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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Operating principles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operating_principles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_technique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_technique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Performance technique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Performance_technique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Concert_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Concert_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Concert music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Concert_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Popular_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Popular_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Popular music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Popular_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Film music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theatre_and_performing_arts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theatre_and_performing_arts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Theatre and performing arts</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theatre_and_performing_arts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Television</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Video_games" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Video_games"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>Video games</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Video_games-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_First_Theremin_Concert_for_Extraterrestrials" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_First_Theremin_Concert_for_Extraterrestrials"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span><i>The First Theremin Concert for Extraterrestrials</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_First_Theremin_Concert_for_Extraterrestrials-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Similar_instruments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Similar_instruments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Similar instruments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Similar_instruments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Publications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Publications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Publications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Publications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_and_video" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_and_video"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>Film and video</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_and_video-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Theremin</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 48 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-48" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">48 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%86" title="ثيرمين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثيرمين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termenvoks" title="Termenvoks – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termenvoks" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D1%8D%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Тэрмэнвокс – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Тэрмэнвокс" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Теремин – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Теремин" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Терменвокс – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Терменвокс" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teremin" title="Teremin – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Teremin" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%AD%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BD" title="Θέρεμιν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θέρεμιν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Therem%C3%ADn" title="Theremín – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Theremín" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teremino" title="Teremino – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Teremino" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ترمین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ترمین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%C3%A9r%C3%A9mine" title="Thérémine – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Thérémine" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%85%8C%EB%A0%88%EB%AF%BC" title="테레민 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="테레민" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A5%D5%B6" title="Տերմեն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Տերմեն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="थेरेमिन – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="थेरेमिन" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teremin" title="Teremin – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Teremin" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Eerem%C3%ADn" title="Þeremín – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Þeremín" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9F" title="טרמין – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="טרמין" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teremin" title="Teremin – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Teremin" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Теремин – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Теремин" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A5%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A8" title="थेरेमिन – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="थेरेमिन" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%86%E3%83%AB%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" title="テルミン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="テルミン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teremim" title="Teremim – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Teremim" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Терменвокс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Терменвокс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teremin" title="Teremin – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Teremin" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Теремин – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Теремин" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teremin" title="Teremin – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Teremin" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="เธรามิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เธรามิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Theremin" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%81" title="Терменвокс – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Терменвокс" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theremin" title="Theremin – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the electronic musical instrument. For its inventor, see <a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a>. For the Covenant album, see <a href="/wiki/Theremin_(album)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theremin (album)"><i>Theremin</i> (album)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Theremin</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Etherwave_Theremin_Kit.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Etherwave_Theremin_Kit.jpg/250px-Etherwave_Theremin_Kit.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Etherwave_Theremin_Kit.jpg/375px-Etherwave_Theremin_Kit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Etherwave_Theremin_Kit.jpg/500px-Etherwave_Theremin_Kit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="1365" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A <i><a href="/wiki/Moog_Music" title="Moog Music">Moog</a> Etherwave</i>, assembled from a theremin <a href="/wiki/Electronic_kit" title="Electronic kit">kit</a>: the loop antenna on the left controls the volume while the upright antenna controls the pitch.</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #b0e0e6"><a href="/wiki/Electronic_instrument" class="mw-redirect" title="Electronic instrument">Electronic instrument</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Hornbostel%E2%80%93Sachs" title="Hornbostel–Sachs">Hornbostel–Sachs classification</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">531.1<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />(<a href="/wiki/Electrophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Electrophone">Electrophone</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Inventor(s)</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Developed</th><td class="infobox-data" style="text-align: left">1920; patented in 1928</td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Epro_theremin_middle_bach.ogg" title="File:Epro theremin middle bach.ogg">Epro theremin in middle range</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="15" data-mwtitle="Epro_theremin_middle_bach.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a3/Epro_theremin_middle_bach.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a3/Epro_theremin_middle_bach.ogg/Epro_theremin_middle_bach.ogg.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description"><a href="/wiki/Johann_Sebastian_Bach" title="Johann Sebastian Bach">J. S. Bach's</a> "<a href="/wiki/Jesu,_Joy_of_Man%27s_Desiring" title="Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring">Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring</a>" played by Italian thereminist Fabio Pesce on a Moog Etherwave theremin</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing this file? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The <b>theremin</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/θ/: 'th' in 'thigh'">θ</span><span title="/ɛr/: 'err' in 'merry'">ɛr</span><span title="/əm/: 'm' in 'rhythm'">əm</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span>/</a></span></span>; originally known as the <b>ætherphone</b>, <b>etherphone</b>, <b>thereminophone</b><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>termenvox</b>/<b>thereminvox</b>) is an <a href="/wiki/Electronic_musical_instrument" title="Electronic musical instrument">electronic musical instrument</a> controlled without physical contact by the performer (who is known as a thereminist). It is named after its inventor, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a>, who patented the device in 1928. </p><p>The instrument's controlling section usually consists of two metal antennas which function not as <a href="/wiki/Radio_antennas" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio antennas">radio antennas</a> but rather as <a href="/wiki/Position_sensor" title="Position sensor">position sensors</a>. Each antenna forms one half of a <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitor</a> with each of the thereminist's hands as the other half of the capacitor. These antennas <a href="/wiki/Capacitive_sensing" title="Capacitive sensing">capacitively sense</a> the relative position of the hands and control <a href="/wiki/Oscillation" title="Oscillation">oscillators</a> for <a href="/wiki/Frequency" title="Frequency">frequency</a> with one hand, and <a href="/wiki/Amplitude" title="Amplitude">amplitude</a> (<a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">volume</a>) with the other. The electric <a href="/wiki/Signal" title="Signal">signals</a> from the theremin are <a href="/wiki/Amplifier" title="Amplifier">amplified</a> and sent to a <a href="/wiki/Loudspeaker" title="Loudspeaker">loudspeaker</a>. </p><p>The sound of the instrument is often associated with <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/eerie" class="extiw" title="wikt:eerie">eerie</a> situations. The theremin has been used in movie <a href="/wiki/Soundtrack" title="Soundtrack">soundtracks</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_R%C3%B3zsa" title="Miklós Rózsa">Miklós Rózsa</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Spellbound_(1945_film)" title="Spellbound (1945 film)">Spellbound</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Weekend_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lost Weekend (film)">The Lost Weekend</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Bernard_Herrmann" title="Bernard Herrmann">Bernard Herrmann</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still_(soundtrack)" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still (soundtrack)">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i>, and <a href="/wiki/Justin_Hurwitz" title="Justin Hurwitz">Justin Hurwitz</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/First_Man_(film)" title="First Man (film)">First Man</a></i>, as well as in <a href="/wiki/Theme_music" title="Theme music">theme songs</a> for <a href="/wiki/Television_show" title="Television show">television shows</a> such as the ITV drama <i><a href="/wiki/Midsomer_Murders" title="Midsomer Murders">Midsomer Murders</a></i> and the <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a> series <a href="/wiki/Loki_(TV_series)" title="Loki (TV series)"><i>Loki</i></a>, the latter composed by <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Holt" title="Natalie Holt">Natalie Holt</a>. The theremin is also used in concert music (especially <a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">avant-garde</a> and 20th- and 21st-century <a href="/wiki/Contemporary_classical_music" title="Contemporary classical music">new music</a>); for example, Mano Divina Giannone is a popular American thereminist<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who along with his orchestra, The Divine Hand Ensemble, regularly holds said concerts. It is also used in popular music genres, such as <a href="/wiki/Rock_music" title="Rock music">rock</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_1" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Leon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg/220px--Leon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="93" data-mwtitle="Leon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Leon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Leon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg/Leon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/2e/Leon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="384" data-height="288" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Leon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg/Leon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/2/2e/Leon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg/Leon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ALeon-Theremin-playing-Theremin.ogg&lang=ru&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ru" label="русский ‪(ru)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></video></span><figcaption>Leon Theremin demonstrating and playing the theremin</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theramin-Alexandra-Stepanoff-1930.