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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Let's" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Lets_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Lets (disambiguation)">Lets</a>.</div> The imperative mood is a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_mood" title="Grammatical mood">grammatical mood</a> that forms a command or request. The imperative mood is used to demand or require that an action be performed. It is usually found only in the present tense, second person. They are sometimes called directives, as they include a feature that encodes directive force, and another feature that encodes modality of unrealized interpretation.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> An example of a <a href="/wiki/Verb" title="Verb">verb</a> used in the imperative mood is the <a href="/wiki/English_grammar" title="English grammar">English</a> phrase "Go." Such imperatives imply a <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">second-person</a> subject (you), but some other languages also have first- and third-person imperatives, with the meaning of "let's (do something)" or "let them (do something)" (the forms may alternatively be called <a href="/wiki/Cohortative" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohortative">cohortative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jussive" class="mw-redirect" title="Jussive">jussive</a>). Imperative mood can be denoted by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">glossing abbreviation</a> IMP. It is one of the <a href="/wiki/Irrealis_mood" title="Irrealis mood">irrealis moods</a>. <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Formation">1 Formation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Other_languages">2 Other languages</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Syntax_and_negation">3 Syntax and negation</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Usage">4 Usage</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#In_particular_languages">5 In particular languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#English">5.1 English</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Latin">5.2 Latin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-8"><a href="#Germanic_languages">5.3 Germanic languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#Dutch">5.3.1 Dutch</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#German">5.3.2 German</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Romance_languages">5.4 Romance languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#French">5.4.1 French</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Spanish">5.4.2 Spanish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#Portuguese">5.4.3 Portuguese</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Celtic_languages">5.5 Celtic languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Welsh">5.5.1 Welsh</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Irish">5.5.2 Irish</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#Indic_Languages">5.6 Indic Languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-19"><a href="#Hindi-Urdu">5.6.1 Hindi-Urdu</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-20"><a href="#Sanskrit">5.6.2 Sanskrit</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-21"><a href="#Bengali">5.6.3 Bengali</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Other_Indo-European_languages">5.7 Other Indo-European languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-23"><a href="#Greek">5.7.1 Greek</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-24"><a href="#Russian">5.7.2 Russian</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Non-Indo-European_languages">5.8 Non-Indo-European languages</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-26"><a href="#Finnish">5.8.1 Finnish</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-27"><a href="#Hebrew">5.8.2 Hebrew</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-28"><a href="#Japanese">5.8.3 Japanese</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-29"><a href="#Korean">5.8.4 Korean</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-30"><a href="#Mandarin">5.8.5 Mandarin</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-31"><a href="#Turkish">5.8.6 Turkish</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#See_also">6 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Footnotes">7 Footnotes</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#References">8 References</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Imperative mood is often expressed using special <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_conjugation" title="Grammatical conjugation">conjugated</a> verb forms. Like other <a href="/wiki/Finite_verb" title="Finite verb">finite verb</a> forms, imperatives often inflect for <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_person" title="Grammatical person">person</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grammatical_number" title="Grammatical number">number</a>. Second-person imperatives (used for ordering or requesting performance directly from the person being addressed) are most common, but some languages also have imperative forms for the first and third persons (alternatively called <a href="/wiki/Cohortative" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohortative">cohortative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jussive" class="mw-redirect" title="Jussive">jussive</a> respectively). In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, the imperative is formed using the bare <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> form of the verb (see <a href="/wiki/English_verbs" title="English verbs">English verbs</a> for more details). This is usually also the same as the second-person present <a href="/wiki/Indicative" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative">indicative</a> form, except in the case of the verb to be, where the imperative is be while the indicative is are. (The present <a href="/wiki/English_subjunctive" title="English subjunctive">subjunctive</a> always has the same form as the imperative, although it is <a href="/wiki/Negation_(linguistics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negation (linguistics)">negated</a> differently – the imperative is negated using do not, as in "Don't touch me!"; see <a href="/wiki/Do-support" title="Do-support">do-support</a>. Occasionally do is not used: Dare not touch me!) The imperative form is understood as being in the second person (the subject <a href="/wiki/Pronoun" title="Pronoun">pronoun</a> you is usually omitted, although it can be included for emphasis), with no explicit indication of singular or plural. First and third person imperatives are expressed <a href="/wiki/Periphrasis" title="Periphrasis">periphrastically</a>, using a construction with the imperative of the verb let: <ul><li>Let me (Let's) see. (<a href="/wiki/Internal_monologue" class="mw-redirect" title="Internal monologue">internal monologue</a> equivalent to a first person singular imperative)</li> <li>Let us (Let's) go. (equivalent to a first person plural imperative)</li> <li>Let us be heard. (<a href="/wiki/Royal_we" title="Royal we">royal we</a> in an equivalent to a first person passive imperative; also constructions like "We are to be heard")</li> <li>Let him/her/it/them run. (equivalent to a third person imperative; constructions with <a href="/wiki/English_modal_verbs#may" class="mw-redirect" title="English modal verbs">may</a> are also used)</li> <li>Let him/her/it/them be counted. (equivalent to a third person passive imperative)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Other_languages">Other languages</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Other languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> Other languages such as <a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>, <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/German_language" title="German language">German</a> have a greater variety of <a href="/wiki/Inflection" title="Inflection">inflected</a> imperative forms, marked for person and number, their formation often depending on a verb's conjugation pattern. Examples can be found in the specific language sections below. In languages that make a <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a> (<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tu#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:tu">tu</a> vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/vous#French" class="extiw" title="wikt:vous">vous</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/du#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:du">du</a> vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Sie#German" class="extiw" title="wikt:Sie">Sie</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/tu#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:tu">tu</a> vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/voc%C3%AA#Portuguese" class="extiw" title="wikt:você">você</a>, <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/t%C3%BA#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:tú">tú</a> vs. <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/usted#Spanish" class="extiw" title="wikt:usted">usted</a>, etc.) the use of particular forms of the second person imperative may also be dependent on the degree of familiarity between the speaker and the addressee, as with other verb forms. The second person singular imperative often consists of just the stem of the verb, without any ending. For example, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_language" title="Māori language">Te Reo Māori</a> has the imperative me, which in addition to being put in front of sentences to command (e.g. Me horoi ō ringaringa; "(you must) wash your hands"), is used to assert the imperative mood in sentences that would be translated as "let's (let us)" in English. An example of this is Me haere tāua, which translates to "let us (you and me) go", but the "us" component goes last.