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.portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/28px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/42px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/56px-Europe_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541"/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Europe" title="Portal:Europe">Europe portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_European_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject European history">WikiProject European history</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Europe" title="History of Europe">history of Europe</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_European_history" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject European history">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">European history</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject European history</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject European history</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">European history articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-low"><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_European_history_articles" title="Category:Low-importance European history articles">Low</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Low-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_European_history/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject European history/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg/19px-Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="19" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg/28px-Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg/37px-Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="540"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Death" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Death">Death</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles class-b conflict">B‑class</span> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-low">Low‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg/80px-Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="107" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg/120px-Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg/160px-Caucasian_Human_Skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="540"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Death" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Death">WikiProject Death</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Death" title="Death">Death</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Death" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Death">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Death</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Death</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Death</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Death articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess class-b conflict"><a href="/wiki/Category:B-Class_Death_articles" title="Category:B-Class Death articles">B</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been given a rating which conflicts with the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:PIQA" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:PIQA">project-independent quality rating</a> in the banner shell. Please resolve this conflict if possible.</td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-low"><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_Death_articles" title="Category:Low-importance Death articles">Low</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Low-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Death/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Death/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_Canada_Logo-.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/WP_Canada_Logo-.svg/21px-WP_Canada_Logo-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/WP_Canada_Logo-.svg/31px-WP_Canada_Logo-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/WP_Canada_Logo-.svg/41px-WP_Canada_Logo-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="118"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Canada" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada">Canada</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-low">Low‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_Canada_Logo-.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/WP_Canada_Logo-.svg/80px-WP_Canada_Logo-.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/WP_Canada_Logo-.svg/120px-WP_Canada_Logo-.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/08/WP_Canada_Logo-.svg/160px-WP_Canada_Logo-.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="98" data-file-height="118"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343"/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Canada" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada">WikiProject Canada</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Canada">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Canada</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Canada</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Canada-related articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-low"><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_Canada-related_articles" title="Category:Low-importance Canada-related articles">Low</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Low-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Canada/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Canada/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg/29px-Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="29" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg/44px-Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg/57px-Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Jewish_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Jewish history">Jewish history</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-low">Low‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg/80px-Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg/120px-Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg/160px-Hebrew_Chai_Symbol_trans.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/24px-Star_of_David.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/36px-Star_of_David.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Star_of_David.svg/48px-Star_of_David.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="693"/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Judaism" title="Portal:Judaism">Judaism portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Jewish_history" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Jewish history">WikiProject Jewish history</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Jewish_history" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Jewish history">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Jewish history</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Jewish history</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Jewish history</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Jewish history-related articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-low"><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_Jewish_history-related_articles" title="Category:Low-importance Jewish history-related articles">Low</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Low-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Jewish_history/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Jewish history/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristarchos_logo_small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aristarchos_logo_small.png/35px-Aristarchos_logo_small.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aristarchos_logo_small.png/53px-Aristarchos_logo_small.