CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Matriarchy - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"764279ae-feb5-4ef4-a06c-412fc45c678d","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Matriarchy","wgTitle":"Matriarchy","wgCurRevisionId":1259606321,"wgRevisionId":1259606321,"wgArticleId":83525,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013","Pages containing links to subscription-or-libraries content","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016","Webarchive template wayback links","All pages needing factual verification","Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2013", "Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014","CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from January 2012","Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text","Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024","Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013","Articles needing additional references from October 2013","All articles needing additional references","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023","Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2022","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013" ,"Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016","All articles containing potentially dated statements","Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009","Pages using sidebar with the child parameter","Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021","CS1 German-language sources (de)","Pages using Sister project links with default search","Matriarchy","Family","Motherhood","Mother goddesses","Feminist theory","Political anthropology"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Matriarchy","wgRelevantArticleId":83525,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir": "ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q185681","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready", "skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022", "ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Nampeyo_and_Family%2C_1901%2C_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1020"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Nampeyo_and_Family%2C_1901%2C_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="680"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="544"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Matriarchy - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchy"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchy"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Matriarchy rootpage-Matriarchy skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Matriarchy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Matriarchy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Matriarchy" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Matriarchy" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Definitions,_connotations,_and_etymology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definitions,_connotations,_and_etymology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Definitions, connotations, and etymology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definitions,_connotations,_and_etymology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Related_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Related concepts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Related concepts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Related_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Words_beginning_with_gyn-" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_beginning_with_gyn-"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Words beginning with gyn- </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_beginning_with_gyn--sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intergenerational_relationships" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intergenerational_relationships"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Intergenerational relationships </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intergenerational_relationships-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Words_beginning_with_matri-" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Words_beginning_with_matri-"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Words beginning with matri- </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Words_beginning_with_matri--sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History_and_distribution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History_and_distribution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 History and distribution </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History_and_distribution-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History and distribution subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History_and_distribution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-By_region_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_region_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 By region and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_region_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_Near_East" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Near_East"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Ancient Near East </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Near_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 Europe </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3 Asia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Burma" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Burma"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3.1 Burma </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Burma-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-China" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#China"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3.2 China </div> </a> <ul id="toc-China-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3.3 India </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Indonesia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Indonesia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3.4 Indonesia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Indonesia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ancient_Vietnam_(before_43_CE)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_Vietnam_(before_43_CE)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.3.5 Ancient Vietnam (before 43 CE) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_Vietnam_(before_43_CE)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_Americans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_Americans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.4 Native Americans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_Americans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-By_chronology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#By_chronology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 By chronology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-By_chronology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Earliest_prehistory_and_undated" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Earliest_prehistory_and_undated"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 Earliest prehistory and undated </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Earliest_prehistory_and_undated-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Paleolithic_and_Neolithic_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Paleolithic_and_Neolithic_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Paleolithic_and_Neolithic_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bronze_Age" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bronze_Age"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 Bronze Age </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bronze_Age-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iron_Age_to_Middle_Ages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iron_Age_to_Middle_Ages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.4 Iron Age to Middle Ages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iron_Age_to_Middle_Ages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-20th–21st_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#20th–21st_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.5 20th–21st centuries </div> </a> <ul id="toc-20th–21st_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Mythology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mythology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mythology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Amazons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amazons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Amazons </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amazons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Greece </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Celtic_myth_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Celtic_myth_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Celtic myth and society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Celtic_myth_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Basque_myth_and_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Basque_myth_and_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Basque myth and society </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Basque_myth_and_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 South America </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_feminist_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_feminist_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In feminist thought </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_feminist_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_religious_thought" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_religious_thought"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In religious thought </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_religious_thought-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In religious thought subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_religious_thought-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Exclusionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exclusionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Exclusionary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exclusionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inclusionary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inclusionary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Inclusionary </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Inclusionary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 In popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Ancient theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Other animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Matriarchy</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 71 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-71" aria-hidden="true" > 71 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriargie" title="Matriargie – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Matriargie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Амтриархат – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Амтриархат" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D8%A3%D9%85%D9%88%D9%85%D9%8A" title="نظام أمومي – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام أمومي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A7%B0" title="মাতৃতন্ত্ৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="মাতৃতন্ত্ৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarc%C3%A1u" title="Matriarcáu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Matriarcáu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarxat" title="Matriarxat – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Matriarxat" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%83%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0" title="মাতৃতন্ত্র – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="মাতৃতন্ত্র" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Матрыярхат – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Матрыярхат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8B%D1%8F%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Матрыярхат – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Матрыярхат" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Матриархат – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Матриархат" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrijarhat" title="Matrijarhat – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Matrijarhat" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarcat" title="Matriarcat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Matriarcat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarch%C3%A1t" title="Matriarchát – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Matriarchát" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarkat" title="Matriarkat – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Matriarkat" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchat" title="Matriarchat – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Matriarchat" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarhaat" title="Matriarhaat – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Matriarhaat" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%B7%CF%84%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Μητριαρχία – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μητριαρχία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarcado" title="Matriarcado – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Matriarcado" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarkeco" title="Matriarkeco – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Matriarkeco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarkatu" title="Matriarkatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Matriarkatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="مادرسالاری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مادرسالاری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarcat" title="Matriarcat – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Matriarcat" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarcado" title="Matriarcado – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Matriarcado" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%A8%EA%B6%8C%EC%A0%9C" title="모권제 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="모권제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%A1%D5%B5%D6%80%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Մայրիշխանություն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մայրիշխանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="मातृतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="मातृतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrijarhat" title="Matrijarhat – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Matrijarhat" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nd%E1%BB%8B_isi_nwany%E1%BB%8B" title="Ndị isi nwanyị – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Ndị isi nwanyị" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Igbo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarki" title="Matriarki – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Matriarki" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A6%C3%B0raveldi" title="Mæðraveldi – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mæðraveldi" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarcato" title="Matriarcato – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Matriarcato" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%94" title="מטריארכיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מטריארכיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Матриархат – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Матриархат" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dayiksalar%C3%AE" title="Dayiksalarî – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Dayiksalarî" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Матриархат – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Матриархат" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarh%C4%81ts" title="Matriarhāts – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Matriarhāts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchatas" title="Matriarchatas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Matriarchatas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Матријархат – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Матријархат" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%83%E0%B4%A6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%82" title="മാതൃദായക്രമം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="മാതൃദായക്രമം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%83%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A7%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%80" title="मातृसत्ताक कुटुंबपद्धती – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="मातृसत्ताक कुटुंबपद्धती" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="მატრიარქატი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მატრიარქატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%87" title="متريركيه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="متريركيه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Матриархатсь – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Матриархатсь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchaat" title="Matriarchaat – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Matriarchaat" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%AE%B6%E6%AF%8D%E9%95%B7%E5%88%B6" title="家母長制 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="家母長制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarkat" title="Matriarkat – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Matriarkat" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarkat" title="Matriarkat – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Matriarkat" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarcat" title="Matriarcat – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Matriarcat" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarxat" title="Matriarxat – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Matriarxat" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%8A" title="مورواکي – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مورواکي" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchat" title="Matriarchat – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Matriarchat" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarcado" title="Matriarcado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Matriarcado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarhat" title="Matriarhat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Matriarhat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Матриархат – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Матриархат" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarkati" title="Matriarkati – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Matriarkati" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarcatu" title="Matriarcatu – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Matriarcatu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarchy" title="Matriarchy – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Matriarchy" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AF%D8%B1%D8%B4%D8%A7%DA%BE%D9%8A" title="مدرشاھي – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="مدرشاھي" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarch%C3%A1t" title="Matriarchát – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Matriarchát" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarhat" title="Matriarhat – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Matriarhat" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Матријархат – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Матријархат" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrijarhat" title="Matrijarhat – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Matrijarhat" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarkaatti" title="Matriarkaatti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Matriarkaatti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matriarkat" title="Matriarkat – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Matriarkat" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%88%D0%BE%D2%B3%D3%A3" title="Модаршоҳӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Модаршоҳӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anaerkillik" title="Anaerkillik – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Anaerkillik" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%82%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B0%D1%82" title="Матріархат – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Матріархат" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%E1%BA%BF_%C4%91%E1%BB%99_m%E1%BA%ABu_quy%E1%BB%81n" title="Chế độ mẫu quyền – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Chế độ mẫu quyền" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E6%9D%83" title="母权 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="母权" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E6%AC%8A" title="母權 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="母權" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%AF%8D%E6%AC%8A" title="母權 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="母權" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185681#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Matriarchy" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Matriarchy">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Matriarchy" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Matriarchy" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&oldid=1259606321" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Matriarchy&id=1259606321&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMatriarchy">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMatriarchy">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Matriarchy&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Matriarchy" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Matriarchy" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q185681" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Social system with female rule</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Matriarch" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Matriarch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Matriarch (disambiguation)">Matriarch (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nampeyo_and_Family,_1901,_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nampeyo_and_Family%2C_1901%2C_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg/220px-Nampeyo_and_Family%2C_1901%2C_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nampeyo_and_Family%2C_1901%2C_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg/330px-Nampeyo_and_Family%2C_1901%2C_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Nampeyo_and_Family%2C_1901%2C_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg/440px-Nampeyo_and_Family%2C_1901%2C_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg 2x" data-file-width="481" data-file-height="409" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nampeyo" title="Nampeyo">Nampeyo</a>, of the <a href="/wiki/Hopi-Tewa" title="Hopi-Tewa">Hopi-Tewa</a> People, in 1901; with her mother, White Corn; her eldest daughter, Annie Healing holding her granddaughter, Rachel</figcaption></figure> Matriarchy is a <a href="/wiki/Social_system" title="Social system">social system</a> in which positions of <a href="/wiki/Power_(social_and_political)" title="Power (social and political)">dominance</a> and <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">privilege</a> are held by <a href="/wiki/Women" class="mw-redirect" title="Women">women</a>. In a broader sense it can also extend to <a href="/wiki/Moral_authority" title="Moral authority">moral authority</a>, <a href="/wiki/Social_privilege" title="Social privilege">social privilege</a>, and control of property. While those definitions apply in general English, definitions specific to <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a> differ in some respects.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-2">[2]</a> Matriarchies may also be confused with <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">matrilocal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">matrifocal</a> societies.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> While some may consider any non-patriarchal system to be matriarchal, most academics exclude those systems from matriarchies as strictly defined. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions,_connotations,_and_etymology">Definitions, connotations, and etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions, connotations, and etymology">edit</a>]</div> According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> (OED), matriarchy is a "form of social organization in which the mother or oldest female is the head of the family, and descent and relationship are reckoned through the female line; government or rule by a woman or women."<a href="#cite_note-OED-matriarchy-4">[4]</a> A popular definition, according to James Peoples and Garrick Bailey, is "female dominance".<a href="#cite_note-HumanityIntroCulturAnthro-9ed-p259col1-5">[5]</a> Within the academic discipline of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">cultural anthropology</a>, according to the OED, matriarchy is a "culture or community in which such a system prevails"<a href="#cite_note-OED-matriarchy-4">[4]</a> or a "family, society, organization, etc., dominated by a woman or women" without reference to laws that require women to dominate.<a href="#cite_note-OED-matriarchy-4">[4]</a> In general anthropology, according to William A. Haviland, matriarchy is "rule by women".<a href="#cite_note-Anthro-Haviland-8ed-p579col1-6">[6]</a> According to Lawrence A. Kuzner in 1997, <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Radcliffe-Brown" title="Alfred Radcliffe-Brown">A. R. Radcliffe-Brown</a> argued in 1924 that the definitions of matriarchy and patriarchy had "logical and empirical failings (...) [and] were too vague to be scientifically useful".<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Most academics exclude egalitarian nonpatriarchal systems from matriarchies more strictly defined. According to <a href="/wiki/Heide_G%C3%B6ttner-Abendroth" title="Heide Göttner-Abendroth">Heide Göttner-Abendroth</a>, a reluctance to accept the existence of matriarchies might be based on a specific culturally biased notion of how to define matriarchy: because in a <a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">patriarchy</a> men rule over women, a matriarchy has frequently been conceptualized as women ruling over men,<a href="#cite_note-MatriarchalSocDefTheory-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> while she believed that matriarchies are <a href="/wiki/Egalitarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Egalitarian">egalitarian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MatriarchalSocDefTheory-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Margot-adler-2004.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Margot-adler-2004.jpg/220px-Margot-adler-2004.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Margot-adler-2004.jpg/330px-Margot-adler-2004.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Margot-adler-2004.jpg/440px-Margot-adler-2004.jpg 2x" data-file-width="599" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Margot Adler (2004)</figcaption></figure> The word matriarchy, for a society politically led by females, especially mothers, who also control property, is often interpreted to mean the general opposite of patriarchy, but it is not an opposite.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> According to Peoples and Bailey, the view of anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sanday is that matriarchies are not a mirror or inverted form of patriarchies but rather that a matriarchy "emphasizes maternal meanings where 'maternal symbols are linked to social practices influencing the lives of both sexes and where women play a central role in these practices'".<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Journalist <a href="/wiki/Margot_Adler" title="Margot Adler">Margot Adler</a> wrote, "literally, ... ["matriarchy"] means government by mothers, or more broadly, government and power in the hands of women."<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Love" title="Barbara Love">Barbara Love</a> and Elizabeth Shanklin wrote, "by 'matriarchy,' we mean a non-alienated society: a society in which women, those who produce the next generation, define motherhood, determine the conditions of motherhood, and determine the environment in which the next generation is reared."<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Eller" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynthia Eller">Cynthia Eller</a>, "'matriarchy' can be thought of ... as a shorthand description for any society in which women's power is equal or superior to men's and in which the culture centers around values and life events described as 'feminine.'"<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Eller wrote that the idea of matriarchy mainly rests on two pillars, romanticism and modern social criticism.<a href="#cite_note-18">[18]</a> With respect to a <a href="#Paleolithic_and_Neolithic_Ages">prehistoric matriarchal Golden Age</a>, according to Barbara Epstein, "matriarchy ... means a social system organized around matriliny and goddess worship in which women have positions of power."<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> According to Adler, in the Marxist tradition, it usually refers to a pre-class society "where women and men share equally in production and power."<a href="#cite_note-DrawDnMoon-2006-p194-20">[20]</a> According to Adler, "a number of feminists note that few definitions of the word [matriarchy], despite its literal meaning, include any concept of power, and they suggest that centuries of oppression have made it impossible for women to conceive of themselves with such power."<a href="#cite_note-DrawDnMoon-2006-p194-20">[20]</a> Matriarchy has often been presented as negative, in contrast to patriarchy as natural and inevitable for society, and thus that matriarchy is hopeless. Love and Shanklin wrote: <blockquote>When we hear the word "matriarchy", we are conditioned to a number of responses: that matriarchy refers to the past and that matriarchies have never existed; that matriarchy is a hopeless fantasy of female domination, of mothers dominating children, of women being cruel to men. Conditioning us negatively to matriarchy is, of course, in the interests of patriarchs. We are made to feel that patriarchy is natural; we are less likely to question it, and less likely to direct our energies to ending it.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a></blockquote> The Matriarchal Studies school led by Göttner-Abendroth calls for an even more inclusive redefinition of the term: Göttner-Abendroth defines Modern Matriarchal Studies as the "investigation and presentation of non-patriarchal societies", effectively defining matriarchy as non-patriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> She has also defined matriarchy as characterized by the sharing of power equally between the two genders.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> According to Diane LeBow, "matriarchal societies are often described as ... egalitarian ...",<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> although anthropologist Ruby Rohrlich has written of "the centrality of women in an egalitarian society."<a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[a]</a> Matriarchy is also the public formation in which the woman occupies the ruling position in a family.<a href="#cite_note-OED-matriarchy-4">[4]</a> Some, including <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Patrick_Moynihan" title="Daniel Patrick Moynihan">Daniel Moynihan</a>, claimed that there is a matriarchy among Black families in the United States,<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[b]</a> because a quarter of them were headed by single women;<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> thus, families composing a substantial minority of a substantial minority could be enough for the latter to constitute a matriarchy within a larger non-matriarchal society with non-matriarchal political dynamics. Etymologically, it is from <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a> māter (genitive mātris), "mother" and <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Greek</a> ἄρχειν arkhein, "to rule".<a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a> The notion of matriarchy was defined by <a href="/wiki/Joseph-Fran%C3%A7ois_Lafitau" title="Joseph-François Lafitau">Joseph-François Lafitau</a> (1681–1746), who first named it ginécocratie.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">OED</a>, the earliest known attestation of the word matriarchy is in 1885.<a href="#cite_note-OED-matriarchy-4">[4]</a> By contrast, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/gynecocracy" class="extiw" title="wikt:gynecocracy">gynæcocracy</a>, meaning 'rule of women', has been in use since the 17th century, building on the Greek word γυναικοκρατία found in <a href="/wiki/Aristotle" title="Aristotle">Aristotle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[31]</a> Terms with similar etymology are also used in various social sciences and humanities to describe matriarchal or matriological aspects of social, cultural, and political processes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Adjective matriological is derived from the noun matriology that comes from Latin word māter (mother) and Greek word λογος (logos, teaching about).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The term matriology was used in theology and history of religion as a designation for the study of particular motherly aspects of various female deities.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The term was subsequently borrowed by other social sciences and humanities and its meaning was widened in order to describe and define particular female-dominated and female-centered aspects of cultural and social life.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The male alternative for matriology is patriology,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] with patriarchy being the male alternative to matriarchy<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">pages needed</a>]. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_concepts">Related concepts</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Related concepts">edit</a>]</div> In their works, <a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Bachofen" title="Johann Jakob Bachofen">Johann Jakob Bachofen</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lewis_H._Morgan" title="Lewis H. Morgan">Lewis Morgan</a> used such terms and expressions as mother-right, female rule, gyneocracy, and female authority. All these terms meant the same: the rule by females (mother or wife).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although Bachofen and Lewis Morgan confined the "mother-right" inside households, it was the basis of female influence upon the whole society.<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> The authors of the classics did not think that gyneocracy meant 'female government' in politics.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] They were aware of the fact that the sexual structure of government had no relation to domestic rule and to roles of both sexes.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_beginning_with_gyn-">Words beginning with gyn-</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Words beginning with gyn-">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Gynecocracy" redirects here. For the novel, see <a href="/wiki/Gynecocracy_(novel)" title="Gynecocracy (novel)">Gynecocracy (novel)</a>.</div> A matriarchy is also sometimes called a <a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">gynarchy</a>, a gynocracy, a gynecocracy, or a <a href="/wiki/Gynocentric" class="mw-redirect" title="Gynocentric">gynocentric</a> society, although these terms do not definitionally emphasize motherhood. <a href="/wiki/Cultural_anthropology" title="Cultural anthropology">Cultural anthropologist</a> Jules de Leeuwe argued that some societies were "mainly gynecocratic"<a href="#cite_note-Jules_de_Leeuwe-36">[34]</a> (others being "mainly androcratic").<a href="#cite_note-Jules_de_Leeuwe-36">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[c]</a> Gynecocracy, gynaecocracy, gynocracy, gyneocracy, and gynarchy generally mean 'government by women over women and men'.<a href="#cite_note-38">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-W3-3defs-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmHeritageDict3ed-3defs-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-RHsWebUnDict2ed-2defs-41">[38]</a> All of these words are synonyms in their most important definitions, and while these words all share that principal meaning, they differ a little in their additional meanings, so that gynecocracy also means 'women's social supremacy',<a href="#cite_note-W3-gynecocracy-42">[39]</a> gynaecocracy also means 'government by one woman', 'female dominance', and, derogatorily, 'petticoat government',<a href="#cite_note-43">[40]</a> and gynocracy also means 'women as the ruling class'.<a href="#cite_note-44">[41]</a> Gyneocracy is rarely used in modern times.<a href="#cite_note-45">[42]</a> None of these definitions are limited to mothers.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some question whether a queen ruling without a king is sufficient to constitute female government, given the amount of participation of other men in most such governments. One view is that it is sufficient. "By the end of [Queen] Elizabeth's reign, gynecocracy was a fait accompli", according to historian Paula Louise Scalingi.<a href="#cite_note-46">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[d]</a> Gynecocracy is defined by Scalingi as "government by women",<a href="#cite_note-48">[44]</a> similar to dictionary definitions<a href="#cite_note-W3-3defs-39">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-AmHeritageDict3ed-3defs-40">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-RHsWebUnDict2ed-2defs-41">[38]</a> (one dictionary adding 'women's social supremacy' to the governing role).<a href="#cite_note-W3-gynecocracy-42">[39]</a> Scalingi reported arguments for and against the validity of gynocracy<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> and said, "the humanists treated the question of female rule as part of the larger controversy over sexual equality."<a href="#cite_note-ScepterDistaff-Historian-p60-50">[46]</a> Possibly, queenship, because of the power wielded by men in leadership and assisting a queen, leads to <a href="/wiki/Queen_bee_syndrome" title="Queen bee syndrome">queen bee syndrome</a>, contributing to the difficulty of other women in becoming heads of the government.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Some matriarchies have been described by historian <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Eckstein-Diener" title="Bertha Eckstein-Diener">Helen Diner</a> as "a strong gynocracy"<a href="#cite_note-MothersAmazons-1965-p137-51">[47]</a> and "women monopolizing government"<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> and she described matriarchal <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazons</a> as "an extreme, feminist wing"<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[e]</a> of humanity and that North African women "ruled the country politically" before being overthrown by forms of patriarchy<a href="#cite_note-MothersAmazons-1965-p137-51">[47]</a> and, according to Adler, Diner "envision[ed] a dominance matriarchy".<a href="#cite_note-55">[50]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a> is the 'dominant or exclusive focus on women', is opposed to <a href="/wiki/Androcentrism" title="Androcentrism">androcentrism</a>, and "invert[s] ... the privilege of the ... [male/female] binary ...[,] [some feminists] arguing for 'the superiority of values embodied in traditionally female experience'".<a href="#cite_note-56">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intergenerational_relationships">Intergenerational relationships</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Intergenerational relationships">edit</a>]</div> Some people who sought evidence for the existence of a matriarchy often mixed matriarchy with anthropological terms and concepts describing specific arrangements in the field of family relationships and the organization of family life, such as matrilineality and matrilocality. These terms refer to intergenerational relationships (as matriarchy may), but do not distinguish between males and females insofar as they apply to specific arrangements for sons as well as daughters from the perspective of their relatives on their mother's side. Accordingly, these concepts do not represent matriarchy as 'power of women over men' but instead familial dynamics.<a href="#cite_note-57">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Words_beginning_with_matri-">Words beginning with matri-</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Words beginning with matri-">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_matrilineal_or_matrilocal_societies" title="List of matrilineal or matrilocal societies">list of matrilineal or matrilocal societies</a></div> Anthropologists have begun to use the term matrifocality.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] There is some debate concerning the terminological delineation between <a href="/wiki/Matrifocal_family" title="Matrifocal family">matrifocality</a> and matriarchy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Matrifocal societies are those in which women, especially mothers, occupy a central position.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Anthropologist R. T. Smith refers to matrifocality as the kinship structure of a social system whereby the mothers assume structural prominence.<a href="#cite_note-IntntnlEncycSocBehavSci-v14-p9416-58">[53]</a> The term does not necessarily imply domination by women or mothers.<a href="#cite_note-IntntnlEncycSocBehavSci-v14-p9416-58">[53]</a> In addition, some authors depart from the premise of a mother-child dyad as the core of a human group where the grandmother was the central ancestor with her children and grandchildren clustered around her in an extended family.<a href="#cite_note-59">[54]</a> The term matricentric means 'having a mother as head of the family or household'.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg/220px-Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg/330px-Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg/440px-Venus_von_Willendorf_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1428" data-file-height="2684" /></a><figcaption>Venus von Willendorf, a <a href="/wiki/Venus_figurines" class="mw-redirect" title="Venus figurines">Venus figurine</a></figcaption></figure> Matristic: Feminist scholars and archeologists such as <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gerda_Lerner" title="Gerda Lerner">Gerda Lerner</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Riane_Eisler" title="Riane Eisler">Riane Eisler</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[55]</a> label their notion of a "woman-centered" society surrounding <a href="/wiki/Mother_Goddess" class="mw-redirect" title="Mother Goddess">Mother Goddess</a> worship during prehistory (in <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Neolithic_Europe" title="Neolithic Europe">Neolithic Europe</a>) and in ancient civilizations by using the term matristic rather than matriarchal. <a href="/wiki/Marija_Gimbutas" title="Marija Gimbutas">Marija Gimbutas</a> states that she uses "the term matristic simply to avoid the term matriarchy with the understanding that it incorporates matriliny."<a href="#cite_note-61">[56]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">Matrilineality</a>, in which descent is traced through the female line, is sometimes conflated with historical matriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-InvisibleSex-pp251-255-255-62">[57]</a> Sanday favors redefining and reintroducing the word matriarchy, especially in reference to contemporary matrilineal societies such as the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a>.