CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Androgen - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-sticky-header-enabled vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"55463772-745a-4101-8ce7-103403bced96","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Androgen","wgTitle":"Androgen","wgCurRevisionId":1282665370,"wgRevisionId":1282665370,"wgArticleId":236666,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["CS1: long volume value","Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Use dmy dates from February 2023","Anabolic–androgenic steroids","Hepatotoxins","Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis","Sex hormones"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Androgen","wgRelevantArticleId":236666,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":30000,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q62614","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false}; RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.22"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/1200px-Testosteron.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="799"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/800px-Testosteron.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="533"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/640px-Testosteron.svg.png"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="426"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Androgen - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Androgen rootpage-Androgen skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="n-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages"><span>Special pages</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Androgen" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Androgen" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Androgen" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Androgen" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Types_and_examples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Types_and_examples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Types and examples</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Types_and_examples-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Types and examples subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Types_and_examples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Female_ovarian_and_adrenal_androgens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female_ovarian_and_adrenal_androgens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Female ovarian and adrenal androgens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female_ovarian_and_adrenal_androgens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_function" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_function"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Biological function</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_function-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biological function subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_function-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Male_prenatal_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_prenatal_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Male prenatal development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_prenatal_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Testes_formation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Testes_formation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Testes formation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Testes_formation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Androgen_production" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Androgen_production"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Androgen production</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Androgen_production-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Androgen_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Androgen_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Androgen effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Androgen_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_regulation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_regulation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Early regulation</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_regulation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Male_pubertal_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Male_pubertal_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Male pubertal development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Male_pubertal_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spermatogenesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spermatogenesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Spermatogenesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spermatogenesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fat_deposition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fat_deposition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fat deposition</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fat_deposition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Muscle_mass" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Muscle_mass"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Muscle mass</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Muscle_mass-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Brain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Female-specific_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Female-specific_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Female-specific effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Female-specific_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Androgen_insensitivity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Androgen_insensitivity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Androgen insensitivity</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Androgen_insensitivity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Miscellaneous" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Miscellaneous"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Miscellaneous</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Miscellaneous-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biological_activity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biological_activity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Biological activity</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biological_activity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biological activity subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biological_activity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Relative_potency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Relative_potency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Relative potency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Relative_potency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Non-genomic_actions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Non-genomic_actions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Non-genomic actions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Non-genomic_actions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biochemistry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biochemistry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Biochemistry</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Biochemistry subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Biochemistry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Biosynthesis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biosynthesis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Biosynthesis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biosynthesis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Metabolism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Metabolism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Metabolism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Metabolism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medical_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medical_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Medical uses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medical_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Androgen</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 56 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-56" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">56 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgeen" title="Androgeen – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Androgeen" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%8A%D9%86" title="أندروجين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أندروجين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8B%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8" title="অ্যান্ড্রোজেন – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অ্যান্ড্রোজেন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Андроген – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Андроген" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Androgen" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Androgen" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Androgen" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Androgen" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgene" title="Androgene – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Androgene" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%AC%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%B0%DE%83%DE%A6%DE%96%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އެންޑްރަޖަން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އެންޑްރަޖަން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgeenid" title="Androgeenid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Androgeenid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B4%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%B3%CF%8C%CE%BD%CE%B1" title="Ανδρογόνα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ανδρογόνα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%B3geno" title="Andrógeno – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Andrógeno" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgeno" title="Androgeno – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Androgeno" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgeno" title="Androgeno – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Androgeno" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%DA%98%D9%86" title="آندروژن – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آندروژن" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androg%C3%A8ne" title="Androgène – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Androgène" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andraigin%C3%AD" title="Andraiginí – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Andraiginí" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%B3xeno" title="Andróxeno – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Andróxeno" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%95%88%EB%93%9C%EB%A1%9C%EA%B2%90" title="안드로겐 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="안드로겐" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%BD%D5%A5%D5%BC%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%B8%D5%B6" title="Արական սեռական հորմոն – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արական սեռական հորմոն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Androgen" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgeno" title="Androgeno – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Androgeno" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9F" title="אנדרוגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אנדרוגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Androgen" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%93%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%92%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%98" title="ანდროგენები – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ანდროგენები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Андрогендер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Андрогендер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Андрогендер – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Андрогендер" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%81%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%99%E0%BB%82%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%88%E0%BA%99" title="ແອນໂດຣເຈນ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ແອນໂດຣເຈນ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenai" title="Androgenai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Androgenai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%86%E0%B5%BB%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%8A%E0%B4%9C%E0%B5%BB" title="ആൻഡ്രൊജൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ആൻഡ്രൊജൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgeen" title="Androgeen – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Androgeen" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89%E3%83%AD%E3%82%B2%E3%83%B3" title="アンドロゲン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アンドロゲン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Androgen" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androg%C3%A8n" title="Androgèn – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Androgèn" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgenlar" title="Androgenlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Androgenlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AC%D9%86" title="اندروجن – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="اندروجن" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgeny" title="Androgeny – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Androgeny" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andr%C3%B3geno" title="Andrógeno – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Andrógeno" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Androgen" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8B" title="Андрогены – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Андрогены" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adrogjenet" title="Adrogjenet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Adrogjenet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Androgen" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androg%C3%A9n" title="Androgén – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Androgén" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mo%C5%A1ki_spolni_hormon" title="Moški spolni hormon – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Moški spolni hormon" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%B1%DB%86%D8%AC%DB%8C%D9%86" title="ئەندرۆجین – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئەندرۆجین" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Андроген – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Андроген" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Androgen" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgeenit" title="Androgeenit – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Androgeenit" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgener" title="Androgener – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Androgener" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androjen" title="Androjen – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Androjen" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8" title="Андрогени – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Андрогени" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androgen" title="Androgen – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Androgen" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B7%E6%80%A7%E8%8D%B7%E7%88%BE%E8%92%99" title="男性荷爾蒙 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="男性荷爾蒙" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Androjen" title="Androjen – Dimli" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Androjen" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Dimli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9B%84%E6%BF%80%E7%B4%A0" title="雄激素 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="雄激素" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62614#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Androgen" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Androgen" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Androgen"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Androgen"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Androgen" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Androgen" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&oldid=1282665370" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Androgen&id=1282665370&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page"><span>Cite this page</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAndrogen"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FAndrogen"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Androgen&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Anabolic-androgenic_steroids" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q62614" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Any steroid hormone that promotes male characteristics</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about androgens as natural hormones. For androgens as medications, see <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy" title="Androgen replacement therapy">Androgen replacement therapy</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Androgenic" redirects here. For articles related to adrenaline (epinephrine) or noradrenaline (norepinephrine), see <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic" title="Adrenergic">Adrenergic</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color: #ddbbee">Androgen</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><i><a href="/wiki/Drug_class" title="Drug class">Drug class</a></i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Testosteron.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/225px-Testosteron.svg.png" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/338px-Testosteron.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Testosteron.svg/450px-Testosteron.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Testosterone, the major androgen</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Class identifiers</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Androgenic hormone; Testoid</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Hypogonadism" title="Hypogonadism">Hypogonadism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transgender_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender men">transgender men</a>, <a href="/wiki/Performance_enhancement" class="mw-redirect" title="Performance enhancement">performance enhancement</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding" title="Bodybuilding">bodybuilding</a>, others</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Anatomical_Therapeutic_Chemical_Classification_System" title="Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System">ATC code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ATC_code_G03B" class="mw-redirect" title="ATC code G03B">G03B</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Biological_target" title="Biological target">Biological target</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen receptor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Membrane_androgen_receptor" title="Membrane androgen receptor">mARs</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a>, others)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">External links</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="reflink plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000728">D000728</a></span></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background: #e8e8e8;">Legal status</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="background: #e8e8e8; text-align: center"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62614" class="extiw" title="d:Q62614">In Wikidata</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>An <b>androgen</b> (from Greek <i>andr-</i>, the stem of the word meaning <span class="gloss-quot">'</span><span class="gloss-text">man</span><span class="gloss-quot">'</span>) is any natural or synthetic <a href="/wiki/Steroid_hormone" title="Steroid hormone">steroid hormone</a> that regulates the development and maintenance of male characteristics in <a href="/wiki/Vertebrate" title="Vertebrate">vertebrates</a> by binding to <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Moini_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Moini-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gylys_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gylys-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes the embryological development of the primary <a href="/wiki/Male_sex_organs" class="mw-redirect" title="Male sex organs">male sex organs</a>, and the development of male <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sex_characteristic" title="Secondary sex characteristic">secondary sex characteristics</a> at <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>. Androgens are synthesized in the <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_glands" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrenal glands">adrenal glands</a>. </p><p>Androgens increase in both males and females during puberty.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The major androgen in males is <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_326_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson_326-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT) and <a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">androstenedione</a> are of equal importance in male development.<sup id="cite_ref-Carlson_326_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Carlson_326-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> DHT <i>in utero</i> causes differentiation of the penis, scrotum and prostate. In adulthood, DHT contributes to balding, prostate growth, and <a href="/wiki/Sebaceous_gland" title="Sebaceous gland">sebaceous gland</a> activity. </p><p>Although androgens are commonly thought of only as male <a href="/wiki/Sex_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroids">sex hormones</a>, females also have them, but at lower levels: they function in <a href="/wiki/Libido" title="Libido">libido</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sexual_arousal" title="Sexual arousal">sexual arousal</a>. Androgens are the precursors to <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a> in both men and women. </p><p>In addition to their role as natural hormones, androgens are used as <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medications</a>; for information on androgens as medications, see the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_replacement_therapy" title="Androgen replacement therapy">androgen replacement therapy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid" title="Anabolic steroid">anabolic steroid</a> articles. