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cellpadding="1" cellspacing="0" style="float: right; margin: 0 0 0.5em 0.5em; text-align:left; border: 1px solid #00B0F0; width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; text-align:center; color:white; background-color:#00B0F0"><b>Poetry of reality</b><br /><a href="/wiki/Science" title="Science"><font size="5" color="white"><b>Science</b></font></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#CCEFFC;" align="center"><a href="/wiki/Category:Science" title="Category:Science"><img alt="Icon science.svg" src="/w/images/thumb/a/ab/Icon_science.svg/100px-Icon_science.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" srcset="/w/images/thumb/a/ab/Icon_science.svg/150px-Icon_science.svg.png 1.5x, /w/images/thumb/a/ab/Icon_science.svg/200px-Icon_science.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="200" /></a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#00B0F0; text-align:center;"><b>We must know. <br /> We will know.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#CCEFFC;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></li></ul> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; color:white; background-color:#00B0F0; text-align:center;"><b>A view from the<br />shoulders of giants.</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="font-size: 95%; background-color:#CCEFFC;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature (journal)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_blind" title="Double blind">Double blind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radiometric_dating" title="Radiometric dating">Radiometric dating</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biology" title="Biology">Biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Folta" title="Kevin Folta">Kevin Folta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doomsday_scenario" title="Doomsday scenario">Doomsday scenario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Sabin" title="Albert Sabin">Albert Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earth_science" title="Earth science">Earth science</a></li></ul> <div class="vte plainlinks" style="font-size:smaller; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sciencenav" title="Template:Sciencenav">v</a> - <a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sciencenav" title="Template talk:Sciencenav">t</a> - <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Sciencenav&action=edit">e</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table style="margin: auto; border-collapse:collapse; border-style:none; background-color:transparent;" class="cquote"> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="padding:4px 50px;position:relative;"><span style="position:absolute;left:10px;top:-6px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">“</span><span style="position:absolute;right:10px;bottom:-20px;z-index:1;font-family:'Times New Roman',serif;font-weight:bold;color:#B2B7F2;font-size:36px">”</span>I feel I've done very well out of not getting a Nobel prize. If you get a Nobel prize you have this fantastic week and then nobody gives you anything else. If you don't get a Nobel prize you get everything that moves. Almost every year there's been some sort of party because I've got another award. That's much more fun.</div> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding:4px 10px 8px;font-size:smaller;line-height:1.6em;text-align:right;"><cite style="font-style:normal;position:relative;z-index:2">—Jocelyn Bell Burnell, who discovered <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsar">pulsars</a> <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">but whose supervisor won the Nobel</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></sup></cite> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>Nobel Prize</b> is a really cool thing you get for being a <a href="/wiki/Scientist" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientist">scientist</a>, a humanitarian, or someone else who adds significantly to the lives and knowledge of <a href="/wiki/Humanity" class="mw-redirect" title="Humanity">humanity</a> — unless you're a <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geology" title="Geology">geologist</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">computer</a> scientist.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2">[note 1]</a></sup> </p><p>The prize was founded by the inventor of dynamite, <b>Alfred Nobel</b> (1833–1896).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3">[2]</a></sup> After reading an obituary of himself, prematurely published by a <a href="/wiki/French" class="mw-redirect" title="French">French</a> newspaper in 1884 and terming him a "merchant of death", he had a mild attack of conscience and sought to make amends. No, not by giving up the dynamite business, but instead using his wealth earned from manufacturing dynamite to endow the creation of the prizes upon his death in 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a></sup> </p><p>There are prizes for chemistry, physics, medicine, economics, and the controversial Peace Prize. </p><p>Notably, no <a href="/wiki/YEC" class="mw-redirect" title="YEC">young earth creationist</a> <a href="/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience">"scientist"</a> has ever managed to get any of these. However, hated liberals <a href="/wiki/Al_Gore" title="Al Gore">Al Gore</a> (the only person ever to win an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Oscar</a>, <small><a href="/wiki/2000_U.S._presidential_election" class="mw-redirect" title="2000 U.S. presidential election">a Presidential election</a></small>, and a Nobel Peace Prize) and <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Carter" title="Jimmy