<a href="#cite_note-63">[58]</a> The 19th-century belief that matriarchal societies existed was due to the transmission of "economic and social power ... through kinship lines"<a href="#cite_note-LivingLapGoddess-p152-158-161-64">[59]</a> so that "in a matrilineal society all power would be channeled through women. Women may not have retained all power and authority in such societies ..., but they would have been in a position to control and dispense power... not unlike the nagging wife or the domineering mother."<a href="#cite_note-LivingLapGoddess-p152-158-161-64">[59]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Matrilocal_residence" title="Matrilocal residence">matrilocal</a> society defines a society in which a couple resides close to the bride's family rather than the bridegroom's family.<a href="#cite_note-65">[60]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History_and_distribution">History and distribution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: History and distribution">edit</a>]</div> Most anthropologists hold that there are no known societies that are unambiguously matriarchal.<a href="#cite_note-:6-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-2">[2]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/James_M._Adovasio" title="James M. Adovasio">J. M. Adovasio</a>, Olga Soffer, and Jake Page, no true matriarchy is known to have actually existed.<a href="#cite_note-InvisibleSex-pp251-255-255-62">[57]</a> Anthropologist Joan Bamberger argued that the historical record contains no primary sources on any society in which women dominated.<a href="#cite_note-67">[62]</a> Anthropologist <a href="/wiki/Donald_Brown_(anthropologist)" title="Donald Brown (anthropologist)">Donald Brown</a>'s list of <a href="/wiki/Cultural_universal" title="Cultural universal">human cultural universals</a> (viz., features shared by nearly all current human societies) includes men being the "dominant element" in public political affairs,<a href="#cite_note-68">[63]</a> which he asserts is the contemporary opinion of mainstream <a href="/wiki/Anthropology" title="Anthropology">anthropology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[64]</a> There are some disagreements and possible exceptions. A belief that women's rule preceded men's rule was, according to Haviland, "held by many nineteenth-century intellectuals".<a href="#cite_note-Anthro-Haviland-8ed-p579col1-6">[6]</a> The hypothesis survived into the 20th century and was notably advanced in the context of feminism and especially <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">second-wave feminism</a>, but the hypothesis is mostly discredited today, most experts saying that it was never true.<a href="#cite_note-:0-69">[64]</a> Matriarchs, according to Peoples and Bailey, do exist; there are "individual matriarchs of families and kin groups."<a href="#cite_note-HumanityIntroCulturAnthro-9ed-p259col1-5">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_region_and_culture">By region and culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: By region and culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ancient_Near_East">Ancient Near East</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ancient Near East">edit</a>]</div> The Cambridge Ancient History (1975)<a href="#cite_note-70">[65]</a> stated that "the predominance of a supreme goddess is probably a reflection from the practice of matriarchy which at all times characterized <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> civilization to a greater or lesser degree, before this practice was overthrown by the patriarchy".<a href="#cite_note-71">[f]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Europe">Europe</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Europe">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Tacitus" title="Tacitus">Tacitus</a> claimed in his book <a href="/wiki/Germania_(book)" title="Germania (book)">Germania</a> that in "the nations of the <a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a> woman is the ruling sex."<a href="#cite_note-72">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[g]</a> <a href="/wiki/Anne_Helene_Gjelstad" title="Anne Helene Gjelstad">Anne Helene Gjelstad</a> describes the women on the <a href="/wiki/Estonia" title="Estonia">Estonian</a> islands <a href="/wiki/Kihnu" title="Kihnu">Kihnu</a> and <a href="/wiki/Manilaid" title="Manilaid">Manija</a> as "the last matriarchal society in Europe" because "the older women here take care of almost everything on land as their husbands travel the seas".<a href="#cite_note-74">[67]</a> <a href="#cite_note-75">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Asia">Asia</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Asia">edit</a>]</div> Bangladesh The <a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasi</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Garo_people" title="Garo people">Garo</a> people residing in the <a href="/wiki/Sylhet_Division" title="Sylhet Division">Sylhet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mymensingh_Division" title="Mymensingh Division">Mymensingh</a> regions are two of the top matriarchal societies of <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Burma">Burma</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Burma">edit</a>]</div> Possible matriarchies in Burma are, according to Jorgen Bisch, the <a href="/wiki/Kayan_people_(Burma)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kayan people (Burma)">Padaungs</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[69]</a> and, according to Andrew Marshall, the <a href="/wiki/Bwe_people" title="Bwe people">Kayaw</a>.<a href="#cite_note-77">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="China">China</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: China">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mosuo_woman_near_Lugu_Lake.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mosuo_woman_near_Lugu_Lake.jpg/220px-Mosuo_woman_near_Lugu_Lake.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mosuo_woman_near_Lugu_Lake.jpg/330px-Mosuo_woman_near_Lugu_Lake.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Mosuo_woman_near_Lugu_Lake.jpg/440px-Mosuo_woman_near_Lugu_Lake.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>Mosuo woman</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a> culture, which is in China near <a href="/wiki/Tibet" title="Tibet">Tibet</a>, is frequently described as matriarchal.<a href="#cite_note-78">[71]</a> The term <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a> is sometimes used, and, while more accurate, still does not reflect the full complexity of their social organization. In fact, it is not easy to categorize Mosuo culture within traditional Western definitions. They have aspects of a matriarchal culture: women are often the head of the house, inheritance is through the female line, and women make business decisions. However, unlike in a true matriarchy, political power tends to be in the hands of males, and the current culture of the Mosuo has been heavily shaped by their minority status.<a href="#cite_note-79">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="India">India</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: India">edit</a>]</div> In India, of communities recognized in the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_India" title="Constitution of India">national Constitution</a> as Scheduled Tribes, "some ... [are] matriarchal and matrilineal"<a href="#cite_note-80">[73]</a> "and thus have been known to be more egalitarian".<a href="#cite_note-81">[74]</a> According to interviewer Anuj Kumar, <a href="/wiki/Manipur" title="Manipur">Manipur</a>, India, "has a matriarchal society",<a href="#cite_note-82">[75]</a> but this may not be scholarly. In Kerala, Nairs, Thiyyas, Brahmins of Payyannoor village and Muslims of North Malabar and in Karnataka, Bunts and Billavas follow the matrilineal system. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Indonesia">Indonesia</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Indonesia">edit</a>]</div> Anthropologist Peggy Reeves Sanday has said that the <a href="/wiki/Minangkabau_people" title="Minangkabau people">Minangkabau</a> society may be a matriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-83">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Ancient_Vietnam_(before_43_CE)">Ancient Vietnam (before 43 CE)</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Ancient Vietnam (before 43 CE)">edit</a>]</div> According to William S. Turley, "the role of women in traditional Vietnamese culture was determined [partly] by ... indigenous customs bearing traces of matriarchy",<a href="#cite_note-WomenCommunRevVietnam-p793n1-84">[77]</a> affecting "different social classes"<a href="#cite_note-WomenCommunRevVietnam-p793n1-84">[77]</a> to "varying degrees".<a href="#cite_note-WomenCommunRevVietnam-p793n1-84">[77]</a> <a href="/wiki/Peter_C._Phan" title="Peter C. Phan">Peter C. Phan</a> explains that "the ancient Vietnamese family system was most likely matriarchal, with women ruling over the clan or tribe" until the Vietnamese "adopt[ed] ... the patriarchal system introduced by the Chinese."<a href="#cite_note-85">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-VietAmCatholics-p32-86">[79]</a> That being said, even after adopting the patriarchal Chinese system, Vietnamese women, especially peasant women, still held a higher position than women in most patriarchal societies.<a href="#cite_note-VietAmCatholics-p32-86">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[80]</a> According to Chiricosta, the legend of <a href="/wiki/%C3%82u_C%C6%A1" title="Âu Cơ">Âu Cơ</a> is said to be evidence of "the presence of an original 'matriarchy' in North Vietnam and [it] led to the double kinship system, which developed there .... [and which] combined matrilineal and patrilineal patterns of family structure and assigned equal importance to both lines."<a href="#cite_note-88">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-89">[h]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[i]</a> Chiricosta said that other scholars relied on "this 'matriarchal' aspect of the myth to differentiate Vietnamese society from the pervasive spread of Chinese Confucian patriarchy,"<a href="#cite_note-91">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[j]</a> and that "resistance to China's colonization of Vietnam ... [combined with] the view that Vietnam was originally a matriarchy ... [led to viewing] women's struggles for liberation from (Chinese) patriarchy as a metaphor for the entire nation's struggle for Vietnamese independence," and therefore, a "metaphor for the struggle of the matriarchy to resist being overthrown by the patriarchy."<a href="#cite_note-93">[83]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Keith_Taylor_(historian)" title="Keith Taylor (historian)">Keith Weller Taylor</a>, "the matriarchal flavor of the time is ... attested by the fact that Trung Trac's mother's tomb and spirit temple have survived, although nothing remains of her father",<a href="#cite_note-94">[84]</a> and the "society of the Trung sisters" was "strongly matrilineal".<a href="#cite_note-95">[85]</a> According to Donald M. Seekins, an indication of "the strength of matriarchal values"<a href="#cite_note-TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898-96">[86]</a> was that a woman, <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Trưng Sisters">Trưng Trắc</a>, with her younger sister <a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_Sisters" class="mw-redirect" title="Trưng Sisters">Trưng Nhị</a>, raised an army of "over 80,000 soldiers ... [in which] many of her officers were women",<a href="#cite_note-TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898-96">[86]</a> with which they defeated the Chinese.<a href="#cite_note-TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898-96">[86]</a> According to Seekins, "in [the year] 40, Trung Trac was proclaimed queen, and a capital was built for her"<a href="#cite_note-TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898-96">[86]</a> and modern Vietnam considers the Trung sisters to be heroines.<a href="#cite_note-TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898-96">[86]</a> According to Karen G. Turner, in the third century A.D., <a href="/wiki/Lady_Tri%E1%BB%87u" title="Lady Triệu">Lady Triệu</a> "seem[ed] ... to personify the matriarchal culture that mitigated Confucianized patriarchal norms .... [although] she is also painted as something of a freak ... with her ... savage, violent streak."<a href="#cite_note-97">[87]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Native_Americans">Native Americans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Native Americans">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Gender_roles_among_the_indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender roles among the indigenous peoples of North America">Gender roles among the indigenous peoples of North America</a> and <a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_in_the_United_States#Gender_roles" title="Native Americans in the United States">Native Americans in the United States § Gender roles</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Girl_in_the_Hopi_Reservation.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Girl_in_the_Hopi_Reservation.JPG/220px-Girl_in_the_Hopi_Reservation.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Girl_in_the_Hopi_Reservation.JPG/330px-Girl_in_the_Hopi_Reservation.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Girl_in_the_Hopi_Reservation.JPG/440px-Girl_in_the_Hopi_Reservation.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1969" data-file-height="1294" /></a><figcaption>Girl in the Hopi Reservation</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Hopi_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopi people">Hopi</a> (in what is now the <a href="/wiki/Hopi_Reservation" title="Hopi Reservation">Hopi Reservation</a> in northeastern <a href="/wiki/Arizona" title="Arizona">Arizona</a>), according to <a href="/wiki/Alice_Schlegel" title="Alice Schlegel">Alice Schlegel</a>, had as its "gender ideology ... one of female superiority, and it operated within a social actuality of sexual equality."<a href="#cite_note-98">[88]</a> According to LeBow (based on Schlegel's work), in the Hopi, "gender roles ... are egalitarian .... [and] [n]either sex is inferior."<a href="#cite_note-99">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[k]</a> LeBow concluded that Hopi women "participate fully in ... political decision-making."<a href="#cite_note-101">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[l]</a> According to Schlegel, "the Hopi no longer live as they are described here"<a href="#cite_note-Schlegelp44n1-103">[91]</a> and "the attitude of female superiority is fading".<a href="#cite_note-Schlegelp44n1-103">[91]</a> Schlegel said the Hopi "were and still are matrilineal"<a href="#cite_note-Schlegelp45-104">[92]</a> and "the household ... was matrilocal".<a href="#cite_note-Schlegelp45-104">[92]</a> Schlegel explains why there was female superiority as that the Hopi believed in "life as the highest good ... [with] the female principle ... activated in women and in Mother Earth ... as its source"<a href="#cite_note-Schlegelp50-105">[93]</a> and that the Hopi had no need for an army as they did not have rivalries with neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-Schlegelp49-106">[94]</a> Women were central to institutions of clan and household and predominated "within the economic and social systems (in contrast to male predominance within the political and ceremonial systems)."<a href="#cite_note-Schlegelp49-106">[94]</a> The Clan Mother, for example, was empowered to overturn land distribution by men if she felt it was unfair<a href="#cite_note-Schlegelp50-105">[93]</a> since there was no "countervailing ... strongly centralized, male-centered political structure".<a href="#cite_note-Schlegelp50-105">[93]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Iroquois" title="Iroquois">Iroquois</a> Confederacy or League, combining five to six Native American <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee" class="mw-redirect" title="Haudenosaunee">Haudenosaunee</a> nations or tribes before the U.S. became a nation, operated by <a href="/wiki/Great_Law_of_Peace" title="Great Law of Peace">The Great Binding Law of Peace</a>, a constitution by which women participated in the League's political decision-making, including deciding whether to proceed to war,<a href="#cite_note-107">[95]</a> through what may have been a matriarchy<a href="#cite_note-108">[96]</a> or gyneocracy.<a href="#cite_note-109">[97]</a> According to Doug George-Kanentiio, in this society, mothers exercise central moral and political roles.<a href="#cite_note-IroquoisCultureCommentary-p53-p55-110">[98]</a> The dates of this constitution's operation are unknown; the League was formed in approximately 1000–1450, but the constitution was oral until written in about 1880.<a href="#cite_note-IroquoisGreatLawUSConst-p498-111">[99]</a> The League still exists. George-Kanentiio explains: <blockquote> In our society, women are the center of all things. Nature, we believe, has given women the ability to create; therefore it is only natural that women be in positions of power to protect this function....We traced our clans through women; a child born into the world assumed the clan membership of its mother. Our young women were expected to be physically strong....The young women received formal instruction in traditional planting....Since the Iroquois were absolutely dependent upon the crops they grew, whoever controlled this vital activity wielded great power within our communities. It was our belief that since women were the givers of life they naturally regulated the feeding of our people....In all countries, real wealth stems from the control of land and its resources. Our Iroquois philosophers knew this as well as we knew natural law. To us it made sense for women to control the land since they were far more sensitive to the rhythms of the Mother Earth. We did not own the land but were custodians of it. Our women decided any and all issues involving territory, including where a community was to be built and how land was to be used....In our political system, we mandated full equality. Our leaders were selected by a caucus of women before the appointments were subject to popular review....Our traditional governments are composed of an equal number of men and women. The men are chiefs and the women clan-mothers....As leaders, the women closely monitor the actions of the men and retain the right to veto any law they deem inappropriate....Our women not only hold the reins of political and economic power, they also have the right to determine all issues involving the taking of human life. Declarations of war had to be approved by the women, while treaties of peace were subject to their deliberations.<a href="#cite_note-IroquoisCultureCommentary-p53-p55-110">[98]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="By_chronology">By chronology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: By chronology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Earliest_prehistory_and_undated">Earliest prehistory and undated</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Earliest prehistory and undated">edit</a>]</div> The controversy surrounding prehistoric or "primal" matriarchy began in reaction to the 1861 book by Bachofen, Mother Right: An Investigation of the Religious and Juridical Character of Matriarchy in the Ancient World. Several generations of ethnologists were inspired by his pseudo-evolutionary theory of archaic matriarchy. Following him and <a href="/wiki/Jane_Ellen_Harrison" title="Jane Ellen Harrison">Jane Ellen Harrison</a>, several generations of scholars, usually arguing from known myths or oral traditions and examination of Neolithic female cult-figures, suggested that many ancient societies might have been matriarchal, or even that there existed a wide-ranging matriarchal society prior to the ancient cultures of which we are aware. After Bachofen's three-volume Myth, Religion, and Mother Right, classicists such as Harrison, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Burkert" title="Walter Burkert">Walter Burkert</a>, and <a href="/wiki/James_Mellaart" title="James Mellaart">James Mellaart</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[100]</a> looked at the evidence of <a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">matriarchal religion</a> in pre-Hellenic societies.<a href="#cite_note-113">[101]</a> The concept was further investigated by Lewis Morgan.<a href="#cite_note-114">[102]</a> According to Uwe Wesel, Bachofen's myth interpretations have proved to be untenable.<a href="#cite_note-115">[103]</a> According to historian <a href="/wiki/Susan_L._Mann" title="Susan L. Mann">Susan Mann</a>, as of 2000, "few scholars these days find ... [a "notion of a stage of primal matriarchy"] persuasive."<a href="#cite_note-116">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_Derungs" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt Derungs">Kurt Derungs</a> is a recent non-academic author advocating an "anthropology of landscape" based on allegedly matriarchal traces in <a href="/wiki/Toponymy" title="Toponymy">toponymy</a> and folklore.<a href="#cite_note-117">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Paleolithic_and_Neolithic_Ages">Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Paleolithic and Neolithic Ages">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Friedrich Engels</a>, in 1884, claimed that, in the earliest stages of human social development, there was group marriage and that therefore paternity was disputable, whereas maternity was not, so that a family could be traced only through the female line. This was a materialist interpretation of Bachofen's Mutterrecht.<a href="#cite_note-118">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[107]</a> Engels speculated that the domestication of animals increased material wealth, which was claimed by men.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Engels said that men wanted to control women to use as laborers and to pass on wealth to their children, requiring monogamy;[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] as patriarchy rose, women's status declined until they became mere objects in the exchange trade between men, causing the global defeat of the female sex<a href="#cite_note-120">[108]</a> and the rise of individualism and competition.<a href="#cite_note-121">[109]</a> According to Eller, Engels may have been influenced with respect to women's status by <a href="/wiki/August_Bebel" title="August Bebel">August Bebel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-122">[110]</a> according to whom matriarchy naturally resulted in <a href="/wiki/Communism" title="Communism">communism</a>, while patriarchy was characterized by exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-123">[111]</a> Austrian writer <a href="/wiki/Bertha_Eckstein-Diener" title="Bertha Eckstein-Diener">Bertha Diener</a> (or Helen Diner), wrote Mothers and Amazons (1930), the first work to focus on women's cultural history, a classic of feminist matriarchal study.<a href="#cite_note-Dinner_party-124">[112]</a> Her view is that all past human societies were originally matriarchal, while most later shifted to patriarchy and degenerated. The controversy intensified with <a href="/wiki/The_White_Goddess" title="The White Goddess">The White Goddess</a> by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> (1948) and his later analysis of classical Greek mythology, focusing on the reconstruction of earlier myths that had conjecturally been rewritten after a transition from matriarchal to patriarchal religion in very early historical times. From the 1950s, Marija Gimbutas developed a theory of an <a href="/wiki/Old_European_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Old European culture">Old European culture</a> in Neolithic Europe with matriarchal traits, which had been replaced by the patriarchal system of the <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Proto-Indo-Europeans</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. However, other anthropologists warned that "the goddess worship or matrilocality that evidently existed in many paleolithic societies was not necessarily associated with matriarchy in the sense of women's power over men. Many societies can be found that exhibit those qualities along with female subordination."<a href="#cite_note-125">[113]</a> According to Eller, Gimbutas had a large part in constructing a myth of historical matriarchy by examining <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern European</a> cultures that never really resembled the alleged universal matriarchy. She asserts that in "actually documented primitive societies" of recent (historical) times, paternity is never ignored and that the sacred status of goddesses does not automatically increase female social status, and she interprets utopian matriarchy as an invented inversion of <a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">antifeminism</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] From the 1970s, ideas of matriarchy were taken up by popular writers of second-wave feminism such as <a href="/wiki/Riane_Eisler" title="Riane Eisler">Riane Eisler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gould_Davis" title="Elizabeth Gould Davis">Elizabeth Gould Davis</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Merlin_Stone" title="Merlin Stone">Merlin Stone</a>, and expanded with the speculations of <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Murray" title="Margaret Murray">Margaret Murray</a> on <a href="/wiki/Witchcraft" title="Witchcraft">witchcraft</a>, by the <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a>, and in <a href="/wiki/Feminist_Wicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist Wicca">feminist Wicca</a>. "A Golden Age of matriarchy" was prominently presented by <a href="/wiki/Charlene_Spretnak" title="Charlene Spretnak">Charlene Spretnak</a> and "encouraged" by Stone and Eisler,<a href="#cite_note-126">[114]</a> but, at least for the <a href="/wiki/Neolithic" title="Neolithic">Neolithic</a> Age, it has been denounced as feminist wishful thinking in works such as <a href="/wiki/The_Inevitability_of_Patriarchy" title="The Inevitability of Patriarchy">The Inevitability of Patriarchy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Why_Men_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Why Men Rule">Why Men Rule</a>, Goddess Unmasked,<a href="#cite_note-127">[115]</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Matriarchal_Prehistory" title="The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory">The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory</a>. The idea is not emphasized in <a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">third-wave feminism</a>. J.F. del Giorgio insists on a matrifocal, matrilocal, matrilineal Paleolithic society.<a href="#cite_note-128">[116]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bronze_Age">Bronze Age</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Bronze Age">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Matriarchy" title="Special:EditPage/Matriarchy">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (October 2013) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> According to Rohrlich, "many scholars are convinced that Crete was a matriarchy, ruled by a queen-priestess"<a href="#cite_note-129">[117]</a> and the "Cretan civilization" was "matriarchal" before "1500 BC," when it was overrun and colonized by the patriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-130">[118]</a> Also according to Rohrlich, "in the early Sumerian city-states 'matriarchy seems to have left something more than a trace.'"<a href="#cite_note-131">[119]</a> One common misconception among historians of the Bronze Age such as Stone and Eisler is the notion that the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Semitic-speaking_peoples" title="Ancient Semitic-speaking peoples">Semites</a> were matriarchal while the Indo-Europeans practiced a patriarchal system. An example of this view is found in Stone's <a href="/wiki/When_God_Was_a_Woman" title="When God Was a Woman">When God Was a Woman</a>,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] wherein she makes the case that the worship of <a href="/wiki/Yahweh" title="Yahweh">Yahweh</a> was an Indo-European invention superimposed on an ancient matriarchal Semitic nation. Evidence from the <a href="/wiki/Amorites" title="Amorites">Amorites</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pre-Islamic_Arabia" title="Pre-Islamic Arabia">pre-Islamic Arabs</a>, however, indicates that the primitive Semitic family was in fact patriarchal and patrilineal.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] However, not all scholars agree. Anthropologist and Biblical scholar <a href="/wiki/Raphael_Patai" title="Raphael Patai">Raphael Patai</a> writes in <a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Goddess" title="The Hebrew Goddess">The Hebrew Goddess</a> that the Jewish religion, far from being pure monotheism, contained from earliest times strong polytheistic elements, chief of which was the cult of <a href="/wiki/Asherah" title="Asherah">Asherah</a>, the mother goddess. A story in the Biblical Book of Judges places the worship of Asherah in the 12th century BC. Originally a <a href="/wiki/Canaan" title="Canaan">Canaanite</a> goddess, her worship was adopted by Hebrews who intermarried with Canaanites. She was worshipped in public and was represented by carved wooden poles. Numerous small nude female figurines of clay were found all over ancient Palestine and a seventh-century Hebrew text invokes her aid for a woman giving birth.<a href="#cite_note-132">[120]</a> <a href="/wiki/Shekinah" class="mw-redirect" title="Shekinah">Shekinah</a> is the name of the feminine holy spirit who embodies both divine radiance and compassion. Exemplifying various traits associated with mothers, she comforts the sick and dejected, accompanies the Jews whenever they are exiled, and intercedes with God to exercise mercy rather than to inflict retribution on sinners. While not a creation of the Hebrew Bible, Shekinah appears in a slightly later Aramaic translation of the Bible in the first or second century C.E., according to Patai. Initially portrayed as the presence of God, she later becomes distinct from God, taking on more physical attributes.<a href="#cite_note-133">[121]</a> Meanwhile, the Indo-Europeans were known to have practiced multiple succession systems, and there is much better evidence of matrilineal customs among the Indo-European <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Germanics" class="mw-redirect" title="Germanics">Germanics</a> than among any ancient Semitic peoples.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Naming_conventions_(geographic_names)" title="Wikipedia:Naming conventions (geographic names)">where?</a>] Women ruled <a href="/wiki/Sparta" title="Sparta">Sparta</a> while the men were often away fighting, or when both kings were incapacitated or too young to rule. <a href="/wiki/Gorgo,_Queen_of_Sparta" title="Gorgo, Queen of Sparta">Gorgo, Queen of Sparta</a>, was asked by a woman in <a href="/wiki/Attica" title="Attica">Attica</a> "You Spartan women are the only women that lord it over your men", to which Gorgo replied: "Yes, for we are the only women that are mothers of men!"<a href="#cite_note-134">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iron_Age_to_Middle_Ages">Iron Age to Middle Ages</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Iron Age to Middle Ages">edit</a>]</div> Arising in the period ranging from the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Ages" title="Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a>, several <a href="/wiki/Northwestern_Europe" title="Northwestern Europe">northwestern European</a> mythologies from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Macha" title="Macha">Macha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A1thach" title="Scáthach">Scáthach</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Brittonic_languages" title="Brittonic languages">Brittonic</a> (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Rhiannon" title="Rhiannon">Rhiannon</a>), and the Germanic (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Grendel%27s_mother" title="Grendel's mother">Grendel's mother</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nerthus" title="Nerthus">Nerthus</a>) contain ambiguous episodes of primal female power which have been interpreted as folk evidence of matriarchal attitudes in <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">pre-Christian</a> European Iron Age societies. Often transcribed from a retrospective, patriarchal, Romanised, and <a href="/wiki/Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic">Catholic</a> perspective, they hint at a possible earlier era when female power predominated. The first-century historical British figure of <a href="/wiki/Boudicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Boudicca">Boudicca</a> indicates that Brittonnic society permitted explicit female autocracy or a form of gender equality which contrasted strongly with the patriarchal Mediterranean civilisation that later overthrew it.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="20th–21st_centuries">20th–21st centuries</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: 20th–21st centuries">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Mosuo" title="Mosuo">Mosuo</a> people are an ethnic group in southwest China. They are considered one of the most well-known matriarchal societies, although many scholars assert that they are rather <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a>. As of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit">[update]</a>, the sole heirs in the family are still daughters.<a href="#cite_note-:02-135">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-136">[124]</a> Since 1990, when foreign tourism became permitted, tourists started visiting the Mosuo people.<a href="#cite_note-:02-135">[123]</a> As pointed out by the Xinhua News Agency, "tourism has become so profitable that many Mosuo families in the area who have opened their homes have become wealthy."<a href="#cite_note-:1-136">[124]</a> Although this revived their economy and lifted many out of poverty, it also altered the fabric of their society to have outsiders present who often look down on the Mosuo's cultural practices.<a href="#cite_note-:02-135">[123]</a>   In 1995, in <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a>, according to Emily Wax, <a href="/wiki/Umoja,_Kenya" title="Umoja, Kenya">Umoja</a>, a village only for women from one tribe with about 36 residents, was established under a matriarch.<a href="#cite_note-PlaceWhereWomenRule-WashPost-p1-137">[125]</a> It was founded on an empty piece of land by women who fled their homes after being raped by British soldiers.<a href="#cite_note-:2-138">[126]</a> They formed a safe-haven in rural Samburu County in northern Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-:3-139">[127]</a> Men of the same tribe established a village nearby from which to observe the women's village,<a href="#cite_note-PlaceWhereWomenRule-WashPost-p1-137">[125]</a> the men's leader objecting to the matriarch's questioning the culture<a href="#cite_note-PlaceWhereWomenRule-WashPost-p2-140">[128]</a> and men suing to close the women's village.<a href="#cite_note-PlaceWhereWomenRule-WashPost-p2-140">[128]</a> As of 2019, 48 women, most of whom who have fled gender-based violence like female genital mutilation, assault, rape, and abusive marriages call Umoja home, living with their children in this all female-village.<a href="#cite_note-:2-138">[126]</a> Many of these women faced stigma in their communities following these attacks and had no choice but to flee.<a href="#cite_note-:3-139">[127]</a> Others sought to escape from the nearby Samburu community, which practices child marriage and female genital mutilation.<a href="#cite_note-:3-139">[127]</a>  In the village, the women practice "collective economic cooperation."<a href="#cite_note-:3-139">[127]</a> The sons are obligated to move out when they turn eighteen.<a href="#cite_note-:2-138">[126]</a> Not only has the Umoja village protected its members, the members have also done extensive work for gender equity in Kenya.<a href="#cite_note-:3-139">[127]</a> The message of the village has spread outside of Kenya as member "Lolosoli's passion for gender equity in Kenya has carried her to speak on social justice at the United Nations and to participate in an international women's rights conference in South Africa."<a href="#cite_note-:3-139">[127]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Khasi_people" title="Khasi people">Khasi</a> people live in <a href="/wiki/Northeast_India" title="Northeast India">Northeast India</a> in the state of <a href="/wiki/Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya">Meghalaya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-141">[129]</a> Although largely considered <a href="/wiki/Matrilineality" title="Matrilineality">matrilineal</a>, some women's studies scholars such as Roopleena Banerjee consider the Khasi to be matriarchal.<a href="#cite_note-:4-141">[129]</a> Banerjee asserts that "to assess and account a matriarchal society through the parameters of the patriarchy would be wrong" and that "we should avoid looking at history only through the colonizer/colonized boundaries."<a href="#cite_note-:4-141">[129]</a> The Khasi people consist of many clans who trace their lineage through the matriarchs of the families.<a href="#cite_note-:4-141">[129]</a> A Khasi husband typically moves into his wife's home, and both wife and husband participate equally in raising their children.<a href="#cite_note-:4-141">[129]</a> A Khasi woman named Passah explains that "[The father] would come to his wife's home late at night... In the morning, he's back at his mother's home to work in the fields," showing how a man's role consists of supporting his wife and family in Khasi society.<a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[130]</a> Traditionally, the youngest daughter, called the Khadduh, receives and cares for ancestral property.<a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-:4-141">[129]</a> As of 2021, the Khasi continue to practice many female-led customs, with wealth and property being passed down through the female side of the family.<a href="#cite_note-:5-142">[130]</a> Spokespersons for various <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples" title="Indigenous peoples">indigenous peoples</a> at the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a> and elsewhere have highlighted the central role of women in their societies, referring to them as matriarchies, in danger of being overthrown by the patriarchy, or as matriarchal in character.<a href="#cite_note-143">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mythology">Mythology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Mythology">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coyolxauhqui_4095977415_b89d64f008-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Coyolxauhqui_4095977415_b89d64f008-2.jpg/220px-Coyolxauhqui_4095977415_b89d64f008-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Coyolxauhqui_4095977415_b89d64f008-2.jpg/330px-Coyolxauhqui_4095977415_b89d64f008-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Coyolxauhqui_4095977415_b89d64f008-2.jpg/440px-Coyolxauhqui_4095977415_b89d64f008-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Coyolxauhqui_Stone" title="Coyolxauhqui Stone">Large stone disk</a> depicting the vanquished Aztec goddess <a href="/wiki/Coyolx%C4%81uhqui" title="Coyolxāuhqui">Coyolxāuhqui</a>. The myth surrounding Coyolxāuhqui and her brother <a href="/wiki/Huitzilopochtli" class="mw-redirect" title="Huitzilopochtli">Huitzilopochtli</a> has been interpreted by some feminist scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Cherr%C3%ADe_Moraga" title="Cherríe Moraga">Cherríe Moraga</a>,<a href="#cite_note-145">[133]</a> as an allegory for a possible real life shift from matriarchy to patriarchy in early <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> society. </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amazons">Amazons</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Amazons">edit</a>]</div> A legendary matriarchy related by several writers was <a href="/wiki/Amazons" title="Amazons">Amazon</a> society. According to <a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Chesler" title="Phyllis Chesler">Phyllis Chesler</a>, "in Amazon societies, women were ... mothers and their society's only political and religious leaders",<a href="#cite_note-146">[134]</a> as well as the only warriors and hunters;<a href="#cite_note-147">[135]</a> "queens were elected"<a href="#cite_note-148">[136]</a> and apparently "any woman could aspire to and achieve full human expression."<a href="#cite_note-149">[137]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> reported that the <a href="/wiki/Sarmatians" title="Sarmatians">Sarmatians</a> were descendants of Amazons and <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythians</a>, and that their females observed their ancient maternal customs, "frequently hunting on horseback with their husbands; in war taking the field; and wearing the very same dress as the men". Moreover, said Herodotus, "no girl shall wed till she has killed a man in battle".<a href="#cite_note-150">[138]</a> Amazons came to play a role in <a href="/wiki/Roman_historiography" title="Roman historiography">Roman historiography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Julius_Caesar" title="Julius Caesar">Julius Caesar</a> spoke of the conquest of large parts of Asia by <a href="/wiki/Semiramis" title="Semiramis">Semiramis</a> and the Amazons.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Although Strabo was sceptical about their historicity, the Amazons were taken as historical throughout <a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">late Antiquity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[139]</a> Several <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> spoke of the Amazons as a real people.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Medieval authors continued a tradition of locating the Amazons in the North, <a href="/wiki/Adam_of_Bremen" title="Adam of Bremen">Adam of Bremen</a> placing them at the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Sea" title="Baltic Sea">Baltic Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Paulus_Diaconus" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulus Diaconus">Paulus Diaconus</a> in the heart of Germania.<a href="#cite_note-152">[140]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece">Greece</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Graves" title="Robert Graves">Robert Graves</a> suggested that a myth displaced earlier myths that had to change when a major cultural change brought patriarchy to replace a matriarchy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] According to this myth, in <a href="/wiki/Greek_mythology" title="Greek mythology">Greek mythology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zeus" title="Zeus">Zeus</a> is said to have swallowed his pregnant lover, the titan goddess <a href="/wiki/Metis_(mythology)" title="Metis (mythology)">Metis</a>, who was carrying their daughter, <a href="/wiki/Athena" title="Athena">Athena</a>. The mother and child created havoc inside Zeus. Either <a href="/wiki/Hermes" title="Hermes">Hermes</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hephaestus" title="Hephaestus">Hephaestus</a> split Zeus's head, allowing Athena, in full battle armor, to burst forth from his forehead. Athena was thus described as being "born" from Zeus. The outcome pleased Zeus as it didn't fulfill the prophecy of Themis which (according to Aeschylus) predicted that Zeus will one day bear a son that would overthrow him. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_myth_and_society">Celtic myth and society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Celtic myth and society">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Celtic_women#Matriarchy" title="Ancient Celtic women">Ancient Celtic women § Matriarchy</a></div> According to Adler, "there is plenty of evidence of ancient societies where women held greater power than in many societies today. For example, <a href="/wiki/Jean_Markale" title="Jean Markale">Jean Markale</a>'s studies of Celtic societies show that the power of women was reflected not only in myth and legend but in legal codes pertaining to marriage, divorce, property ownership, and the right to rule...although this was overthrown by the patriarchy."