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/90/Aristarchos_logo_small.png/70px-Aristarchos_logo_small.png 2x" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="65"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alternative_views" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Alternative views">Alternative views</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-low">Low‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aristarchos_logo_small.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/90/Aristarchos_logo_small.png" decoding="async" width="92" height="65" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="92" data-file-height="65"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alternative_views" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Alternative views">WikiProject Alternative views</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve Wikipedia's coverage of significant alternative views in every field, from the sciences to the humanities. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Alternative_views" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Alternative views">discussion</a>.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Alternative views</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Alternative views</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Alternative views</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Alternative views articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-low"><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_Alternative_views_articles" title="Category:Low-importance Alternative views articles">Low</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Low-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Alternative_views/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Alternative views/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG/25px-WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG" decoding="async" width="25" height="25" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG/38px-WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG/50px-WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Skepticism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Skepticism">Skepticism</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-low">Low‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG/80px-WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG/120px-WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5b/WP_RationalSkepticism_Logo.PNG 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text">This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Skepticism" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Skepticism">WikiProject Skepticism</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science">science</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">pseudoscience</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pseudohistory" title="Pseudohistory">pseudohistory</a> and <a href="/wiki/Skepticism" title="Skepticism">skepticism</a> related articles on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Skepticism" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Skepticism">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Skepticism</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Skepticism</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Skepticism</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Skepticism articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-low"><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_Skepticism_articles" title="Category:Low-importance Skepticism articles">Low</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Low-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Skepticism/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Skepticism/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259570071"><table class="tmbox tmbox-notice mw-collapsible innercollapse wpb wpb-table"><tbody><tr class="wpb-header"><td class="wpb-header-icon"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/35px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="35" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/53px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/70px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></td><td class="wpb-header-combined"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany">Germany</a> <span class="wpb-header-bubbles import-low">Low‑importance</span></td></tr><tr><td class="mbox-text wpb-main" colspan="2"><table><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image wpb-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="WikiProject icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/80px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/120px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/160px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1259569809"><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/32px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/48px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/64px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600"/></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Germany" title="Portal:Germany">Germany portal</a></span></li></ul>This article is within the scope of <b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany">WikiProject Germany</a></b>, a collaborative effort to improve the coverage of <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> on Wikipedia. If you would like to participate, please visit the project page, where you can join <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia_talk:WikiProject_Germany" title="Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Germany">the discussion</a> and see a list of open tasks.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Germany</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Germany</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">Germany articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-low"><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_Germany_articles" title="Category:Low-importance Germany articles">Low</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Low-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Germany/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Germany/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <link 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resource for the <a href="/wiki/Law" title="Law">legal field</a> and the subjects encompassed by it.<span class="metadata wpb-metadata"><span class="wpb-project">Law</span><span class="wpb-project_link">Wikipedia:WikiProject Law</span><span class="wpb-banner_name">Template:WikiProject Law</span><span class="wpb-assessment_cat">law articles</span></span></td><td class="mbox-empty-cell"></td></tr><tr><td class="assess import-low"><a href="/wiki/Category:Low-importance_law_articles" title="Category:Low-importance law articles">Low</a></td><td class="mbox-text" colspan="2">This article has been rated as <b>Low-importance</b> on the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Law/Assessment#Importance_scale" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Law/Assessment">project's importance scale</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table> <p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"> </p> <table id="archivebox" role="presentation" class="tmbox tmbox-notice mbox-small" style="text-align: center; padding: 1em;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:0.6em 0 0.25em;"> <div style="width:100%; overflow:hidden;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg/40px-Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg/60px-Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/2a/Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg/80px-Replacement_filing_cabinet.