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Theramin-Alexandra-Stepanoff-1930.jpg/220px-Theramin-Alexandra-Stepanoff-1930.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="274" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Theramin-Alexandra-Stepanoff-1930.jpg/330px-Theramin-Alexandra-Stepanoff-1930.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Theramin-Alexandra-Stepanoff-1930.jpg/440px-Theramin-Alexandra-Stepanoff-1930.jpg 2x" data-file-width="822" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Alexandra Stepanoff playing the theremin on <a href="/wiki/NBC_Red_Network" class="mw-redirect" title="NBC Red Network">NBC Radio</a></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a></div> <p>The theremin was the product of Soviet government-sponsored research into <a href="/wiki/Proximity_sensor" title="Proximity sensor">proximity sensors</a>. The instrument was invented in October 1920 by the Russian physicist Lev Sergeyevich Termen, known in the West as <a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Glinsky_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Glinsky-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a lengthy tour of Europe, during which time he demonstrated his invention to packed houses, Theremin moved to the United States, where he patented his invention in 1928.<sup id="cite_ref-patent_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, Theremin granted commercial production rights to <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a>. </p><p>Although the RCA Thereminvox (released immediately following the <a href="/wiki/Wall_Street_Crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Wall Street Crash of 1929">Stock Market Crash of 1929</a>) was not a commercial success, it fascinated audiences in America and abroad. <a href="/wiki/Clara_Rockmore" title="Clara Rockmore">Clara Rockmore</a>, a well-known thereminist, toured to wide acclaim, performing a classical repertoire in concert halls around the United States, often sharing the bill with <a href="/wiki/Paul_Robeson" title="Paul Robeson">Paul Robeson</a>. Joseph Whiteley (1894–1984) performed under the stage name Musaire and his 1930 RCA Theremin can be seen, played and heard at the <a href="/wiki/Musical_Museum,_Brentford" title="Musical Museum, Brentford">Musical Museum</a>, Brentford, England.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the 1930s, <a href="/wiki/Lucie_Bigelow_Rosen" title="Lucie Bigelow Rosen">Lucie Bigelow Rosen</a> was also taken with the theremin and together with her husband Walter Bigelow Rosen provided both financial and artistic support to the development and popularisation of the instrument.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1938, Theremin left the United States, though the circumstances related to his departure are in dispute. Many accounts claim he was taken from his <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a> apartment by <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a> agents (preceding the <a href="/wiki/KGB" title="KGB">KGB</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> taken back to the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> and made to work in a <i><a href="/wiki/Sharashka" title="Sharashka">sharashka</a></i> laboratory prison camp at Magadan, Siberia. He reappeared 30 years later. In his 2000 biography of the inventor, <i>Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage</i>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Glinsky" title="Albert Glinsky">Albert Glinsky</a> suggested he had fled to escape crushing personal debts, and was then caught up in Stalin's political purges. In any case, Theremin did not return to the United States until 1991.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moog_Theremin_Bausatz.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Moog_Theremin_Bausatz.jpg/220px-Moog_Theremin_Bausatz.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Moog_Theremin_Bausatz.jpg/330px-Moog_Theremin_Bausatz.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Moog_Theremin_Bausatz.jpg/440px-Moog_Theremin_Bausatz.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>The components of a modern <a href="/wiki/Moog_Music" title="Moog Music">Moog</a> theremin, in kit form</figcaption></figure> <p>After a flurry of interest in America following the end of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a>, the theremin soon fell into disuse with serious musicians, mainly because newer electronic instruments were introduced that were easier to play. However, a niche interest in the theremin persisted, mostly among electronics enthusiasts and kit-building hobbyists. One of these electronics enthusiasts, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Moog" title="Robert Moog">Robert Moog</a>, began building theremins in the 1950s, while he was a high-school student. Moog subsequently published a number of articles about building theremins, and sold theremin kits that were intended to be assembled by the customer. Moog credited what he learned from the experience as leading directly to his groundbreaking <a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">synthesizer</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Moog_synthesizer" title="Moog synthesizer">Moog</a>. (Around 1955, a colleague of Moog's, electronic music pioneer <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Scott" title="Raymond Scott">Raymond Scott</a>, purchased one of Moog's theremin subassemblies to incorporate into a new invention, the <a href="/wiki/Clavivox" title="Clavivox">Clavivox</a>, which was intended to be an easy-to-use keyboard theremin.)<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since the release of the film <i><a href="/wiki/Theremin:_An_Electronic_Odyssey" title="Theremin: An Electronic Odyssey">Theremin: An Electronic Odyssey</a></i> in 1993, the instrument has enjoyed a resurgence in interest and has become more widely used by contemporary musicians. Even though many theremin sounds can be approximated on many modern synthesizers, some musicians continue to appreciate the expressiveness, novelty, and uniqueness of using an actual theremin. The film itself has received positive reviews.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Both theremin instruments and kits are available. The Open Theremin, an <a href="/wiki/Open-hardware" class="mw-redirect" title="Open-hardware">open hardware</a> and <a href="/wiki/Open_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Open software">open software</a> project, was developed by Swiss microengineer Urz Gaudenz, using the original <a href="/wiki/Heterodyne" title="Heterodyne">heterodyne</a> oscillator architecture for a good playing experience,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> combined with <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a>. Using a few extra components, a <a href="/wiki/MIDI" title="MIDI">MIDI</a> interface can be added to the Open Theremin, enabling a player to use their theremin to control different instrument sounds.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The theremin's singular operation method has been praised for providing an accessible route to music-making for people with disabilities.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operating_principles">Operating principles</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Operating principles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Block_diagram_Theremin.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Block_diagram_Theremin.svg/330px-Block_diagram_Theremin.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Block_diagram_Theremin.svg/495px-Block_diagram_Theremin.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/Block_diagram_Theremin.svg/660px-Block_diagram_Theremin.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Block diagram of a theremin. Volume control in blue, pitch control in yellow and audio output in red.</figcaption></figure> <p>The theremin is distinguished among musical instruments in that it is played without physical contact. The thereminist stands in front of the instrument and moves their hands in the proximity of two metal antennas. While commonly called antennas, they are not used as <a href="/wiki/Radio_antennae" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio antennae">radio antennae</a> for receiving or broadcasting radio waves, but rather act as plates of <a href="/wiki/Capacitor" title="Capacitor">capacitors</a>. The distance from one antenna determines frequency (pitch), and the distance from the other controls amplitude (volume). Higher notes are played by moving the hand closer to the pitch antenna. Louder notes are played by moving the hand away from the volume antenna. </p><p>Most frequently, the right hand controls the pitch and the left controls the volume, although some performers reverse this arrangement. Some low-cost theremins use a conventional, knob-operated volume control and have only the pitch antenna. </p><p>The theremin uses the <a href="/wiki/Heterodyne" title="Heterodyne">heterodyne</a> principle to generate an audio signal. The instrument's pitch circuitry includes two <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> <a href="/wiki/Electronic_oscillator" title="Electronic oscillator">oscillators</a> set below 500 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">kHz</a> to minimize radio interference. One oscillator operates at a fixed frequency. The frequency of the other oscillator is almost identical, and is controlled by the performer's distance from the pitch control antenna. </p><p>The performer's hand has significant <a href="/wiki/Body_capacitance" title="Body capacitance">body capacitance</a>, and thus can be treated as the <a href="/wiki/Ground_(electricity)" title="Ground (electricity)">grounded</a> plate of a <a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">variable capacitor</a> in an <a href="/wiki/LC_circuit" title="LC circuit">L-C (inductance-capacitance) circuit</a>, which is part of the oscillator and determines its frequency. In the simplest designs, the antenna is directly coupled to the tuned circuit of the oscillator and the 'pitch field', that is the change of note with distance, is highly nonlinear, as the capacitance change with distance is far greater near the antenna. In such systems, when the antenna is removed, the oscillator moves up in frequency. </p><p>To partly linearise the pitch field, the antenna may be wired in series with an inductor to form a series <a href="/wiki/Tuned_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Tuned circuit">tuned circuit</a>, resonating with the parallel combination of the antenna's intrinsic capacitance and the capacitance of the player's hand in proximity to the antenna. This series tuned circuit is then connected in parallel with the parallel tuned circuit of the variable pitch oscillator. With the antenna circuit disconnected, the oscillator is tuned to a frequency slightly higher than the stand-alone resonant frequency of the antenna circuit. At that frequency, the antenna and its linearisation coil present an inductive impedance; and when connected, behaves as an inductor in parallel with the oscillator. Thus, connecting the antenna and linearising coil raises the oscillation frequency. Close to the resonant frequency of the antenna circuit, the effective inductance is small, and the effect on the oscillator is greatest; farther from it, the effective inductance is larger, and fractional change on the oscillator is reduced. </p><p>When the hand is distant from the antenna, the resonant frequency of the antenna series circuit is at its highest; i.e., it is closest to the free running frequency of the oscillator, and small changes in antenna capacitance have greatest effect. Under this condition, the effective inductance in the tank circuit is at its minimum and the oscillation frequency is at its maximum. The steepening rate of change of shunt impedance with hand position compensates for the reduced influence of the hand being further away. With careful tuning, a near linear region of pitch field can be created over the central two or three octaves of operation. Using optimized pitch field linearisation, circuits can be made where a change in <a href="/wiki/Capacitance" title="Capacitance">capacitance</a> between the performer and the instrument in the order of 0.01 <a href="/wiki/Farad" title="Farad">picofarads</a> produces a full octave of frequency shift.