<a href="#cite_note-153">[141]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basque_myth_and_society">Basque myth and society</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Basque myth and society">edit</a>]</div> The hypothesis of Basque matriarchism or theory of Basque matriarchism is a theoretical proposal launched by <a href="/wiki/Andr%C3%A9s_Ortiz-Os%C3%A9s" title="Andrés Ortiz-Osés">Andrés Ortiz-Osés</a> that maintains that the existence of a psychosocial structure centered or focused on the matriarchal-feminine archetype (mother / woman, which finds in the archetype of the great Basque mother Mari, her precipitate as a projection of Mother Earth / nature) that "permeates, coagulates and unites the traditional Basque social group in a way that is different from the patriarchal Indo-European peoples". This mythical matriarchal conception corresponds to the conception of the Basques, clearly reflected in their mythology. The Earth is the mother of the Sun and the Moon, compared to Indo-European patriarchal conceptions, where the sun is reflected as a God, numen or male spirit. Prayers and greetings were dedicated to these two sisters at dawn and dusk, when they returned to the bosom of Mother Earth. Franz-Karl Mayr, this <a href="/wiki/Philosopher" class="mw-redirect" title="Philosopher">philosopher</a> argued that the archetypal background of Basque mythology had to be inscribed in the context of a <a href="/wiki/Paleolithic" title="Paleolithic">Paleolithic</a> dominated by the Great Mother, in which the cycle of <a href="/wiki/Mari_(goddess)" title="Mari (goddess)">Mari (goddess)</a> and her metamorphoses offers all a typical symbolism of the matriarchal-naturalistic context. According to the archetype of the Great Mother, this is usually related to fertility cults, as in the case of Mari, who is the determinant of fertility-fecundity, the maker of rain or hail, that on whose telluric forces depend the crops, in space and time, life and death, luck (grace) and misfortune.<a href="#cite_note-154">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_America">South America</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: South America">edit</a>]</div> Bamberger (1974) examines several matriarchal myths from South American cultures and concludes that portraying the women from this matriarchal period as immoral often serves to restrain contemporary women in these societies, providing reason for the overthrow by the patriarchy.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify">clarification needed</a>] <a href="#cite_note-155">[143]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_feminist_thought">In feminist thought</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: In feminist thought">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1246091330">.mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:22em;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.2em;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse;display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:table!important;float:right!important;margin:0.5em 0 1em 1em!important}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-subgroup{width:100%;margin:0;border-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-left{float:left;clear:left;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-none{float:none;clear:both;margin:0.5em 1em 1em 0}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-outer-title{padding:0 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-image{padding:0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-top-caption,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle-with-top-image,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-caption{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-pretitle{padding:0.4em 0.4em 0;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.2em 0.8em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-image{padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-heading{padding:0.1em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content{padding:0 0.5em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-content-with-subgroup{padding:0.1em 0.4em 0.2em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-below{padding:0.3em 0.8em;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-above,.mw-parser-output .sidebar-collapse .sidebar-below{border-top:1px solid #aaa;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-navbar{text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding:0 0.4em 0.4em}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:left;font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6em;font-size:105%}.mw-parser-output .sidebar-list-title-c{padding:0 0.4em;text-align:center;margin:0 3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Feminism" title="Category:Feminism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">Feminism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Venus_symbol_(heavy_pink).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/80px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/120px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg/160px-Venus_symbol_%28heavy_pink%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_history" title="Feminist history">Feminist history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_feminism" title="History of feminism">History of feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_history" title="Women's history">Women's history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">American</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="History of women in the United Kingdom">British</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Germany" title="History of women in Germany">German</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> Waves</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third-wave_feminism" title="Third-wave feminism">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth-wave_feminism" title="Fourth-wave feminism">Fourth</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Timelines</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage" title="Timeline of women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_women%27s_suffrage_in_majority-Muslim_countries" title="Timeline of first women's suffrage in majority-Muslim countries">Muslim countries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Timeline of women's suffrage in the United States">US</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women%27s_legal_rights_(other_than_voting)" title="Timeline of women's legal rights (other than voting)">Other women's rights</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">Women's suffrage</a> by country</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Austria" title="Women's suffrage in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Australia" title="Women's suffrage in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Canada" title="Women's suffrage in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Colombia" title="Women's suffrage in Colombia">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_India" title="Women's suffrage in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Japan" title="Women's suffrage in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Kuwait" title="Women's suffrage in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Liechtenstein" title="Women's suffrage in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_New_Zealand" title="Women's suffrage in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li>Spain <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Spanish_Second_Republic_period" title="Women's suffrage in the Spanish Second Republic period">Second Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Francoist_Spain_and_the_democratic_transition" title="Women's suffrage in Francoist Spain and the democratic transition">Francoist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Switzerland" title="Women's suffrage in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Women's suffrage in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Women's suffrage in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_Wales" title="Women's suffrage in Wales">Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_in_states_of_the_United_States" title="Women's suffrage in states of the United States">states</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Feminist_thought" title="Intersectionality">Intersectional variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fat_feminism" title="Fat feminism">Fat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Lesbian_of_color_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian of color</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_lesbianism" title="Radical lesbianism">Radical lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism#Lesbian_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex-positive_feminism" title="Sex-positive feminism">Sex-positive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transfeminism" title="Transfeminism">Transfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postgenderism" title="Postgenderism">Postgenderism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarian_ecofeminism" title="Vegetarian ecofeminism">Vegetarian ecofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Socialist_feminism" title="Socialist feminism">Socialist</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarchist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queer_anarchism" title="Queer anarchism">Queer</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jineology" title="Jineology">Jineology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marxist_feminism" title="Marxist feminism">Marxist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Intersectionality#Marxist_feminist_critical_theory" title="Intersectionality">Critical theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standpoint_feminism" title="Standpoint feminism">Standpoint</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Materialist_feminism" title="Materialist feminism">Materialist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Materialist_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postcolonial_feminism" title="Postcolonial feminism">Postcolonial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_feminism" title="Global feminism">Global</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transnational_feminism" title="Transnational feminism">Transnational</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xenofeminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Xenofeminism">Xenofeminism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;;padding-top:0.2em;"> <a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism" title="Multiculturalism">Multicultural</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africana_womanism" title="Africana womanism">Africana womanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_feminism" title="Black feminism">Black</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hip_hop_feminism" title="Hip hop feminism">Hip hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Black_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ratchet_feminism" title="Ratchet feminism">Ratchet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicana_feminism" title="Chicana feminism">Chicana</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lesbian_feminism#Chicana_lesbian_feminism" title="Lesbian feminism">Lesbian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_feminism" title="Indigenous feminism">Indigenous</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Native_American_feminism" title="Native American feminism">Native American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiracial_feminist_theory" title="Multiracial feminist theory">Multiracial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romani_feminism" title="Romani feminism">Romani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanism" title="Womanism">Womanism</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Other variants</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-abortion_feminism" title="Anti-abortion feminism">Anti-abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equity_feminism" title="Equity feminism">Equity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maternal_feminism" title="Maternal feminism">Maternal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postfeminism" title="Postfeminism">Postfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neofeminism" title="Neofeminism">Neofeminism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reactionary_feminism" title="Reactionary feminism">Reactionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_feminism" title="State feminism">State</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carceral_feminism" title="Carceral feminism">Carceral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_feminism" title="Imperial feminism">Imperial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_feminism" title="Embedded feminism">Embedded</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-critical_feminism" title="Gender-critical feminism">Gender-critical or trans-exclusionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victim_feminism" title="Victim feminism">Victim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_feminism" title="White feminism">White</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Religious variants</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atheist_feminism" title="Atheist feminism">Atheist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_feminism" title="Buddhist feminism">Buddhist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_feminism" title="Christian feminism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mormon_feminism" title="Mormon feminism">Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_feminism" title="New feminism">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">Womanist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_feminist_theology" title="Asian feminist theology">Asian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Neopagan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dianic_Wicca" title="Dianic Wicca">Dianic Wicca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaiming_(Neopaganism)" title="Reclaiming (Neopaganism)">Reclaiming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism#Spiritual_Ecofeminism/Cultural_Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India#Hindu_community" title="Feminism in India">Hindu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_feminism" title="Islamic feminism">Islamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_feminism" title="Jewish feminism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Jewish_feminism" title="Orthodox Jewish feminism">Orthodox</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_feminism" title="Sikh feminism">Sikh</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movements_and_ideologies" title="Feminist movements and ideologies">Movements and ideologies</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/4B_movement" title="4B movement">4B movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analytical_feminism" title="Analytical feminism">Analytical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantifa" title="Fantifa">Anti-fascist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-pornography_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-pornography feminism">Anti-pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberfeminism" title="Cyberfeminism">Cyberfeminism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_HCI" title="Feminist HCI">HCI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networked_feminism" title="Networked feminism">Networked</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ecofeminism" title="Ecofeminism">Ecofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenic_feminism" title="Eugenic feminism">Eugenic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualist_feminism" title="Individualist feminism">Individualist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Lipstick</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lipstick_feminism#Stiletto_feminism" title="Lipstick feminism">Stiletto</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_feminism" title="Liberal feminism">Liberal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Difference_feminism" title="Difference feminism">Difference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equality_feminism" title="Equality feminism">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_feminism" title="Social feminism">Social</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Labor_feminism" title="Labor feminism">Labor</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libertarian_feminism" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarian feminism">Libertarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-structural_feminism" title="Post-structural feminism">Post-structural</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Postmodern_feminism" title="Postmodern feminism">Postmodern</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_lesbianism" title="Political lesbianism">Political lesbianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Separatist</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technofeminism" title="Technofeminism">Technofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_liberation_movement" title="Women's liberation movement">Women's liberation</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antinaturalism_(politics)" title="Antinaturalism (politics)">Antinaturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_feminism" title="Choice feminism">Choice feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_labor" title="Cognitive labor">Cognitive labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Complementarianism" title="Complementarianism">Complementarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literature" title="Feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_children%27s_literature" title="Feminist children's literature">Children's literature</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity_(politics)" title="Diversity (politics)">Diversity (politics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diversity,_equity,_and_inclusion" title="Diversity, equity, and inclusion">Diversity, equity, and inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_effects_on_society" title="Feminist effects on society">Effects on society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_equality" title="Feminism and equality">Equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_education" title="Female education">Female education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_genital_mutilation" title="Female genital mutilation">Female genital mutilation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femicide" title="Femicide">Femicide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Femonationalism" title="Femonationalism">Femonationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_culture" title="Feminism in culture">Feminism in culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_movement" title="Feminist movement">Feminist movement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African-American_women%27s_suffrage_movement" title="African-American women's suffrage movement">African-American women's suffrage movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_movement" title="Feminist art movement">Art movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_activism_in_hip_hop" title="Feminist activism in hip hop">In hip hop</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_striptease" title="Feminist views on striptease">Feminist stripper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal_opportunity" title="Equal opportunity">Formal equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_equality" title="Gender equality">Gender equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_quota" title="Gender quota">Gender quota</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girl_power" title="Girl power">Girl power</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honor_killing" title="Honor killing">Honor killing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ideal_womanhood" title="Ideal womanhood">Ideal womanhood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_labor" title="Invisible labor">Invisible labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internalized_sexism" title="Internalized sexism">Internalized sexism</a></li> <li>International <a href="/wiki/International_Day_of_the_Girl_Child" title="International Day of the Girl Child">Girl's Day</a> and <a href="/wiki/International_Women%27s_Day" title="International Women's Day">Women's Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_language_reform" title="Feminist language reform">Language reform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_capitalism" title="Feminist capitalism">Feminist capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender-blind" title="Gender-blind">Gender-blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Likeability_trap" title="Likeability trap">Likeability trap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_privilege" title="Male privilege">Male privilege</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarchal_religion" title="Matriarchal religion">Matriarchal religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_media" title="Feminism and media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men_in_feminism" title="Men in feminism">Men in feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misogyny" title="Misogyny">Misogyny</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Trans</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_Oedipus_complex" title="Feminist views on the Oedipus complex">Oedipus complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antifeminism" title="Antifeminism">Opposition to feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-feminism" title="Pro-feminism">Pro-feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofeminism" title="Protofeminism">Protofeminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purplewashing" title="Purplewashing">Purplewashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_racism" title="Feminism and racism">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reproductive_justice" title="Reproductive justice">Reproductive justice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_workers%27_rights" title="Sex workers' rights">Sex workers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_harassment" title="Sexual harassment">Sexual harassment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexual_objectification" title="Sexual objectification">Sexual objectification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Substantive_equality" title="Substantive equality">Substantive equality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_masculinity" title="Toxic masculinity">Toxic masculinity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transmisogyny" title="Transmisogyny">Transmisogyny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triple_oppression" title="Triple oppression">Triple oppression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violence_against_women" title="Violence against women">Violence against women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_on_women" title="War on women">War on women</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_empowerment" title="Women's empowerment">Women's empowerment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women-only_space" title="Women-only space">Women-only space</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_health" title="Women's health">Women's health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights" title="Women's rights">Women's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_workforce" title="Women in the workforce">Women in the workforce</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Outlooks</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bicycling_and_feminism" title="Bicycling and feminism">Bicycling and feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_marriage" title="Criticism of marriage">Criticism of marriage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_BDSM" title="Feminist views on BDSM">Views on BDSM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_pornography" title="Feminist views on pornography">Views on pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_the_sex_industry" title="Feminist views on the sex industry">Views on prostitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexual orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_sexuality" title="Feminist views on sexuality">Views on sexuality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_views_on_transgender_topics" title="Feminist views on transgender topics">Views on transgender topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCUM_Manifesto" title="SCUM Manifesto">SCUM Manifesto</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory" title="Feminist theory">Theory</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_method" title="Feminist method">Feminist method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_studies" title="Gender studies">Gender studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_mainstreaming" title="Gender mainstreaming">Gender mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyriarchy" title="Kyriarchy">Kyriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Male_gaze" title="Male gaze">Male gaze</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Matriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_studies" title="Women's studies">Women's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Men%27s_studies" title="Men's studies">Men's studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89criture_f%C3%A9minine" title="Écriture féminine">Écriture féminine</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Areas of study</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_archaeology" title="Feminist archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_and_modern_architecture" title="Feminism and modern architecture">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art" title="Feminist art">Art</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_art_criticism" title="Feminist art criticism">Art criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_literary_criticism" title="Feminist literary criticism">Literary criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_film_theory" title="Feminist film theory">Film theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_science_fiction" title="Feminist science fiction">Science fiction</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_biology" title="Feminist biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theory_in_composition_studies" title="Feminist theory in composition studies">Composition studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_school_of_criminology" title="Feminist school of criminology">Criminology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pathways_perspective" title="Feminist pathways perspective">Pathways perspective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_economics" title="Feminist economics">Economics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_post-structuralist_discourse_analysis" title="Feminist post-structuralist discourse analysis">FDPA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_geography" title="Feminist geography">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_international_relations" title="Feminism in international relations">International relations</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_constructivism" title="Feminist constructivism">Constructivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_legal_theory" title="Feminist legal theory">Legal theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pedagogy" title="Feminist pedagogy">Pedagogy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy" title="Feminist philosophy">Philosophy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_aesthetics" title="Feminist aesthetics">Aesthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_empiricism" title="Feminist empiricism">Empiricism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_epistemology" title="Feminist epistemology">Epistemology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_ethics" title="Feminist ethics">Ethics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_justice_ethics" title="Feminist justice ethics">Justice ethics</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_existentialism" title="Feminist existentialism">Existentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_metaphysics" title="Feminist metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_philosophy_of_science" title="Feminist philosophy of science">science</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_ecology" title="Feminist political ecology">Political ecology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_political_theory" title="Feminist political theory">Political theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_pornography" title="Feminist pornography">Pornography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_psychology" title="Feminist psychology">Psychology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_therapy" title="Feminist therapy">Therapy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_revisionist_mythology" title="Feminist revisionist mythology">Revisionist mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sex_wars" title="Feminist sex wars">Sex wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sexology" title="Feminist sexology">Sexology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_sociology" title="Feminist sociology">Sociology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_technoscience" title="Feminist technoscience">Technoscience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">Theology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Womanist_theology" title="Womanist theology">womanist theology</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">By continent/country</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_feminism" title="African feminism">Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Egypt" title="Feminism in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mali" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Senegal" title="Feminism in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Africa" title="Feminism in South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Albania" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Australia" title="Feminism in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Bangladesh" title="Feminism in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_China" title="Feminism in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Denmark" title="Women in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Finland" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_France" title="Feminism in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Germany" title="Feminism in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Greece" title="Feminism in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Hong_Kong" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_India" title="Feminism in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Indonesia" title="Feminism in Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Iraq" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Feminism in the Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Israel" title="Feminism in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Italy" title="Feminism in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Japan" title="Feminism in Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Latin_America" title="Feminism in Latin America">Latin America</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Argentina" title="Feminism in Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Brazil" title="Feminism in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Chile" title="Feminism in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Honduras" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Mexico" title="Feminism in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Paraguay" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Women in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Lebanon" title="Women in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Malaysia" title="Feminism in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Nepal" title="Feminism in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Netherlands" title="Feminism in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_New_Zealand" title="Feminism in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Northern_Cyprus" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Norway" title="Feminism in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Pakistan" title="Feminism in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Poland" title="Feminism in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Russia" title="Feminism in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Feminism in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_South_Korea" title="Feminism in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Sweden" title="Feminism in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Syria" title="Women in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Taiwan" title="Feminism in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Thailand" title="Feminism in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Turkey" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminism in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Vietnam" title="Women in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Ukraine" title="Women in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Feminism in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_the_United_States" title="Feminism in the United States">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_the_United_States" title="History of women in the United States">History of women</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content-with-subgroup plainlist" style="padding-top:0;"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:transparent;border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Lists and categories</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table class="sidebar-subgroup"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Lists</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_feminism_articles" title="Index of feminism articles">Articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminists" title="List of feminists">Feminists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">by nationality</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">Literature</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_feminist_literature" title="List of American feminist literature">American feminist literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist comic books</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_anthems" title="List of feminist anthems">Feminist songs</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservative_variants_of_feminism" title="Conservative variants of feminism">Conservative feminisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ecofeminist_authors" title="List of ecofeminist authors">Ecofeminist authors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_art_critics" title="List of feminist art critics">Feminist art critics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_economists" title="List of feminist economists">Feminist economists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_philosophers" title="List of feminist philosophers">Feminist philosophers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_poets" title="List of feminist poets">Feminist poets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_rhetoricians" title="List of feminist rhetoricians">Feminist rhetoricians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_feminists" title="List of Jewish feminists">Jewish feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Muslim_feminists" title="List of Muslim feminists">Muslim feminists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_parties" title="List of feminist parties">Feminist parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_suffragists_and_suffragettes" title="List of suffragists and suffragettes">Suffragists and suffragettes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_rights_activists" title="List of women's rights activists">Women's rights activists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_women%27s_studies_journals" title="List of women's studies journals">Women's studies journals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage_organizations" class="mw-redirect" title="Women's suffrage organizations">Women's suffrage organizations</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="padding-top:0.4em;font-style:italic;font-weight:normal;border-bottom:1px solid #ccc;"> Categories</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist" style="padding-top:0.15em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Women%27s_rights_by_country" title="Category:Women's rights by country">Women's rights by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminists_by_nationality" title="Category:Feminists by nationality">Feminists by nationality</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> </div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="padding-bottom:0.22em; border-top:1px solid #DF2B6A; border-bottom:1px solid #DF2B6A; font-weight:bold"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/28px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/42px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/56px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Feminism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Feminism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For groups and communities without men, see <a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Feminist separatism</a>.</div> While matriarchy has mostly fallen out of use for the anthropological description of existing societies, it remains current as a concept in <a href="/wiki/Feminism" title="Feminism">feminism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AppsFLegalTheoryWLSVWR-p9-156">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FStateWelfare-p52-157">[145]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Elizabeth_Stanton.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Elizabeth_Stanton.jpg/220px-Elizabeth_Stanton.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/Elizabeth_Stanton.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="308" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth Stanton</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/First-wave_feminism" title="First-wave feminism">first-wave feminist</a> discourse, either <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a> or <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a> (it is unclear who was first) introduced the concept of matriarchy<a href="#cite_note-158">[146]</a> and the discourse was joined in by <a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a>, in 1871, called for men to open the U.S. government to women or a new constitution and government would be formed in a year;<a href="#cite_note-160">[148]</a> and, on a basis of equality, she ran to be elected president in 1872.<a href="#cite_note-161">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-162">[150]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a>, in 1911 and 1914,<a href="#cite_note-163">[151]</a> argued for "a woman-centered, or better mother-centered, world"<a href="#cite_note-164">[152]</a> and described "government by women".<a href="#cite_note-165">[153]</a> She argued that a government led by either sex must be assisted by the other,<a href="#cite_note-166">[154]</a> both genders being "useful ... and should in our governments be alike used",<a href="#cite_note-167">[155]</a> because men and women have different qualities.<a href="#cite_note-168">[156]</a> <a href="/wiki/Cultural_feminism" title="Cultural feminism">Cultural feminism</a> includes "matriarchal worship", according to Prof. James Penner.<a href="#cite_note-169">[157]</a> In <a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_literature" title="List of feminist literature">feminist literature</a>, matriarchy and patriarchy are not conceived as simple mirrors of each other.<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p287-170">[158]</a> While matriarchy sometimes means "the political rule of women",<a href="#cite_note-171">[159]</a> that meaning is often rejected, on the ground that matriarchy is not a mirroring of patriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-172">[160]</a> Patriarchy is held to be about power over others while matriarchy is held to be about power from within,<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p287-170">[158]</a> <a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a> having written on that distinction<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p287-170">[158]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[161]</a> and Adler having argued that matriarchal power is not possessive and not controlling, but is harmonious with nature, arguing that women are uniquely capable of using power without exploitative purposes.<a href="#cite_note-175">[m]</a> For radical feminists, the importance of matriarchy is that "veneration for the female principle ... somewhat lightens an oppressive system."<a href="#cite_note-176">[163]</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminist_utopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Feminist utopia">Feminist utopias</a> are a form of advocacy. According to Tineke Willemsen, "a feminist utopia would ... be the description of a place where at least women would like to live."<a href="#cite_note-177">[164]</a> Willemsen continues, among "type[s] of feminist utopias[,] ... [one] stem[s] from feminists who emphasize the differences between women and men. They tend to formulate their ideal world in terms of a society where women's positions are better than men's. There are various forms of matriarchy, or even a utopia that resembles the Greek myth of the Amazons.... [V]ery few modern utopias have been developed in which women are absolute autocrats."<a href="#cite_note-178">[165]</a> A minority of feminists, generally <a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">radical</a>,<a href="#cite_note-AppsFLegalTheoryWLSVWR-p9-156">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-FStateWelfare-p52-157">[145]</a> have argued that women should govern societies of women and men. In all of these advocacies, the governing women are not limited to mothers: <ul><li>In her book Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation, <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Dworkin" title="Andrea Dworkin">Andrea Dworkin</a> stated that she wanted women to have their own country, "Womenland,"<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-TakeNoPrisoners-179">[166]</a> which, comparable to Israel, would serve as a "place of potential refuge".<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-TakeNoPrisoners-179">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[167]</a> In the Palestine Solidarity Review, Veronica A. Ouma reviewed the book and argued her view that while Dworkin "pays lip service to the egalitarian nature of ... [stateless] societies [without hierarchies], she envisions a state whereby women either impose gender equality or a state where females rule supreme above males."<a href="#cite_note-181">[168]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starhawk" title="Starhawk">Starhawk</a>, in <a href="/wiki/The_Fifth_Sacred_Thing" title="The Fifth Sacred Thing">The Fifth Sacred Thing</a> (1993), fiction, wrote of "a utopia where women are leading societies but are doing so with the consent of men."<a href="#cite_note-182">[169]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Chesler" title="Phyllis Chesler">Phyllis Chesler</a> wrote in Women and Madness (2005 and 1972) that feminist women must "dominate public and social institutions".<a href="#cite_note-183">[170]</a> She also wrote that women fare better when controlling the means of production<a href="#cite_note-184">[171]</a> and that equality with men should not be supported,<a href="#cite_note-WomenMad-05p338-72p287-185">[172]</a> even if female domination is no more "just"<a href="#cite_note-WomenMad-05p338-72p287-185">[172]</a> than male domination.<a href="#cite_note-WomenMad-05p338-72p287-185">[172]</a> On the other hand, in 1985, she was "probably more of a feminist-anarchist ... more mistrustful of the organisation of power into large bureaucratic states [than she was in 1972]".