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Twining</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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Twining" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_F._Twining" title="Nathan F. Twining – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Nathan F. Twining" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_F._Twining" title="Nathan F. Twining – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Nathan F. Twining" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86_%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AC%D9%88%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%88%D9%8A%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%AC" title="ناثان فاراجوت توينينج – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ناثان فاراجوت توينينج" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8D%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B5%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%A9%E3%82%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88%E3%83%BB%E3%83%88%E3%83%AF%E3%82%A4%E3%83%8B%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B0" title="ネーサン・ファラガット・トワイニング – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ネーサン・ファラガット・トワイニング" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Twining" title="Nathan Twining – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Nathan Twining" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Farragut_Twining" title="Nathan Farragut Twining – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Nathan Farragut Twining" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Нејтан Твининг – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Нејтан Твининг" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_Farragut_Twining" title="Nathan Farragut Twining – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Nathan Farragut Twining" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nathan_F._Twining" title="Nathan F. Twining – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Nathan F. Twining" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9D%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%A4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B3%D1%83%D1%82_%D0%A2%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%B3" title="Натан Фаррагут Твайнінг – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Натан Фаррагут Твайнінг" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1251631#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div 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Twining, c. 1957–60</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1897-10-11</span>)</span>October 11, 1897<br /><a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Wisconsin" title="Monroe, Wisconsin">Monroe, Wisconsin</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">March 29, 1982<span style="display:none">(1982-03-29)</span> (aged 84)<br /><a href="/wiki/Lackland_Air_Force_Base" title="Lackland Air Force Base">Lackland Air Force Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Buried</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Army" title="United States Army">United States Army</a><br /><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1915–1947 (Army)<br />1947–1960 (Air Force)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Air_Force_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/US_Air_Force_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/25px-US_Air_Force_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/US_Air_Force_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/38px-US_Air_Force_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/US_Air_Force_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg/50px-US_Air_Force_O10_shoulderboard_rotated.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="223" data-file-height="97" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/General_(United_States)" title="General (United States)">General</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Commands</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Air_Command" title="Alaskan Air Command">Alaskan Air Command</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Air_Materiel_Command" title="Air Materiel Command">Air Materiel Command</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Air_Force" title="Twentieth Air Force">Twentieth Air Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force" title="Fifteenth Air Force">Fifteenth Air Force</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Air Force">Thirteenth Air Force</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Battles / wars</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Pancho_Villa_Expedition" title="Pancho Villa Expedition">Mexican Border Crisis</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Occupation of the Rhineland">Occupation of the Rhineland</a><br /><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a> (2)<br /><a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> (2)<br /><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medal</a> (2)<br /><a href="/wiki/Commendation_Medal#Army" title="Commendation Medal">Army Commendation Medal</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (United Kingdom)<br /><a href="/wiki/Commander_of_the_Legion_of_Honour" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander of the Legion of Honour">Commander of the Legion of Honour</a> (France)<br /><a href="/wiki/Ordre_national_du_M%C3%A9rite" title="Ordre national du Mérite">Commander of the National Order of Merit</a> (France)<br /><a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939%E2%80%931945_(France)" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre 1939–1945 (France)">Croix de Guerre</a> (France)<br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Phoenix_(Greece)" title="Order of the Phoenix (Greece)">Order of the Phoenix</a> (Greece)<br /><a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Order of the Partisan Star with Golden Wreath</a> (Yugoslavia)<br /><a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Merit_with_Swords_(Poland)" title="Cross of Merit with Swords (Poland)">Gold Cross of Merit with Swords</a> (Poland)<br /><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Italy" title="Military Order of Italy">Knight Grand Cross of the Military Order of Italy</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Knight Grand Cordon of the Order of the White Elephant</a> (Thailand)<br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_National_Security_Merit_(Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of National Security Merit (Korea)">Gugseon Medal of the Order of National Security Merit</a> (South Korea)<br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Military Merit (Korea)">Taegeuk Cordon of the Order of Military Merit</a> (South Korea)<br />Aviation Cross, First Class (Peru)<br /><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Egypt)" title="Order of Merit (Egypt)">Medal of Merit</a> (Egypt)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Relations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Merrill_B._Twining" title="Merrill B. Twining">Merrill B. Twining</a> (brother)<br /><a href="/wiki/Nathan_C._Twining" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan C. Twining">Nathan C. Twining</a> (uncle)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Nathan Farragut Twining</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="'w' in 'wind'">w</span><span title="/aɪ/: 'i' in 'tide'">aɪ</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span><span title="/ɪ/: 'i' in 'kit'">ɪ</span><span title="/ŋ/: 'ng' in 'sing'">ŋ</span></span>/</a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key"><i title="English pronunciation respelling"><span style="font-size:90%">TWY</span>-ning</i></a>; October 11, 1897 – March 29, 1982) was a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/General_officer" title="General officer">general</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">chief of Staff of the United States Air Force</a> from 1953<sup id="cite_ref-bio1956_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio1956-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> until 1957, and the third <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> from 1957 to 1960. He was the first member of the Air Force to serve as Chairman. Twining was a distinguished <a href="/wiki/Mustang_(military_officer)" title="Mustang (military officer)">"mustang" officer</a>, rising from private to four-star general and appointment to the highest post in the United States Armed Forces in the course of his 45-year career. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_military_career">Early life and military career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_F._Twining&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and military career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Twining was the son of Clarence Walker Twining and Maize (Barber) Twining.<sup id="cite_ref-Frisbee_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frisbee-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His family had a strong military background; his brother <a href="/wiki/Merrill_B._Twining" title="Merrill B. Twining">Merrill B. Twining</a> was a general in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">United States Marine Corps</a>, his brother Robert B. Twining attained the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">captain</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a>, and his uncle <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Crook_Twining" title="Nathan Crook Twining">Nathan Crook Twining</a> was a <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">rear admiral</a> in the Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-Frisbee_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frisbee-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twining's stepmother, Frances Staver Twining, was the author of <i>Bird-Watching in the West</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-lo_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Generals_Harmon,_Patch_and_Twining_in_the_Southwest_Pacific_1943.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/US_Generals_Harmon%2C_Patch_and_Twining_in_the_Southwest_Pacific_1943.jpg/220px-US_Generals_Harmon%2C_Patch_and_Twining_in_the_Southwest_Pacific_1943.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/US_Generals_Harmon%2C_Patch_and_Twining_in_the_Southwest_Pacific_1943.jpg/330px-US_Generals_Harmon%2C_Patch_and_Twining_in_the_Southwest_Pacific_1943.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/US_Generals_Harmon%2C_Patch_and_Twining_in_the_Southwest_Pacific_1943.jpg/440px-US_Generals_Harmon%2C_Patch_and_Twining_in_the_Southwest_Pacific_1943.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3612" data-file-height="2884" /></a><figcaption>U.S. Army ground and air generals confer with their chief. From left to right: Major General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Patch" title="Alexander Patch">Alexander Patch</a>, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Millard_Harmon" title="Millard Harmon">Millard Harmon</a>, and Major General Nathan F. Twining, conferring over a map whilst serving in the South Pacific, February 1943.