Iterated spans and classical topological field theories

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" class="no-js"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge"> <meta name="applicable-device" content="pc,mobile"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:large"> <meta name="access" content="No"> <meta name="360-site-verification" content="1268d79b5e96aecf3ff2a7dac04ad990" /> <title>Iterated spans and classical topological field theories | Mathematische Zeitschrift</title> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@SpringerLink"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:image:alt" content="Content cover image"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Iterated spans and classical topological field theories"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content="Mathematische Zeitschrift - We construct higher categories of iterated spans, possibly equipped with extra structure in the form of higher-categorical local systems, and classify their fully..."/> <meta name="twitter:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00209-017-2005-x/MediaObjects/209_2017_2005_Figa_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="journal_id" content="209"/> <meta name="dc.title" content="Iterated spans and classical topological field theories"/> <meta name="dc.source" content="Mathematische Zeitschrift 2017 289:3"/> <meta name="dc.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dc.publisher" content="Springer"/> <meta name="dc.date" content="2017-12-19"/> <meta name="dc.type" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="dc.language" content="En"/> <meta name="dc.copyright" content="2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rights" content="2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="dc.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="dc.description" content="We construct higher categories of iterated spans, possibly equipped with extra structure in the form of higher-categorical local systems, and classify their fully dualizable objects. By the Cobordism Hypothesis, these give rise to framed topological quantum field theories, which are the framed versions of the classical topological quantum field theories considered in the quantization programme of Freed–Hopkins–Lurie–Teleman. Using this machinery, we also construct an $$(\infty ,1)$$ -category of symplectic derived algebraic stacks and Lagrangian correspondences and show that all its objects are dualizable."/> <meta name="prism.issn" content="1432-1823"/> <meta name="prism.publicationName" content="Mathematische Zeitschrift"/> <meta name="prism.publicationDate" content="2017-12-19"/> <meta name="prism.volume" content="289"/> <meta name="prism.number" content="3"/> <meta name="prism.section" content="OriginalPaper"/> <meta name="prism.startingPage" content="1427"/> <meta name="prism.endingPage" content="1488"/> <meta name="prism.copyright" content="2017 Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature"/> <meta name="prism.rightsAgent" content="journalpermissions@springernature.com"/> <meta name="prism.url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00209-017-2005-x"/> <meta name="prism.doi" content="doi:10.1007/s00209-017-2005-x"/> <meta name="citation_pdf_url" content="https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s00209-017-2005-x.pdf"/> <meta name="citation_fulltext_html_url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00209-017-2005-x"/> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Mathematische Zeitschrift"/> <meta name="citation_journal_abbrev" content="Math. 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Springer, Berlin (1982)"/> <meta name="citation_author" content="Haugseng, Rune"/> <meta name="citation_author_email" content="haugseng@math.ku.dk"/> <meta name="citation_author_institution" content="University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"/> <meta name="citation_cover_date" content="2018/08/01"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00209-017-2005-x"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="SpringerLink"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Iterated spans and classical topological field theories - Mathematische Zeitschrift"/> <meta property="og:description" content="We construct higher categories of iterated spans, possibly equipped with extra structure in the form of higher-categorical local systems, and classify their fully dualizable objects. By the Cobordism Hypothesis, these give rise to framed topological quantum field theories, which are the framed versions of the classical topological quantum field theories considered in the quantization programme of Freed–Hopkins–Lurie–Teleman. Using this machinery, we also construct an $$(\infty ,1)$$ ( ∞ , 1 ) -category of symplectic derived algebraic stacks and Lagrangian correspondences and show that all its objects are dualizable."/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://static-content.springer.com/image/art%3A10.1007%2Fs00209-017-2005-x/MediaObjects/209_2017_2005_Figa_HTML.gif"/> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/apple-touch-icon-92e819bf8a.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/android-chrome-192x192-6f081ca7e5.