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886046785">.mw-parser-output .toclimit-2 .toclevel-1 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-3 .toclevel-2 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-4 .toclevel-3 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-5 .toclevel-4 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-6 .toclevel-5 ul,.mw-parser-output .toclimit-7 .toclevel-6 ul{display:none}</style><div class="toclimit-3"><meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Types_and_examples">Types and examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Types and examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main subset of androgens, known as adrenal androgens, is composed of 19-carbon steroids synthesized in the <a href="/wiki/Zona_reticularis" title="Zona reticularis">zona reticularis</a>, the innermost layer of the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_cortex" title="Adrenal cortex">adrenal cortex</a>. Adrenal androgens function as weak steroids (though some are precursors), and the subset includes <a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">dehydroepiandrosterone</a> (DHEA), <a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate</a> (DHEA-S), <a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">androstenedione</a> (A4), and <a href="/wiki/Androstenediol" title="Androstenediol">androstenediol</a> (A5). </p><p>Besides testosterone, other androgens include: </p> <ul><li>Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is a steroid hormone produced in the adrenal cortex from <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is the primary precursor of both the androgen and <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogen</a> sex hormones. DHEA is also called dehydroisoandrosterone or dehydroandrosterone.</li> <li>Androstenedione (A4) is an androgenic steroid produced by the <a href="/wiki/Testes" class="mw-redirect" title="Testes">testes</a>, adrenal cortex, and <a href="/wiki/Ovaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ovaries">ovaries</a>. While androstenedione is converted metabolically to <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and other androgens, it is also the parent structure of <a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">estrone</a>. Use of androstenedione as an athletic or <a href="/wiki/Bodybuilding_supplement" title="Bodybuilding supplement">bodybuilding supplement</a> has been banned by the <a href="/wiki/International_Olympic_Committee" title="International Olympic Committee">International Olympic Committee</a>, as well as other sporting organizations.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol" title="Androstenediol">Androstenediol</a> (A5) is a steroid <a href="/wiki/Metabolite" title="Metabolite">metabolite</a> of DHEA and the precursor to sex hormones <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a> is a chemical byproduct created during the breakdown of androgens, or derived from <a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">progesterone</a>, that also exerts minor masculinising effects, but with one-seventh the intensity of testosterone. It is found in approximately equal amounts in the <a href="/wiki/Blood_plasma" title="Blood plasma">plasma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Urine" title="Urine">urine</a> of both males and females.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT) is a metabolite of testosterone, and a more potent androgen than testosterone in that it binds more strongly to androgen receptors. It is produced in the skin and reproductive tissue.</li> <li>A4 and testosterone can also have an extra hydroxyl (-OH) or ketone (=O) group bound on position 11. In this case you can have <a href="/wiki/11-hydroxyandrostenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="11-hydroxyandrostenedione">11-hydroxyandrostenedione</a>, <a href="/wiki/11-ketoandrostenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="11-ketoandrostenedione">11-ketoandrostenedione</a>, <a href="/wiki/11-hydroxytestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="11-hydroxytestosterone">11-hydroxytestosterone</a>, and <a href="/wiki/11-ketotestosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="11-ketotestosterone">11-ketotestosterone</a>. The latter has the same biological activity as testosterone<sup id="cite_ref-Adriaansen_2024_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adriaansen_2024-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and, therefore, these are also very important in healthy individuals and patients with diseases like, congenital adrenal hyperplasia, polycystic ovarian syndrome, or premature adrenarche.<sup id="cite_ref-Adriaansen_2024_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Adriaansen_2024-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Determined by consideration of all biological assay methods (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1970</span>):<sup id="cite_ref-BriggsBrotherton_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriggsBrotherton-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female_ovarian_and_adrenal_androgens">Female ovarian and adrenal androgens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Female ovarian and adrenal androgens"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ovaries and adrenal glands also produce androgens, but at much lower levels than the testes. Regarding the relative contributions of ovaries and adrenal glands to female androgen levels, in a study with six menstruating women the following observations have been made:<sup id="cite_ref-1974_Abraham_Ovarian_Adrenal_Androgens_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1974_Abraham_Ovarian_Adrenal_Androgens-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Adrenal contribution to peripheral T, DHT, A, DHEA and DHEA-S is relatively constant throughout the <a href="/wiki/Menstrual_cycle" title="Menstrual cycle">menstrual cycle</a>.</li> <li>Ovarian contribution of peripheral T, A and DHEA-S reaches maximum levels at mid-cycle, whereas ovarian contribution to peripheral DHT and DHEA does not seem to be influenced by the menstrual cycle.</li> <li>Ovary and adrenal cortex contribute equally to peripheral T, DHT and A, with the exception that at mid-cycle ovarian contribution of peripheral A is twice that of the adrenal.</li> <li>Peripheral DHEA and DHEA-S are produced mainly in the adrenal cortex which provides 80% of DHEA and over 90% of DHEA-S.</li></ul> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Ovarian and adrenal contribution to peripheral androgens during the menstrual cycle<sup id="cite_ref-1974_Abraham_Ovarian_Adrenal_Androgens_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1974_Abraham_Ovarian_Adrenal_Androgens-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Androgen</th> <th><b>Ovarian (%) (F, M, L)</b></th> <th><b>Adrenal (%)</b> </th></tr> <tr> <td>DHEA</td> <td>20</td> <td>80 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DHEA-S</td> <td>4, 10, 4</td> <td>90–96 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Androstenedione</td> <td>45, 70, 60</td> <td>30–55 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>33, 60, 33</td> <td>40–66 </td></tr> <tr> <td>DHT</td> <td>50</td> <td>50 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="3">F = early follicular, M = midcycle, L = late luteal phase. </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_function">Biological function</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Biological function"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_prenatal_development">Male prenatal development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Male prenatal development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Testes_formation">Testes formation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Testes formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During mammalian development, the gonads are at first capable of becoming either <a href="/wiki/Ovary" title="Ovary">ovaries</a> or testes.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In humans, starting at about week 4, the gonadal rudiments are present within the <a href="/wiki/Intermediate_mesoderm" title="Intermediate mesoderm">intermediate mesoderm</a> adjacent to the developing kidneys. At about week 6, epithelial <a href="/wiki/Sex_cords" title="Sex cords">sex cords</a> develop within the forming testes and incorporate the <a href="/wiki/Germ_cell" title="Germ cell">germ cells</a> as they migrate into the gonads. In males, certain <a href="/wiki/Y_chromosome" title="Y chromosome">Y chromosome</a> genes, particularly <a href="/wiki/SRY" class="mw-redirect" title="SRY">SRY</a>, control development of the male phenotype, including conversion of the early bipotential gonad into testes. In males, the sex cords fully invade the developing gonads. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Androgen_production">Androgen production</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Androgen production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mesoderm-derived <a href="/wiki/Epithelium" title="Epithelium">epithelial</a> cells of the sex cords in developing testes become the <a href="/wiki/Sertoli_cell" title="Sertoli cell">Sertoli cells</a>, which will function to support sperm cell formation. A minor population of nonepithelial cells appear between the tubules by week 8 of human fetal development. These are <a href="/wiki/Leydig_cell" title="Leydig cell">Leydig cells</a>. Soon after they differentiate, Leydig cells begin to produce androgens. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Androgen_effects">Androgen effects</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Androgen effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The androgens function as <a href="/wiki/Paracrine_signalling" class="mw-redirect" title="Paracrine signalling">paracrine</a> <a href="/wiki/Hormone" title="Hormone">hormones</a> required by the Sertoli cells to support sperm production. They are also required for the masculinization of the developing male fetus (including penis and scrotum formation). Under the influence of androgens, remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Mesonephron" class="mw-redirect" title="Mesonephron">mesonephron</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Wolffian_ducts" class="mw-redirect" title="Wolffian ducts">Wolffian ducts</a>, develop into the <a href="/wiki/Epididymis" title="Epididymis">epididymis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vas_deferens" title="Vas deferens">vas deferens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Seminal_vesicles" title="Seminal vesicles">seminal vesicles</a>. This action of androgens is supported by a hormone from Sertoli cells, Müllerian inhibitory hormone (MIH), which prevents the embryonic Müllerian ducts from developing into fallopian tubes and other female reproductive tract tissues in male embryos. MIH and androgens cooperate to allow for movement of testes into the scrotum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early_regulation">Early regulation</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Early regulation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Before the production of the pituitary hormone <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone">luteinizing hormone</a> (LH) by the embryo starting at about weeks 11–12, <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotrophin" class="mw-redirect" title="Human chorionic gonadotrophin">human chorionic gonadotrophin</a> (hCG) promotes the differentiation of Leydig cells and their production of androgens at week 8. Androgen action in target tissues often involves conversion of testosterone to 5α-<a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> (DHT). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Male_pubertal_development">Male pubertal development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Male pubertal development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At the time of <a href="/wiki/Puberty" title="Puberty">puberty</a>, androgen levels increase dramatically in males, and androgens mediate the development of masculine <a href="/wiki/Secondary_sexual_characteristic" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sexual characteristic">secondary sexual characteristics</a> as well as the activation of <a href="/wiki/Spermatogenesis" title="Spermatogenesis">spermatogenesis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fertility" title="Fertility">fertility</a> and masculine behavioral changes such as increased <a href="/wiki/Sex_drive" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex drive">sex drive</a>. Masculine secondary sexual characteristics include <a href="/wiki/Androgenic_hair" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgenic hair">androgenic hair</a>, <a href="/wiki/Voice_deepening" class="mw-redirect" title="Voice deepening">voice deepening</a>, emergence of the <a href="/wiki/Adam%27s_apple" title="Adam's apple">Adam's apple</a>, broadening of the shoulders, increased <a href="/wiki/Muscle_mass" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscle mass">muscle mass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Penile_growth" class="mw-redirect" title="Penile growth">penile growth</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spermatogenesis">Spermatogenesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Spermatogenesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During puberty, androgen, LH and <a href="/wiki/Follicle_stimulating_hormone" class="mw-redirect" title="Follicle stimulating hormone">follicle stimulating hormone</a> (FSH) production increase and the sex cords hollow out, forming the seminiferous tubules, and the germ cells start to differentiate into sperm. Throughout adulthood, androgens and FSH cooperatively act on Sertoli cells in the testes to support sperm production.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Exogenous androgen supplements can be used as a <a href="/wiki/Male_contraceptive" title="Male contraceptive">male contraceptive</a>. Elevated androgen levels caused by use of androgen supplements can inhibit production of LH and block production of endogenous androgens by Leydig cells. Without the locally high levels of androgens in testes due to androgen production by Leydig cells, the seminiferous tubules can degenerate, resulting in infertility. For this reason, many transdermal androgen patches are applied to the scrotum. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fat_deposition">Fat deposition</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Fat deposition"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Males typically have less body fat than females. Recent results indicate androgens inhibit the ability of some fat cells to store lipids by blocking a signal transduction pathway that normally supports adipocyte function.<sup id="cite_ref-Singh_R,_Artaza_JN,_Taylor_WE,_et_al._2006_141–54_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Singh_R,_Artaza_JN,_Taylor_WE,_et_al._2006_141–54-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, androgens, but not estrogens, increase beta <a href="/wiki/Adrenergic_receptor" title="Adrenergic receptor">adrenergic receptors</a> while decreasing alpha adrenergic receptors—which results in increased levels of epinephrine/norepinephrine due to lack of alpha-2 receptor negative feedback and decreased fat accumulation due to epinephrine/norepinephrine then acting on lipolysis-inducing beta receptors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Muscle_mass">Muscle mass</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Muscle mass"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Males typically have more <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_muscle" title="Skeletal muscle">skeletal muscle</a> mass than females. Androgens promote the enlargement of skeletal muscle cells in a coordinated manner by acting on several cell types in skeletal muscle tissue.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One cell type, called the <a href="/wiki/Muscle_cell" title="Muscle cell">myoblast</a>, conveys androgen receptors for generating muscle. Fusion of myoblasts generates <a href="/wiki/Myotube" class="mw-redirect" title="Myotube">myotubes</a>, in a process linked to androgen receptor levels.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid15623502_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid15623502-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Higher androgen levels lead to increased expression of <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brain">Brain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Brain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Circulating levels of androgens can influence human behavior because some <a href="/wiki/Neuron" title="Neuron">neurons</a> are sensitive to steroid hormones. Androgen levels have been implicated in the regulation of human <a href="/wiki/Aggression" title="Aggression">aggression</a> and libido. Indeed, androgens are capable of altering the structure of the brain in several species, including mice, rats, and primates, producing <a href="/wiki/Sex_differences" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex differences">sex differences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> More recent studies showing the general <a href="/wiki/Mood_(psychology)" title="Mood (psychology)">mood</a> of <a href="/wiki/Transgender_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender men">transgender men</a>, who have undergone <a href="/wiki/Transgender_hormone_replacement_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transgender hormone replacement therapy">transgender hormone replacement therapy</a> replacing <a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">estrogens</a> with androgens, do not show any substantial long-term <a href="/wiki/Behavioral" class="mw-redirect" title="Behavioral">behavioral</a> changes.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous reports have shown androgens alone are capable of altering the <a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_brain" class="mw-redirect" title="Structure of the brain">structure of the brain</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but identification of which alterations in neuroanatomy stem from androgens or estrogens is difficult, because of their potential for conversion. </p><p>Evidence from <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a> (formation of new neurons) studies on male rats has shown that the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a> is a useful brain region to examine when determining the effects of androgens on behavior. To examine <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a>, wild-type male rats were compared with male rats that had <a href="/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome" title="Androgen insensitivity syndrome">androgen insensitivity syndrome</a>, a genetic difference resulting in complete or partial insensitivity to androgens and a lack of external <a href="/wiki/Male_genitalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Male genitalia">male genitalia</a>. </p><p>Neural injections of <a href="/wiki/Bromodeoxyuridine" title="Bromodeoxyuridine">bromodeoxyuridine</a> (BrdU) were applied to males of both groups to test for <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a>. Analysis showed that <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> regulated adult <a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_formation" title="Hippocampal formation">hippocampal</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a> (AHN). Adult hippocampal neurogenesis was regulated through the <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a> in the wild-type male rats, but not in the TMF male rats. To further test the role of activated androgen receptors on AHN, <a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">flutamide</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogen</a> drug that competes with testosterone and dihydrotestosterone for androgen receptors, and dihydrotestosterone were administered to normal male rats. Dihydrotestosterone increased the number of BrdU cells, while flutamide inhibited these cells. Moreover, estrogens had no effect. This research demonstrates how androgens can increase AHN.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid23782943_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23782943-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Researchers also examined how mild exercise affected androgen synthesis which in turn causes AHN activation of <a href="/wiki/N-Methyl-D-aspartic_acid" title="N-Methyl-D-aspartic acid"><i>N</i>-methyl-<span class="smallcaps"><span style="font-variant: small-caps; text-transform: lowercase;">D</span></span>-aspartate (NMDA)</a> receptors. <a href="/wiki/NMDA" class="mw-redirect" title="NMDA">NMDA</a> induces a calcium flux that allows for synaptic plasticity which is crucial for AHN. </p><p>Researchers injected both orchidectomized (ORX) (castrated) and sham castrated male rats with <a href="/wiki/BrdU" class="mw-redirect" title="BrdU">BrdU</a> to determine if the number of new cells was increased. They found that AHN in male rats is increased with mild exercise by boosting synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">dihydrotestosterone</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hippocampus" title="Hippocampus">hippocampus</a>. Again it was noted that AHN was not increased via activation of the <a href="/wiki/Estrogen_receptor" title="Estrogen receptor">estrogen receptors</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Androgen regulation decreases the likelihood of <a href="/wiki/Depression_(clinical)" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression (clinical)">depression</a> in males. In <a href="/wiki/Preadolescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Preadolescent">preadolescent</a> male rats, <a href="/wiki/Neonatal" class="mw-redirect" title="Neonatal">neonatal</a> rats treated with <a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">flutamide</a> developed more <a href="/wiki/Depression_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression symptoms">depression-like symptoms</a> compared to control rats. </p><p>Again <a href="/wiki/BrdU" class="mw-redirect" title="BrdU">BrdU</a> was injected into both groups of rats in order to see if cells were multiplying in the living tissue. These results demonstrate how the organization of androgens has a positive effect on <a href="/wiki/Preadolescent" class="mw-redirect" title="Preadolescent">preadolescent</a> <a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_formation" title="Hippocampal formation">hippocampal</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a> that may be linked with lower <a href="/wiki/Depression_symptoms" class="mw-redirect" title="Depression symptoms">depression-like symptoms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid20399256_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid20399256-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">Social isolation</a> has a hindering effect in AHN whereas normal regulation of androgens increases AHN. A study using male rats showed that <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> may block <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a>, which results in <a href="/wiki/Hippocampal_formation" title="Hippocampal formation">hippocampal</a> <a href="/wiki/Neurogenesis" title="Neurogenesis">neurogenesis</a> reaching <a href="/wiki/Homeostasis" title="Homeostasis">homeostasis</a>—regulation that keeps internal conditions stable. A <a href="/wiki/BrdU" class="mw-redirect" title="BrdU">Brdu</a> analysis showed that excess <a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">testosterone</a> did not increase this blocking effect against <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a>; that is, the natural circulating levels of androgens cancel out the negative effects of <a href="/wiki/Social_isolation" title="Social isolation">social isolation</a> on AHN.