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1913, Twining moved with his family from <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Wisconsin" title="Monroe, Wisconsin">Monroe, Wisconsin</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Lake_Oswego,_Oregon" title="Lake Oswego, Oregon">Oswego, Oregon</a>. He was educated in Wisconsin and Oregon, and was a 1917 graduate of <a href="/wiki/Portland,_Oregon" title="Portland, Oregon">Portland, Oregon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lincoln_High_School_(Portland,_Oregon)" title="Lincoln High School (Portland, Oregon)">Lincoln High School</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Frisbee_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frisbee-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lincoln_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lincoln-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He served in the <a href="/wiki/Oregon_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon National Guard">Oregon National Guard</a> from 1915 to 1917 and attained the rank of <a href="/wiki/First_Sergeant_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sergeant (United States)">first sergeant</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-lo_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lo-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lincoln_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lincoln-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1917, he received an appointment to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">West Point</a> after placing well in a competitive examination for members of the National Guard.<sup id="cite_ref-Lincoln_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lincoln-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the program was shortened to produce more officers for <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, he spent only two years at the academy and graduated in 1919.<sup id="cite_ref-twining_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-twining-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After serving in the Army <a href="/wiki/Infantry_Branch_(United_States)" title="Infantry Branch (United States)">infantry</a> for three years, including post-war occupation duty in Germany, in 1922 Twining was reassigned to the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">Air Service</a>. Over the next 15 years he flew fighter aircraft in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, while also attending the Air Corps Tactical School and the <a href="/wiki/Command_and_General_Staff_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and General Staff College">Command and General Staff College</a>. When <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> broke out in Europe he was assigned to the operations division on the Air Staff; then in 1942 he was sent to the <a href="/wiki/South_Pacific_Area" title="South Pacific Area">South Pacific</a> where he became chief of staff of the Allied air forces in that area. </p><p>In January 1943, he was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">major general</a> and assumed command of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Air Force">Thirteenth Air Force</a>, and that same November he traveled across the world to take over the <a href="/wiki/Fifteenth_Air_Force" title="Fifteenth Air Force">Fifteenth Air Force</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jimmy_Doolittle" title="Jimmy Doolittle">Jimmy Doolittle</a>. On February 1, 1943, the U.S. Navy rescued Maj. Gen. Twining, the 13th Air Force Commander, and 14 others near the <a href="/wiki/New_Hebrides" title="New Hebrides">New Hebrides</a>. They had ditched their plane on the way from <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> to <a href="/wiki/Espiritu_Santo" title="Espiritu Santo">Espiritu Santo</a> and spent six days in life rafts.<sup id="cite_ref-af1943rpt_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-af1943rpt-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-af.mil_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-af.mil-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After arriving in Europe, he commanded the Fifteenth Air Force as well as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mediterranean_Allied_Strategic_Air_Force&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mediterranean Allied Strategic Air Force (page does not exist)">Mediterranean Allied Strategic Air Force</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Allied_Air_Forces" title="Mediterranean Allied Air Forces">Mediterranean Allied Air Forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive">Combined Bomber Offensive</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oil_campaign_of_World_War_II" title="Oil campaign of World War II">Oil campaign</a> against <a href="/wiki/The_Axis" class="mw-redirect" title="The Axis">the Axis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a> surrendered, Arnold sent Twining back to the Pacific to command the <a href="/wiki/B-29_Superfortress" class="mw-redirect" title="B-29 Superfortress">B-29s</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Twentieth_Air_Force" title="Twentieth Air Force">Twentieth Air Force</a> in the last push against Japan, however he was in this command only a short time when the <a href="/wiki/Atom_bomb" class="mw-redirect" title="Atom bomb">atomic strikes</a> ended the war. On October 20, 1945, Twining led three B-29s in developing a new route from Guam to Washington via India and Germany. They completed the 13,167-mile-trip in 59 hours, 30 minutes.<sup id="cite_ref-af.mil_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-af.mil-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to the States where he was named commander of the <a href="/wiki/Air_Materiel_Command" title="Air Materiel Command">Air Materiel Command</a>, and in 1947 he took over <a href="/wiki/Alaskan_Air_Command" title="Alaskan Air Command">Alaskan Air Command</a>. </p><p>On September 23, 1947, Lieutenant General Twining issued a memo to Brigadier General George Schulgen of the Army Air Forces. The subject line of the memo read “AMC Opinion Concerning 'Flying Discs.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>'” The general tone of the memo was that unidentified objects seen in the skies by military personnel were not weather, astronomical or other phenomenon but rather objects that warranted further investigation. Twining wrote “The phenomenon reported is something real and not visionary or fictitious.” </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nathan_Twining_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nathan_Twining_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg/180px-Nathan_Twining_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="241" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nathan_Twining_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg/270px-Nathan_Twining_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Nathan_Twining_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg/360px-Nathan_Twining_photo_portrait_head_and_shoulders.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2142" data-file-height="2868" /></a><figcaption>General Nathan F. Twining</figcaption></figure> <p>After three years there Twining was set to retire as a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">lieutenant general</a>, but when <a href="/wiki/Muir_S._Fairchild" title="Muir S. Fairchild">Muir Fairchild</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force</a>, died unexpectedly of a heart attack, Twining was elevated to full general and named his successor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="United_States_Air_Force_Chief_of_Staff">United States Air Force Chief of Staff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_F._Twining&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: United States Air Force Chief of Staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining.jpg/222px-Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining.jpg/333px-Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining.jpg/444px-Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining.jpg 2x" data-file-width="477" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>General Nathan F. Twining in 1957</figcaption></figure><p> When General <a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Hoyt Vandenberg</a> retired in mid-1953, Twining was selected as <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force</a>; during his tenure, massive retaliation based on airpower became the national strategy. During his tenure as Air Force Chief of Staff Twining oversaw massive buildup within the United States Air Force, including the entrance of several jet-fleet aircraft within the Air Force such as the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_B-52_Stratofortress" title="Boeing B-52 Stratofortress">Boeing B-52 Stratofortress</a>, <a href="/wiki/Boeing_KC-135_Stratotanker" title="Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker">Boeing KC-135 Stratotanker</a> and <a href="/wiki/F-100_Super_Sabre" class="mw-redirect" title="F-100 Super Sabre">F-100 Super Sabre</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twining also directed the development of <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles system</a> within the Air Force. For his role and achievement in developing the Air Force, Twining was credited for leading the U.S. Air Force into a modern-day Air Force with far more sophisticated equipment rather than the old equipment that the Air Force used during the World War II and during the early years of the Air Force following the Air Force receiving its own autonomy in 1947.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_on_a_briefing_at_The_Pentagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_on_a_briefing_at_The_Pentagon.jpg/247px-Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_on_a_briefing_at_The_Pentagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_on_a_briefing_at_The_Pentagon.jpg/371px-Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_on_a_briefing_at_The_Pentagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_on_a_briefing_at_The_Pentagon.jpg/494px-Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_on_a_briefing_at_The_Pentagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="678" data-file-height="464" /></a><figcaption>Twining with <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Air Force Chief of Staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._White" title="Thomas D. White">Thomas D. White</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary of the Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/James_H._Douglas_Jr." title="James H. Douglas Jr.">James H. Douglas Jr.