Carter">Jimmy Carter</a> have. </p><p>People tainted by the foul aroma of nefarious deeds have also received Nobel Prizes: <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a> (a long list of <a href="/wiki/War_crimes" title="War crimes">war crimes</a>, overthrowing of democratically elected governments, and complicity in various <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocides</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Crimes_against_humanity" title="Crimes against humanity">crimes against humanity</a>), <a href="/wiki/Aung_San_Suu_Kyi" title="Aung San Suu Kyi">Aung San Suu Kyi</a> (Rohingya <a href="/wiki/Genocide" title="Genocide">genocide</a>), <a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a> (various), <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yasser_Arafat" class="extiw" title="wp:Yasser Arafat" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Yasser Arafat">Yasser Arafat</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Terrorism" title="Terrorism">terrorism</a>), and Peter Handke (genocide <a href="/wiki/Denialism" title="Denialism">denialism</a>) also got them. The Nobel Peace Prize can be viewed as something of an insult, no matter who you are. </p><p>In 2009, <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> was randomly selected from among just under seven billion people to receive the Nobel Peace Prize, which was being awarded that year to anyone who was <i>not</i> <a href="/wiki/George_W._Bush" title="George W. Bush">George W. Bush</a>. </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Current_Prizes"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Current Prizes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#The_dismal_science_prize"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">The dismal science prize</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Sexism"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Sexism</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Nominations_and_the_fringe"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Nominations and the fringe</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Politicization_of_the_Peace_Prize"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Politicization of the Peace Prize</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Current_Prizes">Current Prizes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Current Prizes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The 5 prizes were established by Alfred Nobel in 1895 and first awarded in 1901. The Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences was created only in 1968, with the first prize in 1969; it was an idea originally conceived by Sweden's central bank (Sveriges Riksbank) to promote its tricentenary.<sup id="cite_ref-local_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-5">[4]</a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Nobel Prize in <a href="/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry">Chemistry</a> — Awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.</li> <li>Nobel Prize in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">Physics</a> — Awarded by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.</li> <li>Nobel Prize in <a href="/wiki/Physiology" class="mw-redirect" title="Physiology">Physiology</a> or <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">Medicine</a> — Awarded by the Karolinska Institutet (the top-ranking medical university in Sweden)</li> <li>Nobel Prize in <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">Literature</a> — Awarded by the Swedish Academy (but not "of Sciences")</li> <li>Nobel Peace Prize — Awarded by a committee elected by the <i><a href="/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norwegian</a></i> Parliament.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a></sup> The last point is often missed.</li> <li>Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences — The Nobel Prize in Economics was established only in 1969, almost 70 years after the others, by Sweden's central bank. Nonetheless, the laureates are selected by The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences (the same institution that selects the Nobel Prize in Physics and Chemistry<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a></sup>) according to the same principles as for the Nobel Prizes that have been awarded since 1901,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a></sup> and the Nobel Foundation recognizes it as a Nobel Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a></sup></li></ul> <p>Presumably the Norwegians got saddled with the Peace Prize task because, at the time Nobel came up with it, Norway was not a sovereign state and the Norwegian parliament was less likely to be entangled in foreign policy affairs that could influence the vote than the Swedish would have been. This is of course not the case anymore today and cries about "political" votes are almost as common as Nobel prizes themselves. Since 2012,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a></sup> each prize is worth +7,500,000 Swedish kronor (1,100,000 <a href="/wiki/USD" class="mw-redirect" title="USD">USD</a>). </p><p>Sometimes cited as a reason for the lack of a Prize in mathematics is a story about Nobel's wife having an affair with a mathematician, but it's <a href="/wiki/Urban_legend" title="Urban legend">just a story</a>. Nobel never married and didn't even have a wife.