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Syntax_and_negation">Syntax and negation</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Syntax and negation" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> Imperative sentences sometimes use different <a href="/wiki/Syntax" title="Syntax">syntax</a> than declarative or other types of clauses. There may also be differences of syntax between affirmative and <a href="/wiki/Negation_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Negation (grammar)">negative</a> imperative sentences. In some cases the imperative form of the verb is itself different when negated. A distinct negative imperative form is sometimes said to be in prohibitive or vetative mood (<a href="/wiki/List_of_glossing_abbreviations" title="List of glossing abbreviations">abbreviated</a> PROH). Negative imperatives tell the subject to not do something. They usually begin with the verb "don't" or the negative form of a verb. e.g., example, "Don't be like that." Many languages, even not normally <a href="/wiki/Null-subject_language" title="Null-subject language">null-subject languages</a>, omit the subject pronoun in imperative sentences, as usually occurs in English (see <a href="#English">below</a>). Details of the syntax of imperative sentences in certain other languages, and of differences between affirmative and negative imperatives, can be found in some of the other specific language sections below. In writing, imperative phrases and sentences may terminate in an <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a> (!). </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Usage">Usage</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Usage" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> Imperatives are used principally for ordering, requesting or advising the listener to do (or not to do) something: "Put down the gun!", "Pass me the sauce", "Don't go too near the tiger." They are also often used for giving instructions as to how to perform a task: "Install the file, then restart your computer". They can sometimes be seen on signs giving orders or warnings "Stop", "Give way", "Do not enter". The use of the imperative mood may be seen as impolite, inappropriate or even offensive in certain circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> In polite speech, orders or requests are often phrased instead as questions or statements, rather than as imperatives: <ul><li>Could you come here for a moment? (more polite than "Come here!")</li> <li>It would be great if you made us a drink. (for "Make us a drink!")</li> <li>I have to ask you to stop. (for "Stop!")</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Politeness" title="Politeness">Politeness</a> strategies (for instance, <a href="/wiki/Speech_act#Indirect_speech_acts" title="Speech act">indirect speech acts</a>) can seem more appropriate in order not to threaten a conversational partner in their needs of self-determination and territory: the partner's negative face should not appear threatened.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="'Negative face' is not a term that people can be expected to understand. Italicising it doesn't help make it understandable, and there is no link to what 'negative face' means. The linked phrase 'indirect speech acts' is a link to an unsourced article section, and I wonder if that was written by the same person who wrote this sentence. The phrase ''should not'' is also a clear recommendation; Wikipedia should provide information, not recommendations and instructions. There is also no clear description of why this is being recommended. (June 2024)">clarification needed</a>]<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> As well as the replacement of imperatives with other sentence types as discussed above, there also often exist methods of phrasing an imperative in a more polite manner, such as the addition of a word like please; or a phrase like if you could; or substituting one directive for another, as in the change from will to may e.g, "you will do that" becomes "you may / can do that". Imperatives are also used for speech acts whose function is not primarily to make an order or request, but to give an invitation, give permission, express a wish, make an apology, et cetera: <ul><li>Come to the party tomorrow! (invitation)</li> <li>Eat the apple if you want. (permission)</li> <li>Have a nice trip! (wish)</li> <li>Pardon me. (apology)</li></ul> When written, imperative sentences are often, but not always, terminated with an <a href="/wiki/Exclamation_mark" title="Exclamation mark">exclamation mark</a>. First person plural imperatives (<a href="/wiki/Cohortative" class="mw-redirect" title="Cohortative">cohortatives</a>) are used mainly for suggesting an action to be performed together by the speaker and the addressee (and possibly other people): "Let's go to Barbados this year", "Let us pray". Third person imperatives (<a href="/wiki/Jussive" class="mw-redirect" title="Jussive">jussives</a>) are used to suggest or order that a third party or parties be permitted or made to do something: "Let them eat cake", "Let him be executed". There is an additional imperative form that is used for general prohibitions, consisting of the word "no" followed by the <a href="/wiki/Gerund" title="Gerund">gerund</a> form. The best known examples are "No Smoking" and "No Parking". This form does not have a positive form; that is, "Parking" by itself has no meaning unless used as a <a href="/wiki/Noun" title="Noun">noun</a> when it tells that parking is permitted. The following sentences demonstrate several different forms of the imperative mood.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> <ul><li>In the second person without personal pronouns: "Go to your cubicle!"</li> <li>With reflexive pronouns: "Give yourself a break."</li> <li>With a direct object: "Hit the ball."</li> <li>Referring to third-person objects of the main verb: "Okay. The test is over now. They win. Let them go back to the recovery annex. For their cake."</li> <li>As an affirmative imperative (also called positive imperative form): "Go for it!"</li> <li>As a negative imperative (also called a negative command): "Don't do that!"</li> <li>Expressing wishes: "Let's go team-name!"</li> <li>In future tense: "You will behave yourself."</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="In_particular_languages">In particular languages</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: In particular languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> For more details on imperatives in the languages listed below, and in languages that are not listed, see the articles on the grammar of the specific languages. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="English">English</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: English" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> English usually omits the subject pronoun in imperative sentences: <ul><li>You work hard. (indicative)</li> <li>Work hard! (imperative; subject pronoun you omitted)</li></ul> However, it is possible to include the you in imperative sentences for emphasis. English imperatives are negated using don't (as in "Don't work!") This is a case of <a href="/wiki/Do-support" title="Do-support">do-support</a> as found in indicative clauses; however in the imperative it applies even in the case of the verb be (which does not use do-support in the indicative): <ul><li>You are not late. (indicative)</li> <li>Don't be late! (imperative)</li></ul> It is also possible to use do-support in affirmative imperatives, for emphasis or (sometimes) politeness: "Do be quiet!", "Do help yourself!". The subject you may be included for emphasis in negated imperatives as well, following don't: "Don't you dare do that again!" <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Latin">Latin</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Latin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Latin_syntax#The_imperative_mood" title="Latin syntax">Latin syntax § The imperative mood</a></div> Latin regular imperatives include: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> </th> <th>2nd person singular </th> <th>2nd person plural </th></tr> <tr> <td>amāre (to love) </td> <td>amā </td> <td>amāte </td></tr> <tr> <td>monēre (to advise/warn) </td> <td>monē </td> <td>monēte </td></tr> <tr> <td>audīre (to hear) </td> <td>audī </td> <td>audīte </td></tr></tbody></table> The negative imperative is formed with the infinitive of the verb, preceded by the imperative of nōlle (to not want): <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>negative imperative </th> <th>positive imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person singular </th> <td>nōlī stāre (don't stand) </td> <td>stā (stand) </td></tr> <tr> <th>2nd person plural </th> <td>nōlīte stāre </td> <td>stāte </td></tr></tbody></table> For third-person imperatives, the subjunctive mood is used instead. In Latin there is a peculiar tense in the imperative, which is the future tense that is used when you want the mandate to be fulfilled in the future. This time is used mainly in laws, wills, precepts, etc. However, it is conjugated only with the third and second person singular and plural which carries as a <a href="/wiki/Gramme" class="mw-redirect" title="Gramme">gramme</a> or ending -tō for the second and third person singular, -tōte for the second person plural and -ntō for the third person plural. On the other hand, in other languages of the world there is a distinctive imperative, which also has a future value, but with a previous meaning and this is the so-called <a href="/w/index.php?title=Past_imperative&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Past imperative (page does not exist)">past imperative</a> that appears in the French and Greek languages as a point of reference. See <a href="/wiki/Latin_conjugation" title="Latin conjugation">Latin conjugation</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Example verb conjugations in the imperative of future tense </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/amare#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:amare">amare</a> </th> <th><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/delere#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:delere">delere</a> </th> <th><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/legere#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:legere">legere</a> </th> <th><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/audire#Latin" class="extiw" title="wikt:audire">audire</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">singular </th> <th>2nd person </th> <td>amatō </td> <td>delētō </td> <td>legītō </td> <td>audītō </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>amatō </td> <td>delētō </td> <td>legītō </td> <td>audītō </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">plural </th> <th>2nd person </th> <td>amātōte </td> <td>delētōte </td> <td>legītōte </td> <td>audītōte </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>amantō </td> <td>delentō </td> <td>leguntō </td> <td>audiuntō </td></tr></tbody></table> Sentence examples of the future imperative: <ul><li>Facito voluntas patris mei. (You will do my father's will.)</li> <li>Numquam iuranto in falso. (They will not swear falsely.)</li> <li>Ne occidito fratrem tuum. (You will not kill your brother.)</li> <li>Facito quae dico vobis. (You will do what I tell you.)</li> <li>Auditote quae dico vobis. (You will listen to what I say.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germanic_languages">Germanic languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Germanic languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dutch">Dutch</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Dutch" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A peculiar feature of <a href="/wiki/Dutch_language" title="Dutch language">Dutch</a> is that it can form an imperative mood in the <a href="/wiki/Pluperfect_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Pluperfect tense">pluperfect tense</a>. Its use is fairly common:<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> <ul><li>Had gebeld! (You should have called!, If only you had called)</li> <li>Was gekomen! (You should have come!, If only you had come)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="German">German</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: German" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> German verbs have a singular and a plural imperative. The singular imperative is equivalent to the bare stem or the bare stem + -e. (In most verbs, both ways are correct.) The plural imperative is the same as the second-person plural of the present tense. <ul><li>Sing! or: Singe! – said to one person: "Sing!"</li> <li>Singt! – said to a group of persons: "Sing!"</li></ul> In order to emphasize their addressee, German imperatives can be followed by the <a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> personal pronouns du ("thou; you <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="singular number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">SG</abbr>") or ihr ("you <abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="plural number" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">PL</abbr>"), respectively. For example: "Geh weg!" – "Geh du doch weg!" ("Go away!" – "Why, you go away!"). German has <a href="/wiki/T/V_distinction" class="mw-redirect" title="T/V distinction">T/V distinction</a>, which means that the pronouns du and ihr are used chiefly towards persons with whom one is privately acquainted, which holds true for the corresponding imperatives. (For details see <a href="/wiki/German_grammar" title="German grammar">German grammar</a>.) Otherwise, the social-distance pronoun Sie (you) is used for both singular and plural. Since there exists no actual imperative corresponding to Sie, the form is paraphrased with the third-person plural of the present <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive" class="mw-redirect" title="Subjunctive">subjunctive</a> followed by the pronoun: <ul><li>Singen Sie! – said to one or more persons: "Sing!"</li> <li>Seien Sie still! – said to one or more persons: "Be quiet!"</li></ul> Occasionally, the <a href="/wiki/Infinitive" title="Infinitive">infinitive</a> (Infinitiv or Infinitiv als Imperativ) may be used as a mild or polite imperative, in order to avoid directly addressing the person or to simplify the sentence's construction. Although sometimes used in spoken language, this form is most commonly used in general instructions and recipes. Examples include: <ul><li>Nicht rauchen! – "No smoking!"</li> <li>Pasta im Salzwasser sehr bissfest kochen und abtropfen lassen. - "Cook the pasta al dente and drain."</li> <li>Bitte nicht berühren! - "Please do not touch!"</li></ul> Like English, German features many constructions that express commands, wishes, etc. They are thus <a href="/wiki/Semantics" title="Semantics">semantically</a> related to imperatives without being imperatives grammatically: <ul><li>Lasst uns singen! (Let's sing!)</li> <li>Mögest du singen! (You may sing!)</li> <li>Du sollst singen! (You should sing!)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romance_languages">Romance languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Romance languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="French">French</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: French" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Examples of regular imperatives in French are manges (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr>), mangez (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr>) and mangeons (<abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr>, "let's eat"), from manger (to eat) – these are similar or identical to the corresponding present indicative forms, although there are some irregular imperatives that resemble the present subjunctives, such as sois, soyez and soyons, from être (to be). A third person imperative can be formed using a subjunctive clause with the conjunction que, as in qu'ils mangent de la brioche (<a href="/wiki/Let_them_eat_cake" title="Let them eat cake">let them eat cake</a>). French uses different word order for affirmative and negative imperative sentences: <ul><li>Donne-le-leur. (Give it to them.)</li> <li>Ne le leur donne pas. (Don't give it to them.)