shamans+%28Mongolia%29&rft.btitle=Shamanism%3A+An+Encyclopedia+of+World+Beliefs%2C+Practices%2C+and+Culture&rft.pages=649-651&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1576076453&rft.aulast=Shimamura&rft.aufirst=Ippei&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DX8waCmzjiD4C%26pg%3DPA650&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThorndike1923" class="citation book cs1">Thorndike, Lynn (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0231087993"><i>A history of magic and experimental science</i></a>. New York: Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0231088008" title="Special:BookSources/978-0231088008"><bdi>978-0231088008</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+magic+and+experimental+science&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1923&rft.isbn=978-0231088008&rft.aulast=Thorndike&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0231087993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurner2016" class="citation book cs1">Turner, Kevin B. (2016). <i>Sky Shamans of Mongolia: Meetings with Remarkable Healers</i>. North Atlantic Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1583949986" title="Special:BookSources/978-1583949986"><bdi>978-1583949986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sky+Shamans+of+Mongolia%3A+Meetings+with+Remarkable+Healers&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Books&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1583949986&rft.aulast=Turner&rft.aufirst=Kevin+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABlack+magic" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output 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navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Witchcraft" title="Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Witchcraft" title="Template talk:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Witchcraft"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Magic_and_witchcraft" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Magic_(supernatural)" title="Magic (supernatural)">Magic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Types</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Region</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Africa" title="Witchcraft in Africa">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azande_witchcraft" title="Azande witchcraft">Azande</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Ghana" title="Witchcraft in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_smeller" title="Witch smeller">Witch smeller</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_witchcraft" title="Asian witchcraft">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Philippines" title="Witchcraft in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_witchcraft" title="European witchcraft">Europe</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Italy" title="Witchcraft in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akelarre" title="Akelarre">Akelarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benandanti" title="Benandanti">Benandanti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cunning_folk" title="Cunning folk">Cunning folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" title="Magic in the Greco-Roman world">Greece and Rome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sei%C3%B0r" title="Seiðr">Seiðr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seeress_(Germanic)" title="Seeress (Germanic)">Völva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch-cult_hypothesis" title="Witch-cult hypothesis">Witch-cult hypothesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Anglo-Saxon_England" title="Witchcraft in Anglo-Saxon England">Anglo-Saxon England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_early_modern_Britain" title="Witchcraft in early modern Britain">Britain</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_Latin_America" title="Witchcraft in Latin America">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_in_the_Middle_East" title="Witchcraft in the Middle East">Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft#Oceania" title="Witchcraft">Oceania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%81kutu" title="Mākutu">Mākutu</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Form</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chaos_magic" title="Chaos magic">Chaos magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorcery_(goetia)" title="Sorcery (goetia)">Goetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoodoo_(spirituality)" title="Hoodoo (spirituality)">Hoodoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_European_magic" title="Medieval European magic">Medieval</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neopagan_witchcraft" title="Neopagan witchcraft">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wicca" title="Wicca">Wicca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_magic" title="Renaissance magic">Renaissance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solitary_practitioner" title="Solitary practitioner">Solitary practitioner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warlock" title="Warlock">Warlock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_doctor" title="Witch doctor">Witch doctor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Practices</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apotropaic_magic" title="Apotropaic magic">Apotropaic magic</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Black magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_magic" title="Ceremonial magic">Ceremonial magic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magical_formula" title="Magical formula">Magical formula</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coven" title="Coven">Coven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curse" title="Curse">Curse</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anathema" title="Anathema">Anathema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damnation" title="Damnation">Damnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinx" title="Jinx">Jinx</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demon" title="Demon">Demon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divination" title="Divination">Divination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evocation" title="Evocation">Evocation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familiar" title="Familiar">Familiar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gray_magic" title="Gray magic">Gray magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incantation" title="Incantation">Incantation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jinn" title="Jinn">Jinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mediumship" title="Mediumship">Mediumship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_magic" title="Moon magic">Moon magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Necromancy" title="Necromancy">Necromancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occult" title="Occult">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_shamanism" title="Black shamanism">Black</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_forms_of_shamanism" title="Regional forms of shamanism">Regional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_shamanism" title="Yellow shamanism">Yellow</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_magic" title="Sex magic">Sex magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigil" title="Sigil">Sigils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kardecist_spiritism" title="Kardecist spiritism">Spiritism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sympathetic_magic" title="Sympathetic magic">Sympathetic magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches%27_Sabbath" title="Witches' Sabbath">Witches' Sabbath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_magic" title="White magic">White magic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Objects</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amulet" title="Amulet">Amulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athame" title="Athame">Athame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broom" title="Broom">Broom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Besom" title="Besom">besom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Censer" title="Censer">Censer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloak_of_invisibility" title="Cloak of invisibility">Cloak of invisibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_ball" title="Crystal ball">Crystal ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_ointment" title="Flying ointment">Flying ointment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goofer_dust" title="Goofer dust">Goofer dust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grimoire" title="Grimoire">Grimoire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incense" title="Incense">Incense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julleuchter" title="Julleuchter">Julleuchter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_witch" title="Kitchen witch">Kitchen witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Love_magic" title="Love magic">Love charm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_carpet" title="Magic carpet">Magic carpet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_circle" title="Magic circle">Magic circle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magic_ring" title="Magic ring">Magic ring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_magical_weapons" title="List of magical weapons">Magical weapons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_sword" title="Magic sword">Magic sword</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mojo_(African-American_culture)" title="Mojo (African-American culture)">Mojo bag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkisi" title="Nkisi">Nkisi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nkondi" title="Nkondi">Nkondi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poppet" title="Poppet">Poppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potion" title="Potion">Potions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sator_Square" title="Sator Square">Sator Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">Talisman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wand" title="Wand">Wand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_ball" title="Witch ball">Witch ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_ladder" title="Witch's ladder">Witch's ladder</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Folklore and<br />mythology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agamede" title="Agamede">Agamede</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aradia" title="Aradia">Aradia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Yaga" title="Baba Yaga">Baba Yaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circe" title="Circe">Circe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayan_(witch)" title="Dayan (witch)">Dayan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drude" title="Drude">Drude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elbow_witch" title="Elbow witch">Elbow witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hecate" title="Hecate">Hecate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huld" title="Huld">Huld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalku" title="Kalku">Kalku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medea" title="Medea">Medea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_le_Fay" title="Morgan le Fay">Morgan le Fay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muma_P%C4%83durii" title="Muma Pădurii">Muma Pădurii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nine_sorceresses" title="Nine sorceresses">Nine sorceresses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obayifo" title="Obayifo">Obayifo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pasipha%C3%AB" title="Pasiphaë">Pasiphaë</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sebile" title="Sebile">Sebile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sorginak" title="Sorginak">Sorginak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spearfinger" title="Spearfinger">Spearfinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Witches" title="Three Witches">Three Witches</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witches_of_Benevento" title="Witches of Benevento">Witches of Benevento</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_of_Endor" title="Witch of Endor">Witch of Endor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Major<br />historic treatises</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_and_divination_in_the_Hebrew_Bible" title="Witchcraft and divination in the Hebrew Bible">Witchcraft and divination in the Old Testament</a> (8th–2nd centuries BC)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Directorium_Inquisitorum" title="Directorium Inquisitorum">Directorium Inquisitorum</a></i> (1376)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_maleficis_mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De maleficis mulieribus">De maleficis mulieribus</a></i> (1440)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Formicarius" title="Formicarius">Formicarius</a></i> (1475)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Summis_desiderantes_affectibus" title="Summis desiderantes affectibus">Summis desiderantes affectibus</a></i> (1484)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Malleus_Maleficarum" title="Malleus Maleficarum">Malleus Maleficarum</a></i> (1487)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_Lamiis_et_Pythonicis_Mulieribus" class="mw-redirect" title="De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus">De Lamiis et Pythonicis Mulieribus</a></i> (1489)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Laienspiegel" title="Laienspiegel">Laienspiegel</a></i> (1509)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/De_praestigiis_daemonum" title="De