</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Quarles" title="Donald A. Quarles">Donald A. Quarles</a> at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> 1957</figcaption></figure><p>General Twining was also an ardent advocate of the Strategic Air Command and strongly believed that <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> was the best deterrent to Communist military power.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, several of new Strategic Air Command bases including the Strategic Air Command underground command center in <a href="/wiki/Offutt_Air_Force_Base" title="Offutt Air Force Base">Strategic Air Command Headquarters</a> was built during General Twining's tenure as Air Force Chief of Staff.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As Air Force Chief of Staff General Twining also achieved the reputation for appeasing the acrimonious controversies which characterized the <a href="/wiki/Interservice_rivalry" title="Interservice rivalry">interservice rivalry</a> during the immediate postwar years and played major role in easing the interservice rivalry.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The interservice rivalry had emerged following the end of World War II and the establishment of <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Act_of_1947" title="National Security Act of 1947">National Security Act of 1947</a>. One of interservice rivalry major conflict was the "<a href="/wiki/Revolt_of_the_Admirals" title="Revolt of the Admirals">Revolt of the Admirals</a>" in 1949, on which the <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Harry_S._Truman" title="Presidency of Harry S. Truman">Truman administration</a> canceled the building of <a href="/wiki/Aircraft_carrier" title="Aircraft carrier">supercarrier</a> <a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_(CVA-58)" title="USS United States (CVA-58)">USS <i>United States</i> (CVA-58)</a> due to Truman Administration and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Defense" title="United States Department of Defense">Department of Defense</a> more preferred the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bomber" title="Strategic bomber">strategic bomber aircraft</a> <a href="/wiki/Convair_B-36_Peacemaker" title="Convair B-36 Peacemaker">Convair B-36 Peacemaker</a>, causing several high-ranking Navy officials to protest against the Truman administration decision to canceled the supercarrier project.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, Twining was chosen by Eisenhower to head a delegation of senior officers to visit <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a>, the first such exchange since World War II. He was shown by <a href="/wiki/Zhukov" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhukov">Zhukov</a> at an air force base with Badger and Bison bombers flying overhead.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_F._Twining&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Nathan_F._Twining_is_sworn_in_as_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/General_Nathan_F._Twining_is_sworn_in_as_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.jpg/222px-General_Nathan_F._Twining_is_sworn_in_as_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f8/General_Nathan_F._Twining_is_sworn_in_as_Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="240" /></a><figcaption>General Nathan F. Twining is sworn in as <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Deputy_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Deputy Secretary of Defense">Deputy Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Quarles" title="Donald A. Quarles">Donald A. Quarles</a> on a Bible held by President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a>, at <a href="/wiki/White_House" title="White House">The White House</a>, August 15, 1957.</figcaption></figure><p> In 1957, <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">President Eisenhower</a> appointed Twining <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a>. During his term as chairman, Twining oversaw the early stage of the Space Race and boost the space program due to the Soviet that launch an intercontinental ballistic missile on August 25, 1957, and less than two months later successfully launch "<a href="/wiki/Sputnik_1" title="Sputnik 1">Sputnik</a>" in orbit.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Twining also supported President Eisenhower <a href="/wiki/New_Look_(policy)" title="New Look (policy)">New Look policy</a> that turns the military capability from conventional military capability into a modern military capability by pushing the research and development for science and technology especially on the weapons program.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The policy was to deter the threat from the Soviet and their Eastern Bloc allies and eventually preventing them to win the <a href="/wiki/Arms_race" title="Arms race">Arms race</a>. One of Twining's major achievement as Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff was the launch of The United States first liquid-fueled <a href="/wiki/Intercontinental_ballistic_missile" title="Intercontinental ballistic missile">Intercontinental ballistic missile</a> (ICBM), the <a href="/wiki/Titan_(rocket_family)" title="Titan (rocket family)">Titan</a> and <a href="/wiki/SM-65_Atlas" title="SM-65 Atlas">Atlas Missile</a> in 1959. Twining was also credited for established the growth of The <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> or SAC as The United States primary Nuclear deterrence against the massive retaliation, as a result Strategic Air Command's strength increased multiple times rather than when Strategic Air Command was first established in 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_14-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1958 when the <a href="/wiki/14_July_Revolution" title="14 July Revolution">Iraqi's insurgent managed to topple the Iraqi's monarchy government</a> causing the neighboring Lebanon to be concerned that the uprising might spread within the Lebanon area. Those eventually leading General Twining to convince President Eisenhower to <a href="/wiki/1958_Lebanon_crisis" title="1958 Lebanon crisis">deploy troops to Lebanon</a> in order to secure the government of President <a href="/wiki/Camille_Chamoun" title="Camille Chamoun">Camille Chamoun</a> of Lebanon from the incoming uprising.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> General Twining also played major role during the <a href="/wiki/Second_Taiwan_Strait_Crisis" title="Second Taiwan Strait Crisis">Second Taiwan Strait Crisis</a> when The People's Republic of China forces (PRC) attacked the Taiwan Territory island of <a href="/wiki/Kinmen" title="Kinmen">Quemoy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Matsu_Islands" title="Matsu Islands">Matsu</a>. Worried that the island of Taiwan might lose into the PRC's communist, General Twining and the rest of the Joint Chiefs member recommended to President Eisenhower to use whatever force necessary in order to protect the Island of Taiwan from the PRC's forces. This resulted in the deployment of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Seventh_Fleet" title="United States Seventh Fleet">United States Seventh Fleet</a> and another two carriers from the Mediterranean including <a href="/wiki/USS_Lexington_(CV-16)" title="USS Lexington (CV-16)">USS Lexington</a> and <a href="/wiki/USS_Marshall_(DD-676)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Marshall (DD-676)">USS Marshall</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Taiwan_Strait" title="Taiwan Strait">Formosa strait</a>. Several of the U.S. Air Force fighter aircraft also deployed to Taiwan.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Those eventually the show of force along with some political initiatives did worked and the crisis passed after the bombardment ceased. During the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Crisis_of_1961" title="Berlin Crisis of 1961">Berlin Crisis</a> in November 1958 General Twining convinced President Eisenhower that the Soviet threat is imminent and eventually could caused major crisis and told the President that the armed forces have to standby in cased some major crisis erupted.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some other service chief are considering for major mobilization forces along with the Western Allies. However General Twining saw that it was not necessary for that and The Soviet finally withdrew from its deadline in May 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Thomas_S._Gates_Jr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Thomas_S._Gates_Jr.jpg/222px-Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Thomas_S._Gates_Jr.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Thomas_S._Gates_Jr.jpg/333px-Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Thomas_S._Gates_Jr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Thomas_S._Gates_Jr.jpg/444px-Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_with_Secretary_of_Defense_Thomas_S._Gates_Jr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="682" data-file-height="463" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> General Nathan F. Twining with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">Thomas S. Gates Jr.</a> during <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Armed Services Committee</a> hearing at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Capitol" title="United States Capitol">Capitol Hill</a> 1960</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:General_Curtis_LeMay_greeted_by_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force_James_H._Douglas_and_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_at_Washington_National_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/General_Curtis_LeMay_greeted_by_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force_James_H._Douglas_and_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_at_Washington_National_Airport.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/General_Curtis_LeMay_greeted_by_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force_James_H._Douglas_and_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_at_Washington_National_Airport.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/General_Curtis_LeMay_greeted_by_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force_James_H._Douglas_and_Chairman_of_The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_General_Nathan_F._Twining_at_Washington_National_Airport.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="724" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General Nathan F. Twining with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Air_Force" title="United States Secretary of the Air Force">Secretary of the Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/James_H._Douglas_Jr." title="James H. Douglas Jr.">James H. Douglas Jr.</a> greet <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Air Force Vice Chief of Staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">Curtis LeMay</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport" title="Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport">Washington National Airport</a> in November 1957.