</li></ul> The negative imperative (prohibitive) has the same word order as the indicative. See <a href="/wiki/French_personal_pronouns#Clitic_order" title="French personal pronouns">French personal pronouns § Clitic order</a> for detail. Like in English, imperative sentences often end with an exclamation mark, e.g. to emphasize an order. In French there is a very distinctive imperative which is the imperative mood of <a href="/wiki/Preterite_tense" class="mw-redirect" title="Preterite tense">preterite tense</a> also called (past imperative or imperative of <a href="/w/index.php?title=Perfect_future&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Perfect future (page does not exist)">future perfect</a>), expresses a given order with previous future value which must be executed or fulfilled in a <a href="/wiki/Future" title="Future">future</a> not immediate, as if it were an action to come, but earlier in relation to another that will also happen in the future. However, this type of imperative is peculiar to French which has only one purpose: to order that something be done before the date or time, therefore, this will always be accompanied by a <a href="/w/index.php?title=Circumstantial_complement&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Circumstantial complement (page does not exist)">circumstantial complement</a> of time. However, this imperative is formed with the auxiliary verb of the avoir compound tenses and with the auxiliary verb être that is also used to form the tenses composed of the pronominal verbs and some of the intransitive verbs, this means that the structure of the verb imperative in its entirety is composed. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Examples of Imperative of Preterite Tense </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="7">with the auxiliary avoir </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>aimer </th> <th>finir </th> <th>ouvrir </th> <th>recevoir </th> <th>rendre </th> <th>mettre </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr> </th> <td>aie aimé </td> <td>aie fini </td> <td>aie ouvert </td> <td>aie reçu </td> <td>aie rendu </td> <td>aie mis </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr> </th> <td>ayons aimé </td> <td>ayons fini </td> <td>ayons ouvert </td> <td>ayons reçu </td> <td>ayons rendu </td> <td>ayons mis </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr> </th> <td>ayez aimé </td> <td>ayez fini </td> <td>ayez ouvert </td> <td>ayez reçu </td> <td>ayez rendu </td> <td>ayez mis </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="7">with the auxiliary être </th></tr> <tr> <th> </th> <th>aller </th> <th>partir </th> <th>venir </th> <th>mourir </th> <th>naître </th> <th>devenir </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, singular" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2SG</abbr> </th> <td>sois allé </td> <td>sois parti </td> <td>sois venu </td> <td>sois mort </td> <td>sois né </td> <td>sois devenu </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="first person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">1PL</abbr> </th> <td>soyons allés </td> <td>soyons partis </td> <td>soyons venus </td> <td>soyons morts </td> <td>soyons nés </td> <td>soyons devenus </td></tr> <tr> <th><abbr class="gloss-abbr" title="second person, plural" style="font-variant: small-caps; font-variant-numeric: lining-nums; text-transform: lowercase;">2PL</abbr> </th> <td>soyez allés </td> <td>soyez partis </td> <td>soyez venus </td> <td>soyez morts </td> <td>soyez nés </td> <td>soyez devenus </td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Soyez levés demain avant huit heures. (Get up tomorrow before eight o'clock.) [With the auxiliary être]</li> <li>Ayez fini le travail avant qu'il (ne) fasse nuit. (Finish the work before it gets dark.) [With the auxiliary avoir and optional <a href="/wiki/Expletive_(linguistics)" title="Expletive (linguistics)">expletive</a> ne]</li> <li>Aie écrit le livre demain. (Write the book tomorrow.) [With the auxiliary avoir]</li> <li>Soyez partis à midi. (Leave at noon.) [With the auxiliary être]</li> <li>Ayons fini les devoirs à 6 h. (Let us complete homework at 6 o'clock.) [With the auxiliary avoir]</li></ul> In <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a> there is no equivalent grammatical structure to form this tense of the imperative mood; it is translated in imperative mood of present with previous value. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spanish">Spanish</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Spanish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Spanish, imperatives for the familiar singular second person (tú) are usually identical to indicative forms for the singular third person. However, there are irregular verbs for which unique imperative forms for tú exist. vos (<a href="/wiki/Voseo" title="Voseo">alternative to tú</a>) usually takes the same forms as tú (usually with slightly different emphasis) but unique forms exist for it as well. vosotros (plural familiar second person) also takes unique forms for the imperative. <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Infinitive </th> <th rowspan="2">3rd person indicative </th> <th colspan="5">imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th>tú </th> <th>vos </th> <th>usted </th> <th>vosotros / vosotras </th> <th>ustedes </th></tr> <tr> <td>comer </td> <td>come </td> <td>come </td> <td>comé* </td> <td>coma </td> <td>comed* </td> <td>coman </td></tr> <tr> <td>beber </td> <td>bebe </td> <td>bebe </td> <td>bebé* </td> <td>beba </td> <td>bebed* </td> <td>beban </td></tr> <tr> <td>tener </td> <td>tiene </td> <td>ten* </td> <td>tené* </td> <td>tenga </td> <td>tened* </td> <td>tengan </td></tr> <tr> <td>decir </td> <td>dice </td> <td>di* </td> <td>decí* </td> <td>diga </td> <td>decid* </td> <td>digan </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="7" style="font-size:90%">* = unique verb that only exists for this imperative form </td></tr></tbody></table> If an imperative takes a pronoun as an object, it is appended to the verb; for example, Dime (Tell me). Pronouns can be stacked like they can in indicative clauses: <ul><li>Me lo dices. (You tell me it or You tell it to me, can also mean You tell me as lo usually is not translated)</li> <li>Dímelo. (Tell me it, Tell it to me, Tell me)</li></ul> Imperatives can be formed for usted (singular formal second person), ustedes (plural second person), and nosotros (plural first person) from the respective present subjunctive form. Negative imperatives for these pronouns (as well as tú, vos, and vosotros) are also formed this way, but are negated by no (e.g. No cantes, "Don't sing"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Portuguese">Portuguese</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Portuguese" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In Portuguese, affirmative imperatives for singular and plural second person (tu / vós) derive from their respective present indicative conjugations, after having their final -s dropped.<a href="#cite_note-8">[pt 1]</a> On the other hand, their negative imperatives are formed by their respective subjunctive forms, as well as both affirmative and negative imperatives for treatment pronouns (você(s)) and plural first person (nós). <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">infinitive </th> <th colspan="2">indicative </th> <th colspan="7">imperative </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">tu </th> <th rowspan="2">vós </th> <th colspan="2">affirmative </th> <th colspan="2">negative </th> <th rowspan="2">você </th> <th rowspan="2">vocês </th> <th rowspan="2">nós </th></tr> <tr> <th>tu </th> <th>vós </th> <th>tu </th> <th>vós </th></tr> <tr> <td>comer </td> <td>comes </td> <td>comeis </td> <td>come </td> <td>comei </td> <td>não comas </td> <td>não comais </td> <td>(não) coma </td> <td>(não) comam </td> <td>(não) comamos </td></tr> <tr> <td>beber </td> <td>bebes </td> <td>bebeis </td> <td>bebe </td> <td>bebei </td> <td>não bebas </td> <td>não bebais </td> <td>(não) beba </td> <td>(não) bebam </td> <td>(não) bebamos </td></tr> <tr> <td>ter </td> <td>tens </td> <td>tendes </td> <td>tem </td> <td>tende </td> <td>não tenhas </td> <td>não tenhais </td> <td>(não) tenha </td> <td>(não) tenham </td> <td>(não) tenhamos </td></tr> <tr> <td>dizer </td> <td>dizes </td> <td>dizeis </td> <td>diz(e) </td> <td>dizei </td> <td>não digas </td> <td>não digais </td> <td>(não) diga </td> <td>(não) digam </td> <td>(não) digamos </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> There are some exceptions to this rule; mainly for phonetical reasons and for vós, which hold vós's archaic conjugation paradigm, -des. </li> </ol></div></div> If a verb takes a pronoun, it should be appended to the verb: <ul><li>Diz(e)-me. (Tell me) Portugal/Brazil</li> <li>Me diz. (Tell me) Brazil (spoken)</li> <li>Diz(e)-mo. (Tell me it, Tell it to me)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Celtic_languages">Celtic languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Celtic languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Welsh">Welsh</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Welsh" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Colloquial_Welsh_morphology" title="Colloquial Welsh morphology">spoken Welsh</a> most verbs can form two imperatives, both in the second person: one for singular and one for plural/polite singular. The singular imperative is formed by adding –a to the verbal-stem (gwel- → gwela 'see!') while the plural/polite form takes –wch: gwelwch 'see!'