<a href="#cite_note-186">[173]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[n]</a> Between Chesler's 1972 and 2005 editions, <a href="/wiki/Dale_Spender" title="Dale Spender">Dale Spender</a> wrote that Chesler "takes [as] a ... stand [that] .... [e]quality is a spurious goal, and of no use to women: the only way women can protect themselves is if they dominate particular institutions and can use them to serve women's interests. Reproduction is a case in point."<a href="#cite_note-188">[174]</a> Spender wrote Chesler "remarks ... women will be superior".<a href="#cite_note-189">[175]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monique_Wittig" title="Monique Wittig">Monique Wittig</a> authored, as fiction (not as fact), <a href="/wiki/Les_Gu%C3%A9rill%C3%A8res" title="Les Guérillères">Les Guérillères</a>,<a href="#cite_note-190">[176]</a> with her description of an asserted "female State".<a href="#cite_note-191">[177]</a> The work was described by Rohrlich as a "fictional counterpart" to "so-called Amazon societies".<a href="#cite_note-192">[178]</a> Scholarly interpretations of the fictional work include that women win a war against men,<a href="#cite_note-193">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[180]</a> "reconcil[e]"<a href="#cite_note-Porter-Fantasy-p267-195">[181]</a> with "those men of good will who come to join them",<a href="#cite_note-Porter-Fantasy-p267-195">[181]</a> exercise feminist autonomy<a href="#cite_note-Porter-Fantasy-p267-195">[181]</a> through <a href="/wiki/Polyandry" title="Polyandry">polyandry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-196">[182]</a> decide how to govern,<a href="#cite_note-Porter-Fantasy-p267-195">[181]</a> and rule the men.<a href="#cite_note-197">[183]</a> The women confronting men<a href="#cite_note-198">[184]</a> are, according to Tucker Farley, diverse and thus stronger and more united<a href="#cite_note-199">[185]</a> and, continued Farley, permit a "few ... men, who are willing to accept a feminist society of primitive communism, ... to live."<a href="#cite_note-200">[186]</a> Another interpretation is that the author created an "'open structure' of freedom".<a href="#cite_note-201">[187]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Mary Daly</a> wrote of hag-ocracy, "the place we ["women traveling into feminist time/space"] govern",<a href="#cite_note-202">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[o]</a> and of reversing phallocratic rule<a href="#cite_note-204">[189]</a> in the 1990s (i.e., when published).<a href="#cite_note-205">[190]</a> She considered equal rights as tokenism that works against sisterhood, even as she supported abortion being legal and other reforms.<a href="#cite_note-206">[191]</a> She considered her book pro-female and anti-male.<a href="#cite_note-207">[192]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rasa_von_Werder" title="Rasa von Werder">Rasa von Werder</a> has also long advocated for a return to matriarchy, a restoration of its status before its overthrow by patriarchy, along with associated author <a href="/wiki/William_Bond_(author)" title="William Bond (author)">William Bond</a> as well.<a href="#cite_note-208">[193]</a></li></ul> Some such advocacies are informed by work on the matriarchies of the past: <ul><li>According to Prof. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Linda_Zerilli&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Linda Zerilli (page does not exist)">Linda Zerilli</a> [<a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linda_Zerilli" class="extiw" title="it:Linda Zerilli">it</a>], "an ancient matriarchy ... [was "in early second-wave feminism"] the lost object of women's freedom."<a href="#cite_note-209">[194]</a> Prof. Cynthia Eller found widespread acceptance of matriarchal myth during <a href="/wiki/Second-wave_feminism" title="Second-wave feminism">feminism's second wave</a>.<a href="#cite_note-210">[195]</a> According to Kathryn Rountree, the belief in a prepatriarchal "Golden Age" of matriarchy may have been more specifically about a matrifocal society,<a href="#cite_note-211">[196]</a> although this was believed more in the 1970s than in the 1990s–2000s and was criticized within feminism and within archaeology, anthropology, and theological study as lacking a scholarly basis,<a href="#cite_note-212">[197]</a> and Prof. <a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Harvey C. Mansfield</a> wrote that "the evidence [is] ... of males ruling over all societies at almost all times".<a href="#cite_note-213">[198]</a> Eller said that, other than a few separatist radical lesbian feminists, <a href="/wiki/Feminist_theology" title="Feminist theology">spiritual feminists</a> would generously include "a place for men ... in which they can be happy and productive, if not necessarily powerful and in control"<a href="#cite_note-214">[199]</a> and might have social power as well.<a href="#cite_note-215">[200]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jill_Johnston" title="Jill Johnston">Jill Johnston</a> envisioned a "return to the former glory and wise equanimity of the matriarchies"<a href="#cite_note-LesbianNation-p248-216">[201]</a> in the future<a href="#cite_note-LesbianNation-p248-216">[201]</a> and "imagined lesbians as constituting an imaginary radical state, and invoked 'the return to the harmony of statehood and biology....'"<a href="#cite_note-217">[202]</a> Her work inspired efforts at implementation by the <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Organization_of_Toronto" title="Lesbian Organization of Toronto">Lesbian Organization of Toronto</a> (LOOT) in 1976–1980<a href="#cite_note-218">[203]</a> and in <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-219">[204]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Gould_Davis" title="Elizabeth Gould Davis">Elizabeth Gould Davis</a> believed that a "matriarchal counterrevolution [replacing "a[n old] patriarchal revolution"] ... is the only hope for the survival of the human race."<a href="#cite_note-220">[205]</a> She believed that "spiritual force",<a href="#cite_note-1stSex-p339-221">[206]</a> "mental and spiritual gifts",<a href="#cite_note-1stSex-p339-221">[206]</a> and "extrasensory perception"<a href="#cite_note-1stSex-p339-221">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[p]</a> will be more important and therefore that "woman will ... predominate",<a href="#cite_note-1stSex-p339-221">[206]</a> and that it is "about ... ["woman" that] the next civilization will ... revolve",<a href="#cite_note-1stSex-p339-221">[206]</a> as in the kind of past that she believed existed.<a href="#cite_note-1stSex-p339-221">[206]</a> According to critic Prof. Ginette Castro, Elizabeth Gould Davis used the words matriarchy and gynocracy "interchangeably"<a href="#cite_note-AmFeminism-p35-223">[207]</a> and proposed a discourse "rooted in the purest female chauvinism"<a href="#cite_note-224">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[q]</a> and seemed to support "a feminist counterattack stigmatizing the patriarchal present",<a href="#cite_note-AmFeminism-p35-223">[207]</a> "giv[ing] ... in to a revenge-seeking form of feminism",<a href="#cite_note-AmFeminism-p35-223">[207]</a> "build[ing] ... her case on the humiliation of men",<a href="#cite_note-AmFeminism-p35-223">[207]</a> and "asserti[ng] ... a specifically feminine nature ... [as] morally superior."<a href="#cite_note-AmFeminism-p35-223">[207]</a> Castro criticized Elizabeth Gould Davis' <a href="/wiki/Essentialism" title="Essentialism">essentialism</a> and assertion of superiority as "sexist"<a href="#cite_note-AmFeminism-p35-223">[207]</a> and "treason".<a href="#cite_note-AmFeminism-p35-223">[207]</a></li> <li>One organization that was named <a href="/wiki/The_Feminists" title="The Feminists">The Feminists</a> was interested in matriarchy<a href="#cite_note-226">[209]</a> and was one of the largest of the radical feminist women's liberation groups of the 1960s.<a href="#cite_note-227">[210]</a> Two members wanted "the restoration of female rule",<a href="#cite_note-DaringBad-p184-228">[211]</a> but the organization's founder, <a href="/wiki/Ti-Grace_Atkinson" title="Ti-Grace Atkinson">Ti-Grace Atkinson</a>, would have objected had she remained in the organization, because, according to a historian, "[she] had always doubted that women would wield power differently from men."<a href="#cite_note-229">[212]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RobinMorgan_profile.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/RobinMorgan_profile.jpg/220px-RobinMorgan_profile.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/RobinMorgan_profile.jpg/330px-RobinMorgan_profile.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/RobinMorgan_profile.jpg 2x" data-file-width="332" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption>Robin Morgan</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robin_Morgan" title="Robin Morgan">Robin Morgan</a> wrote of women fighting for and creating a "gynocratic world".<a href="#cite_note-230">[213]</a></li> <li>Adler reported, "if feminists have diverse views on the matriarchies of the past, they also are of several minds on the goals for the future. A woman in the coven of Ursa Maior told me, 'right now I am pushing for women's power in any way I can, but I don't know whether my ultimate aim is a society where all human beings are equal, regardless of the bodies they were born into, or whether I would rather see a society where women had institutional authority.'"<a href="#cite_note-231">[214]</a></li></ul> Some fiction caricatured the current gender hierarchy by describing an inverted matriarchal alternative without necessarily advocating for it. According to Karin Schönpflug, "Gerd Brantenberg's <a href="/wiki/Egalia%27s_Daughters" title="Egalia's Daughters">Egalia's Daughters</a> is a caricature of powered gender relations which have been completely reversed, with the female sex on the top and the male sex a degraded, oppressed group";<a href="#cite_note-232">[215]</a> "gender inequality is expressed through power inversion"<a href="#cite_note-233">[216]</a> and "all gender roles are reversed and women rule over a class of intimidated, effeminate men" compelled into that submissive gender role.<a href="#cite_note-Karin-p20-234">[217]</a> "Egalia is not a typical example of gender inequality in the sense that a vision of a desirable matriarchy is created; Egalia is more a caricature of male hegemony by twisting gender hierarchy but not really offering a 'better world.'"<a href="#cite_note-Karin-p20-234">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[218]</a> On egalitarian matriarchy,<a href="#cite_note-236">[219]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heide_G%C3%B6ttner-Abendroth" title="Heide Göttner-Abendroth">Heide Göttner-Abendroth</a>'s International Academy for Modern Matriarchal Studies and Matriarchal Spirituality (HAGIA) organized conferences in <a href="/wiki/Luxembourg" title="Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a> in 2003<a href="#cite_note-237">[220]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> in 2005,<a href="#cite_note-238">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[222]</a> with papers published.<a href="#cite_note-240">[223]</a> Göttner-Abendroth argued that "matriarchies are all egalitarian at least in terms of gender—they have no gender hierarchy .... [, that, f]or many matriarchal societies, the social order is completely egalitarian at both local and regional levels",<a href="#cite_note-241">[224]</a> that, "for our own path toward new egalitarian societies, we can gain ... insight from ... ["tested"] matriarchal patterns",<a href="#cite_note-242">[225]</a> and that "matriarchies are not abstract utopias, constructed according to philosophical concepts that could never be implemented."<a href="#cite_note-243">[226]</a> According to Eller, "a deep distrust of men's ability to adhere to"<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p290-244">[227]</a> future matriarchal requirements may invoke a need "to retain at least some degree of female hegemony to insure against a return to patriarchal control",<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p290-244">[227]</a> "feminists ... [having] the understanding that female dominance is better for society—and better for men—than the present world order",<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p291n27-245">[228]</a> as is equalitarianism. On the other hand, Eller continued, if men can be trusted to accept equality, probably most feminists seeking future matriarchy would accept an equalitarian model.<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p291n27-245">[228]</a> "Demographic[ally]",<a href="#cite_note-MythMatriarchalPre-p10-246">[229]</a> "feminist matriarchalists run the gamut"<a href="#cite_note-MythMatriarchalPre-p10-246">[229]</a> but primarily are "in white, well-educated, middle-class circles";<a href="#cite_note-MythMatriarchalPre-p10-246">[229]</a> many of the adherents are "religiously inclined"<a href="#cite_note-MythMatriarchalPre-p10-246">[229]</a> while others are "quite secular".<a href="#cite_note-MythMatriarchalPre-p10-246">[229]</a> Biology as a ground for holding either males or females superior over the other has been criticized as invalid, such as by Andrea Dworkin<a href="#cite_note-247">[230]</a> and by Robin Morgan.<a href="#cite_note-248">[231]</a> A claim that women have unique characteristics that prevent women's assimilation with men has been apparently rejected by Ti-Grace Atkinson.<a href="#cite_note-249">[232]</a> On the other hand, not all advocates based their arguments on biology or essentialism. A criticism by Mansfield of choosing who governs according to <a href="/wiki/Gender_or_sex" class="mw-redirect" title="Gender or sex">gender or sex</a> is that the best qualified people should be chosen, regardless of gender or sex.<a href="#cite_note-250">[233]</a> On the other hand, Mansfield considered merit insufficient for office, because a legal right granted by a sovereign (e.g., a king), was more important than merit.<a href="#cite_note-251">[234]</a> Diversity within a proposed community can, according to Becki L. Ross, make it especially challenging to complete forming the community.<a href="#cite_note-252">[235]</a> However, some advocacy includes diversity, in the views of Dworkin<a href="#cite_note-Guardian-TakeNoPrisoners-179">[166]</a> and Farley.<a href="#cite_note-253">[236]</a> Prof. <a href="/wiki/Christine_Stansell" title="Christine Stansell">Christine Stansell</a>, a feminist, wrote that, for feminists to achieve state power, women must democratically cooperate with men. "Women must take their place with a new generation of brothers in a struggle for the world's fortunes. Herland, whether of virtuous matrons or daring sisters, is not an option... [T]he well-being and liberty of women cannot be separated from democracy's survival."<a href="#cite_note-254">[237]</a> (<a href="/wiki/Herland_(novel)" title="Herland (novel)">Herland</a> was feminist utopian fiction by Charlotte Perkins Gilman in 1911, featuring a community entirely of women except for three men who seek it out,<a href="#cite_note-255">[238]</a> strong women in a matriarchal utopia<a href="#cite_note-256">[239]</a> expected to last for generations,<a href="#cite_note-257">[240]</a> demonstrated a marked era of peace and personal satisfaction, although Charlotte Perkins Gilman was herself a feminist advocate of society being gender-integrated and of women's freedom.)<a href="#cite_note-258">[241]</a> Other criticisms of matriarchy are that it could result in reverse sexism or discrimination against men, that it is opposed by most people including most feminists,[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] or that many women do not want leadership positions.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-264">[r]</a> governing takes women away from family responsibilities, women are too likely to be unable to serve politically because of menstruation and pregnancy,<a href="#cite_note-265">[247]</a> public affairs are too sordid for women<a href="#cite_note-266">[248]</a> and would cost women their respect<a href="#cite_note-PoisoningMinds-pp424-425-267">[249]</a> and femininity (apparently including fertility),<a href="#cite_note-268">[250]</a> superiority is not traditional,<a href="#cite_note-269">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[s]</a> women lack the political capacity and authority men have,<a href="#cite_note-274">[t]</a> it is impractical because of a shortage of women with the ability to govern at that level of difficulty<a href="#cite_note-PoisoningMinds-pp424-425-267">[249]</a> as well as the desire and ability to wage war,<a href="#cite_note-277">[u]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[v]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[w]</a> women are less aggressive, or less often so, than are men<a href="#cite_note-281">[258]</a> and politics is aggressive,<a href="#cite_note-282">[259]</a> women legislating would not serve men's interests<a href="#cite_note-PoisoningMinds-pp424-425-267">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-283">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[261]</a> or would serve only petty interests,<a href="#cite_note-PoisoningMinds-pp424-425-267">[249]</a> it is contradicted by current science on genderal differences,<a href="#cite_note-285">[262]</a> it is unnatural,<a href="#cite_note-286">[263]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[x]</a><a href="#cite_note-289">[265]</a> and, in the views of a playwright and a novelist, "women cannot govern on their own."<a href="#cite_note-290">[266]</a> On the other hand, another view is that "women have 'empire' over men"<a href="#cite_note-Manliness-p195-291">[267]</a> because of nature and "men ... are actually obeying" women.<a href="#cite_note-Manliness-p195-291">[267]</a> Pursuing a future matriarchy would tend to risk sacrificing feminists' position in present social arrangements, and many feminists are not willing to take that chance, according to Eller.<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p290-244">[227]</a> "Political feminists tend to regard discussions of what utopia would look like as a good way of setting themselves up for disappointment", according to Eller,<a href="#cite_note-LivingLapGoddess-p207-292">[268]</a> and argue that immediate political issues must get the highest priority.<a href="#cite_note-LivingLapGoddess-p207-292">[268]</a> "Matriarchists", as typified by male-conceived <a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">comic book</a> character <a href="/wiki/Wonder_Woman" title="Wonder Woman">Wonder Woman</a>, were criticized by <a href="/wiki/Kathie_Sarachild" title="Kathie Sarachild">Kathie Sarachild</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carol_Hanisch" title="Carol Hanisch">Carol Hanisch</a>, and some others.<a href="#cite_note-293">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_religious_thought">In religious thought</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: In religious thought">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Exclusionary">Exclusionary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Exclusionary">edit</a>]</div> Some theologies and theocracies limit or forbid women from being in civil government or public leadership or forbid them from voting,<a href="#cite_note-294">[270]</a> effectively criticizing and forbidding matriarchy. Within none of the following religions is the respective view necessarily universally held: <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, some Muslim scholars hold a view that female political leadership should be restricted, according to <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Sofie_Roald&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Sofie Roald (page does not exist)">Anne Sofie Roald</a> [<a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anne_Sofie_Roald" class="extiw" title="no:Anne Sofie Roald">no</a>].<a href="#cite_note-295">[271]</a> The restriction has been attributed to a <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">hadith</a> of <a href="/wiki/Muhammad" title="Muhammad">Muhammad</a>,<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Roald|2001|pp=186–187-296">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-299">[y]</a> the founder and last prophet of Islam. The hadith says, according to Roald, "a people which has a woman as leader will never prosper."<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Roald|2001|pp=186–187-296">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-301">[z]</a> The hadith's transmission, context, and meaning have been questioned, wrote Roald.<a href="#cite_note-302">[276]</a> According to Roald, the prohibition has also been attributed as an extension of a ban on women leading prayers "in mixed gatherings". Possibly, Roald noted, the hadith applies only against being head of state and not other high office.<a href="#cite_note-WomenInIslam-p196-303">[277]</a> One source, wrote Roald, would allow a woman to "occupy every position except that of khalīfa (the leader of all Muslims)."<a href="#cite_note-304">[278]</a> One exception to the head-of-state prohibition was accepted without a general acceptance of women in political leadership, Roald reported.<a href="#cite_note-305">[279]</a> Political activism at lower levels may be more acceptable to Islamist women than top leadership positions, said Roald.<a href="#cite_note-306">[280]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_Brotherhood" title="Muslim Brotherhood">Muslim Brotherhood</a> has stated that women may not be president or head of state but may hold other public offices but, "as for judiciary office, .... [t]he majority of jurispudents ... have forbidden it completely."<a href="#cite_note-307">[281]</a> In a study of 82 Islamists in Europe, according to Roald, 80% said women could not be state leaders but 75% said women could hold other high positions.<a href="#cite_note-308">[282]</a> In 1994, the Muslim Brotherhood said that "social circumstances and traditions" may justify gradualism in the exercise of women's right to hold office (below head of state).<a href="#cite_note-309">[283]</a> Whether the Muslim Brothers still support that statement is unclear.<a href="#cite_note-310">[284]</a> As reported in 1953, Roald reported later, "Islamic organizations held a conference in the office of the Muslim Brothers .... [and] claim[ed] ... that it had been proven that political rights for women were contrary to religion".<a href="#cite_note-311">[285]</a> Some nations have specific bans. In <a href="/wiki/Iran#Government_and_politics" title="Iran">Iran</a> at times, according to Elaheh Rostami Povey, women have been forbidden to fill some political office roles because of law or because of judgments made under the Islamic religion.<a href="#cite_note-312">[286]</a><a href="#cite_note-313">[287]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Steven_Pinker" title="Steven Pinker">Steven Pinker</a>, in a 2001–2007 <a href="/wiki/Gallup_(company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gallup (company)">Gallup poll</a> of 35 nations having 90% of the world's Muslims, "substantial majorities of both sexes in all the major Muslim countries say that women should be allowed to vote without influence from men ... and to serve in the highest levels of government."<a href="#cite_note-314">[288]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Rabbinical_Judaism" class="mw-redirect" title="Rabbinical Judaism">Rabbinical Judaism</a>, among <a href="/wiki/Orthodox_Judaism" title="Orthodox Judaism">orthodox</a> leaders, a position, beginning before Israel became a modern state, has been that for women to hold public office in Israel would threaten the state's existence, according to educator <a href="/wiki/Tova_Hartman" title="Tova Hartman">Tova Hartman</a>,<a href="#cite_note-315">[289]</a> who reports the view has "wide consensus".<a href="#cite_note-316">[290]</a> When Israel ratified the international women's equality agreement known as <a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Elimination_of_All_Forms_of_Discrimination_Against_Women" title="Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women">CEDAW</a>, according to Marsha Freeman, it reserved nonenforcement for any religious communities that forbid women from sitting on religious courts.<a href="#cite_note-317">[291]</a> According to Freeman, "the tribunals that adjudicate marital issues are by religious law and by custom entirely male."<a href="#cite_note-318">[292]</a> "'Men's superiority' is a fundamental tenet in Judaism", according to Irit Umanit.<a href="#cite_note-319">[293]</a> According to Freeman, <a href="/wiki/Likud" title="Likud">Likud party</a>-led "governments have been less than hospitable to women's high-level participation."<a href="#cite_note-320">[294]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, according to Karma Lekshe Tsomo, some hold that "the Buddha allegedly hesitated to admit women to the Saṅgha ...."<a href="#cite_note-321">[295]</a> because their inclusion would hasten the demise of the monastic community and the very teachings of Buddhism itself. "In certain Buddhist countries—Burma, Cambodia, Laos, Sri Lanka, and Thailand—women are categorically denied admission to the Saṅgha, Buddhism's most fundamental institution", according to Tsomo.<a href="#cite_note-MahaprajapatiLegacy-p5-322">[296]</a> Tsomo wrote, "throughout history, the support of the Saṅgha has been actively sought as a means of legitimation by those wishing to gain and maintain positions of political power in Buddhist countries."<a href="#cite_note-MahaprajapatiLegacy-p5-322">[296]</a></li> <li>Among <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindus</a> in India, the <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Swayamsevak_Sangh" title="Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh">Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh</a>, "India's most extensive all-male Hindu nationalist organization,"<a href="#cite_note-Bacchetta_157-323">[297]</a><a href="#cite_note-324">[aa]</a> has debated whether women can ever be Hindu nationalist political leaders<a href="#cite_note-HinduNatnlistW-p168-325">[298]</a> but without coming to a conclusion, according to Paola Bacchetta.<a href="#cite_note-HinduNatnlistW-p168-325">[298]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rashtriya_Sevika_Samiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashtriya Sevika Samiti">Rashtriya Sevika Samiti</a>, a counterpart organization composed of women,<a href="#cite_note-HinduNatnlistW-p168-325">[298]</a> believes that women can be Hindu nationalist political leaders<a href="#cite_note-HinduNatnlistW-p168-325">[298]</a> and has trained two in <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_India" title="Parliament of India">Parliament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-326">[299]</a> but considers women only as exceptions,<a href="#cite_note-327">[300]</a> the norm for such leadership being men.<a href="#cite_note-HinduNatnlistW-p168-325">[298]</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Knox_statue,_Haddington.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_Knox_statue%2C_Haddington.jpg/220px-John_Knox_statue%2C_Haddington.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_Knox_statue%2C_Haddington.jpg/330px-John_Knox_statue%2C_Haddington.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/John_Knox_statue%2C_Haddington.jpg/440px-John_Knox_statue%2C_Haddington.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="2560" /></a><figcaption>John Knox</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>In <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestant Christianity</a>, considered only historically, in 1558, <a href="/wiki/John_Knox" title="John Knox">John Knox</a> (<a href="/wiki/Mary,_Queen_of_Scots" title="Mary, Queen of Scots">Maria Stuart</a>'s subject) wrote <a href="/wiki/The_first_blast_of_the_trumpet_against_the_monstruous_regiment_of_women" class="mw-redirect" title="The first blast of the trumpet against the monstruous regiment of women">The First Blast of the Trumpet against the Monstrous Regiment of Women</a>.<a href="#cite_note-328">[301]</a> According to Scalingi, the work is "perhaps the best known analysis of gynecocracy"<a href="#cite_note-ScepterDistaff-Historian-p60-50">[46]</a> and Knox was "the most notorious"<a href="#cite_note-ScepterDistaff-Historian-p60-50">[46]</a> writer on the subject.<a href="#cite_note-ScepterDistaff-Historian-p60-50">[46]</a> According to an 1878 edition, Knox's objection to any women reigning and having "empire"<a href="#cite_note-330">[ab]</a> over men was theological<a href="#cite_note-Knox_1878-331">[303]</a> and it was against nature for women to bear rule, superiority, dominion, or empire above any realm, nation, or city.<a href="#cite_note-332">[ac]</a> Susan M. Felch said that Knox's argument was partly grounded on a statement of the <a href="/wiki/Paul_the_Apostle" title="Paul the Apostle">apostle Paul</a> against women teaching or usurping authority over men.<a href="#cite_note-333">[304]</a> According to Maria Zina Gonçalves de Abreu, Knox argued that a woman being a national ruler was unnatural<a href="#cite_note-Abreu_169-334">[305]</a> and that women were unfit and ineligible for the post.<a href="#cite_note-Abreu_169-334">[305]</a> Kathryn M. Brammall said Knox "considered the rule of female monarchs to be anathema to good government"<a href="#cite_note-335">[306]</a> and that Knox "also attacked those who obeyed or supported female leaders",<a href="#cite_note-MonstrousMetamorphosis-16CJ-p20-336">[307]</a> including men.<a href="#cite_note-MonstrousMetamorphosis-16CJ-p20-336">[307]</a> Robert M. Healey said that Knox objected to women's rule even if men accepted it.<a href="#cite_note-337">[308]</a> On whether Knox personally endorsed what he wrote, according to Felch, <a href="/wiki/Jasper_Ridley" title="Jasper Ridley">Jasper Ridley</a>, in 1968, argued that even Knox may not have personally believed his stated position but may have merely pandered to popular sentiment,<a href="#cite_note-338">[309]</a> itself a point disputed by <a href="/wiki/W._Stanford_Reid" title="W. Stanford Reid">W. Stanford Reid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-339">[310]</a> On the popularity of Knox's views, Patricia-Ann Lee said Knox's "fierce attack on the legitimacy of female rule ... [was one in which] he said ... little that was unacceptable ... to most of his contemporaries",<a href="#cite_note-340">[311]</a> although Judith M. Richards disagreed on whether the acceptance was quite so widespread.<a href="#cite_note-PromoteWBeareRule-16CJ-p116-n45n46-341">[312]</a> According to David Laing's Preface to Knox's work, Knox's views were agreed with by some people at the time, the Preface saying, "[Knox's] views were in harmony with those of his colleagues ... [Goodman, Whittingham, and Gilby]".<a href="#cite_note-342">[313]</a> Writing in agreement with Knox was <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Goodman" title="Christopher Goodman">Christopher Goodman</a>, who, according to Lee, "considered the woman ruler to be a monster in nature, and used ... scriptural argument to prove that females were barred ... from any political power",<a href="#cite_note-343">[314]</a> even if, according to Richards, the woman was "virtuous".<a href="#cite_note-344">[315]</a> Some views included conditionality; while <a href="/wiki/John_Calvin" title="John Calvin">John Calvin</a> said, according to Healey, "that government by a woman was a deviation from the original and proper order of nature, and therefore among the punishments humanity incurred for original sin".<a href="#cite_note-345">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[ad]</a> Nonetheless, Calvin would not always question a woman's right to inherit rule of a realm or principality.<a href="#cite_note-347">[317]</a> <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Bullinger" title="Heinrich Bullinger">Heinrich Bullinger</a>, according to Healey, "held that rule by a woman was contrary to God's law but cautioned against [always] using that reason to oppose such rule".<a href="#cite_note-348">[318]</a> According to Richards, Bullinger said women were normally not to rule.<a href="#cite_note-349">[319]</a> Around 1560, Calvin, in disagreeing with Knox, argued that the existence of the few women who were exceptions showed that theological ground existed for their exceptionalism.<a href="#cite_note-350">[320]</a> Knox's view was much debated in Europe at the time,<a href="#cite_note-351">[321]</a> the issue considered complicated by laws such as on inheritance<a href="#cite_note-PromoteWBeareRule-16CJ-p116-n45n46-341">[312]</a> and since several women were already in office, including as Queens, according to de Abreu.<a href="#cite_note-352">[322]</a> Knox's view is not said to be widely held in modern Protestantism among leadership or laity.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inclusionary">Inclusionary</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Inclusionary">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">thealogy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Goddess_movement" title="Goddess movement">Goddess movement</a></div> According to Eller, feminist <a href="/wiki/Thealogy" title="Thealogy">thealogy</a> conceptualized humanity as beginning with "female-ruled or equalitarian societies",<a href="#cite_note-353">[323]</a> until displaced by patriarchies,<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p281-354">[324]</a> and that in the millennial future "'gynocentric,' life-loving values"<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p281-354">[324]</a> will return to prominence.<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p281-354">[324]</a> This, according to Eller, produces "a virtually infinite number of years of female equality or superiority coming both at the beginning and end of historical time".<a href="#cite_note-355">[325]</a> Among criticisms is that a future matriarchy, according to Eller, as a reflection of spirituality, is conceived as ahistorical,<a href="#cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p291n27-245">[228]</a> and thus may be unrealistic, unreachable, or even meaningless as a goal to secular feminists. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient_theatre">Ancient theatre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Ancient theatre">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>As criticism in 390 BC, <a href="/wiki/Aristophanes" title="Aristophanes">Aristophanes</a> wrote a play, <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiazusae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ecclesiazusae">Ecclesiazusae</a>, about women gaining legislative power and governing <a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece, on a limited principle of equality. In the play, according to Mansfield, Praxagora, a character, argues that women should rule because they are superior to men, not equal, and yet she declines to assert publicly her right to rule, although elected and although acting in office.<a href="#cite_note-Manliness-p73-74-n-356">[326]</a> The play, Mansfield wrote, also suggests that women would rule by not allowing politics, in order to prevent disappointment, and that affirmative action would be applied to heterosexual relationships.<a href="#cite_note-Manliness-p73-74-n-356">[326]</a> In the play, as Mansfield described it, written when Athens was a male-only democracy where women could not vote or rule, women were presented as unassertive and unrealistic, and thus not qualified to govern.<a href="#cite_note-Manliness-p73-74-n-356">[326]</a> The play, according to Sarah Ruden, was a fable on the theme that women should stay home.<a href="#cite_note-357">[327]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Literature">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Burgoyne_Corbett" title="Elizabeth Burgoyne Corbett">Elizabeth Burgoyne Corbett</a>'s <a href="/wiki/New_Amazonia" title="New Amazonia">New Amazonia: A Foretaste of the Future</a> is an early feminist utopian novel (published 1889), which is matriarchal in that all political leadership roles in New Amazonia are required to be held by women, according to Duangrudi Suksang.<a href="#cite_note-358">[328]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roquia_Sakhawat_Hussain" class="mw-redirect" title="Roquia Sakhawat Hussain">Roquia Sakhawat Hussain</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Sultana%27s_Dream" title="Sultana's Dream">Sultana's Dream</a> is an early feminist utopia (published 1905) based on advanced science and technology developed by women, set in a society, Ladyland, run by women, where "the power of males is taken away and given to females," and men are secluded and primarily attend to domestic duties, according to Seemin Hasan.<a href="#cite_note-359">[329]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a>'s book, <a href="/wiki/The_Ruins_of_Isis" title="The Ruins of Isis">The Ruins of Isis</a> (1978), is, according to Batya Weinbaum, set within a "female supremacist world".<a href="#cite_note-360">[330]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Marion_Zimmer_Bradley" title="Marion Zimmer Bradley">Marion Zimmer Bradley</a>'s book, <a href="/wiki/The_Mists_of_Avalon" title="The Mists of Avalon">The Mists of Avalon</a> (1983), Avalon is an island with a matriarchal culture, according to Ruben Valdes-Miyares.<a href="#cite_note-361">[331]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Orson_Scott_Card" title="Orson Scott Card">Orson Scott Card</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Speaker_for_the_Dead" title="Speaker for the Dead">Speaker for the Dead</a> (1986) and its sequels, the alien pequenino species in every forest are matriarchal.<a href="#cite_note-362">[332]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Sheri_S._Tepper" title="Sheri S. Tepper">Sheri S. Tepper</a>'s book, <a href="/wiki/The_Gate_to_Women%27s_Country" title="The Gate to Women's Country">The Gate to Women's Country</a> (1988), the only men who live in Women's Country are the "servitors," who are servants to the women, according to Peter Fitting.<a href="#cite_note-363">[333]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%89lisabeth_Vonarburg" title="Élisabeth Vonarburg">Élisabeth Vonarburg</a>'s book, <a href="/wiki/Chroniques_du_Pays_des_M%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Chroniques du Pays des Mères">Chroniques du Pays des Mères</a> (1992) (translated into English as In the Mothers' Land) is set in a matriarchal society where, due to a genetic mutation, women outnumber men by 70 to 1.<a href="#cite_note-364">[334]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N._Lee_Wood" title="N. Lee Wood">N. Lee Wood</a>'s book Master of None (2004) is set in a "closed matriarchal world where men have no legal rights", according to <a href="/wiki/Publishers_Weekly" title="Publishers Weekly">Publishers Weekly</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[335]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Spencer" title="Wen Spencer">Wen Spencer</a>'s book A Brother's Price (2005) is set in a world where, according to Page Traynor, "women are in charge", "boys are rare and valued but not free", and "boys are kept at home to do the cooking and child caring until the time they marry".<a href="#cite_note-366">[336]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bear" title="Elizabeth Bear">Elizabeth Bear</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Carnival_(Bear_novel)" title="Carnival (Bear novel)">Carnival</a> (2006) introduces New Amazonia, a colony planet with a matriarchal and largely lesbian population who eschew the strict and ruthless population control and environmentalism instituted on Earth. The Amazonians are aggressive, warlike, and subjugate the few men they tolerate for reproduction and service, but they are also pragmatic and defensive of their freedom from the male-dominated Coalition that seeks to conquer them.<a href="#cite_note-367">[337]</a></li> <li>In <a href="/wiki/Naomi_Alderman" title="Naomi Alderman">Naomi Alderman</a>'s book, <a href="/wiki/The_Power_(Alderman_novel)" title="The Power (Alderman novel)">The Power</a> (2016), women develop the ability to release electrical jolts from their fingers, thus leading them to become the dominant gender.<a href="#cite_note-368">[338]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_M._Auel" title="Jean M. Auel">Jean M. Auel</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Earth%27s_Children" title="Earth's Children">Earth's Children</a> (1980–2011).</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/SCP_Foundation" title="SCP Foundation">SCP Foundation</a>, which is a collaborative online horror fiction website, the Daevites are an ancient society in which women took the roles of both religious and political leaders, and men often take the place of slaves <a href="#cite_note-369">[339]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In the 2011 <a href="/wiki/The_Walt_Disney_Company" title="The Walt Disney Company">Disney</a> animated film <a href="/wiki/Mars_Needs_Moms" title="Mars Needs Moms">Mars Needs Moms</a>, Mars is ruled by a female Martian known only as The Supervisor, who long ago deemed all male Martians to the trash underground and kept all females in functioning society. The film reveals The Supervisor, for an unexplained reason, changed how Martian society was being run (from children being raised by parents) to Martian children being raised by "Nannybots". The Supervisor sacrifices one Earth mother every twenty-five years for that mother's knowledge of order, discipline and control, which is transferred to the Nannybots who raise the female Martians.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>]</li> <li>The 2023 film <a href="/wiki/Barbie_(film)" title="Barbie (film)">Barbie</a> depicts a world (Barbieland) ruled entirely by Barbies in positions such as doctors, scientists, lawyers, and politicians while the Kens spend their time at the beach.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>In the special <a href="/wiki/The_Powerpuff_Girls_Rule!!!" class="mw-redirect" title="The Powerpuff Girls Rule!!!">The Powerpuff Girls Rule!!!</a>, Blossom wanted society to based on the <a href="/wiki/African_elephant" title="African elephant">African Elephant</a>; in which only women vote & "Stinky & Dumb" men are relegated to house tasks.</li> <li>In the <a href="/wiki/Futurama" title="Futurama">Futurama</a> episode <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Women_in_the_Mood" title="Amazon Women in the Mood">Amazon Women in the Mood</a>, the crew land on a planet ruled by giant muscular women.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fumi_Yoshinaga" title="Fumi Yoshinaga">Fumi Yoshinaga</a>'s manga <a href="/wiki/%C5%8Coku:_The_Inner_Chambers" title="Ōoku: The Inner Chambers">Ōoku: The Inner Chambers</a>, published between 2004 and 2020, follows an alternate history of Japan in which most of the male population is killed by a disease, resulting in a matriarchal society. It is best known in the United States by its 2023 <a href="/wiki/Netflix" title="Netflix">Netflix</a> adaptation of the same name.<a href="#cite_note-Ōoku-370">[340]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_animals">Other animals</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Other animals">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg/220px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg/330px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg/440px-%D0%97%D1%83%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a> social structure has been described as a matriarchy.<a href="#cite_note-bison-371">[341]</a></figcaption></figure> Matriarchy may also refer to non-human animal species in which females hold higher status and hierarchical positions, such as among <a href="/wiki/Spotted_hyenas" class="mw-redirect" title="Spotted hyenas">spotted hyenas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elephant" title="Elephant">elephants</a>,<a href="#cite_note-372">[342]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lemur" title="Lemur">lemurs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naked_mole-rat" title="Naked mole-rat">naked mole rats</a>,<a href="#cite_note-373">[343]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bonobo" title="Bonobo">bonobos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NYT-20160910-374">[344]</a> Such animal hierarchies have not been replaced by patriarchy. The social structure of <a href="/wiki/European_bison" title="European bison">European bison</a> herds has also been described by specialists as a matriarchy – the cows of the group lead it as the entire herd follows them to grazing areas.<a href="#cite_note-bison-371">[341]</a> Though heavier and larger than the females, the older and more powerful males of the European bison usually fulfill the role of satellites that hang around the edges of the herd.<a href="#cite_note-375">[345]</a> Apart from the mating season when they begin to compete with each other, European bison bulls serve a more active role in the herd only once a danger to the group's safety appears.