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The mixer produces the audio-range difference between the frequencies of the two oscillators at each moment, which is the tone that is then wave shaped and amplified and sent to a loudspeaker. </p><p>To control volume, the performer's other hand acts as the grounded plate of another variable capacitor. As in the tone circuit, the distance between the performer's hand and the volume control antenna determines the capacitance and hence natural resonant frequency of an LC circuit inductively coupled to another fixed LC oscillator circuit operating at a slightly higher resonant frequency. When a hand approaches the antenna, the natural frequency of that circuit is lowered by the extra capacitance, which detunes the oscillator and lowers its resonant plate current. </p><p>In the earliest theremins, the <a href="/wiki/Radio_frequency" title="Radio frequency">radio frequency</a> plate current of the oscillator is picked up by another winding and used to power the filament of another diode-connected <a href="/wiki/Triode" title="Triode">triode</a>, which thus acts as a variable conductance element changing the output amplitude.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The harmonic <a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">timbre</a> of the output, not being a pure tone, was an important feature of the theremin.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Theremin's original design included audio frequency series/parallel LC formant filters as well as a 3-winding variable-saturation transformer to control or induce harmonics in the audio output.<sup id="cite_ref-patent_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-patent-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Modern circuit designs often simplify this circuit and avoid the complexity of two heterodyne oscillators by having a single pitch oscillator, akin to the original theremin's volume circuit. This approach is usually less stable and cannot generate the low frequencies that a heterodyne oscillator can. Better designs (e.g., Moog, Theremax) may use two pairs of heterodyne oscillators, for both pitch and volume.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_technique">Performance technique</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Performance technique"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Robotic_Theremin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Robotic_Theremin.jpg/220px-Robotic_Theremin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Robotic_Theremin.jpg/330px-Robotic_Theremin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Robotic_Theremin.jpg/440px-Robotic_Theremin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4752" data-file-height="3168" /></a><figcaption>A robot playing the theremin</figcaption></figure> <p>Important in theremin articulation is the use of the volume control antenna. Unlike touched instruments, where simply halting play or damping a resonator in the traditional sense silences the instrument, the thereminist must "play the rests, as well as the notes", as <a href="/wiki/Clara_Rockmore" title="Clara Rockmore">Clara Rockmore</a> observed.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>If the pitch hand is moved between notes, without first lowering the volume hand, the result is a "swooping" sound akin to a <a href="/wiki/Swanee_whistle" class="mw-redirect" title="Swanee whistle">swanee whistle</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Glissando" title="Glissando">glissando</a> played on the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a>. Small flutters of the pitch hand can be used to produce a <a href="/wiki/Vibrato" title="Vibrato">vibrato</a> effect. To produce distinct notes requires a pecking action with the volume hand to mute the volume while the pitch hand moves between positions. </p><p>Thereminists such as <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Eyck" title="Carolina Eyck">Carolina Eyck</a> use a fixed arm position per octave, and use fixed positions of the fingers to create the notes within the octave, allowing very fast transitions between adjacent notes.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although volume technique is less developed than pitch technique, some thereminists have worked to extend it, especially <a href="/wiki/Pamelia_Kurstin" title="Pamelia Kurstin">Pamelia Kurstin</a> with her "<a href="/wiki/Walking_bass" class="mw-redirect" title="Walking bass">walking bass</a>" technique<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Rupert Chappelle. </p><p>The critic <a href="/wiki/Harold_C._Schonberg" title="Harold C. Schonberg">Harold C. Schonberg</a> described the sound of the theremin as "[a] cello lost in a dense fog, crying because it does not know how to get home."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uses">Uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Theremin_in_Musical_Instrument_Museum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Theremin_in_Musical_Instrument_Museum.jpg/220px-Theremin_in_Musical_Instrument_Museum.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Theremin_in_Musical_Instrument_Museum.jpg/330px-Theremin_in_Musical_Instrument_Museum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Theremin_in_Musical_Instrument_Museum.jpg/440px-Theremin_in_Musical_Instrument_Museum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1494" data-file-height="1992" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA</a> AR-1264 Theremin in <a href="/wiki/Musical_Instrument_Museum_(Phoenix)" title="Musical Instrument Museum (Phoenix)">Musical Instrument Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phoenix,_Arizona" title="Phoenix, Arizona">Phoenix, Arizona</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Concert_music">Concert music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Concert music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first orchestral composition written for theremin was Andrei Pashchenko's <i>Symphonic Mystery</i>, which premiered in 1924.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, most of the sheet music was lost after its second performance.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other concert composers who have written for theremin include <a href="/wiki/Bohuslav_Martin%C5%AF" title="Bohuslav Martinů">Bohuslav Martinů</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mr_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Percy_Grainger" title="Percy Grainger">Percy Grainger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mr_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Christian_Wolff_(composer)" title="Christian Wolff (composer)">Christian Wolff</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mr_28-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Schillinger" title="Joseph Schillinger">Joseph Schillinger</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mr_28-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Moritz_Eggert" title="Moritz Eggert">Moritz Eggert</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-discogs_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discogs-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Iraida_Yusupova" title="Iraida Yusupova">Iraida Yusupova</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-discogs_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-discogs-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Jorge_Antunes_(composer)" title="Jorge Antunes (composer)">Jorge Antunes</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-mr_28-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Vladimir Komarov,<sup id="cite_ref-mr_28-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mr-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Anis_Fuleihan" title="Anis Fuleihan">Anis Fuleihan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-bc_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bc-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%B1l_Say" title="Fazıl Say">Fazıl Say</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another large-scale theremin concerto is <a href="/wiki/Kalevi_Aho" title="Kalevi Aho">Kalevi Aho</a>'s Concerto for Theremin and Chamber Orchestra "Eight Seasons" (2011), written for <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Eyck" title="Carolina Eyck">Carolina Eyck</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Edgard_Var%C3%A8se" title="Edgard Varèse">Edgard Varèse</a> completed the composition "Equatorial" for two theremin cellos and percussion in 1934. His work was a stated influence throughout the career of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who also composed for theremin.<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Maverick composer Percy Grainger chose to use ensembles of four or six theremins (in preference to a string quartet) for his two earliest experimental <i>Free Music</i> compositions (1935–1937) because of the instrument's complete 'gliding' freedom of pitch.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Musician <a href="/wiki/Jean-Michel_Jarre" title="Jean-Michel Jarre">Jean-Michel Jarre</a> used the instrument in his concerts <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jean-Michel_Jarre_concerts#Oxygen_in_Moscow" title="List of Jean-Michel Jarre concerts">Oxygène in Moscow</a> in 1997 and <a href="/wiki/Space_of_Freedom" title="Space of Freedom">Space of Freedom</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in <a href="/wiki/Gda%C5%84sk" title="Gdańsk">Gdańsk</a> in 2005, providing also a short history of Leon Theremin's life. </p><p>The five-piece <a href="/wiki/Spaghetti_Western_Orchestra" title="Spaghetti Western Orchestra">Spaghetti Western Orchestra</a> use a theremin as a replacement for Edda Dell'Orso's vocals in their interpretation of <a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a>'s "Once Upon a Time in the West".<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other notable contemporary theremin players include <a href="/wiki/Pamelia_Kurstin" title="Pamelia Kurstin">Pamelia Kurstin</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kurstin_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kurstin-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Peter_Theremin" title="Peter Theremin">Peter Theremin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Natasha_Theremin" title="Natasha Theremin">Natasha Theremin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Katica_Ill%C3%A9nyi" title="Katica Illényi">Katica Illényi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Katica_Illenyi_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Katica_Illenyi-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavina" title="Lydia Kavina">Lydia Kavina</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Kavina_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kavina-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dutch classical musician <a href="/wiki/Thorwald_J%C3%B8rgensen" title="Thorwald Jørgensen">Thorwald Jørgensen</a> has been described as "one of the most important exponents of classical music on the theremin".<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 in Kobe, Japan, the Matryomin ensemble, a group of 289 theremin players that included Natasha Theremin, Masha Theremin and Peter Theremin, the daughter, granddaughter and great-grandson of the inventor, achieved a <a href="/wiki/Guinness_world_record" class="mw-redirect" title="Guinness world record">Guinness world record</a> as the largest ensemble of the instrument. The name <i>Matryomin</i> is a <a href="/wiki/Portmanteau" class="mw-redirect" title="Portmanteau">portmanteau</a> by its inventor of the words <i><a href="/wiki/Matryoshka" class="mw-redirect" title="Matryoshka">matryoshka</a></i> and <i>theremin</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theremin concerto "Dancefloor With Pulsing" by the French composer <a href="/wiki/Regis_Campo" class="mw-redirect" title="Regis Campo">Regis Campo</a> was written for <a href="/wiki/Carolina_Eyck" title="Carolina Eyck">Carolina Eyck</a> and premiered with the Brussels Philharmonic in 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Popular_music">Popular music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Popular music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Theremins and theremin-like sounds started to be incorporated into <a href="/wiki/Popular_music" title="Popular music">popular music</a> from the end of the 1940s (with a series of <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hoffman" title="Samuel Hoffman">Samuel Hoffman</a>/<a href="/wiki/Harry_Revel" title="Harry Revel">Harry Revel</a> collaborations)<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has continued, with various degrees of popularity, to the present. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Lothar_and_the_Hand_People" title="Lothar and the Hand People">Lothar and the Hand People</a> were the first rock band known to perform live with a theremin in November 1965. In fact, Lothar was the name they gave to their <a href="/wiki/Moog_Music" title="Moog Music">Moog</a> theremin.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/The_Beach_Boys" title="The Beach Boys">The Beach Boys</a>' 1966 single "<a href="/wiki/Good_Vibrations" title="Good Vibrations">Good Vibrations</a>"—though it does not technically contain a theremin—is the most frequently cited example of the instrument in pop music. The song actually features a similar-sounding instrument invented by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Tanner" title="Paul Tanner">Paul Tanner</a> called an <a href="/wiki/Electro-Theremin" title="Electro-Theremin">Electro-Theremin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBrend200516_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBrend200516-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon release, the single prompted an unexpected revival in theremins and increased the awareness of <a href="/wiki/Analog_synthesizer" title="Analog synthesizer">analog synthesizers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchTrocco2009102–103_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchTrocco2009102–103-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to requests by the band, <a href="/wiki/Moog_Music" title="Moog Music">Moog Music</a> began producing its own brand of <a href="/wiki/Ribbon_controller" title="Ribbon controller">ribbon-controlled</a> instruments which would mimic the sound of a theremin.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPinchTrocco2009102–3_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPinchTrocco2009102–3-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Frank_Zappa" title="Frank Zappa">Frank Zappa</a> also included the theremin on the albums <i><a href="/wiki/Freak_Out!" title="Freak Out!">Freak Out!</a></i> (1966) and <i><a href="/wiki/We%27re_Only_in_It_for_the_Money" title="We're Only in It for the Money">We're Only in It for the Money</a></i> (1967).<sup id="cite_ref-doi.org_34-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doi.org-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Page" title="Jimmy Page">Jimmy Page</a> of <a href="/wiki/Led_Zeppelin" title="Led Zeppelin">Led Zeppelin</a> used a variation of the theremin (pitch antenna only) during performances of "<a href="/wiki/Whole_Lotta_Love" title="Whole Lotta Love">Whole Lotta Love</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/No_Quarter_(song)" title="No Quarter (song)">No Quarter</a>" throughout the performance history of Led Zeppelin, an extended multi-instrumental solo featuring theremin and bowed guitar in 1977, as well as the soundtrack for <i><a href="/wiki/Death_Wish_II" title="Death Wish II">Death Wish II</a></i>, released in 1982.<sup id="cite_ref-Met2022_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Met2022-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Brian_Jones" title="Brian Jones">Brian Jones</a> of <a href="/wiki/The_Rolling_Stones" title="The Rolling Stones">the Rolling Stones</a> also used the instrument on the group's 1967 albums <i><a href="/wiki/Between_the_Buttons" title="Between the Buttons">Between the Buttons</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Their_Satanic_Majesties_Request" title="Their Satanic Majesties Request">Their Satanic Majesties Request</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Tesla_(band)" title="Tesla (band)">Tesla</a> guitarist <a href="/wiki/Frank_Hannon" class="mw-redirect" title="Frank Hannon">Frank Hannon</a> used a theremin in the band's song "Edison's Medicine" from the 1991 album <i><a href="/wiki/Psychotic_Supper" title="Psychotic Supper">Psychotic Supper</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hannon is also seen using the instrument in the song's music video at the 2:40 mark.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Lothars are a Boston-area band formed in early 1997 whose CDs have featured as many as four theremins played at once – a first for pop music.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Although credited with a "Thereman" [<i><a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a></i>] on the track "Mysterons" from the album <i>Dummy</i>, <a href="/wiki/Portishead_(band)" title="Portishead (band)">Portishead</a> actually used a <a href="/wiki/Monophonic_synthesizer" class="mw-redirect" title="Monophonic synthesizer">monophonic synthesizer</a> to achieve theremin-like effects, as confirmed by <a href="/wiki/Adrian_Utley" title="Adrian Utley">Adrian Utley</a>, who is credited as playing the instrument;<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the songs "Half Day Closing", "Humming", "The Rip", and "Machine Gun" he has actually used a custom-made theremin.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Page_McConnell" title="Page McConnell">Page McConnell</a>, keyboardist of the American rock band <a href="/wiki/Phish" title="Phish">Phish</a>, plays the theremin on rare occasions. His last notable performance was on 6 August 2017, the final evening of the band's 13-night residency at <a href="/wiki/Madison_Square_Garden" title="Madison Square Garden">Madison Square Garden</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When <a href="/wiki/Simon_and_Garfunkel" class="mw-redirect" title="Simon and Garfunkel">Simon and Garfunkel</a> performed their song "<a href="/wiki/The_Boxer" title="The Boxer">The Boxer</a>" during a concert at Madison Square Garden in December 2003, they utilized a theremin. The original recording of the song had featured a steel guitar and a piccolo trumpet in unison in the solo interlude, but for this performance, thereminist Rob Schwimmer played the solo.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_music">Film music</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Film music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shostakovich" title="Dmitri Shostakovich">Dmitri Shostakovich</a> was one of the first to incorporate parts for the theremin in <a href="/wiki/Orchestra" title="Orchestra">orchestral pieces</a>, including a use in his <a href="/wiki/Film_score" title="Film score">score</a> for the film <span title="Russian-language romanization"><i lang="ru-Latn"><a href="/wiki/Odna" class="mw-redirect" title="Odna">Odna</a></i></span> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_(%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BC)" class="extiw" title="ru:Одна (фильм)">Одна</a></span>, 1931, <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Trauberg" title="Leonid Trauberg">Leonid Trauberg</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grigori_Kozintsev" title="Grigori Kozintsev">Grigori Kozintsev</a>). While the theremin was not widely used in <a href="/wiki/Classical_music" title="Classical music">classical music</a> performances, the instrument found great success in many motion pictures, notably, <i><a href="/wiki/Spellbound_(1945_film)" title="Spellbound (1945 film)">Spellbound</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Red_House_(film)" title="The Red House (film)">The Red House</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Lost_Weekend_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Lost Weekend (film)">The Lost Weekend</a></i> (all three of which were written by <a href="/wiki/Mikl%C3%B3s_R%C3%B3zsa" title="Miklós Rózsa">Miklós Rózsa</a>, the composer who pioneered the use of the instrument in Hollywood scores), <i><a href="/wiki/The_Spiral_Staircase_(1946_film)" title="The Spiral Staircase (1946 film)">The Spiral Staircase</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Rocketship_X-M" title="Rocketship X-M">Rocketship X-M</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Day_the_Earth_Stood_Still" title="The Day the Earth Stood Still">The Day the Earth Stood Still</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Thing_from_Another_World" title="The Thing from Another World">The Thing from Another World</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Castle_in_the_Air_(film)" title="Castle in the Air (film)">Castle in the Air</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ten_Commandments_(1956_film)" title="The Ten Commandments (1956 film)">The Ten Commandments</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The theremin is played and identified as such in the <a href="/wiki/Jerry_Lewis" title="Jerry Lewis">Jerry Lewis</a> movie <i><a href="/wiki/The_Delicate_Delinquent" title="The Delicate Delinquent">The Delicate Delinquent</a></i>. The theremin is prominent in the score for the 1956 short film <i><a href="/wiki/A_Short_Vision" title="A Short Vision">A Short Vision</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which was aired on <i><a href="/wiki/The_Ed_Sullivan_Show" title="The Ed Sullivan Show">The Ed Sullivan Show</a></i> the same year that it was used by the Hungarian composer <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A1ty%C3%A1s_Seiber" title="Mátyás Seiber">Mátyás Seiber</a>. More recent appearances in film scores include <i><a href="/wiki/Monster_House_(film)" title="Monster House (film)">Monster House</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ed_Wood_(film)" title="Ed Wood (film)">Ed Wood</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Machinist" title="The Machinist">The Machinist</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Electrical_Life_of_Louis_Wain" title="The Electrical Life of Louis Wain">The Electrical Life of Louis Wain</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (2021), (last three featuring <a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavina" title="Lydia Kavina">Lydia Kavina</a>), as well as <i><a href="/wiki/First_Man_(film)" title="First Man (film)">First Man</a></i> (2018). </p><p>A theremin was not used for the soundtrack of <i><a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Planet" title="Forbidden Planet">Forbidden Planet</a></i>, for which <a href="/wiki/Bebe_and_Louis_Barron" title="Bebe and Louis Barron">Bebe and Louis Barron</a> built disposable oscillator circuits and a <a href="/wiki/Ring_modulation" title="Ring modulation">ring modulator</a> to create the electronic tonalities used in the film.<sup id="cite_ref-MovieDiva-Forbidden-Planet_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MovieDiva-Forbidden-Planet-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MGroovesFP_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MGroovesFP-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Los Angeles–based thereminist Charles Richard Lester is featured on the soundtrack of <i><a href="/wiki/Monster_House_(film)" title="Monster House (film)">Monster House</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and has performed the US premiere of <a href="/wiki/Gavriil_Popov_(composer)" title="Gavriil Popov (composer)">Gavriil Popov's</a> 1932 score for <i>Komsomol – Patron of Electrification</i> with the <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Philharmonic" title="Los Angeles Philharmonic">Los Angeles Philharmonic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Esa-Pekka_Salonen" title="Esa-Pekka Salonen">Esa-Pekka Salonen</a> in 2007.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Lenny Abrahamson's 2014 film, <i><a href="/wiki/Frank_(film)" title="Frank (film)">Frank</a></i>, Clara, the character played by <a href="/wiki/Maggie_Gyllenhaal" title="Maggie Gyllenhaal">Maggie Gyllenhaal</a>, plays the theremin in a band named Soronprfbs.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theatre_and_performing_arts">Theatre and performing arts</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Theatre and performing arts"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rosen_(musician)" title="Charlie Rosen (musician)">Charlie Rosen</a>, orchestrator of the <a href="/wiki/Broadway_theatre" title="Broadway theatre">Broadway</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_theatre" title="Musical theatre">musical</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Be_More_Chill" title="Be More Chill">Be More Chill</a></i>, credits the show as being the first on Broadway to have a theremin in its band.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television">Television</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Television"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In May 2007, the <a href="/wiki/White_Castle_(restaurant)" title="White Castle (restaurant)">White Castle</a> American hamburger restaurant chain introduced a television advertisement<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> centered around a live theremin performance by musician Jon Bernhardt of the band <i>The Lothars.</i> It is the only known example of a theremin performance being the focus of an advertisement.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Celia Sheen plays the theremin in the <i><a href="/wiki/Midsomer_Murders" title="Midsomer Murders">Midsomer Murders</a></i> series.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In October 2008, comedian, musician, and theremin enthusiast <a href="/wiki/Bill_Bailey" title="Bill Bailey">Bill Bailey</a> played a theremin during his performance of Bill Bailey's Remarkable Guide to the Orchestra at the Royal Albert Hall, which has subsequently been televised. He had previously also written an article,<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> presented a radio show<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and incorporated the theremin in some of his televised comedy tours.