. In informal writing, the plural/polite form is often used to translate 'please' as in talwch yma '(please) pay here' (talwch is the plural/polite imperative form of talu 'to pay'). In <a href="/wiki/Literary_Welsh_morphology" title="Literary Welsh morphology">literary Welsh</a> there are imperatives for all persons and numbers, except for the first-person singular. These must often be translated using phrases in English: gwelwn 'let us see'; gwelent 'let them see'; wele 'let him/her/it see'; gweler 'let it be seen, it is to be seen'. In the literary language the second person singular suffix –a is often not used: gwela (spoken), but gwêl (literary); tala (spoken), but tâl (literary). The five <a href="/wiki/Irregular_verbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Irregular verbs">irregular</a> Welsh verbs (bod, mynd, dod, cael and gwneud) also have irregular imperative forms which also differ between the spoken and literary languages. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Irregular verbs </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" colspan="2"> </th> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>1st person </th> <th rowspan="2">impersonal </th></tr> <tr> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>singular</th> <th>plural </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">bod <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>'to be' </th> <th>spoken </th> <td rowspan="2">bydd(a) </td> <td rowspan="2">byddwch </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>literary </th> <td>bydded, boed, bid </td> <td>byddent </td> <td>byddwn </td> <td>bydder </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">mynd <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">'to go' </th> <td>dos </td> <td>ewch </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">dod <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">'to come' </th> <th>spoken </th> <td>tyrd, dere </td> <td>dewch, dowch </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>literary </th> <td>dere, tyrd, tyred </td> <td>deuwch, dewch, dowch </td> <td>deued, doed, deled </td> <td>deuent, doent, delent </td> <td>deuwn, down </td> <td>deuer, doer, deler </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">gwneud <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">'to do, to make' </th> <td>gwna </td> <td>gwnewch </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>cael <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">'to get' </th> <th>literary<a href="#cite_note-9">[a]</a> </th> <td>ca </td> <td>cewch </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> cael has no imperative forms in the spoken language </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Irish">Irish</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Irish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> has imperative forms in all three persons and both numbers, although the first person singular is most commonly found in the negative (e.g. ná cloisim sin arís "let me not hear that again"). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Indic_Languages">Indic Languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Indic Languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hindi-Urdu">Hindi-Urdu</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Hindi-Urdu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>-<a href="/wiki/Urdu" title="Urdu">Urdu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Hindustani_language" title="Hindustani language">Hindustani</a>) the imperatives are conjugated by adding suffixes to the root verb. The negative and positive imperatives are not constructed differently in Hindustani. There are three negations that be used to form negative imperatives.<a href="#cite_note-10">[8]</a> They are: <ul><li>Imperative negation - mat मत مت (used with verbs in imperative mood)</li> <li>Indicative negation - nahī̃ नहीं نہیں (used with verbs in <a href="/wiki/Indicative_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Indicative mood">indicative</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presumptive_mood" class="mw-redirect" title="Presumptive mood">presumptive mood</a>)</li> <li>Subjunctive negation - nā ना نا (used with verbs in <a href="/wiki/Subjunctive_mood" title="Subjunctive mood">subjunctive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Counterfactual_conditional" title="Counterfactual conditional">contrafactual mood</a>)</li></ul> Often to soften down the tone of the imperatives, the subjunctive and indicative negation are used to form negative imperatives. Imperatives can also be formed using subjunctives to give indirect commands to the third person and to formal second person.<a href="#cite_note-11">[9]</a> A peculiar feature of Hindi-Urdu is that it has imperatives in two tenses; present and the future tense.<a href="#cite_note-12">[10]</a> The present tense imperative gives command in the present and future imperative gives command for the future. Hindi-Urdu explicitly marks grammatical aspects and any verb can be put into the simple, habitual, perfective, and progressive aspects. Each aspect in turn can be conjugated into five different grammatical moods, imperative mood being one of them. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>करना karnā کرنا (to do) conjugated into the imperative mood for all the four aspectual forms </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3" colspan="3"> </th> <th colspan="3">2nd person pronouns </th> <th rowspan="3">Translation </th></tr> <tr> <th>Intimate </th> <th>Familiar </th> <th>Formal </th></tr> <tr> <th>तू tū تو </th> <th>तुम tum تم </th> <th>आप āp آپ </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4">Simple aspect </th> <th rowspan="2">Present </th> <th>♀ </th> <td rowspan="2">कर kar کر </td> <td rowspan="2">करो karo کرو </td> <td rowspan="2">करिये kariye کرے </td> <td rowspan="2">do nowǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>♂ </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Future </th> <th>♀ </th> <td rowspan="2">करियो kariyo کریو </td> <td rowspan="2">करना karnā کرنا </td> <td rowspan="2">करियेगा kariyegā کریگا </td> <td rowspan="2">do laterǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>♂ </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Habitual_aspect" title="Habitual aspect">Habitual aspect</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Present </th> <th>♀ </th> <td>करता रह kartā rêh کرتا رہ </td> <td>करते रहो karte raho کرتے رہو </td> <td>करते रहिये karte rahiye کرتے رہے </td> <td rowspan="2">keep doingǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>♂ </th> <td>करती रह kartī rêh کرتی رہ </td> <td>करती रहो kartī raho کرتی رہو </td> <td>करती रहिये kartī rahiye کرتی رہے </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Future </th> <th>♀ </th> <td>करता रहियो kartā rahiyo کرتا رہیو </td> <td>करते रहना karte rêhnā کرتے رہنا </td> <td>करते रहियेगा karte rahiyegā کرتے رہیگا </td> <td rowspan="2">keep doing later as wellǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>♂ </th> <td>करती रहियो kartī rahiyo لڑتی رہیو </td> <td>करती रहना kartī rêhnā کرتی رہنا </td> <td>करती रहियेगा kartī rahiyegā کرتی رہیگا </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Perfective_aspect" title="Perfective aspect">Perfective aspect</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Present </th> <th>♀ </th> <td>किया रह kiyā rêh کیا رہ </td> <td>किये रहो kiye raho کے رہو </td> <td>किये रहिये kiye rahiye کے رہے </td> <td rowspan="2">keep (it) done nowǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>♂ </th> <td>की रह kī rêh کی رہ </td> <td>की रहो kī raho کی رہو </td> <td>की रहिये kī rahiye کی رہے </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Future </th> <th>♀ </th> <td>किया रहियो kiyā rahiyo کیا رہیو </td> <td>किये रहना kiye rêhnā کے رہنا </td> <td>किये रहियेगा kiye rahiyegā کے رہیگا </td> <td rowspan="2">keep (it) done laterǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>♂ </th> <td>की रहियो kī rahiyo کی رہیو </td> <td>की रहना kī rêhnā کی رہنا </td> <td>की रहियेगा kī rahiyegā کی رہیگا </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Progressive_aspect" class="mw-redirect" title="Progressive aspect">Progressive aspect</a> </th> <th rowspan="2">Present </th> <th>♀ </th> <td>कर रहा रह kar rahā rêh کر رہا رہ </td> <td>कर रहे रहो kar rahe raho کر رہے رہو </td> <td>कर रहे रहिये kar rahe rahiye کر رہے رہے </td> <td rowspan="2">be/continue doingǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>♂ </th> <td>कर रही रह kar rahī rêh کر رہی رہ </td> <td>कर रही रहो kar rahī raho کر رہی رہو </td> <td>कर रही रहिये kar rahī rahiye کر رہی رہے </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">Future </th> <th>♀ </th> <td>कर रहा रहियो kar rahā rahiyo کر رہا رہیو </td> <td>कर रहे रहना kar rahe rêhnā کر رہے رہنا </td> <td>कर रहे रहियेगा kar rahe rahiyegā کر رہے رہیگا </td> <td rowspan="2">be/stay doingǃ </td></tr> <tr> <th>♂ </th> <td>कर रही रहियो kar rahī rahiyo کر رہی رہیو </td> <td>कर रही रहना kar rahī rêhnā کر رہی رہنا </td> <td>कर रही रहियेगा kar rahī rahiyegā کر رہی رہیگا </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Sanskrit" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a>, लोट् लकार, lōṭ lakāra is used with the verb to form the imperative mood. To form the negative, न, na or मा, mā (when the verb is in passive or active voice respectively) is placed before the verb in the imperative mood. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Bengali">Bengali</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Bengali" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Standard modern <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a> uses the negative postposition /nā/ after a future imperative formed using the -iyo fusional suffix (in addition, umlaut vowel changes in the verb root might take place). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_Indo-European_languages">Other Indo-European languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Other Indo-European languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Greek">Greek</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Greek" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> has imperative forms for present, aorist, and perfect tenses for the active, middle, and passive voices. Within these tenses, forms exist for second and third persons, for singular, dual, and plural subjects. Subjunctive forms with μή are used for negative imperatives in the aorist. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>present active imperative </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">singular </th> <th>2nd person </th> <td>λεῖπε </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>λειπέτω </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">plural </th> <th>2nd person </th> <td>λείπετε </td></tr> <tr> <th>3rd person </th> <td>λειπόντων </td></tr></tbody></table> In ancient Greek, the general order (with the idea of duration or repetition) is expressed using the present imperative and the punctual order (without the idea of duration or repetition) using the aorist imperative. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Russian">Russian</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Russian" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The commanding form in Russian language is formed from the base of the present tense.<a href="#cite_note-13">[11]</a> The most common form of the second person singular or plural. The form of the second person singular in the imperative mood is formed as follows: <ul><li>A verb with a present stem ending in – j – the form of the second person singular of the imperative mood is equal to the base: читаj-у — читай, убираj-у — убирай, открываj-у — открывай, поj-у — пой.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-Indo-European_languages">Non-Indo-European languages</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Non-Indo-European languages" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Finnish">Finnish</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Finnish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Finnish_language" title="Finnish language">Finnish</a>, there are two ways of forming a first-person plural imperative. A standard version exists, but it is typically replaced colloquially by the impersonal tense. Forms also exist for second and third person. Only first person singular does not have an imperative. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>mennä (to go) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2"> </th> <th>singular </th> <th>plural </th></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">1st person </th> <th>standard form </th> <td> </td> <td>menkäämme </td></tr> <tr> <th>colloquial </th> <td> </td> <td>mennään </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">2nd person </th> <td>mene </td> <td>menkää </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2">3rd person </th> <td>menköön </td> <td>menkööt </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hebrew">Hebrew</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Hebrew" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In <a href="/wiki/Classical_Hebrew" class="mw-redirect" title="Classical Hebrew">classical Hebrew</a>, there is a form for positive imperative. It exists for singular and plural, masculine and feminine second-person. The imperative conjugations look like shortages of the future ones. However, in modern Hebrew, the future tense is often used in its place in colloquial speech, and the proper imperative form is considered formal or of higher <a href="/wiki/Register_(sociolinguistics)" title="Register (sociolinguistics)">register</a>. The negative imperative in those languages is more complicated. In modern Hebrew, for instance, it contains a synonym of the word "no", that is used only in negative imperative (אַל), and is followed by the future tense. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The verb 'to write' in singular, masculine </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Future Indicative </th> <th>Imperative / Prohibitive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Affirmative </th> <td>tikhtov – תכתוב 'You will write' </td> <td>ktov – כתוב 'Write!' </td></tr> <tr> <th>Negative </th> <td>lo tikhtov – לא תכתוב 'You will not write' </td> <td>al tikhtov – אל תכתוב 'Don't write!' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The verb 'to write' in singular, feminine </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Future Indicative </th> <th>Imperative / Prohibitive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Affirmative </th> <td>tikhtevi – תכתבי 'You will write' </td> <td>kitvi – כתבי 'Write!' </td></tr> <tr> <th>Negative </th> <td>lo tikhtevi – לא תכתבי 'You will not write' </td> <td>al tikhtevi – אל תכתבי 'Don't write!' </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>The verb 'to dictate' in singular, masculine </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Future Indicative </th> <th>Imperative / Prohibitive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Affirmative </th> <td>takhtiv – תכתיב 'You will dictate' </td> <td>hakhtev – הכתב 'Dictate!' </td></tr> <tr> <th>Negative </th> <td>lo takhtiv – לא תכתיב 'You will not dictate' </td> <td>al takhtiv – אל תכתיב 'Don't dictate!' </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Japanese">Japanese</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Japanese" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Japanese_language" title="Japanese language">Japanese</a> uses separate verb forms as shown below. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>For the verb kaku ('write') </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Form </th> <th>Indicative </th> <th>Imperative / Prohibitive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Affirmative </th> <td>書く kaku </td> <td>書け kake </td></tr> <tr> <th>Negative </th> <td>書かない kakanai </td> <td>書くな kakuna </td></tr></tbody></table> See also the suffixes 〜<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E3%81%AA%E3%81%95%E3%81%84#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:なさい">なさい</a> (–nasai) and 〜<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8B%E3%81%95%E3%81%84#Japanese" class="extiw" title="wikt:下さい">下さい</a> (–kudasai). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Korean">Korean</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Korean" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Korean_language" title="Korean language">Korean</a> has six <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels" title="Korean speech levels">levels of honorific</a>, all of which have their own imperative endings. Auxiliary verbs 않다 anta and 말다 malda are used for negative indicative and prohibitive, respectively. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>For the verb gada ('go'): </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Level </th> <th>Indicative Affirmative </th> <th>Imperative </th> <th>Indicative Negative </th> <th>Prohibitive </th></tr> <tr> <th>(formal) <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hasipsio-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hasipsio-style</a> </th> <td>가십니다 gasimnida </td> <td>가십시오 gasipsio </td> <td>가지 않으십니다 gaji aneusimnida </td> <td>가지 마십시오 gaji masipsio<a href="#cite_note-conjugation-14">[vn 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Haeyo-che" title="Korean speech levels">Haeyo-style</a> </th> <td>가세요 gaseyo </td> <td>가세요 gaseyo </td> <td>가지 않으세요 gaji aneuseyo </td> <td>가지 마세요 gaji maseyo<a href="#cite_note-conjugation-14">[vn 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hao-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hao-style</a> </th> <td>가시오 gasio </td> <td>가시오 gasio </td> <td>가지 않으시오 gaji aneusio </td> <td>가지 마시오 gaji masio<a href="#cite_note-conjugation-14">[vn 1]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hage-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hage-style</a> </th> <td>가네 gane </td> <td>가게 gage </td> <td>가지 않네 gaji anne </td> <td>가지 말게 gaji malge </td></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Hae-che" title="Korean speech levels">Hae-style</a> </th> <td>가 ga </td> <td>가 ga </td> <td>가지 않아 gaji ana </td> <td>가지 마 gaji ma<a href="#cite_note-exception-15">[vn 2]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <th>(informal) <a href="/wiki/Korean_speech_levels#Haera-che" title="Korean speech levels">Haera-style</a> </th> <td>간다 ganda </td> <td>가라 gara </td> <td>가지 않는다 gaji anneunda </td> <td>가지 마라 gaji mara<a href="#cite_note-exception-15">[vn 2]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-conjugation-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-conjugation_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-conjugation_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-conjugation_14-2">c</a> Verb and adjective stems that end in ㄹ l, including mal-, eliminate the last l before suffixes starting with l (not r), n, o, p, and s. </li> <li id="cite_note-exception-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-exception_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-exception_15-1">b</a> An imperative suffix -a(ra) contracts mal- to ma- exceptionally. The other verbs are not contracted by -a(ra). </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mandarin">Mandarin</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Mandarin" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Chinese</a> uses different words of negation for the indicative and the prohibitive moods. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>For the verb 做 zuò ('do') </caption> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Indicative </th> <th>Imperative / Prohibitive </th></tr> <tr> <th>Affirmative </th> <td>做 zuò </td> <td>做 zuò </td></tr> <tr> <th>Negative </th> <td>不做 búzuò </td> <td>别做 biézuò </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Turkish">Turkish</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Turkish" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> For the imperative form, the second-person singular, <a href="/wiki/Turkish_language" title="Turkish language">Turkish</a> uses the bare verb stem without the infinitive ending -mek/-mak. Other imperative forms use various suffixes. The second-person plural, which can also be used to express formality (See <a href="/wiki/T%E2%80%93V_distinction" title="T–V distinction">T–V distinction</a>), uses the suffixes -in/-ın/-ün/-un. The second person <a href="/wiki/Double_plural" title="Double plural">double-plural</a>, reserved for super formal contexts (usually public notifications), uses the suffixes -iniz/-ınız/-ünüz/-unuz. Third-person singular uses -sin/-sın/-sün/-sun. Third-person plural uses -sinler/-sınlar/-sünler/-sunlar (There is no third person double-plural in Turkish). First-person pronouns do not have imperative forms. All Turkish imperative suffixes change depending on the verb stem according to the rules of <a href="/wiki/Vowel_harmony" title="Vowel harmony">vowel harmony</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Imperative forms of the verb içmek (to drink, to smoke a cigarette or similar) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="3">2nd-person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>İç (Drink) </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>İçin (Drink) </td></tr> <tr> <th>double-plural </th> <td>İçiniz (Drink, e.g. Soğuk içiniz "Drink cold" on soft drinks) </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd-person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>İçsin (Let him/her drink) </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>İçsinler (Let them drink) </td></tr></tbody></table> Turkish also has a separate <a href="/wiki/Optative_mood" title="Optative mood">optative mood</a>. Conjugations of the optative mood for the first-person pronouns are sometimes incorrectly said to be first-person imperatives. Conjugations of the optative mood for second and third-person pronouns exist, but are rarely used in practice. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Conjugations of the optative mood for pronouns </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">1st-person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>içeyim </td></tr> <tr> <th>(double-)plural </th> <td>içelim </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">2nd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>içesin </td></tr> <tr> <th>(double-)plural </th> <td>içesiniz </td></tr> <tr> <th rowspan="2">3rd person </th> <th>singular </th> <td>içe </td></tr> <tr> <th>plural </th> <td>içeler </td></tr></tbody></table> Negative imperative forms are made in the same way, but using a negated verb as the base. For example, the second person singular imperative of içmemek (not to drink) is içme (don't drink). Other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> construct imperative forms similarly to Turkish. </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Free_choice_inference" title="Free choice inference">Free choice inference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperative_logic" title="Imperative logic">Imperative logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modality_(natural_language)" class="mw-redirect" title="Modality (natural language)">Modality (natural language)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pragmatics" title="Pragmatics">Pragmatics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_act" title="Speech act">Speech act</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Footnotes" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJaryKissine2016" class="citation journal cs1">Jary, Mark; Kissine, Mikhail (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/ling-2015-0039/html?lang=en">"When terminology matters: The imperative as a comparative concept"</a>. 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Goody (ed.), Questions and Politeness (Cambridge and London, 1978, Cambridge University Press: 56-310) </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.masterclass.com/articles/imperative-mood-explained#what-is-a-mood-in-grammar">"Imperative Mood Explained: 8 Examples of the Imperative Mood - 2023 - MasterClass"</a>. Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Imperative+Mood+Explained%3A+8+Examples+of+the+Imperative+Mood+-+2023+-+MasterClass&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.masterclass.com%2Farticles%2Fimperative-mood-explained%23what-is-a-mood-in-grammar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperative+mood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dbnl.org/tekst/_tij003199501_01/_tij003199501_01_0031.php">A.M. Duinhoven, 'Had gebeld! De irreële imperatief'</a>, in: Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde. Jaargang 111(1995) </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhattSharma2018" class="citation book cs1">Bhatt, Rajesh; Sharma, Ghanshyam (2018). Trends in Hindi Linguistics. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton. p. 315. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-11-060698-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-11-060698-0"><bdi>978-3-11-060698-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trends+in+Hindi+Linguistics&rft.place=Berlin%2FBoston&rft.pages=315&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Mouton&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-3-11-060698-0&rft.aulast=Bhatt&rft.aufirst=Rajesh&rft.au=Sharma%2C+Ghanshyam&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperative+mood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hindilanguage.info/notes/volume-4/third-person-imperatives/">"Third Person Imperatives in Hindi"</a>. 6 August 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Third+Person+Imperatives+in+Hindi&rft.date=2013-08-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhindilanguage.info%2Fnotes%2Fvolume-4%2Fthird-person-imperatives%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperative+mood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com/u.osu.edu/dist/0/82184/files/2020/02/FASAL_10_paper_6.pdf">"Deferred imperatives across Indo-Aryan"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Deferred+imperatives+across+Indo-Aryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcpb-us-w2.wpmucdn.com%2Fu.osu.edu%2Fdist%2F0%2F82184%2Ffiles%2F2020%2F02%2FFASAL_10_paper_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AImperative+mood" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> Валгина Н.