</figcaption></figure> <p>During his tenure as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Twining also played central role in working out a new procedures to coordinate a nuclear strike plans in order to prevent the <a href="/wiki/Pre-emptive_nuclear_strike" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-emptive nuclear strike">first-strike</a> and strength the United States deterrence against the United States enemy, especially those who own Nuclear Weapons.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This resulted in the development of land-based missiles and <a href="/wiki/UGM-27_Polaris" title="UGM-27 Polaris">Polaris Submarines missile</a> in order to complement the <a href="/wiki/Submarine-launched_ballistic_missile" title="Submarine-launched ballistic missile">submarine-launched ballistic missiles</a> as part of the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_triad" title="Nuclear triad">Nuclear Triad</a>. Together with Secretary of Defense <a href="/wiki/Thomas_S._Gates_Jr." title="Thomas S. Gates Jr.">Thomas S. Gates Jr.</a>, Twining coordinated the creation of the Joint Strategic Planning Staff and also the <a href="/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan" title="Single Integrated Operational Plan">Single Integrated Operational Plan</a>. These two functions plan played major role during the Cold War and eventually still play major role even after the end of the Cold War.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Twining was re-appointed as Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for the second term in 1959. However, due to his deteriorating health condition following major surgery, Twining chose to take early retirement from active-duty on September 30, 1960.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following his retirement from active duty Twining worked as vice chairman for the publishing firm <a href="/wiki/Holt_McDougal" title="Holt McDougal">Holt, Rinehart, and Winston</a>. In 1965, Twining was named ninth annual recipient of the General William E. Mitchell Memorial Award.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Nathan F. Twining died on March 29, 1982, at <a href="/wiki/Lackland_Air_Force_Base" title="Lackland Air Force Base">Lackland Air Force Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Texas" title="Texas">Texas</a> and was buried in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_F._Twining&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_in_1959.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_in_1959.jpg/247px-The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_in_1959.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_in_1959.jpg/371px-The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_in_1959.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_in_1959.jpg/494px-The_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff_in_1959.jpg 2x" data-file-width="830" data-file-height="654" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> General Nathan F. Twining with the other members of the Joint Chiefs of Staff at <a href="/wiki/The_Pentagon" title="The Pentagon">The Pentagon</a> on January 15, 1959</figcaption></figure> <table class="wikitable" style="background:white"> <tbody><tr> <th>Insignia</th> <th>Rank</th> <th>Component</th> <th>Date </th></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>None</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Private_(rank)" title="Private (rank)">Private</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Oregon_National_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Oregon National Guard">Oregon National Guard</a></td> <td>1915 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WW1-Corporal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WW1-Corporal.svg/50px-WW1-Corporal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WW1-Corporal.svg/75px-WW1-Corporal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/WW1-Corporal.svg/100px-WW1-Corporal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="167" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Corporal#United_States" title="Corporal">Corporal</a></td> <td>Oregon National Guard</td> <td>June 19, 1916 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WW1-Sergeant.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/WW1-Sergeant.svg/50px-WW1-Sergeant.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/WW1-Sergeant.svg/75px-WW1-Sergeant.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/WW1-Sergeant.svg/100px-WW1-Sergeant.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="194" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sergeant#United_States" title="Sergeant">Sergeant</a></td> <td>Oregon National Guard</td> <td>March 25, 1917 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:WW1-1sgt.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/WW1-1sgt.svg/50px-WW1-1sgt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="77" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/WW1-1sgt.svg/75px-WW1-1sgt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/WW1-1sgt.svg/100px-WW1-1sgt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="164" data-file-height="253" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_Sergeant#United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="First Sergeant">First sergeant</a></td> <td>Oregon National Guard</td> <td>1917 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><i>None</i></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cadet" title="Cadet">Cadet</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Military_Academy" title="United States Military Academy">United States Military Academy</a></td> <td>June 14, 1917 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center">No pin insignia at the time</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Second_lieutenant#United_States" title="Second lieutenant">Second lieutenant</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Army_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Army (USA)">National Army</a></td> <td>November 1, 1918 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/13px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/20px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/26px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/First_lieutenant#United_States" title="First lieutenant">First lieutenant</a></td> <td>National Army</td> <td>January 1, 1920 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O1_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/13px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/20px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/US-O1_insignia.svg/26px-US-O1_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>Second lieutenant</td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>December 15, 1922 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/13px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/20px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/26px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>First lieutenant</td> <td>Regular Army</td> <td>November 20, 1923 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/13px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/20px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O2_insignia.svg/26px-US-O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>First lieutenant</td> <td>Regular Army (<a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Service" title="United States Army Air Service">United States Army Air Service</a>)</td> <td>November 16, 1926 (transferred) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/33px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/50px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/US-O3_insignia.svg/66px-US-O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="500" /></a></span></td> <td>Captain</td> <td>Regular Army (United States Army Air Corps)</td> <td>April 20, 1935 (temporary)<br />August 1, 1935 (permanent) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O4_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/33px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/50px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/US-O4_insignia.svg/66px-US-O4_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td> <td>Major</td> <td>Regular Army (United States Army Air Corps)</td> <td>September 1 (accepted September 7) 1938 (temporary)<br />July 1, 1940 (permanent) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O5_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/33px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/50px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/66px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td> <td>Lieutenant colonel</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_of_the_United_States" title="Army of the United States">Army of the United States</a></td> <td>September 15 (accepted September 22) 1941 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/60px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/90px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/US-O6_insignia.svg/120px-US-O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="950" data-file-height="475" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Colonel_(United_States)" title="Colonel (United States)">Colonel</a></td> <td>Army of the United States</td> <td>February 1, 1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/33px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/50px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/66px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brigadier_general_(United_States)" title="Brigadier general (United States)">Brigadier general</a></td> <td>Army of the United States</td> <td>June 17, 1942 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O5_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/33px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="35" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/50px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/US-O5_insignia.svg/66px-US-O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="524" /></a></span></td> <td>Lieutenant colonel</td> <td>Regular Army (United States Army Air Forces)</td> <td>July 15 (accepted July 22) 1941 (temporary)<br />December 11, 1942 (permanent) </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/66px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/99px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/132px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Major_general_(United_States)" title="Major general (United States)">Major general</a></td> <td>Army of the United States</td> <td>February 5, 1943 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O9_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/99px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="99" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/149px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/US-O9_insignia.svg/198px-US-O9_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1883" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_general_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant general (United States)">Lieutenant general</a></td> <td>Army of the United States</td> <td>June 5, 1945 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/33px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="33" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/50px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/US-O7_insignia.svg/66px-US-O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="622" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td>Brigadier general</td> <td>Regular Army (United States Army Air Forces)</td> <td>July 18, 1946 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O8_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/66px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="66" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/99px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/US-O8_insignia.svg/132px-US-O8_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1252" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td>Major general</td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a></td> <td>February 19, 1948 </td></tr> <tr> <td align="center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US-O10_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/120px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/180px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/US-O10_insignia.svg/240px-US-O10_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2514" data-file-height="583" /></a></span></td> <td>General</td> <td>United States Air Force</td> <td>October 10, 1950 (temporary)<br />June 30, 1953 (permanent) </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p>Source:<sup id="cite_ref-bio1956_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bio1956-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_decorations">Awards and decorations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_F._Twining&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Awards and decorations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General Twining held the ratings of Command Pilot and Aircraft Observer. In addition, General Twining was awarded numerous personal decorations from the U.S. military and foreign countries. </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:COMMAND_PILOT_WINGS.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/COMMAND_PILOT_WINGS.png/150px-COMMAND_PILOT_WINGS.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="63" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/COMMAND_PILOT_WINGS.png/225px-COMMAND_PILOT_WINGS.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/COMMAND_PILOT_WINGS.png/300px-COMMAND_PILOT_WINGS.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="444" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/United_States_Aviator_Badge" title="United States Aviator Badge">US Army Air Forces Command Pilot Badge</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ObserverBadge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ObserverBadge.jpg/150px-ObserverBadge.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ObserverBadge.jpg/225px-ObserverBadge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/ObserverBadge.jpg/300px-ObserverBadge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="177" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Observer_Badge" title="Observer Badge">US Army Air Forces Aircraft Observer Badge</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <table> <tbody><tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Width-44 white ribbon with width-10 scarlet stripes at edges, separated from the white by width-2 ultramarine blue stripes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-U.S._Army_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Service_Medal_(U.S._Army)" title="Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army)">Army Distinguished Service Medal</a> with bronze <a href="/wiki/Oak_leaf_cluster" title="Oak leaf cluster">oak leaf cluster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Navy blue ribbon with central gold stripe" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Navy_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Navy Distinguished Service Medal">Navy Distinguished Service Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Width-44 crimson ribbon with a pair of width-2 white stripes on the edges" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a> with bronze oak leaf cluster </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/60px-Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/90px-Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg/120px-Distinguished_Flying_Cross_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Distinguished_Flying_Cross_(United_States)" title="Distinguished Flying Cross (United States)">Distinguished Flying Cross</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Width-44 scarlet ribbon with width-4 ultramarine blue stripe at center, surrounded by width-1 white stripes. Width-1 white stripes are at the edges." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/95/Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Bronze_Star_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Star_Medal" title="Bronze Star Medal">Bronze Star Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze oak leaf cluster"><img alt="Bronze oak leaf cluster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/13px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/20px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg/26px-Bronze_oak_leaf-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="252" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Air_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Air_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Air_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Air_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Air_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Air_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Air_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Air_Medal" title="Air Medal">Air Medal</a> with bronze oak leaf cluster </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Width-44 myrtle green ribbon with width-3 white stripes at the edges and five width-1 stripes down the center; the central white stripes are width-2 apart" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Army_Commendation_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Commendation_Medal#Army" title="Commendation Medal">Army Commendation Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Mexican_Border_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="132" data-file-height="36" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Border_Service_Medal" title="Mexican Border Service Medal">Mexican Border Service Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Rainbow ribbon with violet at the outer edges and going down the spectrum to red in the center" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_I_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_I_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" title="World War I Victory Medal (United States)">World War I Victory Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/60px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/90px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg/120px-Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Occupation_of_Germany_Medal" title="Army of Occupation of Germany Medal">Army of Occupation of Germany Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Defense_Service_Medal" title="American Defense Service Medal">American Defense Service Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 2px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver-service-star-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver service star"><img alt="Silver star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/11px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/17px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/22px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 13px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 24px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 35px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 47px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Width-44 yellow ribbon with central width-4 Old Glory blue-white-scarlet stripe. At distance 6 from the edges are width-6 white-scarlet-white stripes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal">Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal</a> with silver and four bronze <a href="/wiki/Service_star" title="Service star">service stars</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><div style="position:relative; width:60px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 13px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Silver-service-star-3d.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Silver service star"><img alt="Silver star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/11px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/17px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Silver-service-star-3d.svg/22px-Silver-service-star-3d.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="476" data-file-height="476" /></a></span></div><div style="position: absolute; left: 36px; top: 0px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/11px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/17px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/22px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/60px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/90px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg/120px-European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/European-African-Middle_Eastern_Campaign_Medal" class="mw-redirect" title="European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal">European-African-Middle Eastern Campaign Medal</a> with silver and bronze service stars </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="World War II Victory Medal (United States)">World War II Victory Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg/60px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg/90px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg/120px-Army_of_Occupation_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Army_of_Occupation_Medal" title="Army of Occupation Medal">Army of Occupation Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Width=44 scarlet ribbon with a central width-4 golden yellow stripe, flanked by pairs of width-1 scarlet, white, Old Glory blue, and white stripes" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/60px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/90px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/120px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_British_Empire_(Military)_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/60px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png/90px-Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Order_of_the_British_Empire_%28Military%29_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Knight_Commander_of_the_Order_of_the_British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire">Knight