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="The_dismal_science_prize">The dismal science prize</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: The dismal science prize">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Besides having been created by the Swedish National Bank as a birthday party favor,<sup id="cite_ref-local_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-5">[4]</a></sup> the economics prize comes with substantial criticism. Unlike the other prizes in science (chemistry, physics, physiology), economics is not considered a "<a href="/wiki/Hard_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Hard science">hard science</a>", but is included among the <a href="/wiki/Social_science" title="Social science">social sciences</a>, and consequently the field of economics is more subject to observer <a href="/wiki/Bias" class="mw-redirect" title="Bias">bias</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights" title="Human rights">Human rights</a> lawyer <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_Nobel" class="extiw" title="wp:Peter Nobel" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Peter Nobel">Peter Nobel</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> a great-grandnephew of Alfred Nobel, criticized the creation of the prize. He stated that the prize was "a <a href="/wiki/PR" class="mw-redirect" title="PR">PR</a> coup by economists to improve their reputation" and that Alfred despised people who valued profits over societal well-being.<sup id="cite_ref-local_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-5">[4]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friedrich_Hayek" title="Friedrich Hayek">Friedrich Hayek</a> criticized the prize even as he was awarded it in 1974, stating during his awards speech, "It is that the Nobel Prize <a href="/wiki/Argument_from_authority" title="Argument from authority">confers on an individual an authority</a> which in economics no man ought to possess. This does not matter in the natural sciences. Here the influence exercised by an individual is chiefly an influence on his fellow experts; and they will soon cut him down to size if he exceeds his competence. But the influence of the economist that mainly matters is an influence over laymen: politicians, journalists, civil servants and the public generally."<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a></sup> Hayek accepted the prize anyway because: <a href="/wiki/Money" title="Money">Moolah</a>!</li> <li>Several of the prize recipients have been criticized for various reasons: <ul><li>Hayek: several of the awards committee members belongs to the same society that Hayek had founded, the <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mont_Pelerin_Society" class="extiw" title="wp:Mont Pelerin Society" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Mont Pelerin Society">Mont Pelerin Society</span></a>,<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:104–105</sup> Both former Swedish Minister for Finance <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjell_Olof_Feldt" class="extiw" title="wp:Kjell Olof Feldt" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Kjell Olof Feldt">Kjell Olof Feldt</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> and former Swedish Minister of Commerce and Industry (and Nobel co-recipient with Hayek) <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gunnar_Myrdal" class="extiw" title="wp:Gunnar Myrdal" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Gunnar Myrdal">Gunnar Myrdal</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> wanted the award abolished because of Hayek's prize, whom they considered a <a href="/wiki/Reactionary" title="Reactionary">reactionary</a><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milton_Friedman" title="Milton Friedman">Milton Friedman</a> received the award in 1976. Friedman had been rightfully accused of supporting <a href="/wiki/Augusto_Pinochet" title="Augusto Pinochet">Augusto Pinochet</a>'s military <a href="/wiki/Dictatorship" title="Dictatorship">dictatorship</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> after he spent a 6-day consulting trip to Chile in 1975. Four previous Nobel winners wrote to <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> protesting the award.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:166</sup></li> <li>Robert Aumann, who was awarded the prize in 2005, was criticized for using <a href="/wiki/Game_theory" title="Game theory">game theory</a> to argue against dismantling <a href="/wiki/Israeli" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli">Israeli</a> settlements in occupied <a href="/wiki/Palestine" title="Palestine">Palestine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a></sup></li> <li>Three winners have been <a href="/wiki/Libertarians" class="mw-redirect" title="Libertarians">libertarians</a>: Hayek, Friedman, and James M. Buchanan (1986), all of whom had close ties to the <a href="/wiki/Cato_Institute" title="Cato Institute">Cato Institute</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a></sup> an institute that promotes ideas that would have been contrary to Alfred Nobel's intent (as per Peter Nobel),<sup id="cite_ref-local_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-local-5">[4]</a></sup> i.e., promoting profits over societal well-being (specifically, Cato opposes the <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_healthcare" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal healthcare">universal healthcare</a>, <a href="/wiki/Public_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Public schools">public schools</a>, <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Environmental Protection Agency">environmental regulation</a>)</li></ul></li> <li>In 1994, following the awarding of the prize for work in game theory (<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Forbes_Nash_Jr." class="extiw" title="wp:John Forbes Nash Jr." rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: John Forbes Nash Jr.">John Nash</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup>), the scope of the economics prize was expanded to include all of the social sciences, which just increases the problematical nature of the prize since both economics<sup id="cite_ref-chang_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chang-19">[18]</a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Psychology#Psychology_in_crisis" title="Psychology">psychology</a><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20">[note 2]</a></sup> have a reproducibility problem.