С., Розенталь Д.Э. Современный русский язык. 1987, Moscow, page 322—323. isbn 978-5-8112-6640-1 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <ul><li>Austin, J. L. How to do things with words, Oxford, Clarendon Press 1962.</li> <li>Schmecken, H. Orbis Romanus, Paderborn, Schöningh 1975, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-506-10330-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-506-10330-X">3-506-10330-X</a>.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&oldid=1255958993">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&oldid=1255958993</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Imperative_mood&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 7 November 2024, at 13:37 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1" title="فعل أمر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="فعل أمر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fmr_c%C3%BCml%C9%99si" title="Əmr cümləsi – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Əmr cümləsi" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Повелително наклонение – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Повелително наклонение" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatiu" title="Imperatiu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Imperatiu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Imperativ" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Imperativ" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativ_(Modus)" title="Imperativ (Modus) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Imperativ (Modus)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4skiv_k%C3%B5neviis" title="Käskiv kõneviis – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Käskiv kõneviis" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo_imperativo" title="Modo imperativo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Modo imperativo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativo" title="Imperativo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Imperativo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Agintera" title="Agintera – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Agintera" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%87_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="وجه امری – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="وجه امری" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imp%C3%A9ratif_(grammaire)" title="Impératif (grammaire) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Impératif (grammaire)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativo" title="Imperativo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Imperativo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AA%85%EB%A0%B9%EB%B2%95" title="명령법 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="명령법" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%A5%D5%B2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%AF" title="Հրամայական եղանակ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Հրամայական եղանակ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Imperativ" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativo" title="Imperativo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Imperativo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modus_imperatif" title="Modus imperatif – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Modus imperatif" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bo%C3%B0h%C3%A1ttur" title="Boðháttur – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Boðháttur" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativo" title="Imperativo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Imperativo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A6%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99" title="ציווי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ציווי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativus" title="Imperativus – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Imperativus" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pav%C4%93les_izteiksme" title="Pavēles izteiksme – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pavēles izteiksme" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Imperativ" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Felsz%C3%B3l%C3%ADt%C3%B3_m%C3%B3d" title="Felszólító mód – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Felszólító mód" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Filaza_mandidy" title="Filaza mandidy – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Filaza mandidy" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gebiedende_wijs" title="Gebiedende wijs – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Gebiedende wijs" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%91%BD%E4%BB%A4%E6%B3%95" title="命令法 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="命令法" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Imperativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Imperativ" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatiu_(gramatica)" title="Imperatiu (gramatica) – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Imperatiu (gramatica)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativ_(Modus)" title="Imperativ (Modus) – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Imperativ (Modus)" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pälzisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tryb_rozkazuj%C4%85cy" title="Tryb rozkazujący – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Tryb rozkazujący" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modo_imperativo" title="Modo imperativo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Modo imperativo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Imperativ" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Повелительное наклонение – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Повелительное наклонение" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Velelnik" title="Velelnik – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Velelnik" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D0%BC%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2" title="Императив – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Императив" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Imperativ" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperatiivi" title="Imperatiivi – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Imperatiivi" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperativ" title="Imperativ – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Imperativ" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B8%D2%93%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%80%D3%A3" title="Сиғаи амрӣ – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Сиғаи амрӣ" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emir_c%C3%BCmlesi" title="Emir cümlesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Emir cümlesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%96%D0%B1" title="Наказовий спосіб – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Наказовий спосіб" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D8%B9%D9%84_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1" title="فعل امر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="فعل امر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%87nh_l%E1%BB%87nh_th%E1%BB%A9c" title="Mệnh lệnh thức – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Mệnh lệnh thức" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A4skj%C3%A4_k%C3%B5nn%C3%B5viis" title="Käskjä kõnnõviis – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Käskjä kõnnõviis" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimandeu_(codjowaedjes)" title="Kimandeu (codjowaedjes) – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Kimandeu (codjowaedjes)" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E4%BD%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈使語氣 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="祈使語氣" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mod%C3%AA_imperatifi" title="Modê imperatifi – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Modê imperatifi" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%A5%88%E4%BD%BF%E8%AA%9E%E6%B0%A3" title="祈使語氣 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="祈使語氣" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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