Commander of the Order of the British Empire</a> (United Kingdom) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td>French <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, Commandeur </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ordre_national_du_Merite_Commandeur_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/60px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/90px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Ordre_national_du_Merite_Commandeur_ribbon.svg/120px-Ordre_national_du_Merite_Commandeur_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td>French <a href="/wiki/Ordre_national_du_M%C3%A9rite" title="Ordre national du Mérite">National Order of Merit</a>, Commandeur </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/60px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/90px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg/120px-Legion_Honneur_Chevalier_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td>French <a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Honour" title="Legion of Honour">Legion of Honour</a>, Chevalier </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:GRE_Order_of_the_Phoenix_-_Silver_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GRE_Order_of_the_Phoenix_-_Silver_Cross_BAR.png/60px-GRE_Order_of_the_Phoenix_-_Silver_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GRE_Order_of_the_Phoenix_-_Silver_Cross_BAR.png/90px-GRE_Order_of_the_Phoenix_-_Silver_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/GRE_Order_of_the_Phoenix_-_Silver_Cross_BAR.png/120px-GRE_Order_of_the_Phoenix_-_Silver_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td>Greek <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Phoenix_(Greece)" title="Order of the Phoenix (Greece)">Order of the Phoenix</a>, Silver Cross with Swords </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_partisan_star_with_golden_wreath_Rib.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Order_of_the_partisan_star_with_golden_wreath_Rib.png/60px-Order_of_the_partisan_star_with_golden_wreath_Rib.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/81/Order_of_the_partisan_star_with_golden_wreath_Rib.png/90px-Order_of_the_partisan_star_with_golden_wreath_Rib.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/81/Order_of_the_partisan_star_with_golden_wreath_Rib.png 2x" data-file-width="108" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td>Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_the_Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Order of the Partisan Star with Golden Wreath (I rank)</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:POL_Z%C5%82oty_Krzy%C5%BC_Zas%C5%82ugi_z_Mieczami_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/POL_Z%C5%82oty_Krzy%C5%BC_Zas%C5%82ugi_z_Mieczami_BAR.svg/60px-POL_Z%C5%82oty_Krzy%C5%BC_Zas%C5%82ugi_z_Mieczami_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/POL_Z%C5%82oty_Krzy%C5%BC_Zas%C5%82ugi_z_Mieczami_BAR.svg/90px-POL_Z%C5%82oty_Krzy%C5%BC_Zas%C5%82ugi_z_Mieczami_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/POL_Z%C5%82oty_Krzy%C5%BC_Zas%C5%82ugi_z_Mieczami_BAR.svg/120px-POL_Z%C5%82oty_Krzy%C5%BC_Zas%C5%82ugi_z_Mieczami_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td>Polish <a href="/wiki/Cross_of_Merit_with_Swords_(Poland)" title="Cross of Merit with Swords (Poland)">Gold Cross of Merit with Swords</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_BAR.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_BAR.svg/60px-Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_BAR.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_BAR.svg/90px-Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_BAR.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_BAR.svg/120px-Cavaliere_di_gran_Croce_BAR.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Military_Order_of_Italy" title="Military Order of Italy">Military Order of Italy</a>, Knight Grand Cross </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_(Thailand)_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/60px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/90px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg/120px-Order_of_the_White_Elephant_-_Special_Class_%28Thailand%29_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="32" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_White_Elephant" title="Order of the White Elephant">Order of the White Elephant</a>, Knight Grand Cordon </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Gugseon_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gugseon_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png/60px-Gugseon_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Gugseon_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png/90px-Gugseon_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/10/Gugseon_Security_Medal_Ribbon.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td>South Korean <a href="/wiki/Order_of_National_Security_Merit_(Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of National Security Merit (Korea)">Order of National Security Merit</a>, Gugseon Medal </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Taeguk_Cordon_Medal.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Taeguk_Cordon_Medal.png/60px-Taeguk_Cordon_Medal.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Taeguk_Cordon_Medal.png/90px-Taeguk_Cordon_Medal.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Taeguk_Cordon_Medal.png 2x" data-file-width="106" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td>South Korean <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Korea)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order of Military Merit (Korea)">Order of Military Merit</a>, Taeguk Cordon </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:EGY_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/EGY_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/60px-EGY_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/EGY_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/90px-EGY_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/EGY_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png/120px-EGY_Order_of_Merit_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Merit_(Egypt)" title="Order of Merit (Egypt)">Egyptian Order of Merit</a>, Grand Cross </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Croix_de_Guerre_1939-1945_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Croix_de_Guerre_1939-1945_ribbon.svg/60px-Croix_de_Guerre_1939-1945_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Croix_de_Guerre_1939-1945_ribbon.svg/90px-Croix_de_Guerre_1939-1945_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Croix_de_Guerre_1939-1945_ribbon.svg/120px-Croix_de_Guerre_1939-1945_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span><span style="position:relative; top: 0px; left: -52px; display: inline-block; width: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg/43px-UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg.png" decoding="async" width="43" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg/65px-UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg/86px-UK_Queen%27s_Commendation_for_Valuable_Service_device.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="218" data-file-height="60" /></a></span></span> </td> <td>French <a href="/wiki/Croix_de_guerre_1939%E2%80%931945" class="mw-redirect" title="Croix de guerre 1939–1945">Croix de Guerre</a> with silver palm </td></tr> <tr> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:PER_Order_of_Aeronautical_Merit_Grand_Cross.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/PER_Order_of_Aeronautical_Merit_Grand_Cross.png/60px-PER_Order_of_Aeronautical_Merit_Grand_Cross.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/PER_Order_of_Aeronautical_Merit_Grand_Cross.png/90px-PER_Order_of_Aeronautical_Merit_Grand_Cross.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/97/PER_Order_of_Aeronautical_Merit_Grand_Cross.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="30" /></a></span> </td> <td>Aviation Cross (First Class), <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Republic of Peru</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Honors">Honors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_F._Twining&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/National_Aviation_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Aviation Hall of Fame">National Aviation Hall of Fame</a> (1996)<sup id="cite_ref-AviationHOF_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AviationHOF-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd> <dd>A city park in <a href="/wiki/Monroe,_Wisconsin" title="Monroe, Wisconsin">Monroe, Wisconsin</a>, Twining's birthplace, and an elementary school on the Air Force base in <a href="/wiki/Grand_Forks,_North_Dakota" title="Grand Forks, North Dakota">Grand Forks, North Dakota</a>, are named after him.</dd> <dd>An extensive amateur astronomy observatory facility located in rural central New Mexico is named after him.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_F._Twining&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/vitalrecords/index.asp?id=3248634&record_type=b">"Birth Record Details"</a>. Wisconsin Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Birth+Record+Details&rft.pub=Wisconsin+Historical+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisconsinhistory.org%2Fvitalrecords%2Findex.asp%3Fid%3D3248634%26record_type%3Db&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-bio1956-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bio1956_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bio1956_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/download/afhra-k168.1501-3/AFHRA%20K168.1501-3.pdf">"Biography of General Nathan F. Twining"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">Air Force Historical Research Agency</a>. May 11, 1956. pp. 16, 19–20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 26,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biography+of+General+Nathan+F.+Twining&rft.pages=16%2C+19-20&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Research+Agency&rft.date=1956-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdownload%2Fafhra-k168.1501-3%2FAFHRA%2520K168.1501-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frisbee-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Frisbee_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frisbee_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Frisbee_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrisbee1987" class="citation book cs1">Frisbee, John L., ed. (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QhMkAjFdchsC&pg=PA258"><i>Makers of the United States Air Force</i></a>. Washington, DC: Office of Air Force History, United States Air Force. p. 258. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9127-9941-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9127-9941-4"><bdi>978-0-9127-9941-4</bdi></a> – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Makers+of+the+United+States+Air+Force&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=258&rft.pub=Office+of+Air+Force+History%2C+United+States+Air+Force&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0-9127-9941-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQhMkAjFdchsC%26pg%3DPA258&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarper1957" class="citation magazine cs1">Harper, Harmon H., ed. (August 1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-8hLAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA16">"Gen. Nathan F. Twining, USAF: Chairman–Designate Joint Chiefs of Staff"</a>. <i>The Airman</i>. Washington, DC: Director of Information Services, Office of the Secretary of the Air Force. p. 16 – via <a href="/wiki/Google_Books" title="Google Books">Google Books</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Airman&rft.atitle=Gen.+Nathan+F.+Twining%2C+USAF%3A+Chairman%E2%80%93Designate+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff&rft.pages=16&rft.date=1957-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-8hLAQAAMAAJ%26pg%3DPA16&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lo-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lo_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-lo_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110614220620/http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/plan/Historic_Resources_Advisory_Board/Landmarks/TwiningsHouse/Twinnings.pdf">"Cultural Resources Inventory: C.W. Twining House"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. City of Lake Oswego. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ci.oswego.or.us/plan/Historic_Resources_Advisory_Board/Landmarks/TwiningsHouse/Twinnings.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on June 14, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cultural+Resources+Inventory%3A+C.W.+Twining+House&rft.pub=City+of+Lake+Oswego&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ci.oswego.or.us%2Fplan%2FHistoric_Resources_Advisory_Board%2FLandmarks%2FTwiningsHouse%2FTwinnings.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lincoln-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lincoln_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchade1917" class="citation news cs1">Schade, Walter B. (June 3, 1917). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/102027427/lincoln-high/">"In Portland's Schools: Lincoln High"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_Oregon_Journal" title="The Oregon Journal">The Oregon Journal</a></i>. Portland, OR. p. 11 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">Newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Oregon+Journal&rft.atitle=In+Portland%27s+Schools%3A+Lincoln+High&rft.pages=11&rft.date=1917-06-03&rft.aulast=Schade&rft.aufirst=Walter+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F102027427%2Flincoln-high%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-twining-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-twining_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121015221742/http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123008435">"Gen. Nathan F. Twining"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>. August 13, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af.mil/news/story.asp?storyID=123008435">the original</a> on October 15, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 21,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gen.+Nathan+F.+Twining&rft.pub=United+States+Air+Force&rft.date=2007-08-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2Fnews%2Fstory.asp%3FstoryID%3D123008435&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-af1943rpt-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-af1943rpt_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/afhra-reel-k1023">"Disappearance and Rescue of General Twining and Crew"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Air_Force_Historical_Research_Agency" title="Air Force Historical Research Agency">Air Force Historical Research Agency</a>. 1943. pp. 257–260.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Disappearance+and+Rescue+of+General+Twining+and+Crew&rft.pages=257-260&rft.pub=Air+Force+Historical+Research+Agency&rft.date=1943&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fafhra-reel-k1023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-af.mil-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-af.mil_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-af.mil_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121020162322/http://www.af.mil/information/heritage/milestones.asp?dec=1940&sd=01%2F01%2F1940&ed=12%2F31%2F1949">"History Milestones: Monday, January 01, 1940 – Saturday, December 31, 1949"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Air_Force" title="United States Air Force">United States Air Force</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.af.mil/information/heritage/milestones.asp?dec=1940&sd=01/01/1940&ed=12/31/1949">the original</a> on October 20, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Milestones%3A+Monday%2C+January+01%2C+1940+%E2%80%93+Saturday%2C+December+31%2C+1949&rft.pub=United+States+Air+Force&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2Finformation%2Fheritage%2Fmilestones.asp%3Fdec%3D1940%26sd%3D01%2F01%2F1940%26ed%3D12%2F31%2F1949&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.af.mil/About-Us/Biographies/Display/Article/105367/general-nathan-f-twining/">"General Nathan F. Twining"</a>. <i>af.mil</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 15,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=af.mil&rft.atitle=General+Nathan+F.+Twining&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.af.mil%2FAbout-Us%2FBiographies%2FDisplay%2FArticle%2F105367%2Fgeneral-nathan-f-twining%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKohnLeMayHarahan1988" class="citation book cs1">Kohn, Richard H.; LeMay, Curtis E.; Harahan, Joseph P. (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2010/Sep/29/2001329790/-1/-1/0/strategic_air_warfare.pdf"><i>Strategic air warfare: an interview with generals Curtis E. LeMay, Leon W. Johnson, David A. Burchinal, and Jack J. Catton</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Washington, D.C.: Office of Air Force History. p. 68. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0912799560" title="Special:BookSources/0912799560"><bdi>0912799560</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Strategic+air+warfare%3A+an+interview+with+generals+Curtis+E.+LeMay%2C+Leon+W.+Johnson%2C+David+A.+Burchinal%2C+and+Jack+J.+Catton&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Office+of+Air+Force+History&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0912799560&rft.aulast=Kohn&rft.aufirst=Richard+H.&rft.au=LeMay%2C+Curtis+E.&rft.au=Harahan%2C+Joseph+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2010%2FSep%2F29%2F2001329790%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2Fstrategic_air_warfare.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTillman2012" class="citation web cs1">Tillman, Barrett (September 1, 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.airandspaceforces.com/article/0912fifteenth/">"The Forgotten Fifteenth"</a>. <i>airandspaceforces.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=airandspaceforces.com&rft.atitle=The+Forgotten+Fifteenth&rft.date=2012-09-01&rft.aulast=Tillman&rft.aufirst=Barrett&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.airandspaceforces.com%2Farticle%2F0912fifteenth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWojciechowski2020" class="citation journal cs1">Wojciechowski, Eric (March–April 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://skepticalinquirer.org/2020/03/general-nathan-f-twining-and-the-flying-disc-problem-of-1947/">"General Nathan F. Twining and the Flying Disc Problem of 1947"</a>. <i>Skeptical Inquirer</i>. <b>44</b>: 54–57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Skeptical+Inquirer&rft.atitle=General+Nathan+F.+Twining+and+the+Flying+Disc+Problem+of+1947&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=54-57&rft.date=2020-03%2F2020-04&rft.aulast=Wojciechowski&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fskepticalinquirer.org%2F2020%2F03%2Fgeneral-nathan-f-twining-and-the-flying-disc-problem-of-1947%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_14-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPerry1989" class="citation book cs1">Perry, Mark (March 1, 1989). <i>Four Stars: The Inside Story of The Forty-Year Battle Between the Joint Chiefs of Staff and America's Civilian Leaders</i>. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0395429235" title="Special:BookSources/978-0395429235"><bdi>978-0395429235</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Stars%3A+The+Inside+Story+of+The+Forty-Year+Battle+Between+the+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff+and+America%27s+Civilian+Leaders&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Harcourt&rft.date=1989-03-01&rft.isbn=978-0395429235&rft.aulast=Perry&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_15-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://media.defense.gov/2016/Mar/11/2001479299/-1/-1/0/AFD-160311-582-023.PDF">"Gen. Nathan Farragut Twining June 30, 1953–June 30, 1957"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>media.defense.gov</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=media.defense.gov&rft.atitle=Gen.+Nathan+Farragut+Twining+June+30%2C+1953%E2%80%93June+30%2C+1957&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmedia.defense.gov%2F2016%2FMar%2F11%2F2001479299%2F-1%2F-1%2F0%2FAFD-160311-582-023.PDF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1989" class="citation journal cs1">Campbell, Kurt M. (1989). "The Soldiers' Summit". <i>Foreign Policy</i> (75) (no.75 ed.): 76–91. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1148865">10.2307/1148865</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1148865">1148865</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Foreign+Policy&rft.atitle=The+Soldiers%27+Summit&rft.issue=75&rft.pages=76-91&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1148865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1148865%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Kurt+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jcs.mil/About/The-Joint-Staff/Chairman/General-Nathan-Farragut-Twining/">"3rd Chairman of The Joint Chiefs of Staff General Nathan Farragut Twining"</a>. <i>jcs.mil</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 17,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=jcs.mil&rft.atitle=3rd+Chairman+of+The+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff+General+Nathan+Farragut+Twining&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jcs.mil%2FAbout%2FThe-Joint-Staff%2FChairman%2FGeneral-Nathan-Farragut-Twining%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRearden2012" class="citation book cs1">Rearden, Steven (July 30, 2012). <i>Council of War: A History of the Joint Chiefs of Staff 1942-1991</i>. Military Bookshop. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1780398877" title="Special:BookSources/978-1780398877"><bdi>978-1780398877</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Council+of+War%3A+A+History+of+the+Joint+Chiefs+of+Staff+1942-1991&rft.pub=Military+Bookshop&rft.date=2012-07-30&rft.isbn=978-1780398877&rft.aulast=Rearden&rft.aufirst=Steven&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWatson1997" class="citation book cs1">Watson, Robert J. (November 4, 1997). <i>History of the Office of the Secretary of Defense, Vol. 4: Into the Missile Age, 1956-1960</i>. Office of the Secretary of Defense, Historical Office. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0160611261" title="Special:BookSources/978-0160611261"><bdi>978-0160611261</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense%2C+Vol.+4%3A+Into+the+Missile+Age%2C+1956-1960&rft.pub=Office+of+the+Secretary+of+Defense%2C+Historical+Office&rft.date=1997-11-04&rft.isbn=978-0160611261&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Robert+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>The Laws of Wisconsin, Volume 1</i>. Atwood & Culver. 1965. p. 834.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Laws+of+Wisconsin%2C+Volume+1&rft.pages=834&rft.pub=Atwood+%26+Culver&rft.date=1965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Official Army and Air Force Register, 1948, p. 1852.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Air Force Register, 1949–1951, p. 223.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AviationHOF-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AviationHOF_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nationalaviation.org/tibbets-jr-paul/">"Paul Tibbets, Jr"</a>. National Aviation Hall of Fame<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Paul+Tibbets%2C+Jr.&rft.pub=National+Aviation+Hall+of+Fame&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationalaviation.org%2Ftibbets-jr-paul%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.taas.org/gnto/index.php">General Nathan Twining Observatory</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nathan_F._Twining&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Nathan_F._Twining" class="extiw" title="commons:Nathan F. Twining"><span style="font-style:italic; font-weight:bold;">Nathan F. Twining</span></a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/ntwining.htm">"Nathan Farragut Twining, General, United States Air Force"</a>. Arlington National Cemetery<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 1,</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nathan+Farragut+Twining%2C+General%2C+United+States+Air+Force&rft.pub=Arlington+National+Cemetery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arlingtoncemetery.net%2Fntwining.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColonel_Phillip_S._Meilinger,_USAF" class="citation web cs1">Colonel Phillip S. Meilinger, USAF. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.airpower.maxwell.af.mil/airchronicles/cc/twin.html">"Nathan F. Twining"</a>. <i>American Airpower Biography: A Survey of the Field</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 7,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Airpower+Biography%3A+A+Survey+of+the+Field&rft.atitle=Nathan+F.+Twining&rft.au=Colonel+Phillip+S.+Meilinger%2C+USAF&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.airpower.maxwell.af.mil%2Fairchronicles%2Fcc%2Ftwin.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ANathan+F.+Twining" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #CF9C65;">Military offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Muir_S._Fairchild" title="Muir S. Fairchild">Muir S. Fairchild</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Vice_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Vice Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force</a> </b><br />1950–1953 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._White" title="Thomas D. White">Thomas D. White</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Hoyt Vandenberg</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force">Chief of Staff of the United States Air Force</a> </b><br />1953–1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._White" title="Thomas D. White">Thomas D. White</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Radford" title="Arthur W. Radford">Arthur W. Radford</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a> </b><br />1957–1960 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lyman Lemnitzer</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Spaatz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoyt_Vandenberg" title="Hoyt Vandenberg">Vandenberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Farragut_Twining" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Farragut Twining">Twining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_D._White" title="Thomas D. White">White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Curtis_LeMay" title="Curtis LeMay">LeMay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._McConnell_(general)" title="John P. McConnell (general)">McConnell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Dale_Ryan" title="John Dale Ryan">J. D. Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scratchley_Brown" title="George Scratchley Brown">G. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Jones" title="David C. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lew_Allen" title="Lew Allen">Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_A._Gabriel" title="Charles A. Gabriel">Gabriel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_D._Welch" title="Larry D. Welch">Welch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Dugan_(military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael Dugan (military)">Dugan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_M._Loh" title="John M. Loh">Loh</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merrill_McPeak" title="Merrill McPeak">McPeak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Fogleman" title="Ronald Fogleman">Fogleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_E._Eberhart" class="mw-redirect" title="Ralph E. Eberhart">Eberhart</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_E._Ryan" title="Michael E. Ryan">M. E. Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_P._Jumper" title="John P. Jumper">Jumper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._Michael_Moseley" title="T. Michael Moseley">Moseley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duncan_J._McNabb" class="mw-redirect" title="Duncan J. McNabb">McNabb</a> (acting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norton_A._Schwartz" title="Norton A. Schwartz">Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Welsh" title="Mark Welsh">Welsh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_L._Goldfein" title="David L. Goldfein">Goldfein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Q._Brown_Jr." title="Charles Q. Brown Jr.">C. Q. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_W._Allvin" title="David W. Allvin">Allvin</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="CSAF Flag"><img alt="CSAF Flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Air_Force.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1010" data-file-height="807" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Chairmen_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="4" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:CJCS" title="Template:CJCS"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:CJCS" title="Template talk:CJCS"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:CJCS" title="Special:EditPage/Template:CJCS"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Chairmen_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Chairman_of_the_Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff" title="Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff">Chairmen of the Joint Chiefs of Staff</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 2px 0 0"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span></div></td><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Omar_Bradley" title="Omar Bradley">Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_W._Radford" title="Arthur W. Radford">Radford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nathan_Farragut_Twining" class="mw-redirect" title="Nathan Farragut Twining">Twining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Lemnitzer" title="Lyman Lemnitzer">Lemnitzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxwell_D._Taylor" title="Maxwell D. Taylor">Taylor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earle_Wheeler" title="Earle Wheeler">Wheeler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Hinman_Moorer" title="Thomas Hinman Moorer">Moorer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Scratchley_Brown" title="George Scratchley Brown">G. Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Jones" title="David C. Jones">Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Vessey_Jr." title="John William Vessey Jr.">Vessey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Crowe" title="William J. Crowe">Crowe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Powell" title="Colin Powell">Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_E._Jeremiah" title="David E. Jeremiah">Jeremiah</a> <i>(acting)</i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Shalikashvili" title="John Shalikashvili">Shalikashvili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Shelton" title="Hugh Shelton">Shelton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Myers" title="Richard Myers">Myers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Pace" title="Peter Pace">Pace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Mullen" title="Michael Mullen">Mullen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Dempsey" title="Martin Dempsey">Dempsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Dunford" title="Joseph Dunford">Dunford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Milley" title="Mark Milley">Milley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Q._Brown_Jr." title="Charles Q. Brown Jr.">C. Q. Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg/75px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg/113px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg/150px-Flag_of_the_Chairman_of_the_U.S._Joint_Chiefs_of_Staff.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="709" /></span></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000045254574">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/6600025">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/315606/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJj8PyH9D8PMvKcJq6Qpfq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/1304517454">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n93005503">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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