</li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sexism">Sexism</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sexism">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div role="note" class="hatnote">See the main article on this topic: <a href="/wiki/Sexism" title="Sexism">Sexism</a></div> <p>There has been an issue with sexism in determining who gets a Nobel Prize, regardless of actual merit. For instance, Jocelyn Bell, the discoverer of the <a href="/wiki/Pulsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Pulsar">pulsar</a>, didn't win the Nobel Prize, but her supervisor did. Bell herself has viewed sexism as playing a part in why she didn't receive the Prize: </p> <blockquote class="letter" style="width:auto; background:#f8f8ff; border:1px solid #C9C9CF;"> <p>The fact that I was a graduate student and a woman, together, demoted my standing in terms of receiving a Nobel prize.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21">[19]</a></sup> </p> </blockquote> <p>While Bell was "only" a graduate student at the time she discovered a pulsar, other people have won the Prize for discovering things, such as <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koichi_Tanaka" class="extiw" title="wp:Koichi Tanaka" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Koichi Tanaka">Koichi Tanaka</span></a>,<sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> who won the Nobel Prize in chemistry in 2002 while only possessing a bachelor's degree.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22">[20]</a></sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Nominations_and_the_fringe">Nominations and the fringe</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nominations and the fringe">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The fact that the nomination process is pretty free and easy has led to some rather strange nominations, particularly for the Peace Prize. These include <a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benito_Mussolini" title="Benito Mussolini">Benito Mussolini</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fidel_Castro" title="Fidel Castro">Fidel Castro</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23">[21]</a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Hugo_Ch%C3%A1vez" title="Hugo Chávez">Hugo Chávez</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Putin" title="Vladimir Putin">Vladimir Putin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24">[22]</a></sup> <small>Oh, and <a href="/wiki/Donald_Trump" title="Donald Trump">Donald Trump</a>.</small> </p><p>The secretive nature of the nomination process<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25">[23]</a></sup> has also opened up for <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Annett" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevin Annett">willing cranks</a><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26">[24]</a></sup> to fraudulently claim that they've been nominated, when clearly, they have not been. </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Politicization_of_the_Peace_Prize">Politicization of the Peace Prize</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politicization of the Peace Prize">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Some deserving nominees never received the Prize, such as <a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a> (for the Peace Prize) and Jorge Luis Borges (for literature). In Gandhi's case, the Nobel Committee's decision to <i>not</i> award a prize in 1948, as "there was no suitable living candidate," was, in effect, an award for Gandhi, as the prize is generally not given posthumously.<sup id="cite_ref-gandhi_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gandhi-27">[25]</a></sup> It was a rather lame excuse since Gandhi had been previously nominated in 1937, 1938, 1939, and 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-gandhi_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gandhi-27">[25]</a></sup> Just to rub in the <a href="/wiki/Hypocrisy" title="Hypocrisy">hypocrisy</a> of the Nobel committee, they had already a awarded a prize in literature to Sweden's Erik Karlfeldt in 1931, and would later award a posthumous peace prize to <a href="/wiki/Dag_Hammarskj%C3%B6ld" title="Dag Hammarskjöld">Dag Hammarskjöld</a> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a></sup> </p><p>It has been alleged that the Peace Prize has been highly-politicized, particularly by the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a> which has a keen interest in it.