</li> <li>Charlie Draper plays the theremin in the soundtrack (written by <a href="/wiki/Natalie_Holt" title="Natalie Holt">Natalie Holt</a>) for TV series <i><a href="/wiki/Loki_(TV_series)" title="Loki (TV series)">Loki</a></i> on <a href="/wiki/Disney%2B" title="Disney+">Disney+</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Video_games">Video games</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Video games"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>A theremin-inspired tune serves as the theme for the Edison family in the NES port of <i><a href="/wiki/Maniac_Mansion" title="Maniac Mansion">Maniac Mansion</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Kavina" title="Lydia Kavina">Lydia Kavina</a>'s solo theremin is featured on the soundtrack for the 2006 <a href="/wiki/MMORPG" class="mw-redirect" title="MMORPG">MMORPG</a> computer game <i><a href="/wiki/Soul_of_the_Ultimate_Nation" title="Soul of the Ultimate Nation">Soul of the Ultimate Nation</a></i>, composed by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Shore" title="Howard Shore">Howard Shore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_First_Theremin_Concert_for_Extraterrestrials"><i>The First Theremin Concert for Extraterrestrials</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: The First Theremin Concert for Extraterrestrials"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Message" title="Teen Age Message">Teen Age Message</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Teen_Age_Message_7_of_8.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Teen_Age_Message_7_of_8.jpg/220px-Teen_Age_Message_7_of_8.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Teen_Age_Message_7_of_8.jpg/330px-Teen_Age_Message_7_of_8.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/Teen_Age_Message_7_of_8.jpg/440px-Teen_Age_Message_7_of_8.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1702" data-file-height="1190" /></a><figcaption>Theremin performer Anton Kershenko and his young pupil at <a href="/wiki/RT-70" title="RT-70">Eupatoria Deep Space Communication Center</a></figcaption></figure> <p><i>The First Theremin Concert for Extraterrestrials</i> was the world's first musical <a href="/wiki/Messaging_to_Extra-Terrestrial_Intelligence" class="mw-redirect" title="Messaging to Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence">METI</a> broadcast dispatched from the Evpatoria deep-space communications complex in Crimea,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was sent seven years before NASA's <a href="/wiki/Across_the_Universe_(message)" title="Across the Universe (message)">Across the Universe message</a>. Seven different melodies were transmitted from audio-cassette recordings of the theremin being played by Lydia Kavina, Yana Aksenova, and Anton Kerchenko, all from the Moscow Theremin Center. These seven melodies were: </p> <ol><li>"Egress alone I to the Ride" by E. Shashina</li> <li>The finale of the <i>9th Symphony</i> by Beethoven</li> <li><i>The Four Seasons: Spring,</i> "Allegro" by Vivaldi</li> <li>"The Swan" by Saint-Saens</li> <li>"Vocalise" by Rachmaninoff</li> <li>"Summertime" by Gershwin</li> <li>Russian folk song "Kalinka-Malinka"</li></ol> <p>They were played in succession six times over the span of three days from August–September 2001 during the transmission of <a href="/wiki/Teen_Age_Message" title="Teen Age Message">Teen Age Message</a>, an interstellar radio message.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_80-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Similar_instruments">Similar instruments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Similar instruments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Craft_x_Tech_exhibition_at_V%26A_2024_-_13.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Craft_x_Tech_exhibition_at_V%26A_2024_-_13.jpg/170px-Craft_x_Tech_exhibition_at_V%26A_2024_-_13.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Craft_x_Tech_exhibition_at_V%26A_2024_-_13.jpg/255px-Craft_x_Tech_exhibition_at_V%26A_2024_-_13.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Craft_x_Tech_exhibition_at_V%26A_2024_-_13.jpg/340px-Craft_x_Tech_exhibition_at_V%26A_2024_-_13.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2812" data-file-height="3750" /></a><figcaption>Museum visitor interacting with <i>Artefact #VII</i> at the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert</a> museum Prince Consort Gallery, pictured in September 2024.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Ondes_Martenot" title="Ondes Martenot">Ondes Martenot</a>, 1928, also uses the principle of heterodyning oscillators, but has a keyboard as well as a slide controller and is touched while playing.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The Electronde, invented in 1929 by Martin Taubman, has an <a href="/wiki/Antenna_(radio)" title="Antenna (radio)">antenna</a> for <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a> control, a handheld switch for <a href="/wiki/Articulation_(music)" title="Articulation (music)">articulation</a> and a foot pedal for volume control.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Croix_Sonore" title="Croix Sonore">Croix Sonore</a> (Sonorous Cross), is based on the theremin. It was developed by Russian composer <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Obukhov" title="Nikolai Obukhov">Nicolas Obouchov</a> in France, after he saw Lev Theremin demonstrate the theremin in 1924.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Terpsitone" title="Terpsitone">terpsitone</a>, also invented by Theremin, consisted of a platform fitted with space-controlling antennas, through and around which a dancer would control the musical performance. By most accounts, the instrument was nearly impossible to control. Of the three instruments built, only the last one, made in 1978 for Lydia Kavina, survives today.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Z.Vex_Effects" title="Z.Vex Effects">Z.Vex Effects</a> Fuzz Probe, Wah Probe and Tremolo Probe, using a theremin to control said effects. The Fuzz Probe can be used as a theremin, as it can through feedback oscillation create tones of any pitch.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/MC-505" class="mw-redirect" title="MC-505">MC-505</a> by Roland by being able to use the integrated <a href="/wiki/D-Beam" title="D-Beam">D-Beam</a>-sensor like a theremin.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Audiocubes" title="Audiocubes">Audiocubes</a> by Percussa are light emitting smart blocks that have four sensors on each side (optical theremin). The sensors measure the distance to your hands to control an effect or sound.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Three_radio_theremin" title="Three radio theremin">three radio theremin</a> (Super Theremin, <span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BC%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC%E3%83%86%E3%83%AC%E3%83%9F%E3%83%B3" class="extiw" title="ja:スーパーテレミン">スーパーテレミン</a></span></span>) invented by Tomoya Yamamoto (<span title="Japanese-language text"><span lang="ja">山本智矢</span></span>), composed of three independent radio sets. Radio set #1 is to listen and to record the signal at around 1600<span class="nowrap"> </span><a href="/wiki/KHz" class="mw-redirect" title="KHz">kHz</a>. Radio set #2 is tuned at 1145<span class="nowrap"> </span>kHz so that its local oscillator of around 1600<span class="nowrap"> </span>kHz is to be received by radio set #1. Radio set #3 is also tuned at 1145<span class="nowrap"> </span>kHz so that its local oscillator may produce the beat with radio set #2. The operator's hand movement around the bar antenna of radio set #3 may affect the local oscillator to produce tonal change.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template noprint Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research#Primary,_secondary_and_tertiary_sources" title="Wikipedia:No original research"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable secondary sources. (July 2023)">non-primary source needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li>The Matryomin by Masami Takeuchi is a single-antenna theremin-type device mounted inside a <a href="/wiki/Matryoshka_doll" title="Matryoshka doll">matryoshka doll</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The <i>Chimaera</i> is a digital offspring of theremin and touchless ribbon controller and based on distance sensing of permanent magnets. An array of linear Hall-effect sensors, each acting as an individual theremin in a changing magnetic field, responds to multiple moving neodymium magnets worn on fingers and forms a continuous interaction space in two dimensions.<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Artefact #VII by <a href="/wiki/Ini_Archibong" title="Ini Archibong">Ini Archibong</a>, is a theremin nested in a "pod-like sculpture" made of Japanese Tsugaru Nuri <a href="/wiki/Japanese_lacquerware" title="Japanese lacquerware">lacquerware</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_inventions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Russian inventions">List of Russian inventions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ring_modulation" title="Ring modulation">Ring modulation</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://folk.instruments.edu.pl/en/classification-">"Revision of the Hornbostel-Sachs Classification of Musical Instruments by the MIMO Consortium"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Revision+of+the+Hornbostel-Sachs+Classification+of+Musical+Instruments+by+the+MIMO+Consortium&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffolk.instruments.edu.pl%2Fen%2Fclassification-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The London Mercury Vol. XVII No. 99 1928</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.divinehand.net/">"Theremin | Divine Hand Ensemble"</a>. <i>Singing Electricity</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-06-01</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Singing+Electricity&rft.atitle=Theremin+%7C+Divine+Hand+Ensemble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.divinehand.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Glinsky-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Glinsky_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Glinsky" class="citation book cs1">Glinsky, Albert (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thereminethermus00glin"><i>Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage</i></a></span>. Urbana, Illinois: University of Illinois Press. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thereminethermus00glin/page/26">26</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02582-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02582-2"><bdi>978-0-252-02582-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theremin%3A+Ether+Music+and+Espionage&rft.place=Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pages=26&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02582-2&rft.aulast=Glinsky&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthereminethermus00glin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=w5qf9O6c20o"><span class="plainlinks">Leon Theremin playing his own instrument</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-patent-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-patent_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-patent_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://patents.google.com/patent/US1661058">US1661058</a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.musicalmuseum.co.uk/mmcatalogue">"MMCatalogue (All)"</a>. <i>The Musical Museum</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-08-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Musical+Museum&rft.atitle=MMCatalogue+%28All%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.musicalmuseum.co.uk%2Fmmcatalogue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glinsky">Glinsky</a> pp. 127–128</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thereminvox.com/">"The Theremin"</a>. Thereminvox. May 9, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-07-13</span></span>. <q>financially supported Léon Theremin's work</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Theremin&rft.pub=Thereminvox&rft.date=2007-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thereminvox.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A520831"><i>Tell Me More</i>, BBC, h2g2 project, Undated</a>.Accessed:05-20-2008.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#Glinsky">Glinsky</a> pp. 185–187, 329</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlinsky2022" class="citation book cs1">Glinsky, Albert (2022). <i>Switched On: Bob Moog and the Synthesizer Revolution</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 August</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=OpenTheremin&rft.atitle=MIDI+Interface&rft.au=GaudiLabs&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gaudi.ch%2FOpenTheremin%2Findex.php%2Fopentheremin-v4%2Fmidi-interface&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlinsky1992" class="citation thesis cs1">Glinsky, Albert Vincent (1992). <i>The Theremin in the emergence of electronic music</i> (Thesis). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/304003165">304003165</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Theremin+in+the+emergence+of+electronic+music&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Glinsky&rft.aufirst=Albert+Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2023)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.channelroadamps.com/articles/theremin/">"Channel Road Amplification: Vacuum Tube Theremin"</a>. <i>channelroadamps.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=channelroadamps.com&rft.atitle=Channel+Road+Amplification%3A+Vacuum+Tube+Theremin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.channelroadamps.com%2Farticles%2Ftheremin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220417112911/http://www.pavekmuseum.org/theremin/theop.html">"RCA Theremin circuit diagram"</a>. <i>Pavek Museum of Broadcasting</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theremin+Vox+%E2%80%93+In+Clara%27s+Words&rft.pub=Thereminvox.com&rft.date=2002-10-26&rft.aulast=Moog&rft.aufirst=Bob&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thereminvox.com%2Farticle%2Farticleview%2F21%2F1%2F22%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0n-o71RUrQw">How to play a scale on the theremin | Carolina talks Theremin</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKurstin2002" class="citation web cs1">Kurstin, Pamelia (February 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ted.com/talks/pamelia_kurstin_the_untouchable_music_of_the_theremin">"The untouchable music of the theremin"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/TED_(conference)" title="TED (conference)">TED</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-08-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Forbidden+Planet&rft.pub=MovieDiva&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.moviediva.com%2FMD_root%2Freviewpages%2FMDForbiddenPlanet.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MGroovesFP-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MGroovesFP_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Notes about film soundtrack and CD, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.moviegrooves.com/shop/forbiddenplanetsoundtrack.htm">MovieGrooves-FP</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090925031539/http://www.moviegrooves.com/shop/forbiddenplanetsoundtrack.htm">Archived</a> 2009-09-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFcokerbl2006" class="citation web cs1">cokerbl (21 July 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0385880/">"Monster House (2006)"</a>. IMDb.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monster+House+%282006%29&rft.pub=IMDb&rft.date=2006-07-21&rft.au=cokerbl&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0385880%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090917010157/http://www.laphil.com/music/piece_detail.cfm?id=2377">"L. A. Philharmonic concert details"</a>. Laphil.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laphil.com/music/piece_detail.cfm?id=2377">the original</a> on 2009-09-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=L.+A.+Philharmonic+concert+details&rft.pub=Laphil.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laphil.com%2Fmusic%2Fpiece_detail.cfm%3Fid%3D2377&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lane, Anthony, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/08/25/hide-seek">"Hide and Seek"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_Yorker" title="The New Yorker">The New Yorker</a></i>, August 25, 2014.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ruthie Feinberg, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.playbill.com/article/4-secrets-you-never-knew-about-broadways-be-more-chill">"4 Secrets You Never Knew About Broadway's Be More Chill"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Playbill" title="Playbill">Playbill</a></i>, March 11, 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JlmxvkfpHhQ"><span class="plainlinks">White Castle Ad on YouTube</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaban2007" class="citation news cs1">Laban, Linda (May 7, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.boston.com/ae/music/articles/2007/05/07/the_geek_who_captured_the_castle/">"The geek who captured the Castle"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Boston_Globe" title="The Boston Globe">The Boston Globe</a></i>. pp. C4, C8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Boston+Globe&rft.atitle=The+geek+who+captured+the+Castle&rft.pages=C4%2C+C8&rft.date=2007-05-07&rft.aulast=Laban&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.boston.com%2Fae%2Fmusic%2Farticles%2F2007%2F05%2F07%2Fthe_geek_who_captured_the_castle%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGoogan2016" class="citation news cs1">McGoogan, Cara (8 March 2016). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/03/08/clara-rockmore-the-story-of-the-theremin-virtuoso-who-inspired-l/">"Clara Rockmore: Story of the theremin virtuoso who inspired Led Zeppelin and The Rolling Stones"</a></span>. <i>The Daily Telegraph</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2016/03/08/clara-rockmore-the-story-of-the-theremin-virtuoso-who-inspired-l/">Archived</a> from the original on 2022-01-11.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Clara+Rockmore%3A+Story+of+the+theremin+virtuoso+who+inspired+Led+Zeppelin+and+The+Rolling+Stones&rft.date=2016-03-08&rft.aulast=McGoogan&rft.aufirst=Cara&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Ftechnology%2F2016%2F03%2F08%2Fclara-rockmore-the-story-of-the-theremin-virtuoso-who-inspired-l%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBill_Bailey2004" class="citation news cs1">Bill Bailey (2004-10-18). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2004/oct/15/4">"Bill Bailey's Weird Science Guardian article, Oct 2004"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Bill+Bailey%27s+Weird+Science+Guardian+article%2C+Oct+2004&rft.date=2004-10-18&rft.au=Bill+Bailey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fculture%2F2004%2Foct%2F15%2F4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/goodvibrations.shtml">"Good Vibrations: The Story of the Theremin, Oct 2004"</a>. BBC. 2004-10-21<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Good+Vibrations%3A+The+Story+of+the+Theremin%2C+Oct+2004&rft.pub=BBC&rft.date=2004-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fradio4%2Ffactual%2Fgoodvibrations.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavids2021" class="citation magazine cs1">Davids, Brian (2021-06-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/tv/tv-features/loki-avengers-endgame-marvel-disney-1234965274/">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Loki' Director Kate Herron on Shooting New 'Avengers: Endgame'-Era Footage"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Hollywood_Reporter" title="The Hollywood Reporter">The Hollywood Reporter</a></i>. Lynne Segall<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-06-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=%27Loki%27+Director+Kate+Herron+on+Shooting+New+%27Avengers%3A+Endgame%27-Era+Footage&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft.aulast=Davids&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Ftv%2Ftv-features%2Floki-avengers-endgame-marvel-disney-1234965274%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDraper2021" class="citation web cs1">Draper, Charlie [@charlietheremin] (June 9, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/charlietheremin/status/1402522822921043968">"I'm proud to reveal my #theremin features in @filmmusicholt's stunning soundtrack to #Loki by @iamkateherron and @michaelwaldron. NH's combo of orchestra, electronics, clocks, and Norse instruments is just perfect for our god of mischief's run-in with the time police!"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=I%27m+proud+to+reveal+my+%23theremin+features+in+%40filmmusicholt%27s+stunning+soundtrack+to+%23Loki+by+%40iamkateherron+and+%40michaelwaldron.+NH%27s+combo+of+orchestra%2C+electronics%2C+clocks%2C+and+Norse+instruments+is+just+perfect+for+our+god+of+mischief%27s+run-in+with+the+time+police%21&rft.date=2021-06-09&rft.aulast=Draper&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Fcharlietheremin%2Fstatus%2F1402522822921043968&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolt2023" class="citation web cs1">Holt, Natalie [@filmmusicholt] (October 15, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://x.com/filmmusicholt/status/1713683384831037824">"Time warping #Loki to the 70's… who knew that a Disco lead line would be so perfect on Theremin? @charlietheremin = bringing his incredible sound world to scores …also Spanish road trips 💚"</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tweet_(social_media)" title="Tweet (social media)">Tweet</a>) – via <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Time+warping+%23Loki+to+the+70%27s%E2%80%A6+who+knew+that+a+Disco+lead+line+would+be+so+perfect+on+Theremin%3F+%40charlietheremin+%3D+bringing+his+incredible+sound+world+to+scores+%E2%80%A6also+Spanish+road+trips+%F0%9F%92%9A&rft.date=2023-10-15&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=Natalie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fx.com%2Ffilmmusicholt%2Fstatus%2F1713683384831037824&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFassel2019" class="citation web cs1">Fassel, Preston (2019-12-23). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200220021128/https://www.fangoria.com/original/8-bit-terror-maniac-mansion">"8-Bit Terror: 'Maniac Mansion'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Fangoria</i>. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gamedaily.com/articles/features/ode-to-joystick/68875/">the original</a> on September 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-03-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ode+to+Joystick&rft.pub=GameDaily&rft.date=2012-03-08&rft.aulast=Conditt&rft.aufirst=Jessica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gamedaily.com%2Farticles%2Ffeatures%2Fode-to-joystick%2F68875%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-80"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_80-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZaitsev2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zaitsev, A. L. (September 2008). "The first musical interstellar radio message". <i>Journal of Communications Technology and Electronics</i>. <b>53</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">1107–</span>1113. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1134%2FS106422690809012X">10.1134/S106422690809012X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:119435654">119435654</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ProQuest" title="ProQuest">ProQuest</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/196352680">196352680</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Communications+Technology+and+Electronics&rft.atitle=The+first+musical+interstellar+radio+message&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1107-%3C%2Fspan%3E1113&rft.date=2008-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1134%2FS106422690809012X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A119435654%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Zaitsev&rft.aufirst=A.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vam.ac.uk/event/lEewgBJ93P/ldf-craft-x-tech-sept-2024">"Craft x Tech Tohoku Project, Prince Consort Gallery, V&A South Kensington"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Victoria_and_Albert_Museum" title="Victoria and Albert Museum">Victoria and Albert Museum</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Victoria+and+Albert+Museum&rft.atitle=Craft+x+Tech+Tohoku+Project%2C+Prince+Consort+Gallery%2C+V%26A+South+Kensington&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vam.ac.uk%2Fevent%2FlEewgBJ93P%2Fldf-craft-x-tech-sept-2024&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBloch" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Bloch" title="Thomas Bloch">Bloch, Thomas</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thomasbloch.net/en_ondes-martenot.html">"ONDES MARTENOT **** THOMAS BLOCH – the instrument : videos, pictures, works, facts..."</a><span class="reference-accessdate"> Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 March</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ONDES+MARTENOT+%2A%2A%2A%2A+THOMAS+BLOCH+%E2%80%93+the+instrument+%3A+videos%2C+pictures%2C+works%2C+facts...&rft.aulast=Bloch&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thomasbloch.net%2Fen_ondes-martenot.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britishpathe.com/record.php?id=11280">Taubman demonstrates his Electronde. Stills and a downloadable video at British Pathe news archive</a>. 1938-12-12.