<a href="#cite_note-376">[346]</a> In bonobos, even the highest ranking male will sometimes face aggression from females and is occasionally injured by them. Female bonobos secure feeding privileges and exude social confidence while the males generally cower on the sidelines. The only exceptions are males with influential mothers, so even the rank between the males is influenced strongly by females. Females also initiate group travels.<a href="#cite_note-377">[347]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alain_Dani%C3%A9lou" title="Alain Daniélou">Alain Daniélou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C3%87atalh%C3%B6y%C3%BCk" title="Çatalhöyük">Çatalhöyük</a> (denials of matriarchy)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daughter_preference" title="Daughter preference">Daughter preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Female_cosmetic_coalitions" title="Female cosmetic coalitions">Female cosmetic coalitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_separatism" title="Feminist separatism">Feminist separatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gynocentrism" title="Gynocentrism">Gynocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpa_Church" title="Lumpa Church">Lumpa Church</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Lenshina" title="Alice Lenshina">Alice Lenshina</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianismo" title="Marianismo">Marianismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menstrual_synchrony" title="Menstrual synchrony">Menstrual synchrony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masculism" title="Masculism">Masculism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matriarch_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Matriarch (disambiguation)">Matriarch (disambiguation)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchy" title="Patriarchy">Patriarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarchs_(Bible)#Matriarchs" title="Patriarchs (Bible)">Patriarchs (Bible) § Matriarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Other_World_Kingdom" title="Other World Kingdom">Other World Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bissagos_Islands" title="Bissagos Islands">Bissagos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radical_feminism" title="Radical feminism">Radical feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tr%C6%B0ng_sisters" title="Trưng sisters">Trưng sisters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_EZLN" title="Women in the EZLN">Women in the EZLN</a></li></ul></div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:<ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:Social_sciences.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/21px-Social_sciences.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/32px-Social_sciences.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Social_sciences.svg/42px-Social_sciences.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="139" data-file-height="122" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Society" title="Portal:Society">Society</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/19px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/29px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/38px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/19px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/29px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Feminism_symbol.svg/38px-Feminism_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="16" data-file-height="16" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Feminism" title="Portal:Feminism">Feminism</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/21px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/42px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-lower-alpha" style="column-width: 32em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Feminist_anthropology" title="Feminist anthropology">Feminist anthropology</a>, an approach to anthropology that tries to reduces male bias in the field </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Black_matriarchy" title="Black matriarchy">Black matriarchy</a>, the cultural phenomenon of many Black families being headed by mothers with fathers absent </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Androcracy" title="Androcracy">Androcracy</a>, form of government ruled by males, especially fathers </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Queen Elizabeth I</a>, queen regnant of England and Ireland in 1533–1603 </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> Amazon feminism, feminism that emphasizes female physical prowess toward the goal of gender equality </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite civilization</a>, an ancient civilization in part of what is now Iran </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Sitones" title="Sitones">Sitones</a>, a Germanic or Finnic people who lived in Northern Europe in the first century AD </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <a href="/wiki/North_Vietnam" title="North Vietnam">North Vietnam</a>, sovereign state until merged with South Vietnam in 1976 </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Patrilineality" title="Patrilineality">Patrilineal</a>, belonging to the father's lineage, generally for inheritance </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a>, ethics and philosophy derived from Confucius </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Gender_role" title="Gender role">Gender role</a>, set of norms for a gender in social relationships </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Haudenosaunee_Clan_Mother" title="Haudenosaunee Clan Mother">Clan Mothers</a>, elder matriarchs of certain Native American clans, who were typically in charge of appointing tribal chiefs </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> Adler wrote a matriarchy is "a realm where female things are valued and where power is exerted in non-possessive, non-controlling, and organic ways that are harmonious with nature."<a href="#cite_note-174">[162]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Anarcha-feminism" title="Anarcha-feminism">Anarcha-feminism</a>, a philosophy combining anarchism and feminism </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> For another definition of hag by Mary Daly, see Daly, Mary, with Jane Caputi, Websters' First New Intergalactic Wickedary of the English Language (London, Great Britain: Women's Press, 1988 (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7043-4114-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7043-4114-X">0-7043-4114-X</a>)), p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Extrasensory_perception" title="Extrasensory perception">Extrasensory perception</a> (ESP), perception sensed by the mind but not originating through recognized physical senses </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Chauvinism" title="Chauvinism">Chauvinism</a>, partisanship that is extreme and unreasoning and in favor of a group </li> <li id="cite_note-264"><a href="#cite_ref-264">^</a> "Women do not run for office as readily as men do, nor do most women, it seems, call on them to run. It seems that they do not have the same desire to 'run' things as men, to use the word in another political sense that like the first includes standing out in front.... Women are partisan, like men; hence they are political, like men. But not to the same degree. They will readily sail into partisan conflict, but they are not so ready to take the lead and make themselves targets of partisan hostility (though they do write provocative books)."<a href="#cite_note-259">[242]</a> [A] "study .... traces the gender gap ... to 'participatory factors,' such as education and income, that give men greater advantages in civic skills, enabling them to participate politically"<a href="#cite_note-260">[243]</a> "[I]n politics and in other public situations, he ["the manly man"] willingly takes responsibility when others hang back.... His wife and children ... are weaker",<a href="#cite_note-261">[244]</a> "manliness ... is aggression that develops an assertion, a cause it espouses"...<a href="#cite_note-262">[245]</a> "a woman .... may have less ambition or a different ambition, but being a political animal like a man, she too likes to rule, if in her way".<a href="#cite_note-263">[246]</a> See also <a href="#CITEREFSchaub2006">Schaub (2006)</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-272"><a href="#cite_ref-272">^</a> "Athenians were extreme, but almost no Greeks or Romans thought women should participate in government. There was no approved public forum for any kind of women's self-expression, not even in the arts and religion [perhaps except "priestesses"]."<a href="#cite_note-270">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-271">[253]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-274"><a href="#cite_ref-274">^</a> "[according to] Aristotle ....[,] [a]s women do not have the authority, the political capacity, of men, they are, as it were, elbowed out of politics and ushered into the household.... Meanwhile, the male rules because of his greater authority".<a href="#cite_note-273">[254]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> "ability to fight .... is an important claim to rule ..., and it is the culmination of the aggressive manly stereotype we are considering", "who can reasonably deny that women are not as accomplished as men in battle either in spirit or in physique? .... Conservatives say that this proves that women are not the same as men", & "manliness is best shown in war, the defense of one's country at its most difficult and dangerous"<a href="#cite_note-275">[255]</a> "there might come a point when ... stronger persons would have to be fought [by women] rather than merely told off.... The very great majority of women would take a pass on the opportunity to be GI Jane. In the NATO countries where women are allowed in combat units they form only 1 percent of the complement.... Whatever their belief about equality, women might reasonably decide they are needed more elsewhere than in combat"<a href="#cite_note-276">[256]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> GI Jane is 'a female member of a military'.<a href="#cite_note-278">[257]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>, North Atlantic Treaty Organization, which provides collective military defense for member nations </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> "Mrs. Woodhull offers herself in apparent good faith as a candidate, and perhaps she has a remote impression, or rather hope, that she may be elected, but it seems that she is rather in advance of her time. The public mind is not yet educated to the pitch of universal woman's rights" ... "At present man, in his affection for and kindness toward the weaker sex, is disposed to accord her any reasonable number of privileges. Beyond that stage he pauses, because there seems to him to be something which is unnatural in permitting her to share the turmoil, the excitement, the risks of competition for the glory of governing." </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> "Koranic verse 4: 34 ... has been used to denounce female leadership"<a href="#cite_note-297">[273]</a> ("4: 34" spaced so in original), but the verse may apply to family life rather than to politics.<a href="#cite_note-harvp|Roald|2001|p=190-298">[274]</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, pp. 189–190 cites, respectively, Badawi, Jamal, Gender Equity in Islam: Basic Principles (Indianapolis: American Trust Publications, 1995), p. 38 & perhaps passim, and Roald, Anne Sofie, & Pernilla Ouis, Lyssna på männen: att leva i en patriarkalisk muslimsk kontext, in Kvinnovetenskaplig Tidskrift, pp. 91–108 (1997). </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> Another translation is, "a people which has a woman as a leader will not succeed."<a href="#cite_note-300">[275]</a> The 2001 author's paraphrase of the hadith, "the people who have a female leader will not succeed", is at <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 185. </li> <li id="cite_note-324"><a href="#cite_ref-324">^</a> Although India is majority Hindu, it is officially secular, per <a href="#CITEREFBacchetta2002">Bacchetta (2002)</a>, p. 157. </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> "I am assured that God hath reueled to some in this our age, that it is more then a monstre in nature, that a woman shall reigne and haue empire aboue man."<a href="#cite_note-1stBlast-Gutenberg-ebk-329">[302]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> "To promote a woman to beare rule, superioritie, dominion or empire aboue any realme, nation, or citie, is repugnant to nature, contumelie to God, a thing most contrarious to his reueled will and approued ordinance, and finallie it is the subuersion of good order, of all equitie and iustice[.]"<a href="#cite_note-Knox_1878-331">[303]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Original_sin" title="Original sin">Original sin</a>, in Christianity, a state of sin, or violation of God's will, due to Adam's rebellion in the Garden of Eden </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 21em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:6-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_1-1">b</a> Goldberg, Steven, The Inevitability of Patriarchy (William Morrow & Co., 1973).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_2-1">b</a> Encyclopædia Britannica describes this view as "consensus", listing matriarchy as a hypothetical social system: Encyclopædia Britannica (2007), entry Matriarchy. </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy, <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 2002. </li> <li id="cite_note-OED-matriarchy-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OED-matriarchy_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-matriarchy_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-matriarchy_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-matriarchy_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-OED-matriarchy_4-4">e</a> Oxford English Dictionary (online), entry matriarchy, as accessed November 3, 2013(subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries). </li> <li id="cite_note-HumanityIntroCulturAnthro-9ed-p259col1-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HumanityIntroCulturAnthro-9ed-p259col1_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HumanityIntroCulturAnthro-9ed-p259col1_5-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeoplesBailey2012">Peoples & Bailey (2012)</a>, p. 259 </li> <li id="cite_note-Anthro-Haviland-8ed-p579col1-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Anthro-Haviland-8ed-p579col1_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Anthro-Haviland-8ed-p579col1_6-1">b</a> Haviland, William A., Anthropology (Ft. Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers, 8th ed. 1997 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-15-503578-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-15-503578-9">0-15-503578-9</a>)), p. 579. </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> Kuznar, Lawrence A., Reclaiming a Scientific Anthropology (Walnut Creek, Calif.: AltaMira Press (div. of Sage Publications), pbk. 1997 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7619-9114-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-7619-9114-X">0-7619-9114-X</a>)). </li> <li id="cite_note-MatriarchalSocDefTheory-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MatriarchalSocDefTheory_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MatriarchalSocDefTheory_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöttner-Abendroth" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heide_G%C3%B6ttner-Abendroth" title="Heide Göttner-Abendroth">Göttner-Abendroth, Heide</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130419055107/http://www.gift-economy.com/athanor/athanor_005.html">"Matriarchal Society: Definition and Theory"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gift-economy.com/athanor/athanor_005.html">the original</a> on April 19, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Matriarchal+Society%3A+Definition+and+Theory&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ttner-Abendroth&rft.aufirst=Heide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gift-economy.com%2Fathanor%2Fathanor_005.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> <dl><dd><dl><dd>See also Sanday, Peggy Reeves, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100164210">Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy</a> (Cornell University Press, 2002) ("matriarchies are not a mirror form of patriarchies but rather ... a matriarchy "emphasizes maternal meanings where 'maternal symbols are linked to social practices influencing the lives of both sexes and where women play a central role in these practices'").[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>]</dd></dl></dd></dl> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGöttner-Abendroth2017" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Heide_G%C3%B6ttner-Abendroth" title="Heide Göttner-Abendroth">Göttner-Abendroth, Heide</a> (2017). "Matriarchal studies: Past debates and new foundations". <a href="/wiki/Asian_Journal_of_Women%27s_Studies" title="Asian Journal of Women's Studies">Asian Journal of Women's Studies</a>. 23 (1): 2–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F12259276.2017.1283843">10.1080/12259276.2017.1283843</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218768965">218768965</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Journal+of+Women%27s+Studies&rft.atitle=Matriarchal+studies%3A+Past+debates+and+new+foundations&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=2-6&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F12259276.2017.1283843&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218768965%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=G%C3%B6ttner-Abendroth&rft.aufirst=Heide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> Lepowsky, M. A., Fruit of the Motherland: Gender in an Egalitarian Society (U.S.: Columbia University Press, 1993). </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> Compare, in Oxford English Dictionary (online), entry patriarchy to entry matriarchy, both as accessed November 3, 2013.(Subscription may be required or content may be available in libraries.) </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller1995">Eller (1995)</a>, pp. 161–162 & 184 & n. 84 (p. 184 n. 84 probably citing Spretnak, Charlene, ed., Politics of Women's Spirituality: Essays on the Rise of Spiritual Power Within the Feminist Movement (Garden City, New York: Anchor Books, 1982), p. xiii (Spretnak, Charlene, Introduction)). </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoettner-Abendroth2009a">Goettner-Abendroth (2009a)</a>, pp. 1–2 </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPeoplesBailey2012">Peoples & Bailey (2012)</a>, pp. 258–259 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler (2006)</a>, p. 193 (italics so in original) </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoveShanklin1983">Love & Shanklin (1983)</a>, p. 275 </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller2000">Eller (2000)</a>, pp. 12–13 </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller2011">Eller (2011)</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEpstein1991">Epstein (1991)</a>, p. 173 and see p. 172 </li> <li id="cite_note-DrawDnMoon-2006-p194-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DrawDnMoon-2006-p194_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DrawDnMoon-2006-p194_20-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler (2006)</a>, p. 194 </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLoveShanklin1983">Love & Shanklin (1983)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.second-congress-matriarchal-studies.com/goettnerabendroth.html">Introduction, in Second World Congress on Matriarchal Studies</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matriarchy.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=143&Itemid=83">DeMott, Tom, The Investigator (review of Bennholdt-Thomsen, Veronika, Cornelia Giebeler, Brigitte Holzer, & Marina Meneses, Juchitán, City of Women (Mexico: Consejo Editorial, 1994))</a>, as accessed Feb. 6, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeBow1984">LeBow (1984)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRohrlich1977">Rohrlich (1977)</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/history/webid-meynihan.htm">Office of Policy Planning and Review (Daniel Patrick Moynihan, principal author), The Negro Family: The Case For National Action (U.S. Department of Labor, 1965)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140428151006/http://www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/history/webid-meynihan.htm">Archived</a> April 28, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, esp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/history/moynchapter4.htm">Chapter IV. The Tangle of Pathology</a>, authorship per <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dol.gov/dol/aboutdol/history/webidrpage.htm">History at the Department of Labor: In-Depth Research</a>, all as accessed November 2, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonovan2000">Donovan (2000)</a>, p. 171, citing Moynihan, Daniel, The Negro Family: The Case for National Action (1965) ("In this analysis Moynihan asserted that since a fourth of black families were headed by single women, black society was a matriarchy .... [and t]his situation undermined the confidence and 'manhood' of black men, and therefore prevented their competing successfully in the white work world.") and citing <a href="/wiki/Bell_hooks" title="Bell hooks">hooks, bell</a>, either Ain't I a Woman: Black Women and Feminism (Boston: South End, 1981) or Feminist Theory: From Margin to Center (Boston: South End, 1984) (probably former), pp. 181–187 ("freedom came to be seen by some black militants as a liberation from the oppression caused by black women"), hooks, bell, pp. 180–181 ("many black men 'absorbed' the Moynihan ideology, and this misogyny itself became absorbed into the black freedom movement" and included this, "Moynihan's view", as a case of "American neo-Freudian revisionism where women who evidenced the slightest degree of independence were perceived as 'castrating' threats to the male identity"), and see hooks, bell, p. 79. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=matriarchy">"matriarchy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Etymology_Dictionary" title="Online Etymology Dictionary">Online Etymology Dictionary</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=matriarchy&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fterm%3Dmatriarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Edvard_Westermarck" title="Edvard Westermarck">Edvard Westermarck</a> (1921), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyofhumanma03westuoft">The History of Human Marriage, Vol. 3</a>, London: Macmillan, p. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0058%3Aentry%3D%237148">Liddell, Henry George, & Robert Scott, An Intermediate Greek–English Lexicon, for γυναικοκρατία</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3D%2323035">Liddell, Henry George, & Robert Scott, A Greek–English Lexicon, for γυ^ναικο-κρα^τέομαι</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrafton2013" class="citation book cs1">Grafton, Anthony (2013). The Classical Tradition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781782684039" title="Special:BookSources/9781782684039"><bdi>9781782684039</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Classical+Tradition&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781782684039&rft.aulast=Grafton&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee2015" class="citation journal cs1">Banerjee, Roopleena (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156662">"'Matriarchy' and Contemporary Khasi Society"</a>. Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 76: 918–930. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2249-1937">2249-1937</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156662">44156662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=%27Matriarchy%27+and+Contemporary+Khasi+Society&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=918-930&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44156662%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=2249-1937&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Roopleena&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44156662&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jules_de_Leeuwe-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jules_de_Leeuwe_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jules_de_Leeuwe_36-1">b</a> Leeuwe, Jules de, untitled comment (November 18, 1977) (emphases so in original), as a response to and with <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Leacock" title="Eleanor Leacock">Leacock, Eleanor</a>, Women's Status in Egalitarian Society: Implications for Social Evolution, in Current Anthropology, vol. 33, no. 1, supp. Inquiry and Debate in the Human Sciences: Contributions from Current Anthropology, 1960–1990 (February, 1992 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/search?fq=x0:jrnl&q=n2:0011-3204">0011-3204</a> & E-ISSN 1537-5382)), p. 241. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOED1993">OED (1993)</a>, entries gynaecocracy, gynocracy, gynarchy & gyneocracy </li> <li id="cite_note-W3-3defs-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W3-3defs_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-W3-3defs_39-1">b</a> Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (G. & C. Merriam (Merriam-Webster), 1966), entries gynecocracy, gynocracy, & gynarchy. </li> <li id="cite_note-AmHeritageDict3ed-3defs-40">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmHeritageDict3ed-3defs_40-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmHeritageDict3ed-3defs_40-1">b</a> The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language (Boston, Mass.: Houghton Mifflin, 3d ed. 1992 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-395-44895-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-395-44895-6">0-395-44895-6</a>)), entries gynecocracy, gynocracy, & gynarchy. </li> <li id="cite_note-RHsWebUnDict2ed-2defs-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHsWebUnDict2ed-2defs_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHsWebUnDict2ed-2defs_41-1">b</a> Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary (N.Y.: Random House, 2d ed. 2001 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-375-42566-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-375-42566-7">0-375-42566-7</a>)), entries gynecocracy & gynarchy. </li> <li id="cite_note-W3-gynecocracy-42">^ <a href="#cite_ref-W3-gynecocracy_42-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-W3-gynecocracy_42-1">b</a> Webster's Third New International Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged (G. & C. Merriam (Merriam-Webster), 1966), entry gynecocracy. </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOED1993">OED (1993)</a>, gynaecocracy </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOED1993">OED (1993)</a>, gynocracy </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFOED1993">OED (1993)</a>, gyneocracy </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScalingi1978">Scalingi (1978)</a>, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScalingi1978">Scalingi (1978)</a>, p. 59 </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFScalingi1978">Scalingi (1978)</a>, p. 60 & passim </li> <li id="cite_note-ScepterDistaff-Historian-p60-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ScepterDistaff-Historian-p60_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScepterDistaff-Historian-p60_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScepterDistaff-Historian-p60_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ScepterDistaff-Historian-p60_50-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFScalingi1978">Scalingi (1978)</a>, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-MothersAmazons-1965-p137-51">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MothersAmazons-1965-p137_51-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MothersAmazons-1965-p137_51-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiner1965">Diner (1965)</a>, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiner1965">Diner (1965)</a>, p. 136 </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDiner1965">Diner (1965)</a>, p. 123 and see p. 122 </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler (2006)</a>, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Latter quotation: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis2000" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Debra Diane (2000). Breaking up [at] totality: A rhetoric of laughter. Carbondale, Illinois: Southern Illinois University Press. p. 137 and see pp. 136–137 & 143. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0809322282" title="Special:BookSources/978-0809322282"><bdi>978-0809322282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Breaking+up+%5Bat%5D+totality%3A+A+rhetoric+of+laughter&rft.place=Carbondale%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=p.-137+and+see+pp.-136-137+%26+143&rft.pub=Southern+Illinois+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0809322282&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Debra+Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> (brackets in title so in original) & quoting: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1985" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Iris_Marion_Young" title="Iris Marion Young">Young, Iris Marion</a> (1985). "Humanism, gynocentrism, and feminist politics". <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Studies_International_Forum" title="Women's Studies International Forum">Women's Studies International Forum</a>. 8 (3): 173–183. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2F0277-5395%2885%2990040-8">10.1016/0277-5395(85)90040-8</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Women%27s+Studies+International+Forum&rft.atitle=Humanism%2C+gynocentrism%2C+and+feminist+politics&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=173-183&rft.date=1985&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2F0277-5395%2885%2990040-8&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Iris+Marion&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Ferraro, Gary, Wenda Trevathan, & Janet Levy, Anthropology: An Applied Perspective (Minneapolis: West Publishing Co., 1992), p. 360.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">title or year verification needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-IntntnlEncycSocBehavSci-v14-p9416-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IntntnlEncycSocBehavSci-v14-p9416_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IntntnlEncycSocBehavSci-v14-p9416_58-1">b</a> Smith, R.T., Matrifocality, in Smelser & Baltes, eds., International Encyclopedia of the Social and Behavioral Sciences (2002), vol. 14, p. 9416 ff. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reU63yfgrWIC">Ruether, Rosemary Radford, Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History</a>, p. 18. </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Eisler, Riane, The Chalice and the Blade, as cited at the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rianeeisler.com/chalice.htm">author's website</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100202041046/http://www.rianeeisler.com/chalice.htm">Archived</a> February 2, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, as accessed Jan. 26, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGimbutas1991" class="citation book cs1">Gimbutas, Marija (1991). The Civilization of the Goddess: The World of Old Europe. Harper. p. 324.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Civilization+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+World+of+Old+Europe&rft.pages=324&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Gimbutas&rft.aufirst=Marija&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-InvisibleSex-pp251-255-255-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-InvisibleSex-pp251-255-255_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-InvisibleSex-pp251-255-255_62-1">b</a> Adovasio, J. M., Olga Soffer, & Jake Page, The Invisible Sex: Uncovering the True Roles of Women in Prehistory (Smithsonian Books & Collins (HarperCollinsPublishers), 1st Smithsonian Books ed. 2007 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117091-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-06-117091-1">978-0-06-117091-1</a>)), pp. 251–255, esp. p. 255. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Sanday, Peggy Reeves, Woman at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy (Cornell University Press, 2004 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8014-8906-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8014-8906-7">0-8014-8906-7</a>)).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-LivingLapGoddess-p152-158-161-64">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LivingLapGoddess-p152-158-161_64-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LivingLapGoddess-p152-158-161_64-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller1995">Eller (1995)</a>, p. 152 and see pp. 158–161 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung2010" class="citation book cs1">Young, Katherine (2010). Sanctifying Misandry: Goddess Ideology and the Fall of Man. Canada: McGill-Queen's University Press. pp. 33–34. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7735-3615-9"><bdi>978-0-7735-3615-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sanctifying+Misandry%3A+Goddess+Ideology+and+the+Fall+of+Man&rft.place=Canada&rft.pages=33-34&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-7735-3615-9&rft.aulast=Young&rft.aufirst=Katherine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller2000">Eller (2000)</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=vE85zkFdURQC&pg=PA263">Bamberger, Joan, The Myth of Matriarchy: Why Men Rule in primitive society, in M. Rosaldo & L. Lamphere, Women, Culture, and Society (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974)</a>, p. 263. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Brown, Donald E., Human Universals (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1991), p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-69">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_69-1">b</a> "The view of matriarchy as constituting a stage of cultural development now is generally discredited. Furthermore, the consensus among modern anthropologists and sociologists is that a strictly matriarchal society never existed." Encyclopædia Britannica (2007), entry Matriarchy. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=n1TmVvMwmo4C&q=matriarchy&pg=RA1-PA400">The Cambridge Ancient History (reprinted 2000, © 1975), vol. 2, pt. 2</a>, p. 400. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/tacitusc/germany/chap1.htm">Tacitus, Cornelius, Germania (A.D. 98)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130907080254/http://www.ourcivilisation.com/smartboard/shop/tacitusc/germany/chap1.htm">Archived</a> September 7, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, as accessed June 8, 2013, paragraph 45. Paragraph 45:6: Suionibus Sithonum gentes continuantur, cetera similes uno differunt, quod femina dominatur: in tantum non modo a libertate, sed etiam a servitute degenerant. Hic Suebiae finis.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGjelstad2020" class="citation book cs1">Gjelstad, Anne Helene (January 2020). Big heart, strong hands. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781911306566" title="Special:BookSources/9781911306566"><bdi>9781911306566</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Big+heart%2C+strong+hands&rft.date=2020-01&rft.isbn=9781911306566&rft.aulast=Gjelstad&rft.aufirst=Anne+Helene&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> The Guardian, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/gallery/2020/feb/26/where-women-rule-the-last-matriarchy-in-europe-in-pictures-anne-helene-gjelstad">Where women rule: the last matriarchy in Europe – in pictures</a> (2020-02-26) </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Bisch, Jorgen, Why Buddha Smiles, p. 71 (Ahu Ho Gong, Padaung chief: "no man can be chief over women. I am chief of the men. But women, well! Women only do what they themselves wish" & "it is the same with women all over the world", pp. 52–53, & "no man can rule over women. They just do what they themselves want").[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Marshall, Andrew, The Trouser People: A Story of Burma in the Shadow of the Empire (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-58243-120-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-58243-120-5">1-58243-120-5</a>), p. 213 ("Kayaw societies are strictly matriarchal."). </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/world/in-china-a-matriarchy-under-threat/article590590/">MacKinnon, Mark, In China, a Matriarchy Under Threat</a>, in The Globe and Mail (Toronto, Ontario, Canada), August 15, 2011, 11:55p. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mosuoproject.org/matri.htm">Lugu Lake Mosuo Cultural Development Association, The Mosuo: Matriarchal/Matrilineal Culture (2006)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180112220704/http://www.mosuoproject.org/matri.htm">Archived</a> January 12, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved July 10, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinha_Mukherjee2013" class="citation journal cs1">Sinha Mukherjee, Sucharita (2013). "Women's Empowerment and Gender Bias in the Birth and Survival of Girls in Urban India". Feminist Economics. 19: 1–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13545701.2012.752312">10.1080/13545701.2012.752312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155056803">155056803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Economics&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Empowerment+and+Gender+Bias+in+the+Birth+and+Survival+of+Girls+in+Urban+India&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13545701.2012.752312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155056803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Sinha+Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Sucharita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988">, citing Srinivas, Mysore Narasimhachar, The Cohesive Role of Sanskritization and Other Essays (Delhi: Oxford University Press, 1989), & Agarwal, Bina, A Field of One's Own: Gender and Land Rights in South Asia (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994). </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMukherjee2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mukherjee, Sucharita Sinha (2013). "Women's Empowerment and Gender Bias in the Birth and Survival of Girls in Urban India". Feminist Economics. 19: 1–28. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13545701.2012.752312">10.1080/13545701.2012.752312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155056803">155056803</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Feminist+Economics&rft.atitle=Women%27s+Empowerment+and+Gender+Bias+in+the+Birth+and+Survival+of+Girls+in+Urban+India&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=1-28&rft.date=2013&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13545701.2012.752312&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155056803%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Mukherjee&rft.aufirst=Sucharita+Sinha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thehindu.com/life-and-style/metroplus/article3682202.ece">Kumar, Anuj, Let's Anger Her! (sic), in The Hindu, July 25, 2012</a>, as accessed September 29, 2012 (whether statement was by Kumar or Kom is unknown). </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> Sanday, Peggy Reeves, Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy (Cornell University Press, 2002).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-WomenCommunRevVietnam-p793n1-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WomenCommunRevVietnam-p793n1_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WomenCommunRevVietnam-p793n1_84-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WomenCommunRevVietnam-p793n1_84-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurley1972" class="citation journal cs1">Turley, William S. (September 1972). "Women in the Communist Revolution in Vietnam". Asian Survey. 12 (9): 793–805. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2642829">10.2307/2642829</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2642829">2642829</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Survey&rft.atitle=Women+in+the+Communist+Revolution+in+Vietnam&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=793-805&rft.date=1972-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2642829&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2642829%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Turley&rft.aufirst=William+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhan2005">Phan (2005)</a>, p. 12 and see pp. 13 & 32 (the "three persons" apparently being the sisters Trung Trac and Trung Nhi in A.D. 40, per p. 12, & Trieu Au in A.D. 248, per p. 13). </li> <li id="cite_note-VietAmCatholics-p32-86">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VietAmCatholics-p32_86-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-VietAmCatholics-p32_86-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhan2005">Phan (2005)</a>, p. 32 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPhan2005">Phan (2005)</a>, p. 33 </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Chiricosta, Alessandra, Following the Trail of the Fairy-Bird: The Search For a Uniquely Vietnamese Women's Movement, in <a href="#CITEREFRocesEdwards2010">Roces & Edwards (2010)</a>, pp. 125, 126 (single quotation marks so in original). </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocesEdwards2010">Roces & Edwards (2010)</a>, p. 125 (single quotation marks so in original). </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRocesEdwards2010">Roces & Edwards (2010)</a>, p. 125 (parentheses so in original). </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor (1983)</a>, p. 39 (n. 176 omitted). </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Both quotations: <a href="#CITEREFTaylor1983">Taylor (1983)</a>, p. 338 </li> <li id="cite_note-TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898_96-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898_96-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898_96-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-TrungSisRebelGrndWarIntntnlEncyc-p898_96-4">e</a> Seekins, Donald M., Trung Sisters, Rebellion of (39–43), in Sandler, Stanley, ed., Ground Warfare: An International Encyclopedia (Santa Barbara California: ABC-Clio, hardcover 2002 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-57607-344-0" title="Special:BookSources/1-57607-344-0">1-57607-344-0</a>)), vol. 3, p. 898. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> Turner, Karen G., "Vietnam" as a Women's War, in Young, Marilyn B., & Robert Buzzanco, eds., A Companion to the Vietnam War (Malden, Massachusetts: Blackwell, hardback 2002 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-21013-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-21013-X">0-631-21013-X</a>)), pp. 95–96 but see p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlegel1984">Schlegel (1984)</a>, p. 44 and see pp. 44–52 </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeBow1984">LeBow (1984)</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLeBow1984">LeBow (1984)</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlegelp44n1-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegelp44n1_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegelp44n1_103-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlegel1984">Schlegel (1984)</a>, p. 44 n. 