praestigiis daemonum">De praestigiis daemonum</a></i> (1563)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discoverie_of_Witchcraft" title="The Discoverie of Witchcraft">The Discoverie of Witchcraft</a></i> (1584)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Newes_from_Scotland" title="Newes from Scotland">Newes from Scotland</a></i> (1591)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Dialogue_Concerning_Witches_and_Witchcrafts" title="A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts">A Dialogue Concerning Witches and Witchcrafts</a></i> (1593)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonolatreiae_libri_tres" title="Daemonolatreiae libri tres">Daemonolatreiae libri tres</a></i> (1595)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonologie" title="Daemonologie">Daemonologie</a></i> (1597)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magical_Investigations" class="mw-redirect" title="Magical Investigations">Magical Investigations</a></i> (1599)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compendium_Maleficarum" title="Compendium Maleficarum">Compendium Maleficarum</a></i> (1608)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/A_Guide_to_Grand-Jury_Men" title="A Guide to Grand-Jury Men">A Guide to Grand-Jury Men</a></i> (1627)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Discovery_of_Witches" class="mw-redirect" title="The Discovery of Witches">The Discovery of Witches</a></i> (1647)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_sur_les_apparitions_des_esprits_et_sur_les_vampires_ou_les_revenans_de_Hongrie,_de_Moravie,_%26c." title="Traité sur les apparitions des esprits et sur les vampires ou les revenans de Hongrie, de Moravie, &c.">Treatise on the Apparitions of Spirits and on Vampires or Revenants</a></i> (1751)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Persecution</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Modern_witch_hunts" title="Modern witch hunts">Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamyi_Witch_hiring_controversy" title="Jamyi Witch hiring controversy">Jamyi Witch hiring controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witchcraft_accusations_against_children" title="Witchcraft accusations against children">accusations against children</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_India" title="Witch hunts in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Nepal" title="Witch hunts in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunts_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Witch hunts in Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_camp" title="Witch camp">Witch camp</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Witch trials in the early modern period">Early Modern</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maryland_Witch_Trials" class="mw-redirect" title="Maryland Witch Trials">Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_New_York" title="Witch trials in New York">New York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salem_witch_trials" title="Salem witch trials">Salem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Virginia" title="Witch trials in Virginia">Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Hungary" title="Witch trials in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Moravia_witch_trials" title="Northern Moravia witch trials">Northern Moravia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Poland" title="Witch trials in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Russia" title="Witch trials in Russia">Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Latvia_and_Estonia" title="Witch trials in Latvia and Estonia">Baltic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Denmark" title="Witch trials in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_England" title="Witch trials in England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Finland" title="Witch trials in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Iceland" title="Witch trials in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Norway" title="Witch trials in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_early_modern_Scotland" title="Witch trials in early modern Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Sweden" title="Witch trials in Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_France" title="Witch trials in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva_witch_trials" title="Geneva witch trials">Geneva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Italy" title="Witch trials in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_Spain" title="Witch trials in Spain">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basque_witch_trials" title="Basque witch trials">Basque</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Classical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_trials_in_the_Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire">Witch trials in the Holy Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_hunt" title="Witch hunt">Witch hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch%27s_mark" title="Witch's mark">Witch's mark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pricking" title="Pricking">Pricking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_executed_for_witchcraft" title="List of people executed for witchcraft">List of people executed for witchcraft</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Magic_in_fiction" title="Magic in fiction">Magic in fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fictional_witches" title="List of fictional witches">Witches in fiction</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(word)" title="Witch (word)">Witch (word)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Witch_(archetype)" title="Witch (archetype)">Witch (archetype)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_magic" title="Christian views on magic">Christian views on magic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magical_organization" title="Magical organization">Magical organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maleficium_(sorcery)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maleficium (sorcery)">Maleficium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Left-hand_path_and_right-hand_path" title="Left-hand path and right-hand path">Left-hand path and right-hand path</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_interpretations_of_witch_trials_in_the_early_modern_period" title="Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period">Feminist interpretations of witch trials in the early modern period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adept" title="Adept">Adept</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_magic&oldid=1253205772">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Black_magic&oldid=1253205772</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a 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