<sup id="cite_ref-chatterjee_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chatterjee-29">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:361-373</sup> The committee has shown bias in favor of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical_Christians" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical Christians">evangelical Christians</a> by awarding peace prizes to people to people that few others had even heard of or did nothing to deserve it (self-promoting monk <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominique_Pire" class="extiw" title="wp:Dominique Pire" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Dominique Pire">Dominique Pire</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in 1958 and Archbishop of Uppsala <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_S%C3%B6derblom" class="extiw" title="wp:Nathan Söderblom" rel="nofollow"><span style="color:#477979 !important;" title="Wikipedia: Nathan Söderblom">Nathan Söderblom</span></a><sup><img alt="Wikipedia" src="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/12px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" srcset="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/18px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 1.5x, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Wikipedia%27s_W.svg/24px-Wikipedia%27s_W.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></sup> in 1930).<sup id="cite_ref-chatterjee_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chatterjee-29">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:367</sup> The committee also has a history of appeasing the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> with what have been considered inappropriate awards (<a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a>, George Marshall, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Kissinger" title="Henry Kissinger">Henry Kissinger</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-chatterjee_29-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chatterjee-29">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:364-366</sup><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30">[28]</a></sup> The subsequent protests against Kissinger's award resulted in what might have been the first appearance of the phrase "<a href="/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize" title="Ig Nobel Prize">Ignobel Prize</a>" in 1973.<sup id="cite_ref-chatterjee_29-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chatterjee-29">[27]</a></sup><sup class="reference" style="white-space:nowrap;">:366</sup> </p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ig_Nobel_Prize" title="Ig Nobel Prize">Ig Nobel Prize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_disease" title="Nobel disease">Nobel disease</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templeton_Foundation" class="mw-redirect" title="Templeton Foundation">Templeton Foundation</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <ul><li><i>Time</i> magazine's <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/article/0,28804,2096389_2096388_2096378,00.html">top 10 list of Nobel Prize controversies</a></li></ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="font-size:90%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mathematicians get the Fields Medal instead as long as they're under 40. Geologists get the Vetlesen Prize, while computer scientists get the <a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Turing</a> Award.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Daniel Kahneman in 2002 for integrating psychology into economics</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="references-small" style="-moz-column-count:2; -webkit-column-count:2; column-count:2; font-size:80%;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/sep/06/jocelyn-bell-burnell-british-astrophysicist-overlooked-by-nobels-3m-award-pulsars">British astrophysicist overlooked by Nobels wins $3m award for pulsar work</a> by Ian Sample (6 Sep 2018 00.01 EDT; Last modified on Thu 6 Sep 2018 05.01 EDT) <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/od/dstartinventions/a/Alfred_Nobel.htm">Alfred Nobel and the History of Dynamite</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.today/DUrKI#selection-715.63-718.0">Nobel Prizes, 107 Years Old</a>, Progressive Policy Institute</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-local-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-local_5-0">4.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-local_5-1">4.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-local_5-2">4.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-local_5-3">4.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071014012248/http://www.thelocal.se/2173/20050928/">Nobel descendant slams Economics prize</a> (28<sup>th</sup> September 2005 12:24 CET) <i>The Local</i> (archived from October 14, 2007).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130305075529/http://www.riksbank.se/en/The-Riksbank/Economics-prize/">The Riksbank’s Prize in Economic Sciences</a> <i>Sveriges Riksbank</i> (archived from March 5, 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nobelprize.org/nobel_organizations/">The Nobel Organizations</a>, Nobelprize.org</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/the-nobel-prize-organisation/prize-awarding-institutions/">https://www.nobelprize.org/the-nobel-prize-organisation/prize-awarding-institutions/</a> The Nobel Prize awarding institutions]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/">The Sveriges Riksbank Prize In Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/about/">Who we are and what we do</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://economix.blogs.nytimes.com/2012/06/11/for-nobel-winners-a-smaller-cash-prize/">For Nobel Winners, a Smaller Cash Prize</a>, <i>The New York Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/science/nobel.asp">No Nobel Prize for Math</a>, <i>Snopes</i>, March 2 2001</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1974/hayek/speech/">Friedrich von Hayek: Banquet speech</a> <i>The Nobel Prize</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Nobel Factor: The Prize in Economics, Social Democracy, and the Market Turn</i> by Avner Offer & Gabriel Söderberg (2016) Princeton University Press. ISBN 069116603X.