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlegelp45-104">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegelp45_104-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegelp45_104-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlegel1984">Schlegel (1984)</a>, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlegelp50-105">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegelp50_105-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegelp50_105-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegelp50_105-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlegel1984">Schlegel (1984)</a>, p. 50 </li> <li id="cite_note-Schlegelp49-106">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegelp49_106-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Schlegelp49_106-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchlegel1984">Schlegel (1984)</a>, p. 49 </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs1991">Jacobs (1991)</a>, pp. 498–509 </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs1991">Jacobs (1991)</a>, pp. 506–507 </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs1991">Jacobs (1991)</a>, pp. 505 & 506, quoting Carr, L., The Social and Political Position of Women Among the Huron-Iroquois Tribes, Report of the Peabody Museum of American Archaeology, p. 223 (1884). </li> <li id="cite_note-IroquoisCultureCommentary-p53-p55-110">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IroquoisCultureCommentary-p53-p55_110-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IroquoisCultureCommentary-p53-p55_110-1">b</a> George-Kanentiio, Doug, Iroquois Culture & Commentary (New Mexico: Clear Light Publishers, 2000), pp. 53–55. </li> <li id="cite_note-IroquoisGreatLawUSConst-p498-111"><a href="#cite_ref-IroquoisGreatLawUSConst-p498_111-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJacobs1991">Jacobs (1991)</a>, p. 498 & n. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=reU63yfgrWIC">Ruether, Rosemary Radford, Goddesses and the Divine Feminine: A Western Religious History</a>, p. 15. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3qhQuWPNUckC&q=bachofen">Bachofen, Johann Jakob, Myth, Religion, and Mother Right</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marxists.org/reference/archive/morgan-lewis/ancient-society/ancient-society.zip">Morgan, L., Ancient Society Or Researches in the Lines of Human Progress from Savagery through Barbarism to Civilization</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Wesel, Uwe, Der Mythos vom Matriarchat. Über Bachofens Mutterrecht und die Stellung von Frauen in frühen Gesellschaften (Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 1980).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMann2000" class="citation journal cs1">Mann, Susan (November 2000). "Presidential Address: Myths of Asian Womanhood". The Journal of Asian Studies. 59 (4): 835–862. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2659214">10.2307/2659214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2659214">2659214</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:161399752">161399752</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=Presidential+Address%3A+Myths+of+Asian+Womanhood&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=835-862&rft.date=2000-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A161399752%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2659214%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2659214&rft.aulast=Mann&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Stuckrad2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Kocku_von_Stuckrad" title="Kocku von Stuckrad">von Stuckrad, Kocku</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CjZWZt_Xs34C&pg=PA67">"Constructing Femininity – the Lilith Case"</a>. In Platzner, Robert Leonard (ed.). Gender, Tradition and Renewal. Peter Lang. pp. 67–92. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-906769-64-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-906769-64-6"><bdi>978-3-906769-64-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Constructing+Femininity+%E2%80%93+the+Lilith+Case&rft.btitle=Gender%2C+Tradition+and+Renewal&rft.pages=67-92&rft.pub=Peter+Lang&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-906769-64-6&rft.aulast=von+Stuckrad&rft.aufirst=Kocku&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCjZWZt_Xs34C%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels1984">Engels (1984)</a> [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> Bachofen, Johann Jakob, Das Mutterrecht. Eine Untersuchung über die Gynaikokratie der alten Welt nach ihrer religiösen und rechtlichen Natur. Eine Auswahl herausgegeben von Hans-Jürgen Heinrichs (Frankfurt/M.: Suhrkamp, 1975 [1861]).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels1984">Engels (1984)</a>, p. 70 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEngels1984">Engels (1984)</a>, p. 204 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller2011">Eller (2011)</a>, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> Bebel, August, Die Frau und der Sozialismus. Als Beitrag zur Emanzipation unserer Gesellschaft, bearbeitet und kommentiert von Monika Seifert (Stuttgart: Dietz, 1974 (1st published 1879)), p. 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dinner_party-124"><a href="#cite_ref-Dinner_party_124-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brooklynmuseum.org/eascfa/dinner_party/heritage_floor/helen_diner.php">Elizabeth A. Sackler Center for Feminist Art: The Dinner Party: Heritage Floor: Helen Diner (Brooklyn, N.Y.: Brooklyn Museum, last updated March 27, 2007)</a>, as accessed March, 2008, & November 15, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEpstein1991">Epstein (1991)</a>, p. 173 </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEpstein1991">Epstein (1991)</a>, pp. 172–173 </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> Davis, Philip G., Goddess Unmasked (N.Y.: Spence Publishing, 1998 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9653208-9-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-9653208-9-8">0-9653208-9-8</a>)); <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1G1-54600098.html">Sheaffer, R., Skeptical Inquirer (1999) (review)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> del Giorgio, J.F., The Oldest Europeans (A.J.Place, 2006 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-980-6898-00-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-980-6898-00-4">978-980-6898-00-4</a>)). </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRohrlich1977">Rohrlich (1977)</a>, p. 36 and see p. 37 ("Minoan matriarchate" (subquoting, at p. 37 n. 7, Thomson, George, The Prehistoric Aegean (N.Y.: Citadel Press, 1965), p. 450)), Baruch, Elaine Hoffman, Introduction, in Pt. Four (Visions of Utopia), in <a href="#CITEREFRohrlich1984">Rohrlich (1984)</a>, p. 207 ("matriarchal societies, particularly Minoan Crete"), and <a href="#CITEREFRohrlich1984">Rohrlich (1984)</a>, p. 6 ("the Minoan matriarchy" & "Minoan Crete"). </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> Three quotations: <a href="#CITEREFRohrlich1977">Rohrlich (1977)</a>, p. 37 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRohrlich1977">Rohrlich (1977)</a>, p. 39, quoting Thomson, George, The Prehistoric Aegean (N.Y.: Citadel Press, 1965), p. 160. </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatai1990">Patai (1990)</a>, pp. 38–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPatai1990">Patai (1990)</a>, pp. 96–111 </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Plutarch/Moralia/Sayings_of_Spartans*/Lycurgus.html#13.Gorgo">"Plutarch • Sayings of Spartans — Lycurgus"</a>. penelope.uchicago.edu. Retrieved February 21, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=penelope.uchicago.edu&rft.atitle=Plutarch+%E2%80%A2+Sayings+of+Spartans+%E2%80%94+Lycurgus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2FPlutarch%2FMoralia%2FSayings_of_Spartans%2A%2FLycurgus.html%2313.Gorgo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-135">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_135-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_135-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_135-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/sections/parallels/2016/11/26/501012446/the-place-in-china-where-the-women-lead">"The Place In China Where The Women Lead"</a>. NPR. Retrieved May 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=The+Place+In+China+Where+The+Women+Lead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fsections%2Fparallels%2F2016%2F11%2F26%2F501012446%2Fthe-place-in-china-where-the-women-lead&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-136">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_136-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_136-1">b</a> "Mosuo People Maintain Rare Matriarchal Society (2)." Xinhua News Agency – CEIS, Jun 11 2000, p. 1. ProQuest. Web. 18 Apr. 2021. </li> <li id="cite_note-PlaceWhereWomenRule-WashPost-p1-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlaceWhereWomenRule-WashPost-p1_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlaceWhereWomenRule-WashPost-p1_137-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/08/AR2005070801775.html">Wax, Emily, A Place Where Women Rule, in The Washington Post, July 9, 2005, p. 1 (online)</a>, as accessed October 13, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-138">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_138-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_138-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_138-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKarimi2019" class="citation news cs1">Karimi, Faith (January 30, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://edition.cnn.com/2019/01/30/africa/samburu-umoja-village-intl-asequals-africa/index.html">"She grew up in a community where women rule and men are banned"</a>. CNN.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=She+grew+up+in+a+community+where+women+rule+and+men+are+banned&rft.date=2019-01-30&rft.aulast=Karimi&rft.aufirst=Faith&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2019%2F01%2F30%2Fafrica%2Fsamburu-umoja-village-intl-asequals-africa%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_139-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_139-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_139-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_139-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_139-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/nbcblk/kenya-s-umoja-village-sisterhood-preserves-past-prepares-future-n634391">"In Kenya's Umoja Village, a sisterhood preserves the past, prepares the future"</a>. NBC News. September 9, 2016. Retrieved May 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=In+Kenya%27s+Umoja+Village%2C+a+sisterhood+preserves+the+past%2C+prepares+the+future&rft.date=2016-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnbcblk%2Fkenya-s-umoja-village-sisterhood-preserves-past-prepares-future-n634391&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PlaceWhereWomenRule-WashPost-p2-140">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PlaceWhereWomenRule-WashPost-p2_140-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PlaceWhereWomenRule-WashPost-p2_140-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2005/07/08/AR2005070801775_2.html">Wax, Emily, A Place Where Women Rule, in The Washington Post, July 9, 2005, p. 2 (online)</a>, as accessed October 13, 2013. </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_141-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_141-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_141-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_141-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanerjee2015" class="citation journal cs1">Banerjee, Roopleena (2015). "'Matriarchy' and Contemporary Khasi Society". Proceedings of the Indian History Congress. 76: 918–930. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44156662">44156662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+Indian+History+Congress&rft.atitle=%27Matriarchy%27+and+Contemporary+Khasi+Society&rft.volume=76&rft.pages=918-930&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44156662%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Banerjee&rft.aufirst=Roopleena&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-142">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_142-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_142-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_142-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRathnayake" class="citation web cs1">Rathnayake, Zinara. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/travel/story/20210328-why-some-indians-want-more-mens-rights">"Khasis: India's indigenous matrilineal society"</a>. www.bbc.com. Retrieved May 17, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.bbc.com&rft.atitle=Khasis%3A+India%27s+indigenous+matrilineal+society&rft.aulast=Rathnayake&rft.aufirst=Zinara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ftravel%2Fstory%2F20210328-why-some-indians-want-more-mens-rights&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> Tamang, Stella, Indigenous Affairs, vols. 1–2, no. 4, p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Six Nations Women's Traditional Council Fire Report to CEDAW, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWest-DuranHerrera-SobekSalgado2004" class="citation book cs1">West-Duran, Alan; Herrera-Sobek, María; Salgado, César A. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uS3uAAAAMAAJ&q=Coyolxauhqui+matriarchy">Latino and Latina Writers: Cuban and Cuban American authors; Dominican and other authors; Puerto Rican authors. Volume 2</a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. 354. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31294-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-31294-1"><bdi>978-0-684-31294-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved October 8, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Latino+and+Latina+Writers%3A+Cuban+and+Cuban+American+authors%3B+Dominican+and+other+authors%3B+Puerto+Rican+authors.+Volume+2&rft.pages=354&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-684-31294-1&rft.aulast=West-Duran&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft.au=Herrera-Sobek%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Salgado%2C+C%C3%A9sar+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuS3uAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DCoyolxauhqui%2Bmatriarchy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesler2005">Chesler (2005)</a>, pp. 335–336 (italics omitted). </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesler2005">Chesler (2005)</a>, pp. 335–336 </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesler2005">Chesler (2005)</a>, p. 336 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesler2005">Chesler (2005)</a>, p. 336 (italics omitted) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranchamber.com/history/herodotus/herodotus_history_book4.php">"History of Iran: Histories of Herodotus, Book 4"</a>. www.iranchamber.com. Retrieved August 30, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.iranchamber.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Iran%3A+Histories+of+Herodotus%2C+Book+4&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fhistory%2Fherodotus%2Fherodotus_history_book4.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Strabo" title="Strabo">Strabo</a>, 5.504. </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <a href="/wiki/F._A._Ukert" class="mw-redirect" title="F. A. Ukert">Ukert, F. A.</a>, Die Amazonen (Abhandlungen der philosophisch-philologischen Classe der Königlich Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, 1849), 63. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler (2006)</a>, p. 196 (italics so in original; p. 196 n. 20 citing Markale, Jean, Women of the Celts (London: Gordon Cremonesi, 1975)). </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJosé_Miguel_de_Barandiarán" class="citation book cs1">José Miguel de Barandiarán. Euskal Herriko Mitoak. Gipuzkoako Kutxa. p. 63.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Euskal+Herriko+Mitoak&rft.pages=63&rft.pub=Gipuzkoako+Kutxa&rft.au=Jos%C3%A9+Miguel+de+Barandiar%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Bamberger, Joan, The Myth of Matriarchy: Why Men Rule in Primitive Society, in M. Rosaldo & L. Lamphere, Women, Culture, and Society (Stanford, Calif.: Stanford University Press, 1974), p. 279. </li> <li id="cite_note-AppsFLegalTheoryWLSVWR-p9-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AppsFLegalTheoryWLSVWR-p9_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AppsFLegalTheoryWLSVWR-p9_156-1">b</a> Weisberg, D. Kelly, ed., Applications of Feminist Legal Theory to Women's Lives: Sex, Violence, Work, and Reproduction (Philadelphia: Temple University Press, 1996 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-423-6" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-423-6">1-56639-423-6</a>)), p. 9 ("women must organize against patriarchy as a class") but see p. 11 ("some radical feminists ... opt ... for anarchistic, violent methods"). </li> <li id="cite_note-FStateWelfare-p52-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FStateWelfare-p52_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FStateWelfare-p52_157-1">b</a> Dale, Jennifer, & Peggy Foster, Feminists and State Welfare (London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1986 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7102-0278-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7102-0278-4">0-7102-0278-4</a>)), p. 52 ("radical feminist theory .... could, indeed, be said to point in the direction of 'matriarchy'") and see pp. 52–53 (political separatism). </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonovan2000">Donovan (2000)</a>, p. 55 & n. 15, citing Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, Address (Washington Woman's Rights Convention, 1869), in History of Woman Suffrage, vol. 2, pp. 351–353. </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonovan2000">Donovan (2000)</a>, p. 57, citing Gage, Matilda Joslyn, Woman, Church and State: A Historical Account of the Status of Women through the Christian Ages; with Reminiscences of the Matriarchate (Watertown, Mass.: Persephone Press, 1980 (1893)), p. 21. </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> A Lecture on Constitutional Equality, also known as The Great Secession Speech, speech to Woman's Suffrage Convention, New York, May 11, 1871, excerpt quoted in <a href="#CITEREFGabriel1998">Gabriel (1998)</a>, pp. 86–87. </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGabriel1998">Gabriel (1998)</a>, passim, esp. pp. 54–57 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Underhill, Lois Beachy, The Woman Who Ran for President: The Many Lives of Victoria Woodhull (Bridgehampton, N.Y.: Bridge Works, 1st ed. 1995 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-882593-10-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-882593-10-3">1-882593-10-3</a>), passim, esp. ch. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> The dates are those of two original editions of the same work, both cited herein. </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonovan2000">Donovan (2000)</a>, p. 61, citing <a href="#CITEREFGilman2001">Gilman (2001)</a>, passim </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonovan2000">Donovan (2000)</a>, p. 62, citing <a href="#CITEREFGilman2001">Gilman (2001)</a>, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilman2001">Gilman (2001)</a>, p. 177 and see p. 153. </li> <li id="cite_note-167"><a href="#cite_ref-167">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilman2001">Gilman (2001)</a>, p. 153 </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGilman2001">Gilman (2001)</a>, pp. 153, 177 </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> Penner, James, Pinks, Pansies, and Punks: The Rhetoric of Masculinity in American Literary Culture (Bloomington, Ind.: Indiana University Press, 2011 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22251-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22251-0">978-0-253-22251-0</a>)), p. 235. </li> <li id="cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p287-170">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p287_170-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p287_170-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p287_170-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller1991">Eller (1991)</a>, p. 287 </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller2000">Eller (2000)</a>, p. 12 </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller2000">Eller (2000)</a>, p. 12 (quoting also Mary Daly ("matriarchy 'was not patriarchy spelled with an "m."'", probably – per <a href="#CITEREFEller2000">Eller (2000)</a>, p. 12 n. 3 – in Daly, Mary, Beyond God the Father, p. 94)). </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> Starhawk, <a href="/wiki/Dreaming_the_Dark:_Magic,_Sex,_and_Politics" class="mw-redirect" title="Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex, and Politics">Dreaming the Dark: Magic, Sex, and Politics</a> (Boston, Mass.: Beacon Press, 15th Anniversary ed. 1997 (original 1982) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8070-1037-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8070-1037-5">0-8070-1037-5</a>)), ch. 1 (original 1982 ed. cited in <a href="#CITEREFEller1991">Eller (1991)</a>, p. 287). </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler (2006)</a>, p. 187, as quoted in <a href="#CITEREFEller1991">Eller (1991)</a>, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastro1990">Castro (1990)</a>, p. 42 </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillemsen1997">Willemsen (1997)</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWillemsen1997">Willemsen (1997)</a>, p. 6. See also <a href="#CITEREFPoldervaart1997">Poldervaart (1997)</a>, p. 182 ("Tineke Willemsen distinghuishes [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>] in her article three large classes of utopias: ... 2) feminists who emphasize the difference [between "women and men ... in rights and possibilities"]; in these utopias women have a better position than men or feminine qualities are more valued than masculine ones"). </li> <li id="cite_note-Guardian-TakeNoPrisoners-179">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-TakeNoPrisoners_179-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-TakeNoPrisoners_179-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Guardian-TakeNoPrisoners_179-2">c</a> Quotation: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2000/may/13/politics1">Take No Prisoners, in The Guardian, May 13, 2000</a>, as accessed Sep. 6, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> Other than quotation: Dworkin, Andrea, Scapegoat: The Jews, Israel, and Women's Liberation (N.Y.: Free Press, 2000 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-83612-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-83612-2">0-684-83612-2</a>)), p. 246 and see pp. 248 & 336. </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101208074544/http://psreview.org/content/view/38/99/">Ouma, Veronica A., Dworkin's Scapegoating, in Palestine Solidarity Review (PSR), Fall 2005</a><a href="/wiki/Template:Usurped/doc" title="Template:Usurped/doc">[usurped]</a>, as accessed Oct. 21, 2010 (PSR was challenged on its reliability, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jpost.com/Opinion/Op-EdContributors/Article.aspx?id=145131">Frantzman, Seth J., Do Arabs and Jews Realize How Much They Look Alike?, in The Jerusalem Post, Jun. 10, 2009, 11:43 p.m. (op-ed opinion)</a>, as accessed May 15, 2011.) </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchönpflug2008">Schönpflug (2008)</a>, p. 22 </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesler2005">Chesler (2005)</a>, p. 347 (italics so in original) and see pp. 296, 335–336, 337–338, 340, 341, 345, 346, 347, & 348–349 and see also pp. 294–295 </li> <li id="cite_note-184"><a href="#cite_ref-184">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesler2005">Chesler (2005)</a>, p. 337 and see p. 340 </li> <li id="cite_note-WomenMad-05p338-72p287-185">^ <a href="#cite_ref-WomenMad-05p338-72p287_185-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WomenMad-05p338-72p287_185-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-WomenMad-05p338-72p287_185-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFChesler2005">Chesler (2005)</a>, p. 338 </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> Chesler, Phyllis, in <a href="#CITEREFSpender1985">Spender (1985)</a>, p. 214 (reply from Phyllis Chesler to Dale Spender). </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpender1985">Spender (1985)</a>, p. 151 (emphasis in original). </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSpender1985">Spender (1985)</a>, p. 151 </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittig1985">Wittig (1985)</a>, passim and see pp. 114–115, 127, 131, & 134–135 </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittig1985">Wittig (1985)</a>, pp. 114–115 </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> Both quotations: <a href="#CITEREFRohrlich1984">Rohrlich (1984)</a>, p. xvii. </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> Moi, Toril, Sexual/Textual Politics: Feminist Literary Theory (London: Routledge, 2d ed., 2002 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-28012-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-28012-5">0-415-28012-5</a>)), p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> Auerbach, Nina, Communities of Women: An Idea in Fiction (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1978 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-15168-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-15168-2">0-674-15168-2</a>)), p. 186. </li> <li id="cite_note-Porter-Fantasy-p267-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Porter-Fantasy-p267_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter-Fantasy-p267_195-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter-Fantasy-p267_195-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Porter-Fantasy-p267_195-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFPorter1992">Porter (1992)</a>, p. 267 </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFWittig1985">Wittig (1985)</a>, p. 112 </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZerilli2005">Zerilli (2005)</a>, p. 80, quoting <a href="#CITEREFPorter1992">Porter (1992)</a>, p. 261 </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarley1984">Farley (1984)</a>, pp. 237–238 </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarley1984">Farley (1984)</a>, p. 238 and see Baruch, Elaine Hoffman, Introduction, in Pt. Four (Visions of Utopia), in <a href="#CITEREFRohrlich1984">Rohrlich (1984)</a>, p. 205. </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarley1984">Farley (1984)</a>, p. 238 </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZerilli2005">Zerilli (2005)</a>, p. 80, purportedly quoting within the quotation <a href="#CITEREFPorter1992">Porter (1992)</a>, p. 261. </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaly1990">Daly (1990)</a>, p. 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaly1990">Daly (1990)</a>, p. xxvi </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaly1990">Daly (1990)</a>, p. xxxiii </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaly1990">Daly (1990)</a>, p. 375 & fnn. and see p. 384 </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDaly1990">Daly (1990)</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://embodimentofgod.com">"Embodiment of God"</a>. University of Mother God Church. Retrieved April 25, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Embodiment+of+God&rft.pub=University+of+Mother+God+Church&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fembodimentofgod.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFZerilli2005">Zerilli (2005)</a>, p. 101 </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller2000">Eller (2000)</a>, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRountree2001">Rountree (2001)</a>, p. 6 </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRountree2001">Rountree (2001)</a>, pp. 5–9 & passim </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 72 </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller1995">Eller (1995)</a>, pp. 183–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller1995">Eller (1995)</a>, p. 184 </li> <li id="cite_note-LesbianNation-p248-216">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LesbianNation-p248_216-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LesbianNation-p248_216-1">b</a> Johnston, Jill, <a href="/wiki/Lesbian_Nation:_The_Feminist_Solution" class="mw-redirect" title="Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution">Lesbian Nation: The Feminist Solution</a> (N.Y.: Simon & Schuster, 1973 (SBN (not ISBN) 671-21433-0)), p. 248 and see pp. 248–249. </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130511161913/http://www.law.nyu.edu/ecm_dlv1/groups/public/%40nyu_law_website__journals__review_of_law_and_social_change/documents/documents/ecm_pro_066374.pdf">Franklin, Kris, & Sara E. Chinn, Lesbians, Legal Theory and Other Superheroes, in Review of Law & Social Change, vol. XXV, 1999, pp. 310–311</a>, as accessed (at a prior URL) October 21, 2010 (citing in n. 45 Lesbian Nation, p. 15). </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss1995">Ross (1995)</a>, passim, esp. pp. 8 & 15–16 & also pp. 19, 71, 111, 204, 205, 212, 219 & 231 </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss1995">Ross (1995)</a>, p. 204, citing <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCoyHicks1979" class="citation journal cs1">McCoy, Sherry; Hicks, Maureen (1979). "A Psychological Retrospective on Power in the Contemporary Lesbian-Feminist Community". Frontiers: A Journal of Women Studies. 4 (3): 65–69. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3346152">10.2307/3346152</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3346152">3346152</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers%3A+A+Journal+of+Women+Studies&rft.atitle=A+Psychological+Retrospective+on+Power+in+the+Contemporary+Lesbian-Feminist+Community&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=65-69&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3346152&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3346152%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.aufirst=Sherry&rft.au=Hicks%2C+Maureen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1971">Davis (1971)</a>, p. 18 </li> <li id="cite_note-1stSex-p339-221">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1stSex-p339_221-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1stSex-p339_221-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1stSex-p339_221-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1stSex-p339_221-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1stSex-p339_221-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1stSex-p339_221-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFDavis1971">Davis (1971)</a>, p. 339 </li> <li id="cite_note-AmFeminism-p35-223">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AmFeminism-p35_223-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmFeminism-p35_223-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmFeminism-p35_223-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmFeminism-p35_223-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmFeminism-p35_223-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmFeminism-p35_223-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-AmFeminism-p35_223-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastro1990">Castro (1990)</a>, p. 35 and see pp. 26, 27, 32–36, & 42. </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCastro1990">Castro (1990)</a>, p. 36 </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEchols1989">Echols (1989)</a>, pp. 183–184 </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> Tong, Rosemarie Putnam, Feminist Thought: A More Comprehensive Introduction (Boulder, Colorado: Westview Press, 2d ed. 1998 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8133-3295-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8133-3295-8">0-8133-3295-8</a>)), p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-DaringBad-p184-228"><a href="#cite_ref-DaringBad-p184_228-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEchols1989">Echols (1989)</a>, p. 184, quoting Barbara Mehrhof and Pam Kearon. Full names per <a href="#CITEREFEchols1989">Echols (1989)</a>, pp. 407, 409 & memberships per <a href="#CITEREFEchols1989">Echols (1989)</a>, pp. 388, 383 & 382. See also p. 253 ("moved toward ... matriarchalism"). </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEchols1989">Echols (1989)</a>, pp. 183–184; foundership per <a href="#CITEREFEchols1989">Echols (1989)</a>, p. 388 </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> Morgan, Robin, Going Too Far: The Personal Chronicle of a Feminist (N.Y.: Random House, 1st ed. 1977 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-48227-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-48227-1">0-394-48227-1</a>)), p. 187 (italics so in original). </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFAdler2006">Adler (2006)</a>, p. 198 ("Maior" so in original) </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchönpflug2008">Schönpflug (2008)</a>, p. 108, citing <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Brantenberg" title="Gerd Brantenberg">Gerd Brantenberg</a>, Egalia's Daughters (Norwegian original published in 1977). </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchönpflug2008">Schönpflug (2008)</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-Karin-p20-234">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Karin-p20_234-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Karin-p20_234-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchönpflug2008">Schönpflug (2008)</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> Egalia's Daughters as fiction: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.worldcat.org/search?qt=worldcat_org_bks&q=Egalia%27s+Daughters&fq=dt%3Abks">WorldCat entry</a>, as accessed August 29, 2012. </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hagia.de/de/matriarchy.html">Matriarchal Studies (International Academy HAGIA)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110719034836/http://www.hagia.de/de/matriarchy.html">Archived</a> July 19, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, as accessed January 30, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.second-congress-matriarchal-studies.com/1st_congress_submenu.html">1st World Congress on Matriarchal Studies</a>, also known as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goettner-abendroth.de/en/index.php">Societies in Balance</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110217062239/http://www.goettner-abendroth.de/en/index.php">Archived</a> February 17, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, both as accessed January 29, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.second-congress-matriarchal-studies.com/">Societies of Peace: 2nd World Congress on Matriarchal Studies (home page)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218072003/http://second-congress-matriarchal-studies.com/">Archived</a> December 18, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, as accessed January 29, 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-239"><a href="#cite_ref-239">^</a> For a review of the conferences, esp. that of 2005, by a participant, see <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://matriarchy.info/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=97&Itemid=83">Mukhim, Patricia, Khasi Matriliny Has Many Parallels, October 15, 2005</a>, as accessed February 6, 2011 (also published in The Statesman (India), October 15, 2005). </li> <li id="cite_note-240"><a href="#cite_ref-240">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoettner-Abendroth2009a">Goettner-Abendroth (2009a)</a>, passim </li> <li id="cite_note-241"><a href="#cite_ref-241">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoettner-Abendroth2009b">Goettner-Abendroth (2009b)</a>, p. 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoettner-Abendroth2009b">Goettner-Abendroth (2009b)</a>, p. 25 and see p. 24 and, in <a href="#CITEREFGoettner-Abendroth2009a">Goettner-Abendroth (2009a)</a>, Introduction & pts. I & VIII </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGoettner-Abendroth2009b">Goettner-Abendroth (2009b)</a>, p. 25 (emphasis so in original). </li> <li id="cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p290-244">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p290_244-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p290_244-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p290_244-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller1991">Eller (1991)</a>, p. 290 </li> <li id="cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p291n27-245">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p291n27_245-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p291n27_245-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p291n27_245-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller1991">Eller (1991)</a>, p. 291 </li> <li id="cite_note-MythMatriarchalPre-p10-246">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MythMatriarchalPre-p10_246-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MythMatriarchalPre-p10_246-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MythMatriarchalPre-p10_246-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MythMatriarchalPre-p10_246-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MythMatriarchalPre-p10_246-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller2000">Eller (2000)</a>, p. 10 (whether author's data global unspecified) </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nostatusquo.com/ACLU/dworkin/WarZoneChaptIIID.html">Dworkin, Andrea, Biological Superiority: The World's Most Dangerous and Deadly Idea (1977), from Dworkin, Andrea, Letters From a War Zone: Writings 1976–1989, Pt. III, Take Back the Day</a>, as accessed December 25, 2010 (first published in Heresies No. 6 on Women and Violence, vol. 2, no. 2 (Summer 1978)). </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> Morgan, Robin, The Demon Lover: On the Sexuality of Terrorism (N.Y.: Norton, 1989 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-30677-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-30677-1">0-393-30677-1</a>) (rev. ed. 2000 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7434-5293-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7434-5293-3">0-7434-5293-3</a>))), p. 27 (pagination per edition at Amazon.com). </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> Badinter, Elisabeth, trans. Julia Borossa, Dead End Feminism (Polity, 2006 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7456-3381-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-7456-3381-1">0-7456-3381-1</a> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3381-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7456-3381-7">978-0-7456-3381-7</a>)), p. 32, in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=of1pH73sNFYC&dq=%28%22female+nation%22+OR+%22female+nationalism%22%29+AND+%28%22Ti-Grace+Atkinson%22+OR+%22Atkinson%2C+Ti-Grace%22%29&pg=PA32">Google Books</a>, as accessed December 4, 2010 (no source cited for Ti-Grace Atkinson's statement); Amazon Continues Odyssey, in off our backs, December, 1979 (interview) (mentioning "female nationalism" (relevant herein insofar as the female nationalism is matriarchal) & women as nation); Atkinson, Ti-Grace, Amazon Odyssey (N.Y.: Links, 1974 (SBN (not ISBN) 0-8256-3023-1)) (may preclude female nationalism (relevant herein insofar as female nationalism is matriarchal)); also there exists (not read by this Wikipedia editor) Atkinson, Ti-Grace, Le Nationalisme Feminin, in Nouvelle Questions Feministes 6–7, Spring 1984, pp. 35–54 (French) (Eng. trans., Female Nationalism (unpublished), was held by author) (relevant herein insofar as female nationalism is matriarchal) (cited by <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRingelheim1985" class="citation journal cs1">Ringelheim, Joan (1985). "Women and the Holocaust: A Reconsideration of Research". Signs. 10 (4): 741–761. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F494181">10.1086/494181</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3174312">3174312</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144580658">144580658</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Signs&rft.atitle=Women+and+the+Holocaust%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+Research&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=741-761&rft.date=1985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144580658%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3174312%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F494181&rft.aulast=Ringelheim&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> ([§] Viewpoint) (also in Rittner, Carol, & John K. Roth, eds., Different Voices: Women and the Holocaust (N.Y.: Paragon House, 1993), pp. 373–418) & by Weiss, Penny A., & Marilyn Friedman, Feminism & Community (Temple University Press, 1995 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56639-277-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56639-277-2">1-56639-277-2</a> & <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-277-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56639-277-8">978-1-56639-277-8</a>))), p. 330. </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, pp. 241–242, citing Plato, Republic. </li> <li id="cite_note-251"><a href="#cite_ref-251">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, pp. 173–174 & nn. 14, 16–17, & 19, citing Hobbes, Leviathan, ch. 10, 14–15, & 21, <a href="/wiki/Tuck,_Richard" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuck, Richard">Tuck, Richard</a>, Natural Rights Theories (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979), ch. 6, & Tarcov, Nathan, Locke's Education for Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1984), p. 38. </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoss1995">Ross (1995)</a>, p. 208 </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFarley1984">Farley (1984)</a>, p. 238 (respecting Wittig, Monique, Les Guérillères). </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStansell2010" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christine_Stansell" title="Christine Stansell">Stansell, Christine</a> (2010). The Feminist Promise: 1792 to the Present (1st ed.). N.Y.: Modern Library (Random House). p. 394. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64314-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-679-64314-2"><bdi>978-0-679-64314-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Feminist+Promise%3A+1792+to+the+Present&rft.place=N.Y.&rft.pages=394&rft.edition=1st&rft.pub=Modern+Library+%28Random+House%29&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-679-64314-2&rft.aulast=Stansell&rft.aufirst=Christine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> Bartkowski, Frances, Feminist Utopias (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8032-1205-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8032-1205-4">0-8032-1205-4</a>)), ch. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonovan2000">Donovan (2000)</a>, p. 48 </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchönpflug2008">Schönpflug (2008)</a>, p. 21 and see p. 20–21. </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> Gilman, Charlotte Perkins, What is "Feminism"?, in The Sunday Herald, vol. CXL, no. 65, September 3, 1916 (Extra ed.), [§] Magazine, p. [7] [of §], of The Boston Herald (Boston, Mass.) (on genderal integration: "essential duty of the female is ... in choosing a father for her children" & "women will always love men", both per col. 2, & "closer union, deeper attachment between men and women", per col. 3; on freedom: "[women's] full economic independence.... [and] freedom now allowed our girls", per col. 1, "freedom" (several references), per col. 2, & "feminism .... [will] set free four-fifths of its labor" & "comparative freedom of action possible to women today [1916]", both per col. 3) (microfilm (Bell & Howell)). </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, pp. 80–81 </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, pp. 79–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 17 </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 49 and see also pp. 170–171 & 204–206 </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 161 </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 195 </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDonovan2000">Donovan (2000)</a>, p. 30, citing <a href="/wiki/Sarah_Grimk%C3%A9" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarah Grimké">Grimké, Sarah M.