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200"/></a></span><br/><b>Archives</b></div> </td></tr><tr> <td class="plainlinks"> <p><a href="/wiki/Talk:Leuchter_report/Archive_1" title="Talk:Leuchter report/Archive 1">1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talk:Leuchter_report/Archive_2" title="Talk:Leuchter report/Archive 2">2</a> </p> </td> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom:11px"><div class="mw-inputbox-centered" style=""><form name="searchbox" class="searchbox mw-inputbox-form" action="/wiki/Special:Search"><div class="cdx-text-input"><input class="mw-inputbox-input mw-searchInput searchboxInput cdx-text-input__input" name="search" placeholder="" size="22" dir="ltr"/></div><input type="hidden" value="Talk:Leuchter report/" name="prefix"/><br/><input type="submit" name="fulltext" value="Search archives" class="cdx-button"/><input type="hidden" value="Search" name="fulltext"/></form></div> </td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0px 10px; font-size:11.9px;"> <hr/> This page has archives. Sections older than <b>60 days</b> may be automatically archived by <span class="nowraplinks"><a href="/wiki/User:Lowercase_sigmabot_III" title="User:Lowercase sigmabot III">Lowercase sigmabot III</a></span> when more than 3 sections are present.</td></tr> </tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237879475"><table class="plainlinks tmbox tmbox-notice" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span title="Good articles"><img alt="Good articles" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Symbol_oppose_vote.svg/45px-Symbol_oppose_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="45" height="46" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Symbol_oppose_vote.svg/68px-Symbol_oppose_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Symbol_oppose_vote.svg/90px-Symbol_oppose_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185"/></span></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><b>Leuchter report</b> was nominated as a <i><b><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_articles/Warfare" title="Wikipedia:Good articles/Warfare">Warfare good article</a></b></i>, but it did not meet the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_article_criteria" title="Wikipedia:Good article criteria">good article criteria</a> at the time (August 13, 2012, <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Leuchter_report&oldid=505778475">reviewed version</a></span>). There are suggestions below for improving the article. If you can improve it, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Be_bold" title="Wikipedia:Be bold">please do</a>; it may then be <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Good_article_nominations" title="Wikipedia:Good article nominations">renominated</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia" data-mw-thread-id="h-This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z"></span>This article is an embarrassment to Wikipedia<span data-mw-comment-end="h-This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Leuchter_report&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: This article is an embarrassment to Wikipedia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <ul><li><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z-This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia"></span>The references are dead links</li> <li>The references are lacking</li> <li>The references are full of comment spam</li> <li>The references are extremely dubious</li> <li>There is little discussion of the actual contents of the report</li> <li>The opening sentence is frankly insulting to the reader</li> <li>If ever there was an example of NPOV, this is it.</li></ul> <p>As much as I am offended by the idea of people trying to rewrite this atrocity out of history, I am more offended by just how bad this article is. It is this kind of vandalism and trash that makes Wikipedia a non-academic junk-source. </p><p>I have submitted the article for deletion. As it stands this garbage piece has little to do with the title and more to do with pushing an agenda. <small class="autosigned">— Preceding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Signatures" title="Wikipedia:Signatures">unsigned</a> comment added by <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/146.255.2.70" title="Special:Contributions/146.255.2.70">146.255.2.70</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:146.255.2.70" title="User talk:146.255.2.70">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Leuchter_report#c-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z-This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">09:57, 8 August 2016 (UTC)</a></small><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z-This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z-This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-74.215.219.209-2016-08-11T03:40:00.000Z-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z"></span>So people are still complaining that the pathetic "Leuchter Report" is being labelled "pseudoscientific"? In no way did I find the opening sentence "insulting". Not a word of the opening sentence is wrong. The Leuchter Report is pseudoscientific and it should be labelled as such. Frankly, referring to it is "pseudoscientific" rather than "total bullshit" is an act of kindness.<a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/74.215.219.209" title="Special:Contributions/74.215.219.209">74.215.219.209</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:74.215.219.209" title="User talk:74.215.219.209">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Leuchter_report#c-74.215.219.209-2016-08-11T03:40:00.000Z-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">03:40, 11 August 2016 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-74.215.219.209-2016-08-11T03:40:00.000Z-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-74.215.219.209-2016-08-11T03:40:00.000Z-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z"></span></dd> <dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-94.5.56.96-2017-04-27T21:12:00.000Z-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z"></span>I think anyone with half a brain knows why this article is so poorly sourced and written. <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/94.5.56.96" title="Special:Contributions/94.5.56.96">94.5.56.96</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:94.5.56.96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:94.5.56.96 (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Leuchter_report#c-94.5.56.96-2017-04-27T21:12:00.000Z-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">21:12, 27 April 2017 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-94.5.56.96-2017-04-27T21:12:00.000Z-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-94.5.56.96-2017-04-27T21:12:00.000Z-146.255.2.70-2016-08-08T09:57:00.000Z"></span></dd></dl> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Sayitclearly-2017-01-16T15:04:00.000Z-This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia"></span>The article clearly has huge NPOV issues. The correct way for a Wikipedia article to support a statement that a report (in this case the Leuchter report) is wrong, is to give references to qualified sources (published articles by chemists, for example). Calling it names ("pseudoscientific") and citing attacks by journalists, historians, and sociologists not only doesn't cut it, but is also completely inappropriate. I think that the Leuchter report's conclusions are wrong, but there is a right way and a wrong way to support that statement. <a href="/wiki/User:Sayitclearly" title="User:Sayitclearly">Sayitclearly</a> (<a href="/wiki/User_talk:Sayitclearly" title="User talk:Sayitclearly">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Leuchter_report#c-Sayitclearly-2017-01-16T15:04:00.000Z-This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">15:04, 