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-32x32-1435da3e82.png> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-16x16-ed57f42bd2.png> <link rel="shortcut icon" data-test="shortcut-icon" href=/oscar-static/img/favicons/darwin/favicon-c6d59aafac.ico> 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By the Cobordism Hypothesis, these give rise to framed topological quantum field theories, which are the framed versions of the classical topological quantum field theories considered in the quantization programme of Freed–Hopkins–Lurie–Teleman. Using this machinery, we also construct an \n \n \n \n $$(\\infty ,1)$$\n \n \n \n -category of symplectic derived algebraic stacks and Lagrangian correspondences and show that all its objects are 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higher categories of iterated spans, possibly equipped with extra structure in the form of higher-categorical local systems, and classify their fully dualizable objects. By the Cobordism Hypothesis, these give rise to framed topological quantum field theories, which are the framed versions of the classical topological quantum field theories considered in the quantization programme of Freed–Hopkins–Lurie–Teleman. Using this machinery, we also construct an <span class="mathjax-tex">$(\infty ,1)$</span>-category of symplectic derived algebraic stacks and Lagrangian correspondences and show that all its objects are dualizable.</p></div></div></section> <div class="c-notes"> <p class="c-notes__text c-status-message--info"> <svg width="24" height="24" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="c-status-message__icon"> <use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-info-filled-medium"></use> </svg> This is a preview of subscription content, <a id="test-login-banner-link" href="//wayf.springernature.com?redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.com%2Farticle%2F10.1007%2Fs00209-017-2005-x%3Ferror%3Dcookies_not_supported%26code%3Dfa5c81f2-473d-46f1-b9a4-5f54592c67fc" data-track="click" data-track-action="login" data-track-label="link" class="c-preview-message__link">log in via an institution</a> <svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" 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Springer, Berlin (1982)</p></li></ol><p class="c-article-references__download u-hide-print"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="download citation references" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00209-017-2005-x?format=refman&flavour=references">Download references<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p></div></div></div></section></div><section data-title="Acknowledgements"><div class="c-article-section" id="Ack1-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Ack1">Acknowledgements</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Ack1-content"><p>I first learned about <span class="mathjax-tex">$\infty $</span>-categories of spans from conversations with Clark Barwick back in 2010. The present work was inspired by a number of discussions during my visit to the MSRI programme on algebraic topology in the spring of 2014, in particular with Hiro Tanaka and Owen Gwilliam. I also thank Oren Ben-Bassat, Damien Calaque, Theo Johnson-Freyd, Gregor Schaumann, Claudia Scheimbauer, Chris Schommer-Pries, and Peter Teichner for helpful comments.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Rune Haugseng</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Rune-Haugseng-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Rune Haugseng</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?dc.creator=Rune%20Haugseng" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - publication" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">View author publications</a></div><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--right"><p class="search-in-title-js c-article-authors-search__text">You can also search for this author in <span class="c-article-identifiers"><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi?cmd=search&term=Rune%20Haugseng" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - pubmed" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">PubMed</a><span class="u-hide"> </span><a class="c-article-identifiers__item" href="http://scholar.google.co.uk/scholar?as_q=&num=10&btnG=Search+Scholar&as_epq=&as_oq=&as_eq=&as_occt=any&as_sauthors=%22Rune%20Haugseng%22&as_publication=&as_ylo=&as_yhi=&as_allsubj=all&hl=en" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - scholar" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Google Scholar</a></span></p></div></div></li></ol></div><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding author</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:haugseng@math.ku.dk">Rune Haugseng</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Iterated%20spans%20and%20classical%20topological%20field%20theories&author=Rune%20Haugseng&contentID=10.1007%2Fs00209-017-2005-x&copyright=Springer-Verlag%20GmbH%20Germany%2C%20part%20of%20Springer%20Nature&publication=0025-5874&publicationDate=2017-12-19&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1007/s00209-017-2005-x" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1007/s00209-017-2005-x" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Haugseng, R. Iterated spans and classical topological field theories. <i>Math. Z.</i> <b>289</b>, 1427–1488 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00209-017-2005-x</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1007/s00209-017-2005-x?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Received<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2015-11-03">03 November 2015</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Accepted<span 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