</a>, Letters on Equality of the Sexes and the Condition of Woman (N.Y.: Burt Franklin, 1970 (1838)), p. 81 (objecting to women "participating in government", "reflecting perhaps the Victorian notion that public affairs were too sordid for women"). </li> <li id="cite_note-PoisoningMinds-pp424-425-267">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PoisoningMinds-pp424-425_267-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PoisoningMinds-pp424-425_267-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PoisoningMinds-pp424-425_267-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PoisoningMinds-pp424-425_267-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerzog1998">Herzog (1998)</a>, pp. 424–425 </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1997">Richards (1997)</a>, p. 120, but see pp. 120–121. </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 72 ("the evidence [is] ... of males ruling over all societies at almost all times" & "males ... have dominated all politics we know of") & 58 ("every previous society, including our democracy up to now, has been some kind of patriarchy, permeated by stubborn, self-insistent manliness" (italics omitted)) and see p. 66 (patriarchy as "based on manliness, not merely those governments staffed by males", applicability depending on the antecedent for "here"). </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuden2010">Ruden (2010)</a>, p. 80 (emphasis in original) </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> Athenians discussed in the context of play by Aristophanes, <a href="#CITEREFRuden2010">Ruden (2010)</a>, pp. 78–80 </li> <li id="cite_note-273"><a href="#cite_ref-273">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 210 </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 75 </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 76 </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> Random House Historical Dictionary of American Slang (N.Y.: Random House, 1st ed. 1994 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-54427-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-54427-7">0-394-54427-7</a>)), vol. 1, p. 892, col. 2 (earliest example dated 1944). </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, pp. 63–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 62 </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 269 </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> Not absolutely but relatively so: <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 80 n. 51 ("successful ambition in women [i.e., "women holding office"] makes them more womanish in the sense of representing women's views"). </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 50 ("our science rather clumsily confirms the stereotype about manliness, the stereotype that stands stubbornly in the way of the gender-neutral society") and see pp. 43–49. </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, pp. 205–206 </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth, The Praxis of Coequal Discipleship, in Horsley, Richard A., ed., Paul and Empire: Religion and Power in Roman Imperial Society (Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: Trinity Press Intntl., 1997 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-56338-217-2" title="Special:BookSources/1-56338-217-2">1-56338-217-2</a>)), pp. 238–239 (probably from Schüssler Fiorenza, Elisabeth, In Memory of Her (Crossroad Publishing, 1983) & edited), quoting Aristotle (Politics I.1254b) ("the male is by nature superior and the female inferior, the male ruler and the female subject"). </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHerzog1998">Herzog (1998)</a>, p. 440 </li> <li id="cite_note-290"><a href="#cite_ref-290">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 131, citing <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Wilde" title="Oscar Wilde">Oscar Wilde</a> (playwright, per p. 126), and <a href="/wiki/Henry_James" title="Henry James">Henry James</a> (novelist, per p. 127). </li> <li id="cite_note-Manliness-p195-291">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manliness-p195_291-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manliness-p195_291-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, p. 195, citing <a href="/wiki/Jean-Jacques_Rousseau" title="Jean-Jacques Rousseau">Jean-Jacques Rousseau</a>, per pp. 194–195. </li> <li id="cite_note-LivingLapGoddess-p207-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LivingLapGoddess-p207_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LivingLapGoddess-p207_292-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller1995">Eller (1995)</a>, p. 207 </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> Siegel, Deborah, Sisterhood, Interrupted: From Radical Women to Grrls Gone Wild (N.Y.: Palgrave Macmillan, 2007 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8204-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-8204-9">978-1-4039-8204-9</a>)), p. 65. </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> "Holy Scripture inculcates for women a sphere higher than and apart from that of public life; because as women they find a full measure of duties, cares and responsibilities and are unwilling to bear additional burdens unsuited to their physical organization.", a "signed ... petition against female suffrage" (January, 1871), in <a href="#CITEREFGabriel1998">Gabriel (1998)</a>, p. 83, citing The Press—Philadelphia, January 14, 1871, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 185 </li> <li id="cite_note-harvp|Roald|2001|pp=186–187-296">^ <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Roald|2001|pp=186–187_296-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Roald|2001|pp=186–187_296-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, pp. 186–187 </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, pp. 189–190 </li> <li id="cite_note-harvp|Roald|2001|p=190-298"><a href="#cite_ref-harvp|Roald|2001|p=190_298-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 190 </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 188 </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, pp. 186–189 </li> <li id="cite_note-WomenInIslam-p196-303"><a href="#cite_ref-WomenInIslam-p196_303-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 196 </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, pp. 196–197 </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, pp. 185–186 </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 186 & ch. 8, passim </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=5810&ref=search.php">Ikhwan web, Muslim Brotherhood on Muslim women in Islamic Society (October 29, 2005) (trans.)</a>, as accessed March 5, 2011, [§] The Woman's Right to Vote, Be Elected and Occupy Public and Governmental Posts., [sub§] Thirdly, Women's Holding of Public Office. </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 198 (for study details, see <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, ch. 3, e.g., quantity of 82 per p. 64). </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 197, quoting The Muslim Brotherhood, The Role of Women in Islamic Society According to the Muslim Brotherhood (London: International Islamic Forum, 1994), 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-310"><a href="#cite_ref-310">^</a> The document stating it was not available at its <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/search.php?">official English-language website advanced search page</a>, as accessed March 5, 2011 (search for "Role of Women in Islamic Society" without quotation marks yielding no results), but a document with similar relevant effect is <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ikhwanweb.com/article.php?id=5810&ref=search.php">Ikhwan web, Muslim Brotherhood on Muslim women in Islamic Society (October 29, 2005) (trans.)</a>, as accessed March 5, 2011 ("social circumstances and traditions" as justifying gradualism, per [§] A General Remark). </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 34, citing Shafiq, Duriyya, al-Kitab al-abiyad lil-huquq al-mar'a al-misriyya (The White Paper on the Rights of the Egyptian Woman) (Cairo: n.p., 1953) (bibliographic information partly per <a href="#CITEREFRoald2001">Roald (2001)</a>, p. 25 n. 27) </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> Rostami Povey, Elaheh, Feminist Contestations of Institutional Domains in Iran, in Feminist Review, no. 69, pp. 49 & 53 (Winter, 2001). </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arabinsight.org/aiarticles/181.pdf">Al-Mohamed, Asmaa, Saudi Women's Rights: Stuck at a Red Light (Arab Insight (World Security Institute), January 8, 2008)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080704015630/http://www.arabinsight.org/aiarticles/181.pdf">Archived</a> July 4, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, p. 46, as accessed December 28, 2010. </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> Pinker, Steven, The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined (N.Y.: Viking, hardback 2011 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02295-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02295-3">978-0-670-02295-3</a>)), pp. 366–367 and see pp. 414–415. </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartman2007">Hartman (2007)</a>, p. 105, attributing the argument to <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Isaac_Kook" title="Abraham Isaac Kook">Rav Kook</a>, or Rabbi Abraham Isaac Hacohen Kook; "a significant spiritual leader of the ["early twentieth century"]", <a href="#CITEREFHartman2007">Hartman (2007)</a>, p. 101, citing, at <a href="#CITEREFHartman2007">Hartman (2007)</a>, pp. 101–102, Kook, Rav, Open Letter to the Honorable Committee of the "Mizrahi" Association (1919) ("In the Torah, in the Prophets and in the Writings, in the Halacha and in the Aggadah, we hear ... that the duty of fixed public service falls upon men."). </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHartman2007">Hartman (2007)</a>, p. 106 </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreeman2003">Freeman (2003)</a>, pp. 59 & 65 </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreeman2003">Freeman (2003)</a>, p. 65 (the tribunals are discussed in the context of "the marital law regime in each religion", including Judaism) </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFUmanit2003">Umanit (2003)</a>, p. 133 </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFreeman2003">Freeman (2003)</a>, p. 60 </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsomo1999">Tsomo (1999)</a>, pp. 6–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-MahaprajapatiLegacy-p5-322">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MahaprajapatiLegacy-p5_322-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MahaprajapatiLegacy-p5_322-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFTsomo1999">Tsomo (1999)</a>, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-Bacchetta_157-323"><a href="#cite_ref-Bacchetta_157_323-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBacchetta2002">Bacchetta (2002)</a>, p. 157 </li> <li id="cite_note-HinduNatnlistW-p168-325">^ <a href="#cite_ref-HinduNatnlistW-p168_325-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HinduNatnlistW-p168_325-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HinduNatnlistW-p168_325-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HinduNatnlistW-p168_325-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-HinduNatnlistW-p168_325-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFBacchetta2002">Bacchetta (2002)</a>, p. 168 </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBacchetta2002">Bacchetta (2002)</a>, p. 168 (the 2 being <a href="/wiki/Uma_Bharti" title="Uma Bharti">Uma Bharati</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sadhvi_Rithambara" title="Sadhvi Rithambara">Sadhvi Rithambara</a>, both associated with the <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP)), all according to Bacchetta. </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBacchetta2002">Bacchetta (2002)</a>, p. 168 & n. 76, citing Kelkar, Kakshmibai, Stri-Ek Urja Kendra: Strivishayak Vicharon Ka Sankalan (Nagpur: Sevika Prakashan, n.d.), ch. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Abreu2003">de Abreu (2003)</a>, p. 167 </li> <li id="cite_note-1stBlast-Gutenberg-ebk-329"><a href="#cite_ref-1stBlast-Gutenberg-ebk_329-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1878">Knox (1878)</a> (italicization and boldface, if any, removed). </li> <li id="cite_note-Knox_1878-331">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Knox_1878_331-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Knox_1878_331-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFKnox1878">Knox (1878)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFFelch1995">Felch (1995)</a>, p. 806 </li> <li id="cite_note-Abreu_169-334">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Abreu_169_334-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Abreu_169_334-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Abreu2003">de Abreu (2003)</a>, p. 169 </li> <li id="cite_note-335"><a href="#cite_ref-335">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrammall1996">Brammall (1996)</a>, p. 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-MonstrousMetamorphosis-16CJ-p20-336">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MonstrousMetamorphosis-16CJ-p20_336-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MonstrousMetamorphosis-16CJ-p20_336-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBrammall1996">Brammall (1996)</a>, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHealey1994">Healey (1994)</a>, p. 376 </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> Ridley, Jasper, John Knox (N.Y.: Oxford University Press, 1968), p. 267, as cited in <a href="#CITEREFFelch1995">Felch (1995)</a>, p. 805 </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> Reid, W. Stanford, Trumpeter of God: A Biography of John Knox (N.Y.: Scribner, 1974), p. 145, as cited in <a href="#CITEREFFelch1995">Felch (1995)</a>, p. 805 </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1990">Lee (1990)</a>, p. 242 </li> <li id="cite_note-PromoteWBeareRule-16CJ-p116-n45n46-341">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PromoteWBeareRule-16CJ-p116-n45n46_341-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PromoteWBeareRule-16CJ-p116-n45n46_341-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1997">Richards (1997)</a>, p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> Laing, David, Preface (from extract), in <a href="#CITEREFKnox1878">Knox (1878)</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFLee1990">Lee (1990)</a>, pp. 250, 249, citing Goodman, Christopher, How Superior Powers Ought to be Obeyd (N.Y.: reprint, 1931, originally 1558) (chap. on gynecocracy). </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1997">Richards (1997)</a>, p. 117 </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHealey1994">Healey (1994)</a>, pp. 372, 373 </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHealey1994">Healey (1994)</a>, pp. 372–373 </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHealey1994">Healey (1994)</a>, p. 373 </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRichards1997">Richards (1997)</a>, p. 115 </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> "There were occasionally women so endowed, that the singular good qualities which shone forth in them made it evident that they were raised up by Divine authority". Calvin, letter to William Cecil (on or after January 29, 1559 (probably 1560)), in <a href="#CITEREFKnox1878">Knox (1878)</a> (citing, at Preface, n. 1, for letter, Zurich Letters (2d ser.), p. 35) (Calvin reviser, Commentaries on Isaiah (sometime in 1551–1559) (approximate title)). </li> <li id="cite_note-351"><a href="#cite_ref-351">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Abreu2003">de Abreu (2003)</a>, pp. 168, 170–171, e.g., citing Aylmer (AElmer), John, An Harborowe for Faithfull and Trewe Subiects agaynst the late blowne Blast, concerninge the Gouernment of Wemen wherin be confuted all such reasons as a straunger of late made in that behalfe, with a briefe exhortation to obedience (1559). </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFde_Abreu2003">de Abreu (2003)</a>, p. 170 </li> <li id="cite_note-353"><a href="#cite_ref-353">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller1991">Eller (1991)</a>, p. 281 and see pp. 282 & 287 </li> <li id="cite_note-RelativizingPatriarchy-p281-354">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p281_354-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p281_354-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RelativizingPatriarchy-p281_354-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller1991">Eller (1991)</a>, p. 281 </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEller1991">Eller (1991)</a>, p. 282 </li> <li id="cite_note-Manliness-p73-74-n-356">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Manliness-p73-74-n_356-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manliness-p73-74-n_356-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Manliness-p73-74-n_356-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFMansfield2006">Mansfield (2006)</a>, pp. 73–74 & n. 37, citing Strauss, Leo, Socrates and Aristophanes (N.Y.: Basic Books, 1966), ch. 9, and Saxonhouse, Arlene W., Fear of Diversity (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992), ch. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRuden2010">Ruden (2010)</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> Suksang, Duangrudi, Overtaking Patriarchy: Corbett's and Dixie's Visions of Women, in Utopian Studies, vol. 4, no. 2 (1993), pp. 74–93. </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> Hasan, Seemin, Feminism and Feminist Utopia in Rokeya Sakhawat Hossain's Sultana's Dream, in Kidwai, A.R., ed., Behind the Veil: Representation of Muslim Woman in Indian Writings in English 1950–2000 (APH Publishing Corp., 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digital.library.upenn.edu/women/sultana/dream/dream.html">Sultana's Dream (Digital.library.upenn.edu)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> Weinbaum, Batya, Sex-Role Reversal in the Thirties: Leslie F. Stone's 'The Conquest of Gola,' in Science Fiction Studies, vol. 24, no. 3 (November, 1997), pp. 471–482. (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/73/weinbaum73.htm">www.depauw.edu/sfs/backissues/73/weinbaum73.htm alternative availability</a>). </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> Valdes-Miyares, Ruben, Morgan's Queendom: The Other Arthurian Myth, in Alvarez Faedo, Maria Jose, ed., Avalon Revisited: Reworkings of the Arthurian Myth (Peter Lang International Academic Publishers, 2007). </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.brighthubeducation.com/homework-help-literature/83451-speaker-for-the-dead-summary-chapter-summaries/">Bright Hub Education (book summary)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitting1992" class="citation journal cs1">Fitting, Peter (1992). "Reconsiderations of the Separatist Paradigm in Recent Feminist Science Fiction". Science Fiction Studies. 19 (1): 32–48. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4240119">4240119</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science+Fiction+Studies&rft.atitle=Reconsiderations+of+the+Separatist+Paradigm+in+Recent+Feminist+Science+Fiction&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=32-48&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4240119%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fitting&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> Vonarburg (1992) </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.publishersweekly.com/978-0-446-69304-2">Publishers Weekly (book review (reviewed September 27, 2004))</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rtbookreviews.com/book-review/brothers-price">Traynor, Page, A Brother's Price, in RT Book Reviews (review)</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNewitz2008" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Annalee_Newitz" title="Annalee Newitz">Newitz, Annalee</a> (May 6, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://io9.gizmodo.com/387818/environmental-fascists-fight-gun-loving-lesbians-for-alien-technology">"Environmental Fascists Fight Gun-Loving Lesbians for Alien Technology"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Io9" title="Io9">io9</a>. Retrieved January 19, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Environmental+Fascists+Fight+Gun-Loving+Lesbians+for+Alien+Technology&rft.pub=io9&rft.date=2008-05-06&rft.aulast=Newitz&rft.aufirst=Annalee&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.gizmodo.com%2F387818%2Fenvironmental-fascists-fight-gun-loving-lesbians-for-alien-technology&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSteele2016" class="citation news cs1">Steele, Francesca (October 15, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/the-power-by-naomi-alderman-80fx3zcgg">"The Power by Naomi Alderman"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=The+Power+by+Naomi+Alderman&rft.date=2016-10-15&rft.aulast=Steele&rft.aufirst=Francesca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thetimes.co.uk%2Farticle%2Fthe-power-by-naomi-alderman-80fx3zcgg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scp-wiki.wikidot.com/daevite-hub">"Daevite Hub – SCP Foundation"</a>. The SCP Foundation. Retrieved April 29, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+SCP+Foundation&rft.atitle=Daevite+Hub+%E2%80%93+SCP+Foundation&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscp-wiki.wikidot.com%2Fdaevite-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ōoku-370"><a href="#cite_ref-Ōoku_370-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPineda2023" class="citation news cs1">Pineda, Rafael Antonio (May 22, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.animenewsnetwork.com/news/2023-05-22/ooku-the-inner-chambers-anime-english-subtitled-trailer-reveals-june-29-debut/.198341">"Ōoku: The Inner Chambers Anime's English-Subtitled Trailer Reveals June 29 Debut"</a>. Anime News Network.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=%C5%8Coku%3A+The+Inner+Chambers+Anime%27s+English-Subtitled+Trailer+Reveals+June+29+Debut&rft.date=2023-05-22&rft.aulast=Pineda&rft.aufirst=Rafael+Antonio&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.animenewsnetwork.com%2Fnews%2F2023-05-22%2Fooku-the-inner-chambers-anime-english-subtitled-trailer-reveals-june-29-debut%2F.198341&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bison-371">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bison_371-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bison_371-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMirosław_Androsiuk2012" class="citation web cs1">Mirosław Androsiuk (January 26, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tvnmeteo.tvn24.pl/informacje-pogoda/polska,28/lesnicy-wolaja-zubry-na-siano,18741,1,0.html">"Leśnicy wołają żubry na siano"</a>. TVN Meteo. Retrieved December 2, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Le%C5%9Bnicy+wo%C5%82aj%C4%85+%C5%BCubry+na+siano&rft.pub=TVN+Meteo&rft.date=2012-01-26&rft.au=Miros%C5%82aw+Androsiuk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftvnmeteo.tvn24.pl%2Finformacje-pogoda%2Fpolska%2C28%2Flesnicy-wolaja-zubry-na-siano%2C18741%2C1%2C0.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-372"><a href="#cite_ref-372">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVidyaSukumar2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vidya; Sukumar (October 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24110972">"Social and reproductive behaviour in elephants"</a>. Current Science. 89 (7): 1200–1207.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Science&rft.atitle=Social+and+reproductive+behaviour+in+elephants&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=1200-1207&rft.date=2005-10-10&rft.au=Vidya&rft.au=Sukumar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24110972&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDespard_Estes1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Despard_Estes" title="Richard Despard Estes">Despard Estes, Richard</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858">The Behaviour Guide to African Mammals</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles, California: University of California Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_0520080858/page/337">337</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-08085-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-08085-8"><bdi>0-520-08085-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Behaviour+Guide+to+African+Mammals&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles%2C+California&rft.pages=337&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-520-08085-8&rft.aulast=Despard+Estes&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_0520080858&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NYT-20160910-374"><a href="#cite_ref-NYT-20160910_374-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAngier2016" class="citation news cs1">Angier, Natalie (September 10, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/13/science/bonobos-apes-matriarchy.html">"Beware the Bonds of Female Bonobos"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Retrieved September 10, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Beware+the+Bonds+of+Female+Bonobos&rft.date=2016-09-10&rft.aulast=Angier&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F09%2F13%2Fscience%2Fbonobos-apes-matriarchy.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Marta Kądziela (Director) (September 24, 2014). Ocalony Świat – odc. 2 – Leśny majestat [Saved World – Episode 2 – Forest Majesty] (Documentary). Poland: TVP1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ocalony+%C5%9Awiat+%E2%80%93+odc.+2+%E2%80%93+Le%C5%9Bny+majestat&rft.place=Poland&rft.pub=TVP1&rft.date=2014-09-24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlucińska2010" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Plucińska, Sylwia (April 6, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dziennikzachodni.pl/zubr-dostal-kosza-wiec-uciekl-z-pszczynskiego-rezerwatu/ar/240797">"Żubr dostał kosza, więc uciekł z pszczyńskiego rezerwatu"</a> [Żubr got a basket, so he escaped from the Pszczyna nature reserve]. Dziennik Zachodni (in Polish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dziennik+Zachodni&rft.atitle=%C5%BBubr+dosta%C5%82+kosza%2C+wi%C4%99c+uciek%C5%82+z+pszczy%C5%84skiego+rezerwatu&rft.date=2010-04-06&rft.aulast=Pluci%C5%84ska&rft.aufirst=Sylwia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdziennikzachodni.pl%2Fzubr-dostal-kosza-wiec-uciekl-z-pszczynskiego-rezerwatu%2Far%2F240797&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/342897635">"The Other Sister, Bonobos"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Other+Sister%2C+Bonobos&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F342897635&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 32em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFde_Abreu2003" class="citation journal cs1">de Abreu, Maria (2003). "John Knox: Gynaecocracy, 'The Monstrous Empire of Women'". Reformation and Renaissance Review. 5 (2): 166–187. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1558%2Frarr.5.2.166.36245">10.1558/rarr.5.2.166.36245</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:218621630">218621630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Reformation+and+Renaissance+Review&rft.atitle=John+Knox%3A+Gynaecocracy%2C+%27The+Monstrous+Empire+of+Women%27&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=166-187&rft.date=2003&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1558%2Frarr.5.2.166.36245&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A218621630%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=de+Abreu&rft.aufirst=Maria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdler2006" class="citation book cs1">Adler, Margot (2006) [1979]. <a href="/wiki/Drawing_Down_the_Moon_(book)" title="Drawing Down the Moon (book)">Drawing Down the Moon: Witches, Druids, Goddess-Worshippers, and Other Pagans in America</a>. New York, NY: Penguin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303819-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-14-303819-1"><bdi>978-0-14-303819-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Drawing+Down+the+Moon%3A+Witches%2C+Druids%2C+Goddess-Worshippers%2C+and+Other+Pagans+in+America&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Penguin+Books&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-14-303819-1&rft.aulast=Adler&rft.aufirst=Margot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBacchetta2002" class="citation book cs1">Bacchetta, Paola (2002). "Hindu nationalist women: on the use of the feminine symbolic to (temporarily) displace male authority". In <a href="/wiki/Laurie_L._Patton" title="Laurie L. Patton">Laurie L. Patton</a> (ed.). Jewels of Authority: Women and Textual Tradition in Hindu India. New York, NY: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513478-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-513478-0"><bdi>978-0-19-513478-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hindu+nationalist+women%3A+on+the+use+of+the+feminine+symbolic+to+%28temporarily%29+displace+male+authority&rft.btitle=Jewels+of+Authority%3A+Women+and+Textual+Tradition+in+Hindu+India&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-19-513478-0&rft.aulast=Bacchetta&rft.aufirst=Paola&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrammall1996" class="citation journal cs1">Brammall, Kathryn M. (1996). "Monstrous metamorphosis: nature, morality, and the rhetoric of monstrosity in Tudor England". <a href="/wiki/The_Sixteenth_Century_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sixteenth Century Journal">The Sixteenth Century Journal</a>. 27 (1): 3–21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2544266">10.2307/2544266</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2544266">2544266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Monstrous+metamorphosis%3A+nature%2C+morality%2C+and+the+rhetoric+of+monstrosity+in+Tudor+England&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=3-21&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2544266&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2544266%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Brammall&rft.aufirst=Kathryn+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCastro1990" class="citation book cs1">Castro, Ginette (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americanfeminism00castrich">American Feminism: a Contemporary History</a>. Translated by Elizabeth Loverde-Bagwell. New York, NY: New York University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1448-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-1448-5"><bdi>978-0-8147-1448-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Feminism%3A+a+Contemporary+History&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-1448-5&rft.aulast=Castro&rft.aufirst=Ginette&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericanfeminism00castrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"> – translated from Radioscopie du féminisme américain (Paris, France: Presses de la Fondation Nationale des Sciences Politiques, 1984)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChesler2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Phyllis_Chesler" title="Phyllis Chesler">Chesler, Phyllis</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womenmadness00ches_1">Women and Madness</a>. New York, NY: Palgrave Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6897-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4039-6897-5"><bdi>978-1-4039-6897-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+and+Madness&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Palgrave+Macmillan&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-1-4039-6897-5&rft.aulast=Chesler&rft.aufirst=Phyllis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomenmadness00ches_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaly1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Daly" title="Mary Daly">Daly, Mary</a> (1990) [1978]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gynecologymetae000daly">Gyn/Ecology: the Metaethics of Radical Feminism</a>. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1413-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-1413-4"><bdi>978-0-8070-1413-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gyn%2FEcology%3A+the+Metaethics+of+Radical+Feminism&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-1413-4&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgynecologymetae000daly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis1971" class="citation book cs1">Davis, Elizabeth Gould (1971). <a href="/wiki/The_First_Sex" title="The First Sex">The First Sex</a>. New York, NY: G. P. Putnam's Sons. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/79-150582">79-150582</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Sex&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=G.+P.+Putnam%27s+Sons&rft.date=1971&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F79-150582&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth+Gould&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiner1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Eckstein-Diener" title="Bertha Eckstein-Diener">Diner, Helen</a> (1965). Mothers and Amazons: The First Feminine History of Culture. Edited and translated by John Philip Lundin. New York, NY: Julian Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mothers+and+Amazons%3A+The+First+Feminine+History+of+Culture&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Julian+Press&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Diner&rft.aufirst=Helen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonovan2000" class="citation book cs1">Donovan, Josephine (2000). Feminist Theory: The Intellectual Traditions (3rd ed.). New York, NY: Continuum. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1248-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8264-1248-5"><bdi>978-0-8264-1248-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminist+Theory%3A+The+Intellectual+Traditions&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Continuum&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8264-1248-5&rft.aulast=Donovan&rft.aufirst=Josephine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEchols1989" class="citation book cs1">Echols, Alice (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/daringtobebadrad0000echo">Daring to Be Bad: Radical Feminism in America 1967–1975</a>. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1787-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8166-1787-6"><bdi>978-0-8166-1787-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Daring+to+Be+Bad%3A+Radical+Feminism+in+America+1967%E2%80%931975&rft.place=Minneapolis%2C+MN&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota+Press&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-0-8166-1787-6&rft.aulast=Echols&rft.aufirst=Alice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdaringtobebadrad0000echo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller1991" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Eller" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynthia Eller">Eller, Cynthia</a> (1991). "Relativizing the patriarchy: the sacred history of the feminist spirituality movement". History of Religions. 30 (3): 279–295. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F463229">10.1086/463229</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162395492">162395492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=History+of+Religions&rft.atitle=Relativizing+the+patriarchy%3A+the+sacred+history+of+the+feminist+spirituality+movement&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=279-295&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F463229&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162395492%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Eller" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynthia Eller">Eller, Cynthia</a> (1995). Living in the Lap of the Goddess: The Feminist Spirituality Movement in America. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6507-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6507-5"><bdi>978-0-8070-6507-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Living+in+the+Lap+of+the+Goddess%3A+The+Feminist+Spirituality+Movement+in+America&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-6507-5&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Eller" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynthia Eller">Eller, Cynthia</a> (2000). <a href="/wiki/The_Myth_of_Matriarchal_Prehistory" title="The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory">The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory: Why an Invented Past Won't Give Women a Future</a>. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6792-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6792-5"><bdi>978-0-8070-6792-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Myth+of+Matriarchal+Prehistory%3A+Why+an+Invented+Past+Won%27t+Give+Women+a+Future&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-6792-5&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEller2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Eller" class="mw-redirect" title="Cynthia Eller">Eller, Cynthia</a> (2011). Gentlemen and Amazons: The Myth of Matriarchal Prehistory, 1861–1900. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gentlemen+and+Amazons%3A+The+Myth+of+Matriarchal+Prehistory%2C+1861%E2%80%931900&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Eller&rft.aufirst=Cynthia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngels1984" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Engels" title="Friedrich Engels">Engels, Friedrich</a> (1984). Der Ursprung der Familie, des Privateigenthums und des Staates. Im Anschluss an Lewis H. Morgans Forschungen (in German). Berlin: Dietz.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Ursprung+der+Familie%2C+des+Privateigenthums+und+des+Staates.+Im+Anschluss+an+Lewis+H.+Morgans+Forschungen&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=Dietz&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Engels&rft.aufirst=Friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Epstein" title="Barbara Epstein">Epstein, Barbara</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/politicalprotest00epst">Political Protest and Cultural Revolution: Nonviolent Direct Action in the 1970s and 1980s</a>. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07010-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-07010-3"><bdi>978-0-520-07010-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Political+Protest+and+Cultural+Revolution%3A+Nonviolent+Direct+Action+in+the+1970s+and+1980s&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-520-07010-3&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpoliticalprotest00epst&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarley1984" class="citation book cs1">Farley, Tucker (1984). "Realities and fictions: lesbian visions of Utopia". In Ruby Rohrlich; Elaine Hoffman Baruch (eds.). Women in Search of Utopia: Mavericks and Mythmakers. New York, NY: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0762-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0762-0"><bdi>978-0-8052-0762-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Realities+and+fictions%3A+lesbian+visions+of+Utopia&rft.btitle=Women+in+Search+of+Utopia%3A+Mavericks+and+Mythmakers&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0762-0&rft.aulast=Farley&rft.aufirst=Tucker&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFelch1995" class="citation journal cs1">Felch, Susan M. (1995). "The rhetoric of Biblical authority: John Knox and the question of women". <a href="/wiki/The_Sixteenth_Century_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sixteenth Century Journal">The Sixteenth Century Journal</a>. 26 (4): 805–822. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2543787">10.2307/2543787</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2543787">2543787</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=The+rhetoric+of+Biblical+authority%3A+John+Knox+and+the+question+of+women&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=805-822&rft.date=1995&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2543787&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2543787%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Felch&rft.aufirst=Susan+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFreeman2003" class="citation book cs1">Freeman, Marsha (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishfeminismin0000unse">"Women, law, religion, and politics in Israel: a human rights perspective"</a>. In Kalpana Misra; Melanie S. Rich (eds.). Jewish Feminism in Israel. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-325-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-325-7"><bdi>978-1-58465-325-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women%2C+law%2C+religion%2C+and+politics+in+Israel%3A+a+human+rights+perspective&rft.btitle=Jewish+Feminism+in+Israel&rft.place=Hanover%2C+NH&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-325-7&rft.aulast=Freeman&rft.aufirst=Marsha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishfeminismin0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabriel1998" class="citation book cs1">Gabriel, Mary (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/notoriousvictori00gabr">Notorious Victoria: The Life of Victoria Woodhull, Uncensored</a>. Chapel Hill, NC: Algonquin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56512-132-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56512-132-4"><bdi>978-1-56512-132-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Notorious+Victoria%3A+The+Life+of+Victoria+Woodhull%2C+Uncensored&rft.place=Chapel+Hill%2C+NC&rft.pub=Algonquin+Books&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-1-56512-132-4&rft.aulast=Gabriel&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnotoriousvictori00gabr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilman2001" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Gilman, Charlotte Perkins</a> (2001) [1914]. The Man-Made World; or, Our Androcentric Culture. Amherst, NY: Humanity Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-959-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57392-959-2"><bdi>978-1-57392-959-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Man-Made+World%3B+or%2C+Our+Androcentric+Culture&rft.place=Amherst%2C+NY&rft.pub=Humanity+Books&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-57392-959-2&rft.aulast=Gilman&rft.aufirst=Charlotte+Perkins&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoettner-Abendroth2009a" class="citation book cs1">Goettner-Abendroth, Heide, ed. (2009a). Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future: Selected Papers: First World Congress on Matriarchal Studies, 2003 / Second World Congress on Matriarchal Studies, 2005. Toronto: Inanna Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9782233-5-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9782233-5-9"><bdi>978-0-9782233-5-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Societies+of+Peace%3A+Matriarchies+Past%2C+Present+and+Future%3A+Selected+Papers%3A+First+World+Congress+on+Matriarchal+Studies%2C+2003+%2F+Second+World+Congress+on+Matriarchal+Studies%2C+2005&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Inanna+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9782233-5-9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoettner-Abendroth2009b" class="citation book cs1">Goettner-Abendroth, Heide (2009b). "The deep structure of matriarchal society: findings and political relevance of modern matriarchal studies". In Heide Goettner-Abendroth (ed.). Societies of Peace: Matriarchies Past, Present and Future: Selected Papers: First World Congress on Matriarchal Studies, 2003 / Second World Congress on Matriarchal Studies, 2005. Translated by Karen Smith. Toronto: Inanna Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9782233-5-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9782233-5-9"><bdi>978-0-9782233-5-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+deep+structure+of+matriarchal+society%3A+findings+and+political+relevance+of+modern+matriarchal+studies&rft.btitle=Societies+of+Peace%3A+Matriarchies+Past%2C+Present+and+Future%3A+Selected+Papers%3A+First+World+Congress+on+Matriarchal+Studies%2C+2003+%2F+Second+World+Congress+on+Matriarchal+Studies%2C+2005&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Inanna+Publications&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-9782233-5-9&rft.aulast=Goettner-Abendroth&rft.aufirst=Heide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHartman2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tova_Hartman" title="Tova Hartman">Hartman, Tova</a> (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/feminismencounte0000hart">Feminism Encounters Traditional Judaism: Resistance and Accommodation</a>. Waltham, MA: Brandeis University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-659-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-659-3"><bdi>978-1-58465-659-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminism+Encounters+Traditional+Judaism%3A+Resistance+and+Accommodation&rft.place=Waltham%2C+MA&rft.pub=Brandeis+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-659-3&rft.aulast=Hartman&rft.aufirst=Tova&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffeminismencounte0000hart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHealey1994" class="citation journal cs1">Healey, Robert M. (1994). "Waiting for Deborah: John Knox and Four Ruling Queens". The Sixteenth Century Journal. 