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid21875652_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid21875652-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Female-specific_effects">Female-specific effects</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Female-specific effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Androgens have potential roles in relaxation of the <a href="/wiki/Myometrium" title="Myometrium">myometrium</a> via non-genomic, <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptor</a>-independent pathways, preventing premature <a href="/wiki/Uterine_contraction" title="Uterine contraction">uterine contractions</a> in pregnancy.<sup id="cite_ref-MakievaSaunders2014_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MakievaSaunders2014-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Androgen_insensitivity">Androgen insensitivity</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Androgen insensitivity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome" title="Androgen insensitivity syndrome">Androgen insensitivity syndrome</a></div> <p>Reduced ability of an <a href="/wiki/Sex_chromosome" title="Sex chromosome">XY</a>-<a href="/wiki/Karyotype" title="Karyotype">karyotype</a> fetus to respond to androgens can result in one of several conditions, including infertility and several forms of <a href="/wiki/Intersex" title="Intersex">intersex</a> conditions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Miscellaneous">Miscellaneous</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Miscellaneous"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Yolk androgen levels in certain birds have been positively correlated to social dominance later in life. See <a href="/wiki/American_coot" title="American coot">American coot</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biological_activity">Biological activity</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Biological activity"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Androgens bind to and activate <a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">androgen receptors</a> (ARs) to mediate most of their <a href="/wiki/Biological_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological effect">biological effects</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relative_potency">Relative potency</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Relative potency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Determined by consideration of all biological assay methods (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr><span style="white-space:nowrap;"> 1970</span>):<sup id="cite_ref-BriggsBrotherton_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BriggsBrotherton-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Androgen</th> <th>Potency (%) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Testosterone</td> <td>40 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5α-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</td> <td>100 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Androstenediol</td> <td>.0008 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Androstenedione</td> <td>.04 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Dehydroepiandrosterone</td> <td>.02 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Androsterone</td> <td>.06 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>5α-Dihydrotestosterone (DHT) was 2.4 times more potent than testosterone at maintaining normal prostate weight and duct lumen mass (this is a measure of epithelial cell function stimulation). Whereas DHT was equally potent as testosterone at preventing prostate cell death after castration.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid8958218_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid8958218-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the 11-oxygenated androgens, namely 11-ketotestosterone, has the same potency as testosterone. <sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Non-genomic_actions">Non-genomic actions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Non-genomic actions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Androgens have also been found to signal through <a href="/wiki/Membrane_androgen_receptor" title="Membrane androgen receptor">membrane androgen receptors</a>, which are distinct from the classical nuclear androgen receptor.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid19931639_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid19931639-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid25257522_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid25257522-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pmid23746222_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid23746222-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biochemistry">Biochemistry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Biochemistry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steroidogenesis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Steroidogenesis.svg/450px-Steroidogenesis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="399" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Steroidogenesis.svg/675px-Steroidogenesis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Steroidogenesis.svg/900px-Steroidogenesis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1245" data-file-height="1105" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis" class="mw-redirect" title="Steroidogenesis">Steroidogenesis</a>, showing the relation between several androgens, is at bottom left. Estrone and estradiol, in contrast, are <a href="/wiki/Estrogens" class="mw-redirect" title="Estrogens">estrogens</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biosynthesis">Biosynthesis</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Biosynthesis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Androgens are <a href="/wiki/Biosynthesis" title="Biosynthesis">synthesized</a> from <a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">cholesterol</a> and are produced primarily in the <a href="/wiki/Gonad" title="Gonad">gonads</a> (testicles and ovaries) and also in the <a href="/wiki/Adrenal_gland" title="Adrenal gland">adrenal glands</a>. The testicles produce a much higher quantity than the ovaries. Conversion of testosterone to the more potent DHT occurs in <a href="/wiki/Prostate_gland" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostate gland">prostate gland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brain" title="Brain">brain</a> and skin. </p> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="margin: 1em auto;"> <caption class="nowrap"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Production_rates,_secretion_rates,_clearance_rates,_and_blood_levels_of_major_sex_hormones" title="Template:Production rates, secretion rates, clearance rates, and blood levels of major sex hormones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Production_rates,_secretion_rates,_clearance_rates,_and_blood_levels_of_major_sex_hormones" title="Template talk:Production rates, secretion rates, clearance rates, and blood levels of major sex hormones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Production_rates,_secretion_rates,_clearance_rates,_and_blood_levels_of_major_sex_hormones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Production rates, secretion rates, clearance rates, and blood levels of major sex hormones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> Production rates, secretion rates, clearance rates, and blood levels of major sex hormones </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Sex </th> <th rowspan="2">Sex hormone </th> <th rowspan="2">Reproductive<br />phase </th> <th rowspan="2">Blood<br />production rate </th> <th rowspan="2">Gonadal<br />secretion rate </th> <th rowspan="2">Metabolic<br />clearance rate </th> <th colspan="2">Reference range (serum levels) </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="Système International">SI</abbr> units </th> <th>Non-<abbr title="Système International">SI</abbr> units </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5">Men </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a> </td> <td><div class="center">–</div> </td> <td>2.8 mg/day </td> <td>1.6 mg/day </td> <td>2200 L/day </td> <td>2.8–7.3 nmol/L </td> <td>80–210 ng/dL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a> </td> <td><div class="center">–</div> </td> <td>6.5 mg/day </td> <td>6.2 mg/day </td> <td>950 L/day </td> <td>6.9–34.7 nmol/L </td> <td>200–1000 ng/dL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">Estrone</a> </td> <td><div class="center">–</div> </td> <td>150 μg/day </td> <td>110 μg/day </td> <td>2050 L/day </td> <td>37–250 pmol/L </td> <td>10–70 pg/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a> </td> <td><div class="center">–</div> </td> <td>60 μg/day </td> <td>50 μg/day </td> <td>1600 L/day </td> <td><37–210 pmol/L </td> <td>10–57 pg/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate" title="Estrone sulfate">Estrone sulfate</a> </td> <td><div class="center">–</div> </td> <td>80 μg/day </td> <td>Insignificant </td> <td>167 L/day </td> <td>600–2500 pmol/L </td> <td>200–900 pg/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="12">Women </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a> </td> <td><div class="center">–</div> </td> <td>3.2 mg/day </td> <td>2.8 mg/day </td> <td>2000 L/day </td> <td>3.1–12.2 nmol/L </td> <td>89–350 ng/dL </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a> </td> <td><div class="center">–</div> </td> <td>190 μg/day </td> <td>60 μg/day </td> <td>500 L/day </td> <td>0.7–2.8 nmol/L </td> <td>20–81 ng/dL </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">Estrone</a> </td> <td>Follicular phase </td> <td>110 μg/day </td> <td>80 μg/day </td> <td>2200 L/day </td> <td>110–400 pmol/L </td> <td>30–110 pg/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luteal phase </td> <td>260 μg/day </td> <td>150 μg/day </td> <td>2200 L/day </td> <td>310–660 pmol/L </td> <td>80–180 pg/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td>Postmenopause </td> <td>40 μg/day </td> <td>Insignificant </td> <td>1610 L/day </td> <td>22–230 pmol/L </td> <td>6–60 pg/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a> </td> <td>Follicular phase </td> <td>90 μg/day </td> <td>80 μg/day </td> <td>1200 L/day </td> <td><37–360 pmol/L </td> <td>10–98 pg/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luteal phase </td> <td>250 μg/day </td> <td>240 μg/day </td> <td>1200 L/day </td> <td>699–1250 pmol/L </td> <td>190–341 pg/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td>Postmenopause </td> <td>6 μg/day </td> <td>Insignificant </td> <td>910 L/day </td> <td><37–140 pmol/L </td> <td>10–38 pg/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate" title="Estrone sulfate">Estrone sulfate</a> </td> <td>Follicular phase </td> <td>100 μg/day </td> <td>Insignificant </td> <td>146 L/day </td> <td>700–3600 pmol/L </td> <td>250–1300 pg/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luteal phase </td> <td>180 μg/day </td> <td>Insignificant </td> <td>146 L/day </td> <td>1100–7300 pmol/L </td> <td>400–2600 pg/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a> </td> <td>Follicular phase </td> <td>2 mg/day </td> <td>1.7 mg/day </td> <td>2100 L/day </td> <td>0.3–3 nmol/L </td> <td>0.1–0.9 ng/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td>Luteal phase </td> <td>25 mg/day </td> <td>24 mg/day </td> <td>2100 L/day </td> <td>19–45 nmol/L </td> <td>6–14 ng/mL </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="8" style="width: 1px; background-color:#eaecf0; text-align: center;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1214851843">.