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090630015308/http://www.samuelbrittan.co.uk/text172_p.html">The not so noble Nobel Prize</a> by Samuel Brittan (19/12/03) <i>The Financial Times</i> (archived from June 30, 2009).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"Letters to the Editor: The Laureate" (24 October 1976) <i>The New York Times</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101215202811/http://www.ejpress.org/article/4556">Anti-Israel protests against Nobel prize award</a> (11/Dec/2005 16:43) <i>European Jewish Press</i> (archived from December 15, 2010).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cato.org/people/nobel">Nobel Laureates at Cato</a> <i>Cato Institute</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chang-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-chang_19-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Chang, Andrew C., and Phillip Li (2015). “Is Economics Research Replicable? Sixty Published Papers from Thirteen Journals Say ”Usually Not”,” <i>Finance and Economics Discussion Series</i> 2015-083. Washington: Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2015.083">http://dx.doi.org/10.17016/FEDS.2015.083</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Proudfoot, Ben (July 27, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2021/07/27/opinion/pulsars-jocelyn-bell-burnell-astronomy.html">"She Changed Astronomy Forever. He won the Nobel Prize for it."</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=She+Changed+Astronomy+Forever.+He+won+the+Nobel+Prize+for+it.&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Proudfoot&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Proudfoot%2C%26%2332%3BBen&rft.date=July+27%2C+2021&rft.pub=%27%27%5B%5BThe+New+York+Times%5D%5D%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2021%2F07%2F27%2Fopinion%2Fpulsars-jocelyn-bell-burnell-astronomy.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nobel_Prize"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Watts, Jonathan (November 4, 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.csmonitor.com/2002/1104/p06s01-woap.html">"Japan's newest star: a chemist"</a>. <i>The <a href="/wiki/Christian_Science" title="Christian Science">Christian Science</a></i> Monitor<i>.</i></span><i><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Japan%27s+newest+star%3A+a+chemist&rft.atitle=&rft.aulast=Watts&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft.au=Watts%2C%26%2332%3BJonathan&rft.date=November+4%2C+2002&rft.pub=%27%27The+%5B%5BChristian+Science%5D%5D%27%27+Monitor%27%27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.csmonitor.com%2F2002%2F1104%2Fp06s01-woap.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Nobel_Prize"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/news/printedition/opinion/la-op-tookienobel4dec04,1,1344488.story">Who Doesn't Have a Nobel Prize Nomination?</a>, <i>LA Times</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/the-worlds-worst-nobel-peace-prize-nominees">The World’s Worst Nobel Peace Prize Nominees: From Rush Limbaugh to Josef Stalin, we round up a rogue's gallery of the worst Nobel Peace Prize nominees.</a> (10.10.13 5:45 AM ET) <i>The Daily Beast</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">See the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia" title="Wikipedia">Wikipedia</a> article on <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize#Nomination_and_selection" class="extiw" title="wp:Nobel Peace Prize" rel="nofollow">Nobel Peace Prize § Nomination and selection</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://americannationalmilitia.com/reverend-kevin-annett-is-nominated-for-the-nobel-peace-prize/">https://americannationalmilitia.com/reverend-kevin-annett-is-nominated-for-the-nobel-peace-prize/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-gandhi-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gandhi_27-0">25.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-gandhi_27-1">25.1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/themes/mahatma-gandhi-the-missing-laureate/">Mahatma Gandhi, the Missing Laureate</a> <i>Nobelprize.org</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/science/2011/oct/03/nobel-prize-awarded-dead-scientist">Nobel prize to be awarded to dead scientist: Winner of the Nobel prize for medicine had passed away but rules state that award cannot be given posthumously</a> by Ian Sample (3 Oct 2011 14.24 EDT) <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-chatterjee-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chatterjee_29-0">27.0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chatterjee_29-1">27.1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chatterjee_29-2">27.2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-chatterjee_29-3">27.3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Mother Teresa: The Untold Story</i> by Aroup Chatterjee (2016) Fingerprint!/Prakash Books India. ISBN 9788175993310.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jan/11/nobel-peace-prize-henry-kissinger-vietnam">Nobel panel knew Kissinger Vietnam deal unlikely to bring peace, files show: Accords negotiated by Kissinger and Le Duc Tho in 1973 sealed US exit from war but were soon flouted by North and South Vietnam</a> (11 Jan 2023 12.28 EST) <i>Reuters</i> via <i>The Guardian</i>.</span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div></div><div class="printfooter">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&oldid=2685897">https://rationalwiki.org/w/index.php?title=Nobel_Prize&oldid=2685897</a>"</div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" 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