25 (2): 371–386. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2542887">10.2307/2542887</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2542887">2542887</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=Waiting+for+Deborah%3A+John+Knox+and+Four+Ruling+Queens&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=371-386&rft.date=1994&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2542887&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2542887%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Healey&rft.aufirst=Robert+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerzog1998" class="citation book cs1">Herzog, Don (1998). Poisoning the Minds of the Lower Orders. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04831-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-04831-4"><bdi>978-0-691-04831-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Poisoning+the+Minds+of+the+Lower+Orders&rft.place=Princeton%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-691-04831-4&rft.aulast=Herzog&rft.aufirst=Don&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs1991" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs, Renée E. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcommons.law.ou.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1355&context=ailr">"Iroquois Great Law of Peace and the United States Constitution: How the Founding Fathers Ignored the Clan Mothers"</a>. American Indian Law Review. 16 (2): 497–531. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F20068706">10.2307/20068706</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20068706">20068706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Indian+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Iroquois+Great+Law+of+Peace+and+the+United+States+Constitution%3A+How+the+Founding+Fathers+Ignored+the+Clan+Mothers&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=497-531&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F20068706&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20068706%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.ou.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1355%26context%3Dailr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnox1878" class="citation book cs1">Knox, John (1878) [1558]. Edward Arber (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/9660/9660-h/9660-h.htm">The First Blast of the Trumpet against the monstruous regiment of Women</a>. English Scholar's Library. Vol. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+First+Blast+of+the+Trumpet+against+the+monstruous+regiment+of+Women&rft.series=English+Scholar%27s+Library&rft.date=1878&rft.aulast=Knox&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F9660%2F9660-h%2F9660-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeBow1984" class="citation book cs1">LeBow, Diane (1984). "Rethinking matriliny among the Hopi". In Ruby Rohrlich; Elaine Hoffman Baruch (eds.). Women in Search of Utopia: Mavericks and Mythmakers. New York, NY: Schocken Books. pp. 8–20. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0762-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0762-0"><bdi>978-0-8052-0762-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rethinking+matriliny+among+the+Hopi&rft.btitle=Women+in+Search+of+Utopia%3A+Mavericks+and+Mythmakers&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=8-20&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0762-0&rft.aulast=LeBow&rft.aufirst=Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1990" class="citation journal cs1">Lee, Patricia-Ann (1990). "A bodye politique to governe: Aylmer, Knox and the debate on queenship". <a href="/wiki/The_Historian_(journal)" title="The Historian (journal)">The Historian</a>. 52 (2): 242–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1990.tb00780.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1990.tb00780.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=A+bodye+politique+to+governe%3A+Aylmer%2C+Knox+and+the+debate+on+queenship&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=242-261&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1990.tb00780.x&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Patricia-Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoveShanklin1983" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Love" title="Barbara Love">Love, Barbara</a>; Shanklin, Elizabeth (1983). "The answer is matriarchy". In Joyce Trebilcot (ed.). Mothering: Essays in Feminist Theory. New Jersey: Rowman & Allenheld.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+answer+is+matriarchy&rft.btitle=Mothering%3A+Essays+in+Feminist+Theory&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Allenheld&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Love&rft.aufirst=Barbara&rft.au=Shanklin%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMansfield2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Mansfield" title="Harvey Mansfield">Mansfield, Harvey Claflin</a> (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/manliness00mans">Manliness</a>. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10664-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-10664-0"><bdi>978-0-300-10664-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manliness&rft.place=New+Haven%2C+CT&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-300-10664-0&rft.aulast=Mansfield&rft.aufirst=Harvey+Claflin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmanliness00mans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOED1993" class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/newshorteroxford00lesl">The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary</a> (4th ed.). Oxford: Oxford University Press. 1993. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861271-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-861271-1"><bdi>978-0-19-861271-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+New+Shorter+Oxford+English+Dictionary&rft.place=Oxford&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-19-861271-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fnewshorteroxford00lesl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatai1990" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Raphael_Patai" title="Raphael Patai">Patai, Raphael</a> (1990). <a href="/wiki/The_Hebrew_Goddess" title="The Hebrew Goddess">The Hebrew Goddess</a> (3rd ed.). Detroit: Wayne State University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Hebrew+Goddess&rft.place=Detroit&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=Wayne+State+University+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.aulast=Patai&rft.aufirst=Raphael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeoplesBailey2012" class="citation book cs1">Peoples, James; Bailey, Garrick (2012). Humanity: An Introduction to Cultural Anthropology (9th ed.). Australia: Wadsworth. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-111-30152-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-111-30152-1"><bdi>978-1-111-30152-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Humanity%3A+An+Introduction+to+Cultural+Anthropology&rft.place=Australia&rft.edition=9th&rft.pub=Wadsworth&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-111-30152-1&rft.aulast=Peoples&rft.aufirst=James&rft.au=Bailey%2C+Garrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPhan2005" class="citation book cs1">Phan, Peter C. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/vietnameseameric00pete">Vietnamese-American Catholics</a>. Mahwah, NJ: Paulist Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4352-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8091-4352-8"><bdi>978-0-8091-4352-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vietnamese-American+Catholics&rft.place=Mahwah%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Paulist+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8091-4352-8&rft.aulast=Phan&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvietnameseameric00pete&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPoldervaart1997" class="citation book cs1">Poldervaart, Saskia (1997). "Utopianism and feminism: some conclusions". In Alkeline van Lenning; Marrie Bekker; Ine Vanwesenbeeck (eds.). Feminist Utopias: In a Postmodern Era. Tilburg University Press. pp. 177–194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-361-9747-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-361-9747-2"><bdi>978-90-361-9747-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Utopianism+and+feminism%3A+some+conclusions&rft.btitle=Feminist+Utopias%3A+In+a+Postmodern+Era&rft.pages=177-194&rft.pub=Tilburg+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-361-9747-2&rft.aulast=Poldervaart&rft.aufirst=Saskia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPorter1992" class="citation book cs1">Porter, Laurence M. (1992). "Feminist fantasy and open structure in Monique Wittig's Les Guérillères". In Donald E. Morse; Marshall B. Tymn; Csilla Bertha (eds.). The Celebration of the Fantastic: Selected Papers from the Tenth Anniversary International Conference on the Fantastic in the Arts. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press. pp. 261–270. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27814-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-27814-3"><bdi>978-0-313-27814-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feminist+fantasy+and+open+structure+in+Monique+Wittig%27s+Les+Gu%C3%A9rill%C3%A8res&rft.btitle=The+Celebration+of+the+Fantastic%3A+Selected+Papers+from+the+Tenth+Anniversary+International+Conference+on+the+Fantastic+in+the+Arts&rft.place=Westport%2C+CT&rft.pages=261-270&rft.pub=Greenwood+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-313-27814-3&rft.aulast=Porter&rft.aufirst=Laurence+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoald2001" class="citation book cs1">Roald, Anne Sofie (2001). Women in Islam: The Western Experience. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24896-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-24896-9"><bdi>978-0-415-24896-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Islam%3A+The+Western+Experience&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-415-24896-9&rft.aulast=Roald&rft.aufirst=Anne+Sofie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichards1997" class="citation journal cs1">Richards, Judith M. (1997). ""To promote a woman to beare rule": talking of queens in mid-Tudor England". <a href="/wiki/The_Sixteenth_Century_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="The Sixteenth Century Journal">The Sixteenth Century Journal</a>. 28 (1): 101–121. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2543225">10.2307/2543225</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2543225">2543225</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Sixteenth+Century+Journal&rft.atitle=%22To+promote+a+woman+to+beare+rule%22%3A+talking+of+queens+in+mid-Tudor+England&rft.volume=28&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=101-121&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2543225&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2543225%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Richards&rft.aufirst=Judith+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocesEdwards2010" class="citation book cs1">Roces, Mina; Edwards, Louise P., eds. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/womensmovementsi0000unse">Women's Movements in Asia: Feminisms and Transnational Activism</a>. Abingdon: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780415487030" title="Special:BookSources/9780415487030"><bdi>9780415487030</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women%27s+Movements+in+Asia%3A+Feminisms+and+Transnational+Activism&rft.place=Abingdon&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780415487030&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fwomensmovementsi0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohrlich1977" class="citation book cs1">Rohrlich, Ruby (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/becomingvisiblew0000unse/page/36">"Women in transition: Crete and Sumer"</a>. In Renate Bridenthal; Claudia Koontz (eds.). Becoming Visible: Women in European History. Boston, MA: Houghton Mifflin. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/becomingvisiblew0000unse/page/36">36–59</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780395244777" title="Special:BookSources/9780395244777"><bdi>9780395244777</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Women+in+transition%3A+Crete+and+Sumer&rft.btitle=Becoming+Visible%3A+Women+in+European+History&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pages=36-59&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=9780395244777&rft.aulast=Rohrlich&rft.aufirst=Ruby&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbecomingvisiblew0000unse%2Fpage%2F36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRohrlich1984" class="citation book cs1">Rohrlich, Ruby (1984). "Introduction". In Ruby Rohrlich; Elaine Hoffman Baruch (eds.). Women in Search of Utopia: Mavericks and Mythmakers. New York, NY: Schocken Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0762-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8052-0762-0"><bdi>978-0-8052-0762-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=Women+in+Search+of+Utopia%3A+Mavericks+and+Mythmakers&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Schocken+Books&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-8052-0762-0&rft.aulast=Rohrlich&rft.aufirst=Ruby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1995" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Becki L. (1995). The House That Jill Built: A Lesbian Nation in Formation. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7479-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8020-7479-9"><bdi>978-0-8020-7479-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+House+That+Jill+Built%3A+A+Lesbian+Nation+in+Formation&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-8020-7479-9&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Becki+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRountree2001" class="citation journal cs1">Rountree, Kathryn (2001). "The past is a foreigners' country: goddess feminists, archaeologists, and the appropriation of prehistory". Journal of Contemporary Religion. 16 (1): 5–27. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F13537900123321">10.1080/13537900123321</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144309885">144309885</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+Religion&rft.atitle=The+past+is+a+foreigners%27+country%3A+goddess+feminists%2C+archaeologists%2C+and+the+appropriation+of+prehistory&rft.volume=16&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=5-27&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F13537900123321&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144309885%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Rountree&rft.aufirst=Kathryn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRuden2010" class="citation book cs1">Ruden, Sarah (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/paulamongpeoplea0000rude">Paul Among the People: The Apostle Reinterpreted and Reimagined in his Own Time</a>. New York, NY: Pantheon Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42501-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-375-42501-1"><bdi>978-0-375-42501-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Paul+Among+the+People%3A+The+Apostle+Reinterpreted+and+Reimagined+in+his+Own+Time&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Pantheon+Books&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0-375-42501-1&rft.aulast=Ruden&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpaulamongpeoplea0000rude&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Schaller" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Schaller" title="George Schaller">Schaller, George B.</a> (1972). The Serengeti lion: A study of predator–prey relations. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73639-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-73639-6"><bdi>978-0-226-73639-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Serengeti+lion%3A+A+study+of+predator%E2%80%93prey+relations&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=1972&rft.isbn=978-0-226-73639-6&rft.aulast=Schaller&rft.aufirst=George+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScalingi1978" class="citation journal cs1">Scalingi, Paula Louise (1978). "The Scepter or the Distaff: The Question of Female Sovereignty, 1516–1607". <a href="/wiki/The_Historian_(journal)" title="The Historian (journal)">The Historian</a>. 41 (1): 59–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1978.tb01228.x">10.1111/j.1540-6563.1978.tb01228.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Historian&rft.atitle=The+Scepter+or+the+Distaff%3A+The+Question+of+Female+Sovereignty%2C+1516%E2%80%931607&rft.volume=41&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=59-75&rft.date=1978&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1540-6563.1978.tb01228.x&rft.aulast=Scalingi&rft.aufirst=Paula+Louise&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchaub2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schaub, Diana (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.claremont.org/crb/article/mans-field/">"Man's field: a review of Manliness, by Harvey C. Mansfield"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Claremont_Review_of_Books" title="Claremont Review of Books">Claremont Review of Books</a>. VI (2).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Claremont+Review+of+Books&rft.atitle=Man%27s+field%3A+a+review+of+Manliness%2C+by+Harvey+C.+Mansfield&rft.volume=VI&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Schaub&rft.aufirst=Diana&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.claremont.org%2Fcrb%2Farticle%2Fmans-field%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchlegel1984" class="citation journal cs1">Schlegel, Alice (1984). "Hopi gender ideology of female superiority". Quarterly Journal of Ideology: "A Critique of the Conventional Wisdom". VIII (4).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Quarterly+Journal+of+Ideology%3A+%22A+Critique+of+the+Conventional+Wisdom%22&rft.atitle=Hopi+gender+ideology+of+female+superiority&rft.volume=VIII&rft.issue=4&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Schlegel&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchönpflug2008" class="citation book cs1">Schönpflug, Karin (2008). Feminism, Economics and Utopia: Time Travelling Through Paradigms. London: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41784-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-41784-6"><bdi>978-0-415-41784-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminism%2C+Economics+and+Utopia%3A+Time+Travelling+Through+Paradigms&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-415-41784-6&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%B6npflug&rft.aufirst=Karin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpender1985" class="citation book cs1">Spender, Dale (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/forrecord00dale">For the Record: The Making and Meaning of Feminist Knowledge</a>. London: The Women's Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-2862-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7043-2862-4"><bdi>978-0-7043-2862-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=For+the+Record%3A+The+Making+and+Meaning+of+Feminist+Knowledge&rft.place=London&rft.pub=The+Women%27s+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-7043-2862-4&rft.aulast=Spender&rft.aufirst=Dale&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fforrecord00dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukumar2003" class="citation book cs1">Sukumar, Raman (September 11, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/livingelephantse00suku_0">The Living Elephants: Evolutionary Ecology, Behaviour, and Conservation</a>. Oxford University Press, USA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510778-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-510778-4"><bdi>978-0-19-510778-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/935260783">935260783</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Living+Elephants%3A+Evolutionary+Ecology%2C+Behaviour%2C+and+Conservation&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press%2C+USA&rft.date=2003-09-11&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F935260783&rft.isbn=978-0-19-510778-4&rft.aulast=Sukumar&rft.aufirst=Raman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flivingelephantse00suku_0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1983" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Keith Weller (1983). The Birth of Vietnam. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04428-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-04428-9"><bdi>978-0-520-04428-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Birth+of+Vietnam&rft.place=Berkeley%2C+CA&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-520-04428-9&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Keith+Weller&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsomo1999" class="citation book cs1">Tsomo, Karma Lekshe (1999). "Mahāprajāpatī's legacy: the Buddhist women's movement: an introduction". In Karma Lekshe Tsomo (ed.). Buddhist Women Across Cultures: Realizations. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4138-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-4138-1"><bdi>978-0-7914-4138-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Mah%C4%81praj%C4%81pat%C4%AB%27s+legacy%3A+the+Buddhist+women%27s+movement%3A+an+introduction&rft.btitle=Buddhist+Women+Across+Cultures%3A+Realizations&rft.place=Albany%2C+NY&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-4138-1&rft.aulast=Tsomo&rft.aufirst=Karma+Lekshe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUmanit2003" class="citation book cs1">Umanit, Irit (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/jewishfeminismin0000unse">"Violence against women"</a>. In Kalpana Misra; Melanie S. Rich (eds.). Jewish Feminism in Israel. Hanover, NH: University Press of New England. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-325-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-58465-325-7"><bdi>978-1-58465-325-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Violence+against+women&rft.btitle=Jewish+Feminism+in+Israel&rft.place=Hanover%2C+NH&rft.pub=University+Press+of+New+England&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-58465-325-7&rft.aulast=Umanit&rft.aufirst=Irit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjewishfeminismin0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVonarburg1992" class="citation book cs1">Vonarburg, Elisabeth (1992). In the mother's land. Translated by Jane Brierley. New York, NY: Bantam Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5532-9962-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5532-9962-5"><bdi>978-0-5532-9962-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+mother%27s+land&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Bantam+Books&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-0-5532-9962-5&rft.aulast=Vonarburg&rft.aufirst=Elisabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWillemsen1997" class="citation book cs1">Willemsen, Tineke M. (1997). "Feminism and utopias: an introduction". In Alkeline van Lenning; Marrie Bekker; Ine Vanwesenbeeck (eds.). Feminist Utopias: In a Postmodern Era. Tilburg University Press. pp. 1–10. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-361-9747-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-361-9747-2"><bdi>978-90-361-9747-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Feminism+and+utopias%3A+an+introduction&rft.btitle=Feminist+Utopias%3A+In+a+Postmodern+Era&rft.pages=1-10&rft.pub=Tilburg+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-90-361-9747-2&rft.aulast=Willemsen&rft.aufirst=Tineke+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWittig1985" class="citation book cs1">Wittig, Monique (1985) [1969]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lesgurillres00witt">Les Guérillères</a>. Translated by David Le Vay. Boston, MA: Beacon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6301-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8070-6301-9"><bdi>978-0-8070-6301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Gu%C3%A9rill%C3%A8res&rft.place=Boston%2C+MA&rft.pub=Beacon+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-8070-6301-9&rft.aulast=Wittig&rft.aufirst=Monique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flesgurillres00witt&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZerilli2005" class="citation book cs1">Zerilli, Linda M. G. (2005). Feminism and the Abyss of Freedom. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-98133-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-98133-8"><bdi>978-0-226-98133-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Feminism+and+the+Abyss+of+Freedom&rft.place=Chicago%2C+IL&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-226-98133-8&rft.aulast=Zerilli&rft.aufirst=Linda+M.+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Antoinette_Czaplicka" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Antoinette Czaplicka">Czaplicka, Marie Antoinette</a>, Aboriginal Siberia, a Study in Social Anthropology (Oxford: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Clarendon Press</a>, 1914)</li> <li>Finley, M.I., The World of Odysseus (London: <a href="/wiki/Pelican_Books" title="Pelican Books">Pelican Books</a>, 1962)</li> <li>Gimbutas, Marija, The Language of the Goddess (London: <a href="/wiki/Thames_%26_Hudson" title="Thames & Hudson">Thames & Hudson</a>, 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Goldberg" title="Steven Goldberg">Goldberg, Steven</a>, Why Men Rule: A Theory of Male Dominance (rev. ed. 1993 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8126-9237-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8126-9237-3">0-8126-9237-3</a>))</li> <li>Hutton, Ronald, The Pagan Religions of the Ancient British Isles (Hoboken, NJ: <a href="/wiki/Wiley-Blackwell" title="Wiley-Blackwell">Wiley-Blackwell</a>, 1993 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-18946-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-18946-7">0-631-18946-7</a>))</li> <li>Lapatin, Kenneth, Mysteries of the Snake Goddess: Art, Desire, and the Forging of History (2002 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-306-81328-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-306-81328-9">0-306-81328-9</a>))</li> <li>Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Feminist Consciousness: From the Middle Ages to Eighteen-Seventy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-509060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-509060-8">0-19-509060-8</a>))</li> <li>Lerner, Gerda, The Creation of Patriarchy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1986 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-505185-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-505185-8">0-19-505185-8</a>))</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSukumar2006" class="citation journal cs1">Sukumar, R. (July 2006). "A brief review of the status, distribution and biology of wild Asian elephants Elephas maximus". International Zoo Yearbook. 40 (1): 1–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1748-1090.2006.00001.x">10.1111/j.1748-1090.2006.00001.x</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Zoo+Yearbook&rft.atitle=A+brief+review+of+the+status%2C+distribution+and+biology+of+wild+Asian+elephants+Elephas+maximus&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=1-8&rft.date=2006-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1748-1090.2006.00001.x&rft.aulast=Sukumar&rft.aufirst=R.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMatriarchy" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Sanday, Peggy Reeves, Women at the Center: Life in a Modern Matriarchy (<a href="/wiki/Cornell_University_Press" title="Cornell University Press">Cornell University Press</a>, 2002)</li> <li>Schiavoni, Giulio, Bachofen in-attuale? (chapter), in Il matriarcato. Ricerca sulla ginecocrazia del mondo antico nei suoi aspetti religiosi e giuridici (Turin, Italy: Giulio Einaudi editore, 2016) (<a href="/wiki/Johann_Jakob_Bachofen" title="Johann Jakob Bachofen">Johann Jakob Bachofen</a>, editor) (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-88-06-229375" title="Special:BookSources/978-88-06-229375">978-88-06-229375</a>)</li> <li>Shorrocks, Bryan, The Biology of African Savannahs (Oxford University Press, 2007 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-857066-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-857066-X">0-19-857066-X</a>))</li> <li>Stearns, Peter N., Gender in World History (N.Y.: <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>, 2000 (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-22310-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-22310-5">0-415-22310-5</a>))</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> matriarchy, matriarchate, gynecocracy, or gynocracy at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/27px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/41px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/54px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/matriarchy_OR_matriarchate_OR_gynecocracy_OR_gynocracy" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/matriarchy OR matriarchate OR gynecocracy OR gynocracy">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Matriarchy" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Matriarchy">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/matriarchy_OR_matriarchate_OR_gynecocracy_OR_gynocracy" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/matriarchy OR matriarchate OR gynecocracy OR gynocracy">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li>Knight, Chris. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chrisknight.co.uk/wp-content/uploads/2007/09/Early-Human-Kinship-Was-Matrilineal1.pdf">Early Human Kinship was Matrilineal</a> (2008).</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185681#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4037966-8">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85082204">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939511p">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb11939511p">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph561679&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX524858">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007557993505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&oldid=1259606321">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&oldid=1259606321</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Matriarchy" title="Category:Matriarchy">Matriarchy</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Family" title="Category:Family">Family</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Motherhood" title="Category:Motherhood">Motherhood</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Mother_goddesses" title="Category:Mother goddesses">Mother goddesses</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Feminist_theory" title="Category:Feminist theory">Feminist theory</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Political_anthropology" title="Category:Political anthropology">Political anthropology</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_March_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from March 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_October_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_containing_links_to_subscription-or-libraries_content" title="Category:Pages containing links to subscription-or-libraries content">Pages containing links to subscription-or-libraries content</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_December_2016" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_pages_needing_factual_verification" title="Category:All pages needing factual verification">All pages needing factual verification</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_factual_verification_from_October_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2013">Wikipedia articles needing factual verification from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_November_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2013">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2014" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2014</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_Polish-language_sources_(pl)" title="Category:CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)">CS1 Polish-language sources (pl)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_January_2012" title="Category:Use mdy dates from January 2012">Use mdy dates from January 2012</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Ancient_Greek_(to_1453)-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text">Articles containing Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_June_2016" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016">Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2017" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_October_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_needing_additional_references_from_October_2013" title="Category:Articles needing additional references from October 2013">Articles needing additional references from October 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_needing_additional_references" title="Category:All articles needing additional references">All articles needing additional references</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_July_2013" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from July 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2023" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Vague_or_ambiguous_geographic_scope_from_July_2022" title="Category:Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2022">Vague or ambiguous geographic scope from July 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2013" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2013</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements_from_2016" title="Category:Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016">Articles containing potentially dated statements from 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_containing_potentially_dated_statements" title="Category:All articles containing potentially dated statements">All articles containing potentially dated statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_clarification_from_February_2009" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009">Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_sidebar_with_the_child_parameter" title="Category:Pages using sidebar with the child parameter">Pages using sidebar with the child parameter</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2021" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2021</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_German-language_sources_(de)" title="Category:CS1 German-language sources (de)">CS1 German-language sources (de)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_Sister_project_links_with_default_search" title="Category:Pages using Sister project links with default search">Pages using Sister project links with default search</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 26 November 2024, at 01:46 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Matriarchy&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-6df7948d6c-kcsb9","wgBackendResponseTime":177,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"2.897","walltime":"3.334","ppvisitednodes":{"value":32941,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":446031,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":67143,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":39,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":706921,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 2874.232 1 -total"," 36.18% 1039.776 2 Template:Reflist"," 14.51% 417.164 45 Template:Fix"," 9.76% 280.621 59 Template:Cite_book"," 9.69% 278.635 235 Template:Harvp"," 9.66% 277.745 30 Template:Citation_needed"," 8.12% 233.370 58 Template:Delink"," 7.74% 222.472 41 Template:ISBN"," 7.18% 206.422 1 Template:Lang"," 6.30% 181.171 12 Template:Page_needed"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"1.542","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":19075530,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAdler2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAngier2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBacchetta2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBanerjee2015\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBrammall1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCastro1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChesler2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis1971\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavis2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDespard_Estes1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDiner1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonovan2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEchols1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEller1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEller1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEller2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEller2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEngels1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEpstein1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarley1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFelch1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFitting1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFreeman2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGabriel1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGilman2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGimbutas1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGjelstad2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoettner-Abendroth2009a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGoettner-Abendroth2009b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrafton2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöttner-Abendroth\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGöttner-Abendroth2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHartman2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHealey1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHerzog1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacobs1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJosé_Miguel_de_Barandiarán\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKarimi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnox1878\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeBow1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLee1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLoveShanklin1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMann2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMansfield2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCoyHicks1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMirosław_Androsiuk2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMukherjee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewitz2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOED1993\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatai1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeoplesBailey2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhan2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPineda2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPlucińska2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPoldervaart1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPorter1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRathnayake\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichards1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRingelheim1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoald2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRocesEdwards2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohrlich1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohrlich1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoss1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRountree2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRuden2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScalingi1978\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchaub2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchlegel1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchönpflug2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSinha_Mukherjee2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpender1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStansell2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteele2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSukumar2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSukumar2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTsomo1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTurley1972\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUmanit2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVidyaSukumar2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVonarburg1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWest-DuranHerrera-SobekSalgado2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWillemsen1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWittig1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYoung2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZerilli2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFde_Abreu2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFvon_Stuckrad2005\"] = 1,\n [\"Schaller\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"\\\"'\"] = 3,\n [\"\\\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"'\"] = 1,\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 7,\n [\"As of\"] = 1,\n [\"Authority control\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 30,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 59,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 25,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 6,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 10,\n [\"Clarify\"] = 1,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col\"] = 1,\n [\"Div col end\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 30,\n [\"Feminism sidebar\"] = 1,\n [\"For\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvp\"] = 235,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 41,\n [\"ISSN\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 1,\n [\"Interlanguage link\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 3,\n [\"More citations needed section\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Nowrap\"] = 1,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 12,\n [\"Pages needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal bar\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 2,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Section link\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Sic\"] = 1,\n [\"Sister project links\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription or libraries\"] = 2,\n [\"Use mdy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Usurped\"] = 1,\n [\"Verify source\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 8,\n [\"Where\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","300","16.1"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","160","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","160","8.6"],["?","140","7.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","140","7.5"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","140","7.5"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getAllExpandedArguments","120","6.5"],["type","80","4.3"],["newFrame \u003Cmw.lua:153\u003E","60","3.2"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","60","3.2"],["[others]","500","26.9"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-bcj7v","timestamp":"20241127132727","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Matriarchy","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Matriarchy","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q185681","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q185681","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-09-10T21:51:33Z","dateModified":"2024-11-26T01:46:15Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/1\/19\/Nampeyo_and_Family%2C_1901%2C_Adam_Clark_Vroman.jpg","headline":"social system with female rule"}</script> </body> </html>