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{box-sizing:border-box;width:100%;padding:5px;border:none;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .hidden-title{font-weight:bold;line-height:1.6;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .hidden-content{text-align:left}@media all and (max-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .hidden-begin{width:auto!important;clear:none!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="hidden-begin mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style=""><div class="hidden-title skin-nightmode-reset-color" style="text-align:center;">Notes and sources</div><div class="hidden-content mw-collapsible-content" style=""> <span style="font-size:small;"><b>Notes:</b> "The <i>concentration</i> of a steroid in the circulation is determined by the rate at which it is secreted from glands, the rate of metabolism of precursor or prehormones into the steroid, and the rate at which it is extracted by tissues and metabolized. The <i>secretion rate</i> of a steroid refers to the total secretion of the compound from a gland per unit time. Secretion rates have been assessed by sampling the venous effluent from a gland over time and subtracting out the arterial and peripheral venous hormone concentration. The <i>metabolic clearance rate</i> of a steroid is defined as the volume of blood that has been completely cleared of the hormone per unit time. The <i>production rate</i> of a steroid hormone refers to entry into the blood of the compound from all possible sources, including secretion from glands and conversion of prohormones into the steroid of interest. At steady state, the amount of hormone entering the blood from all sources will be equal to the rate at which it is being cleared (metabolic clearance rate) multiplied by blood concentration (production rate = metabolic clearance rate × concentration). If there is little contribution of prohormone metabolism to the circulating pool of steroid, then the production rate will approximate the secretion rate." <b>Sources:</b> See template.</span></div></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Metabolism">Metabolism</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Metabolism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Androgens are <a href="/wiki/Metabolism" title="Metabolism">metabolized</a> mainly in the <a href="/wiki/Liver" title="Liver">liver</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Medical_uses">Medical uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Medical uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Anabolic_steroid#Medical" title="Anabolic steroid">Anabolic steroid § Medical</a></div> <p>A low testosterone level (hypogonadism) in men may be treated with testosterone administration. Prostate cancer may be treated by removing the major source of testosterone: testicle removal (<a href="/wiki/Orchiectomy" title="Orchiectomy">orchiectomy</a>); or agents which block androgens from accessing their receptor: <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogens</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_insensitivity_syndrome" title="Androgen insensitivity syndrome">Androgen insensitivity syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androgen_insufficiency_syndrome" class="mw-redirect" title="Androgen insufficiency syndrome">Androgen insufficiency syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrology" title="Andrology">Andrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endocrine_system" title="Endocrine system">Endocrine system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_androgen_levels" title="Exercise and androgen levels">Exercise and androgen levels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens/anabolic_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="List of androgens/anabolic steroids">List of androgens/anabolic steroids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens/anabolic_steroids_available_in_the_United_States" title="List of androgens/anabolic steroids available in the United States">List of androgens/anabolic steroids available in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_steroid_abbreviations" title="List of steroid abbreviations">List of steroid abbreviations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_and_the_cardiovascular_system" title="Testosterone and the cardiovascular system">Testosterone and the cardiovascular system</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androgen&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Moini-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Moini_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMoini2015" class="citation book cs1">Moini J (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=P7vyBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA338"><i>Fundamental Pharmacology for Pharmacy Technicians</i></a>. Cengage Learning. p. 338. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-30-568615-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-30-568615-1"><bdi>978-1-30-568615-1</bdi></a>. <q>Androgen is the generic term for any natural or synthetic compound, usually a steroid hormone, which stimulates or controls the development of masculine characteristics by binding to androgen receptors.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamental+Pharmacology+for+Pharmacy+Technicians&rft.pages=338&rft.pub=Cengage+Learning&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-1-30-568615-1&rft.aulast=Moini&rft.aufirst=J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DP7vyBgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA338&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gylys-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gylys_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGylysWedding2017" class="citation book cs1">Gylys BA, Wedding ME (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wMttDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA82"><i>Medical Terminology Systems: A Body Systems Approach</i></a>. F.A. Davis. p. 82. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-80-365868-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-80-365868-4"><bdi>978-0-80-365868-4</bdi></a>. <q>Generic term for an agent (usually a hormone, such as testosterone or androsterone) that stimulates development of male characteristics.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Terminology+Systems%3A+A+Body+Systems+Approach&rft.pages=82&rft.pub=F.A.+Davis&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-80-365868-4&rft.aulast=Gylys&rft.aufirst=BA&rft.au=Wedding%2C+ME&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwMttDgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA82&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fasthealthfitness.com/get-rid-of-pimples/">"15 Ways To Get Rid of Pimples Overnight Natural"</a>. Fast Health Fitness. 17 May 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=15+Ways+To+Get+Rid+of+Pimples+Overnight+Natural&rft.pub=Fast+Health+Fitness&rft.date=2016-05-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.fasthealthfitness.com%2Fget-rid-of-pimples%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Carlson_326-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_326_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Carlson_326_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCarlson2012" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Carlson N (22 January 2012). <i>Physiology of Behavior</i>. Reproductive Behavior. Vol. 11th edition. Pearson. p. 326. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0205239399" title="Special:BookSources/978-0205239399"><bdi>978-0205239399</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physiology+of+Behavior&rft.series=Reproductive+Behavior&rft.pages=326&rft.pub=Pearson&rft.date=2012-01-22&rft.isbn=978-0205239399&rft.aulast=Carlson&rft.aufirst=N&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140808035826/http://www.diasource-diagnostics.com/en/Products/ImmunoAssays/Fertility/Androgens">"Androgens"</a>. DIAsource. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.diasource-diagnostics.com/en/Products/ImmunoAssays/Fertility/Androgens">the original</a> on 8 August 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Androgens&rft.pub=DIAsource&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.diasource-diagnostics.com%2Fen%2FProducts%2FImmunoAssays%2FFertility%2FAndrogens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Adriaansen_2024-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Adriaansen_2024_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Adriaansen_2024_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdriaansenOude_AlinkSwinkelsSchröder2024" class="citation journal cs1">Adriaansen BP, Oude Alink SE, Swinkels DW, Schröder MA, Span PN, Sweep FC, et al. (January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/303614/303614.pdf">"Reference intervals for serum 11-oxygenated androgens in children"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Journal of Endocrinology</i>. <b>190</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">96–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejendo%2Flvae008">10.1093/ejendo/lvae008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38243909">38243909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Reference+intervals+for+serum+11-oxygenated+androgens+in+children&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2024-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejendo%2Flvae008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38243909&rft.aulast=Adriaansen&rft.aufirst=BP&rft.au=Oude+Alink%2C+SE&rft.au=Swinkels%2C+DW&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+MA&rft.au=Span%2C+PN&rft.au=Sweep%2C+FC&rft.au=Claahsen-van+der+Grinten%2C+HL&rft.au=van+Herwaarden%2C+AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.ubn.ru.nl%2F%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2066%2F303614%2F303614.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BriggsBrotherton-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BriggsBrotherton_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BriggsBrotherton_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBriggs_MH,_Brotherton_J1970" class="citation book cs1">Briggs MH, Brotherton J (3 February 1970). <i>Steroid Biochemistry and Pharmacology</i>. London: Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-12-134650-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-12-134650-8"><bdi>978-0-12-134650-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Steroid+Biochemistry+and+Pharmacology&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Academic+Press&rft.date=1970-02-03&rft.isbn=978-0-12-134650-8&rft.au=Briggs+MH%2C+Brotherton+J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1974_Abraham_Ovarian_Adrenal_Androgens-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1974_Abraham_Ovarian_Adrenal_Androgens_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-1974_Abraham_Ovarian_Adrenal_Androgens_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbraham1974" class="citation journal cs1">Abraham GE (August 1974). "Ovarian and adrenal contribution to peripheral androgens during the menstrual cycle". <i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>39</b> (2): <span class="nowrap">340–</span>346. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjcem-39-2-340">10.1210/jcem-39-2-340</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/4278727">4278727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Ovarian+and+adrenal+contribution+to+peripheral+androgens+during+the+menstrual+cycle&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E340-%3C%2Fspan%3E346&rft.date=1974-08&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjcem-39-2-340&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F4278727&rft.aulast=Abraham&rft.aufirst=GE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2000" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert SF (2000). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/developmentalbio00gilb"><i>Developmental Biology</i></a></span> (6th ed.). <a href="/wiki/Sunderland,_Massachusetts" title="Sunderland, Massachusetts">Sunderland, Massachusetts</a>: <a href="/wiki/Sinauer_Associates" title="Sinauer Associates">Sinauer Associates</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-243-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87893-243-6"><bdi>978-0-87893-243-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Developmental+Biology&rft.place=Sunderland%2C+Massachusetts&rft.edition=6th&rft.pub=Sinauer+Associates&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-87893-243-6&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=SF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fdevelopmentalbio00gilb&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStephen_NusseySaffron_Whitehead2001" class="citation book cs1">Stephen Nussey, Saffron Whitehead (2001). Saffron A. Whitehead, Stephen Nussey (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/bookshelf/br.fcgi?book=endocrin"><i>Endocrinology: an integrated approach</i></a>. Oxford: <a href="/wiki/British_Institute_of_Organ_Studies" title="British Institute of Organ Studies">British Institute of Organ Studies</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85996-252-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85996-252-7"><bdi>978-1-85996-252-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endocrinology%3A+an+integrated+approach&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=British+Institute+of+Organ+Studies&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-85996-252-7&rft.au=Stephen+Nussey&rft.au=Saffron+Whitehead&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fbookshelf%2Fbr.fcgi%3Fbook%3Dendocrin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (September 2010)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Singh_R,_Artaza_JN,_Taylor_WE,_et_al._2006_141–54-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Singh_R,_Artaza_JN,_Taylor_WE,_et_al._2006_141–54_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinghArtazaTaylorBraga2006" class="citation journal cs1">Singh R, Artaza JN, Taylor WE, Braga M, Yuan X, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Bhasin S (January 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4417624">"Testosterone inhibits adipogenic differentiation in 3T3-L1 cells: nuclear translocation of androgen receptor complex with beta-catenin and T-cell factor 4 may bypass canonical Wnt signaling to down-regulate adipogenic transcription factors"</a>. <i>Endocrinology</i>. <b>147</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">141–</span>154. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2004-1649">10.1210/en.2004-1649</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4417624">4417624</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16210377">16210377</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Testosterone+inhibits+adipogenic+differentiation+in+3T3-L1+cells%3A+nuclear+translocation+of+androgen+receptor+complex+with+beta-catenin+and+T-cell+factor+4+may+bypass+canonical+Wnt+signaling+to+down-regulate+adipogenic+transcription+factors&rft.volume=147&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E141-%3C%2Fspan%3E154&rft.date=2006-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4417624%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16210377&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fen.2004-1649&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Artaza%2C+JN&rft.au=Taylor%2C+WE&rft.au=Braga%2C+M&rft.au=Yuan%2C+X&rft.au=Gonzalez-Cadavid%2C+NF&rft.au=Bhasin%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4417624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSinha-HikimTaylorGonzalez-CadavidZheng2004" class="citation journal cs1">Sinha-Hikim I, Taylor WE, Gonzalez-Cadavid NF, Zheng W, Bhasin S (October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.2004-0084">"Androgen receptor in human skeletal muscle and cultured muscle satellite cells: up-regulation by androgen treatment"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology and Metabolism</i>. <b>89</b> (10): <span class="nowrap">5245–</span>5255. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fjc.2004-0084">10.1210/jc.2004-0084</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15472231">15472231</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Endocrinology+and+Metabolism&rft.atitle=Androgen+receptor+in+human+skeletal+muscle+and+cultured+muscle+satellite+cells%3A+up-regulation+by+androgen+treatment&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5245-%3C%2Fspan%3E5255&rft.date=2004-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fjc.2004-0084&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15472231&rft.aulast=Sinha-Hikim&rft.aufirst=I&rft.au=Taylor%2C+WE&rft.au=Gonzalez-Cadavid%2C+NF&rft.au=Zheng%2C+W&rft.au=Bhasin%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fjc.2004-0084&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid15623502-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid15623502_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFVlahopoulosZimmerJensterBelaguli2005" class="citation journal cs1">Vlahopoulos S, Zimmer WE, Jenster G, Belaguli NS, Balk SP, Brinkmann AO, et al. (March 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M413992200">"Recruitment of the androgen receptor via serum response factor facilitates expression of a myogenic gene"</a>. <i>The Journal of Biological Chemistry</i>. <b>280</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">7786–</span>7792. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1074%2Fjbc.M413992200">10.1074/jbc.M413992200</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15623502">15623502</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Biological+Chemistry&rft.atitle=Recruitment+of+the+androgen+receptor+via+serum+response+factor+facilitates+expression+of+a+myogenic+gene&rft.volume=280&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7786-%3C%2Fspan%3E7792&rft.date=2005-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1074%2Fjbc.M413992200&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15623502&rft.aulast=Vlahopoulos&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Zimmer%2C+WE&rft.au=Jenster%2C+G&rft.au=Belaguli%2C+NS&rft.au=Balk%2C+SP&rft.au=Brinkmann%2C+AO&rft.au=Lanz%2C+RB&rft.au=Zoumpourlis%2C+VC&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+RJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1074%252Fjbc.M413992200&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCookeHegstromVilleneuveBreedlove1998" class="citation journal cs1">Cooke B, Hegstrom CD, Villeneuve LS, Breedlove SM (October 1998). "Sexual differentiation of the vertebrate brain: principles and mechanisms". <i>Frontiers in Neuroendocrinology</i>. <b>19</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">323–</span>362. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1006%2Ffrne.1998.0171">10.1006/frne.1998.0171</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9799588">9799588</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14372914">14372914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Neuroendocrinology&rft.atitle=Sexual+differentiation+of+the+vertebrate+brain%3A+principles+and+mechanisms&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E362&rft.date=1998-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14372914%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9799588&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1006%2Ffrne.1998.0171&rft.aulast=Cooke&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Hegstrom%2C+CD&rft.au=Villeneuve%2C+LS&rft.au=Breedlove%2C+SM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFIrwig2017" class="citation journal cs1">Irwig MS (April 2017). "Testosterone therapy for transgender men". <i>The Lancet. Diabetes & Endocrinology</i>. <b>5</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">301–</span>311. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS2213-8587%2816%2900036-X">10.1016/S2213-8587(16)00036-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27084565">27084565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Diabetes+%26+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Testosterone+therapy+for+transgender+men&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E301-%3C%2Fspan%3E311&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS2213-8587%2816%2900036-X&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27084565&rft.aulast=Irwig&rft.aufirst=MS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCostantinoCerpoliniAlvisiMorselli2013" class="citation journal cs1">Costantino A, Cerpolini S, Alvisi S, Morselli PG, Venturoli S, Meriggiola MC (14 February 2013). "A prospective study on sexual function and mood in female-to-male transsexuals during testosterone administration and after sex reassignment surgery". <i>Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy</i>. <b>39</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">321–</span>335. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F0092623X.2012.736920">10.1080/0092623X.2012.736920</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23470169">23470169</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:34943756">34943756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Sex+%26+Marital+Therapy&rft.atitle=A+prospective+study+on+sexual+function+and+mood+in+female-to-male+transsexuals+during+testosterone+administration+and+after+sex+reassignment+surgery&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E321-%3C%2Fspan%3E335&rft.date=2013-02-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A34943756%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23470169&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F0092623X.2012.736920&rft.aulast=Costantino&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Cerpolini%2C+S&rft.au=Alvisi%2C+S&rft.au=Morselli%2C+PG&rft.au=Venturoli%2C+S&rft.au=Meriggiola%2C+MC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonNachtigallStern2013" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson JM, Nachtigall LB, Stern TA (1 November 2013). "The effect of testosterone levels on mood in men: a review". <i>Psychosomatics</i>. <b>54</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">509–</span>514. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.psym.2013.06.018">10.1016/j.psym.2013.06.018</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24016385">24016385</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Psychosomatics&rft.atitle=The+effect+of+testosterone+levels+on+mood+in+men%3A+a+review&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E509-%3C%2Fspan%3E514&rft.date=2013-11-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.psym.2013.06.018&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24016385&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Nachtigall%2C+LB&rft.au=Stern%2C+TA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZuloagaPutsJordanBreedlove2008" class="citation journal cs1">Zuloaga DG, Puts DA, Jordan CL, Breedlove SM (May 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706155">"The role of androgen receptors in the masculinization of brain and behavior: what we've learned from the testicular feminization mutation"</a>. <i>Hormones and Behavior</i>. <b>53</b> (5): <span class="nowrap">613–</span>626. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.yhbeh.2008.01.013">10.1016/j.yhbeh.2008.01.