16 January 2017 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Sayitclearly-2017-01-16T15:04:00.000Z-This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Sayitclearly-2017-01-16T15:04:00.000Z-This_article_is_an_embarrassment_to_Wikipedia"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span class="template-ping"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Doug_Weller-2017-01-16T17:12:00.000Z-Sayitclearly-2017-01-16T15:04:00.000Z"></span>@<a href="/wiki/User:Sayitclearly" title="User:Sayitclearly">Sayitclearly</a>:</span> I've removed the POV tag. Like most new editors, including me long ago, you don't seem to understand <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NPOV" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NPOV">WP:NPOV</a>. You also seem to think that it doesn't reference any chemists, although it does. What sources do you think we shouldn't be using? <a href="/wiki/User:Doug_Weller" title="User:Doug Weller"><span style="color:#070">Doug Weller</span></a> <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Doug_Weller" title="User talk:Doug Weller">talk</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Leuchter_report#c-Doug_Weller-2017-01-16T17:12:00.000Z-Sayitclearly-2017-01-16T15:04:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">17:12, 16 January 2017 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Doug_Weller-2017-01-16T17:12:00.000Z-Sayitclearly-2017-01-16T15:04:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Doug_Weller-2017-01-16T17:12:00.000Z-Sayitclearly-2017-01-16T15:04:00.000Z"></span> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-94.5.56.96-2017-04-27T21:17:00.000Z-Doug_Weller-2017-01-16T17:12:00.000Z"></span>All of the sources under the first footnote are not scientific critiques of the report, they're all literary. The assertion that the work is pseudoscientific needs a scientific critique. <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/94.5.56.96" title="Special:Contributions/94.5.56.96">94.5.56.96</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:94.5.56.96&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:94.5.56.96 (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Leuchter_report#c-94.5.56.96-2017-04-27T21:17:00.000Z-Doug_Weller-2017-01-16T17:12:00.000Z" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">21:17, 27 April 2017 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-94.5.56.96-2017-04-27T21:17:00.000Z-Doug_Weller-2017-01-16T17:12:00.000Z"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-94.5.56.96-2017-04-27T21:17:00.000Z-Doug_Weller-2017-01-16T17:12:00.000Z"></span></dd></dl></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="External_links_modified" data-mw-thread-id="h-External_links_modified-2017-12-14T10:14:00.000Z"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-External_links_modified-2017-12-14T10:14:00.000Z"></span>External links modified<span data-mw-comment-end="h-External_links_modified-2017-12-14T10:14:00.000Z"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Leuchter_report&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: External links modified"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-InternetArchiveBot-2017-12-14T10:14:00.000Z-External_links_modified"></span>Hello fellow Wikipedians, </p><p>I have just modified 2 external links on <a href="/wiki/Leuchter_report" title="Leuchter report">Leuchter report</a>. 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This message is updated dynamically through the template <code>{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Source_check" title="Template:Source check">source check</a>}}</code> <small>(last update: 5 June 2024)</small>. </p> <ul><li>If you have discovered URLs which were erroneously considered dead by the bot, you can report them with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iabot.wmcloud.org/index.php?page=reportfalsepositive">this tool</a>.</li> <li>If you found an error with any archives or the URLs themselves, you can fix them with <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iabot.wmcloud.org/index.php?page=manageurlsingle">this tool</a>.</li></ul> <p>Cheers.—<a href="/wiki/User:InternetArchiveBot" title="User:InternetArchiveBot"><b><span style="color:darkgrey;font-family:monospace">InternetArchiveBot</span></b></a> <span style="color:green;font-family:Rockwell">(<a href="/wiki/User_talk:InternetArchiveBot" title="User talk:InternetArchiveBot">Report bug</a>)</span> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Leuchter_report#c-InternetArchiveBot-2017-12-14T10:14:00.000Z-External_links_modified" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">10:14, 14 December 2017 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-InternetArchiveBot-2017-12-14T10:14:00.000Z-External_links_modified"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-InternetArchiveBot-2017-12-14T10:14:00.000Z-External_links_modified"></span> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 ext-discussiontools-init-section"><h2 id="NPOV" data-mw-thread-id="h-NPOV-20221223071800"><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="h-NPOV-20221223071800"></span>NPOV<span data-mw-comment-end="h-NPOV-20221223071800"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Talk:Leuchter_report&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: NPOV"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-bar"><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-metadata"></div><div class="ext-discussiontools-init-section-actions"></div></div></div> <p><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-196.25.221.94-20221223071800-NPOV"></span>This article appears to be highly prejudicial. It's also misleading to call the report 'pseudo-scientific', since that even misses the intention, which wasn't academic at all. And so it goes on. Also prejudicial is it to call a room "gas chamber" although on the document for it it is clearly indicated as a morgue. <a href="/wiki/Special:Contributions/196.25.221.94" title="Special:Contributions/196.25.221.94">196.25.221.94</a> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=User_talk:196.25.221.94&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="User talk:196.25.221.94 (page does not exist)">talk</a>) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Leuchter_report#c-196.25.221.94-20221223071800-NPOV" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">07:18, 23 December 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-196.25.221.94-20221223071800-NPOV"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-196.25.221.94-20221223071800-NPOV"></span> </p> <dl><dd><span data-mw-comment-start="" id="c-Doug_Weller-20221223091500-196.25.221.94-20221223071800"></span>We go by reliable sources. I'm not sure what room or document you mean. If it's by Leuchter, it's useless. <a href="/wiki/User:Doug_Weller" title="User:Doug Weller"><span style="color:#070">Doug Weller</span></a> <a href="/wiki/User_talk:Doug_Weller" title="User talk:Doug Weller">talk</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Talk:Leuchter_report#c-Doug_Weller-20221223091500-196.25.221.94-20221223071800" class="ext-discussiontools-init-timestamplink">09:15, 23 December 2022 (UTC)</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-buttons" data-mw-thread-id="c-Doug_Weller-20221223091500-196.25.221.94-20221223071800"><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">[</span><a class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-reply" role="button" tabindex="0" href="">reply</a><span class="ext-discussiontools-init-replylink-bracket">]</span></span><span data-mw-comment-end="c-Doug_Weller-20221223091500-196.25.221.94-20221223071800"></span></dd></dl>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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