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121014200447/http://land.percussa.com/create-optical-theremin-using-audiocubes/">"Create Optical Theremin using Percussa AudioCubes"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://land.percussa.com/create-optical-theremin-using-audiocubes/">the original</a> on 2012-10-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Create+Optical+Theremin+using+Percussa+AudioCubes&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fland.percussa.com%2Fcreate-optical-theremin-using-audiocubes%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.kiwi-us.com/~tomoyaz/higa9902.html#990228">"Super Theremin utilizing three radio sets"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Super+Theremin+utilizing+three+radio+sets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.kiwi-us.com%2F~tomoyaz%2Fhiga9902.html%23990228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mandarinelectron.com/matryomin/">"Mandarin Electronics: Matryomin"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mandarin+Electronics%3A+Matryomin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mandarinelectron.com%2Fmatryomin%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160722063107/https://open-music-kontrollers.ch/chimaera/about/">"Chimaera, the poly-magneto-phonic theremin"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://open-music-kontrollers.ch/chimaera/about/">the original</a> on 2016-07-22<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-02-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Chimaera%2C+the+poly-magneto-phonic+theremin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fopen-music-kontrollers.ch%2Fchimaera%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPortner2014" class="citation conference cs1">Portner, Hanspeter (2014-07-30). "CHIMAERA – The Poly-Magneto-Phonic Theremin – An Expressive Touch-Less Hall-Effect Sensor Array". In Baptiste Caramiaux; Koray Tahiroglu; Rebecca Fiebrink; Atau Tanaka (eds.). <i>Proceedings of the International Conference on New Interfaces for Musical Expression</i>. London, United Kingdom: Goldsmiths, University of London. pp. <span class="nowrap">501–</span>504.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=CHIMAERA+%E2%80%93+The+Poly-Magneto-Phonic+Theremin+%E2%80%93+An+Expressive+Touch-Less+Hall-Effect+Sensor+Array&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+International+Conference+on+New+Interfaces+for+Musical+Expression&rft.place=London%2C+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E501-%3C%2Fspan%3E504&rft.pub=Goldsmiths%2C+University+of+London&rft.date=2014-07-30&rft.aulast=Portner&rft.aufirst=Hanspeter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141018121248/http://nime2014.org/proceedings/papers/397_paper.pdf">Link</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(3.9 MB)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://craft-x-tech.com/collaboration/artifactvii/">"Artifact #VII │ Tsugaru Nuri x Ini Archibong"</a>. <i>Craft x Tech</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Craft+x+Tech&rft.atitle=Artifact+%23VII+%E2%94%82+Tsugaru+Nuri+x+Ini+Archibong&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcraft-x-tech.com%2Fcollaboration%2Fartifactvii%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChicco" class="citation web cs1">Chicco, Gianfranco. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://londondesignfestival.com/stories/prefecture-makes-perfect">"Prefecture makes perfect"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/London_Design_Festival" title="London Design Festival">London Design Festival</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=London+Design+Festival&rft.atitle=Prefecture+makes+perfect&rft.aulast=Chicco&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flondondesignfestival.com%2Fstories%2Fprefecture-makes-perfect&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDemetriou2024" class="citation web cs1">Demetriou, Danielle (2024-06-02). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wallpaper.com/design-interiors/craft-x-tech-debut-japanese-craft-contemporary-design">"Craft x Tech elevates Japanese craftsmanship with progressive technology"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Wallpaper_(magazine)" title="Wallpaper (magazine)">Wallpaper</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2024-10-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wallpaper&rft.atitle=Craft+x+Tech+elevates+Japanese+craftsmanship+with+progressive+technology&rft.date=2024-06-02&rft.aulast=Demetriou&rft.aufirst=Danielle&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wallpaper.com%2Fdesign-interiors%2Fcraft-x-tech-debut-japanese-craft-contemporary-design&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRosa2018" class="citation journal cs1">Rosa, Jaime E. Oliver La (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/organised-sound/article/abs/theremin-in-the-press-instrument-remediation-and-codeinstrument-transduction/E66920F656DA138E043CC54DCA5A9130">"Theremin in the Press: Instrument remediation and code-instrument transduction"</a>. <i>Organised Sound</i>. <b>23</b> (3): <span class="nowrap">256–</span>269. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS135577181800016X">10.1017/S135577181800016X</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1355-7718">1355-7718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Organised+Sound&rft.atitle=Theremin+in+the+Press%3A+Instrument+remediation+and+code-instrument+transduction&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E256-%3C%2Fspan%3E269&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS135577181800016X&rft.issn=1355-7718&rft.aulast=Rosa&rft.aufirst=Jaime+E.+Oliver+La&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cambridge.org%2Fcore%2Fjournals%2Forganised-sound%2Farticle%2Fabs%2Ftheremin-in-the-press-instrument-remediation-and-codeinstrument-transduction%2FE66920F656DA138E043CC54DCA5A9130&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThereminPetrishev1996" class="citation journal cs1">Theremin, Leon S.; Petrishev, Oleg (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/6/article/585354">"The Design of a Musical Instrument Based on Cathode Relays"</a>. <i>Leonardo Music Journal</i>. <b>6</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">49–</span>50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1513305">10.2307/1513305</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1531-4812">1531-4812</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1513305">1513305</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Leonardo+Music+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Design+of+a+Musical+Instrument+Based+on+Cathode+Relays&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E49-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=1531-4812&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1513305%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1513305&rft.aulast=Theremin&rft.aufirst=Leon+S.&rft.au=Petrishev%2C+Oleg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmuse.jhu.edu%2Fpub%2F6%2Farticle%2F585354&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Publications">Publications</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrend2005" class="citation book cs1">Brend, Mark (2005). <i>Strange Sounds: Offbeat Instruments and Sonic Experiments in Pop</i> (1. ed.). San Francisco, Calif.: Backbeat. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780879308551" title="Special:BookSources/9780879308551"><bdi>9780879308551</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strange+Sounds%3A+Offbeat+Instruments+and+Sonic+Experiments+in+Pop&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+Calif.&rft.edition=1.&rft.pub=Backbeat&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=9780879308551&rft.aulast=Brend&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyck2006" class="citation book cs1">Eyck, Carolina (2006). <i>The Art of Playing the Theremin</i>. Berlin: SERVI Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-933757-08-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-933757-08-1"><bdi>978-3-933757-08-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+of+Playing+the+Theremin&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=SERVI+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-933757-08-1&rft.aulast=Eyck&rft.aufirst=Carolina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlinsky2000" class="citation book cs1">Glinsky, Albert (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/thereminethermus00glin"><i>Theremin: Ether Music and Espionage</i></a></span>. Urbana, Illinois: <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois_Press" title="University of Illinois Press">University of Illinois Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02582-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-252-02582-2"><bdi>978-0-252-02582-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theremin%3A+Ether+Music+and+Espionage&rft.place=Urbana%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=University+of+Illinois+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-252-02582-2&rft.aulast=Glinsky&rft.aufirst=Albert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthereminethermus00glin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPinchTrocco2009" class="citation book cs1">Pinch, T. J; Trocco, Frank (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CoUs2SSvG4EC"><i>Analog Days: The Invention and Impact of the Moog Synthesizer</i></a>. Harvard University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04216-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-04216-2"><bdi>978-0-674-04216-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analog+Days%3A+The+Invention+and+Impact+of+the+Moog+Synthesizer&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-04216-2&rft.aulast=Pinch&rft.aufirst=T.+J&rft.au=Trocco%2C+Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCoUs2SSvG4EC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Rockmore, Clara (1998). <i>Method for Theremin</i>. Edited by David Miller & Jeffrey McFarland-Johnson. Made publicly available at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.electrotheremin.com/claramethod.html">Clara Rockmore Method for Theremin</a> [pdf]</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_and_video">Film and video</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Film and video"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Martin, Steven M. (Director) (1995). <i>Theremin: An Electronic Odyssey</i> (Film and DVD). Orion/MGM.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Theremin%3A+An+Electronic+Odyssey.&rft.pub=Orion%2FMGM&rft.date=1995&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Lydia Kavina, Clara Rockmore (featuring), William Olsen (Director) (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://moogmusic.com/products/merch/two-theremin-classics-dvd/"><i>Mastering the Theremin</i></a> (Videotape (VHS) and DVD). Moog Music and Little Big Films.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mastering+the+Theremin&rft.pub=Moog+Music+and+Little+Big+Films&rft.date=1995&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmoogmusic.com%2Fproducts%2Fmerch%2Ftwo-theremin-classics-dvd%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Theremin&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night 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/></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Theremin" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Theremin">Theremin</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ted.com/talks/pamelia_kurstin_plays_the_theremin.html">Pamelia Kurstin on Ted.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theremintimes.ru/en">Theremin Times </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thereminvox.com/">ThereminVox.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://theremin.ca/">TECI</a>: Theremin Enthusiasts Club International</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523065218/http://theremin.org.ru/">theremin Theremin Family</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thereminargentina.com.ar/">Theremin Argentina</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoriarty2009" class="citation web cs1">Moriarty, Philip (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sixtysymbols.com/videos/theremin.htm">"The Theremin"</a>. <i>Sixty Symbols</i>. <a href="/wiki/Brady_Haran" title="Brady Haran">Brady Haran</a> for the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Nottingham" title="University of Nottingham">University of Nottingham</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sixty+Symbols&rft.atitle=The+Theremin&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Moriarty&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sixtysymbols.com%2Fvideos%2Ftheremin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ATheremin" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style 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title="Electroacoustic music">electroacoustic music</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Circuit_bending" title="Circuit bending">Circuit bending</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_music" title="Computer music">Computer music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_music" title="Experimental music">Experimental music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tod_Machover#Hyperinstruments" title="Tod Machover">Hyperinstrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loop_(music)" title="Loop (music)">Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tape_loop" title="Tape loop">Tape loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microsound" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsound">Microsound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musique_concr%C3%A8te" title="Musique concrète">Musique concrète</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_music" title="Noise music">Noise music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octophonic_sound" title="Octophonic sound">Octophonic sound</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Magnetic_tape" title="Magnetic tape"><img alt="Magnetic tape." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magtape1.jpg/80px-Magtape1.jpg" decoding="async" width="80" height="98" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magtape1.jpg/120px-Magtape1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Magtape1.jpg/160px-Magtape1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="488" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_electronic_music" title="Chilean electronic music">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_electronic_music" title="French electronic music">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_electronic_music" title="German electronic music">Germany</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Active<br /> organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_Music_Center" title="Computer Music Center">Computer Music Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_Music_Foundation" title="Electronic Music Foundation">Electronic Music Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Groupe_de_Recherches_Musicales" class="mw-redirect" title="Groupe de Recherches Musicales">Groupe de Recherches Musicales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Sonology" title="Institute of Sonology">Institute of Sonology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Confederation_of_Electroacoustic_Music" title="International Confederation of Electroacoustic Music">ICEM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Computer_Music_Association" title="International Computer Music Association">ICMA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRCAM" title="IRCAM">IRCAM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NIME" class="mw-redirect" title="NIME">NIME</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Electro-Acoustic_Music_in_the_United_States" title="Society for Electro-Acoustic Music in the United States">SEAMUS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/STEIM" title="STEIM">STEIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_Toonzaal" title="De Toonzaal">Toonzaal</a> Studio</li> <li><a href="/wiki/WORM_(Rotterdam)" title="WORM (Rotterdam)">WORM</a> studio</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Inactive<br /> organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radiophonic_Workshop" title="BBC Radiophonic Workshop">BBC Radiophonic Workshop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philips_Natuurkundig_Laboratorium" title="Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium">Philips Natuurkundig Laboratorium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Tape_Music_Center" title="San Francisco Tape Music Center">San Francisco Tape Music Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_d%27Essai" title="Studio d'Essai">Studio d'Essai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_for_Electronic_Music_(WDR)" title="Studio for Electronic Music (WDR)">Studio for Electronic Music (WDR, Cologne)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Studio_di_fonologia_musicale_di_Radio_Milano" title="Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano">Studio di fonologia musicale di Radio Milano</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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Action</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tracker_action" title="Tracker action">Tracker action</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">52. Amplification</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_guitar" title="Bass guitar">Bass guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">Electric guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electric_piano" title="Electric piano">Electric piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pickup_(music_technology)" title="Pickup (music technology)">Pickup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_amplifier" title="Instrument amplifier">Instrument amplifier</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bass_amplifier" title="Bass amplifier">Bass amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guitar_amplifier" title="Guitar amplifier">Guitar amplifier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_enclosure" class="mw-redirect" title="Speaker enclosure">Speaker enclosure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larsen_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Larsen effect">Larsen effect</a> ("feedback")</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">53. Oscillation<br />(radioelectric)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buchla_Electronic_Musical_Instruments" title="Buchla Electronic Musical Instruments">Buchla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moog_synthesizer" title="Moog synthesizer">Moog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondes_Martenot" title="Ondes Martenot">Ondes Martenot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synthesizer" title="Synthesizer">Synthesizer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modular_synthesizer" title="Modular synthesizer">Modular</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telharmonium" title="Telharmonium">Telharmonium</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theremin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trautonium" title="Trautonium">Trautonium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link 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href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental_musical_instruments" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Experimental musical instruments"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Experimental_musical_instruments171" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Experimental_musical_instrument" title="Experimental musical instrument">Experimental musical instruments</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Gaiaphones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Chordophone" class="mw-redirect" title="Chordophone">Chordophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aquavina" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquavina">Aquavina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bazantar" title="Bazantar">Bazantar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fotdella" title="Fotdella">Fotdella</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gittler_guitar" title="Gittler guitar">Gittler guitar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gravikord" title="Gravikord">Gravikord</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_Swinger" title="Home Swinger">Home Swinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaisatsuko" title="Kaisatsuko">Kaisatsuko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Long-string_instrument" title="Long-string instrument">Long-string instrument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moodswinger" title="Moodswinger">Moodswinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_icon" title="Sound icon">Sound icon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Springtime_(guitar)" title="Springtime (guitar)">Springtime (guitar)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritare" title="Tritare">Tritare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viola_organista" title="Viola organista">Viola organista</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Membranophone" title="Membranophone">Membranophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Friction_drum" title="Friction drum">Friction drum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lion%27s_roar_(instrument)" title="Lion's roar (instrument)">Lion's roar</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Idiophone" title="Idiophone">Idiophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amplified_cactus" class="mw-redirect" title="Amplified cactus">Amplified cactus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cristal_Baschet" title="Cristal Baschet">Cristal Baschet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daxophone" title="Daxophone">Daxophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterphone" title="Waterphone">Waterphone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hydraulophone" title="Hydraulophone">Hydraulophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Blackpool_High_Tide_Organ" title="Blackpool High Tide Organ">Blackpool High Tide Organ</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sea_organ" title="Sea organ">Sea organ</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wave_Organ" title="Wave Organ">Wave Organ</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aerophone" title="Aerophone">Aerophones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Folgerphone" title="Folgerphone">Folgerphone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klaxophone" title="Klaxophone">Klaxophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tromboon" class="mw-redirect" title="Tromboon">Tromboon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whirly_tube" title="Whirly tube">Whirly tube</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plasmaphones</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pyrophone" title="Pyrophone">Pyrophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rijke_tube" title="Rijke tube">Rijke tube</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singing_Tesla_coil" title="Singing Tesla coil">Singing Tesla coil</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Quintephone" class="mw-redirect" title="Quintephone">Quintephones</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Walking_Piano" class="mw-redirect" title="The Walking Piano">The Walking Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrocardiophone" title="Electrocardiophone">Electrocardiophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electroencephalophone" title="Electroencephalophone">Electroencephalophone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kraakdoos" title="Kraakdoos">Kraakdoos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mellotron" title="Mellotron">Mellotron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ondes_Martenot" title="Ondes Martenot">Ondes Martenot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swarmatron" title="Swarmatron">Swarmatron</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Theremin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Experimental_Musical_Instruments_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Experimental Musical Instruments (magazine)">Experimental Musical Instruments</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_instruments_by_Harry_Partch" class="mw-redirect" title="List of instruments by Harry Partch">List of instruments by Harry Partch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floppotron" title="Floppotron">Floppotron</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Designers of instruments</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Bastien" title="Pierre Bastien">Pierre Bastien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baschet_Brothers" title="Baschet Brothers">Baschet Brothers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ken_Butler" title="Ken Butler">Ken Butler</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nicolas_Collins" title="Nicolas Collins">Nicolas Collins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivor_Darreg" title="Ivor Darreg">Ivor Darreg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bart_Hopkin" title="Bart Hopkin">Bart Hopkin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yuri_Landman" title="Yuri Landman">Yuri Landman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moondog" title="Moondog">Moondog</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harry_Partch" title="Harry Partch">Harry Partch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hans_Reichel" title="Hans Reichel">Hans Reichel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Luigi_Russolo" title="Luigi Russolo">Luigi Russolo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Sax" title="Adolphe Sax">Adolphe Sax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leon_Theremin" title="Leon Theremin">Leon Theremin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Truax" title="Thomas Truax">Thomas Truax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michel_Waisvisz" title="Michel Waisvisz">Michel Waisvisz</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1149727/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4328687-2">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh89006582">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144805593">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb144805593">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007539207105171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div 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mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7c5dd74596-h7d2s","wgBackendResponseTime":138,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.287","walltime":"1.711","ppvisitednodes":{"value":5920,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":186291,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":3909,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":20,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":309272,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1501.783 1 -total"," 38.75% 582.015 1 Template:Reflist"," 18.58% 279.096 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