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2706155">2706155</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18374335">18374335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hormones+and+Behavior&rft.atitle=The+role+of+androgen+receptors+in+the+masculinization+of+brain+and+behavior%3A+what+we%27ve+learned+from+the+testicular+feminization+mutation&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E613-%3C%2Fspan%3E626&rft.date=2008-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2706155%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18374335&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.yhbeh.2008.01.013&rft.aulast=Zuloaga&rft.aufirst=DG&rft.au=Puts%2C+DA&rft.au=Jordan%2C+CL&rft.au=Breedlove%2C+SM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2706155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23782943-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23782943_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHamsonWainwrightTaylorJones2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hamson DK, Wainwright SR, Taylor JR, Jones BA, Watson NV, Galea LA (September 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2013-1129">"Androgens increase survival of adult-born neurons in the dentate gyrus by an androgen receptor-dependent mechanism in male rats"</a>. <i>Endocrinology</i>. <b>154</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">3294–</span>3304. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1210%2Fen.2013-1129">10.1210/en.2013-1129</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2429%2F63213">2429/63213</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23782943">23782943</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Androgens+increase+survival+of+adult-born+neurons+in+the+dentate+gyrus+by+an+androgen+receptor-dependent+mechanism+in+male+rats&rft.volume=154&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3294-%3C%2Fspan%3E3304&rft.date=2013-09&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2429%2F63213&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23782943&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1210%2Fen.2013-1129&rft.aulast=Hamson&rft.aufirst=DK&rft.au=Wainwright%2C+SR&rft.au=Taylor%2C+JR&rft.au=Jones%2C+BA&rft.au=Watson%2C+NV&rft.au=Galea%2C+LA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1210%252Fen.2013-1129&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOkamotoHojoInoueMatsui2012" class="citation journal cs1">Okamoto M, Hojo Y, Inoue K, Matsui T, Kawato S, McEwen BS, Soya H (August 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420174">"Mild exercise increases dihydrotestosterone in hippocampus providing evidence for androgenic mediation of neurogenesis"</a>. <i>Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America</i>. <b>109</b> (32): <span class="nowrap">13100–</span>13105. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2012PNAS..10913100O">2012PNAS..10913100O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.1210023109">10.1073/pnas.1210023109</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3420174">3420174</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22807478">22807478</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Mild+exercise+increases+dihydrotestosterone+in+hippocampus+providing+evidence+for+androgenic+mediation+of+neurogenesis&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=32&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13100-%3C%2Fspan%3E13105&rft.date=2012-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3420174%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22807478&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.1210023109&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2012PNAS..10913100O&rft.aulast=Okamoto&rft.aufirst=M&rft.au=Hojo%2C+Y&rft.au=Inoue%2C+K&rft.au=Matsui%2C+T&rft.au=Kawato%2C+S&rft.au=McEwen%2C+BS&rft.au=Soya%2C+H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3420174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid20399256-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid20399256_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZhangTonelliRegenoldMcCarthy2010" class="citation journal cs1">Zhang JM, Tonelli L, Regenold WT, McCarthy MM (August 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574794">"Effects of neonatal flutamide treatment on hippocampal neurogenesis and synaptogenesis correlate with depression-like behaviors in preadolescent male rats"</a>. <i>Neuroscience</i>. <b>169</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">544–</span>554. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2010.03.029">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2010.03.029</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3574794">3574794</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20399256">20399256</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Effects+of+neonatal+flutamide+treatment+on+hippocampal+neurogenesis+and+synaptogenesis+correlate+with+depression-like+behaviors+in+preadolescent+male+rats&rft.volume=169&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E544-%3C%2Fspan%3E554&rft.date=2010-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3574794%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20399256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2010.03.029&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=Tonelli%2C+L&rft.au=Regenold%2C+WT&rft.au=McCarthy%2C+MM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3574794&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid21875652-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid21875652_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSpritzerIblerInglisCurtis2011" class="citation journal cs1">Spritzer MD, Ibler E, Inglis W, Curtis MG (November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3198792">"Testosterone and social isolation influence adult neurogenesis in the dentate gyrus of male rats"</a>. <i>Neuroscience</i>. <b>195</b>: <span class="nowrap">180–</span>190. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2011.08.034">10.1016/j.neuroscience.2011.08.034</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3198792">3198792</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21875652">21875652</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Neuroscience&rft.atitle=Testosterone+and+social+isolation+influence+adult+neurogenesis+in+the+dentate+gyrus+of+male+rats&rft.volume=195&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E180-%3C%2Fspan%3E190&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3198792%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21875652&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.neuroscience.2011.08.034&rft.aulast=Spritzer&rft.aufirst=MD&rft.au=Ibler%2C+E&rft.au=Inglis%2C+W&rft.au=Curtis%2C+MG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3198792&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MakievaSaunders2014-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MakievaSaunders2014_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMakievaSaundersNorman2014" class="citation journal cs1">Makieva S, Saunders PT, Norman JE (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4063701">"Androgens in pregnancy: roles in parturition"</a>. <i>Human Reproduction Update</i>. <b>20</b> (4): <span class="nowrap">542–</span>559. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmu008">10.1093/humupd/dmu008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4063701">4063701</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24643344">24643344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Human+Reproduction+Update&rft.atitle=Androgens+in+pregnancy%3A+roles+in+parturition&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E542-%3C%2Fspan%3E559&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4063701%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24643344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fhumupd%2Fdmu008&rft.aulast=Makieva&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Saunders%2C+PT&rft.au=Norman%2C+JE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4063701&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid8958218-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid8958218_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWrightThomasDouglasLazier1996" class="citation journal cs1">Wright AS, Thomas LN, Douglas RC, Lazier CB, Rittmaster RS (December 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507713">"Relative potency of testosterone and dihydrotestosterone in preventing atrophy and apoptosis in the prostate of the castrated rat"</a>. <i>The Journal of Clinical Investigation</i>. <b>98</b> (11): <span class="nowrap">2558–</span>2563. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI119074">10.1172/JCI119074</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC507713">507713</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8958218">8958218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Relative+potency+of+testosterone+and+dihydrotestosterone+in+preventing+atrophy+and+apoptosis+in+the+prostate+of+the+castrated+rat&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2558-%3C%2Fspan%3E2563&rft.date=1996-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC507713%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8958218&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI119074&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=AS&rft.au=Thomas%2C+LN&rft.au=Douglas%2C+RC&rft.au=Lazier%2C+CB&rft.au=Rittmaster%2C+RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC507713&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAdriaansenOude_AlinkSwinkelsSchröder2024" class="citation journal cs1">Adriaansen BP, Oude Alink SE, Swinkels DW, Schröder MA, Span PN, Sweep FC, et al. (January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.ubn.ru.nl//bitstream/handle/2066/303614/303614.pdf">"Reference intervals for serum 11-oxygenated androgens in children"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>European Journal of Endocrinology</i>. <b>190</b> (1): <span class="nowrap">96–</span>103. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fejendo%2Flvae008">10.1093/ejendo/lvae008</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38243909">38243909</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Journal+of+Endocrinology&rft.atitle=Reference+intervals+for+serum+11-oxygenated+androgens+in+children&rft.volume=190&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E103&rft.date=2024-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fejendo%2Flvae008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38243909&rft.aulast=Adriaansen&rft.aufirst=BP&rft.au=Oude+Alink%2C+SE&rft.au=Swinkels%2C+DW&rft.au=Schr%C3%B6der%2C+MA&rft.au=Span%2C+PN&rft.au=Sweep%2C+FC&rft.au=Claahsen-van+der+Grinten%2C+HL&rft.au=van+Herwaarden%2C+AE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.ubn.ru.nl%2F%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2066%2F303614%2F303614.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid19931639-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid19931639_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBennettGardinerHooperJohnson2010" class="citation journal cs1">Bennett NC, Gardiner RA, Hooper JD, Johnson DW, Gobe GC (June 2010). "Molecular cell biology of androgen receptor signalling". <i>The International Journal of Biochemistry & Cell Biology</i>. <b>42</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">813–</span>827. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.biocel.2009.11.013">10.1016/j.biocel.2009.11.013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19931639">19931639</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+International+Journal+of+Biochemistry+%26+Cell+Biology&rft.atitle=Molecular+cell+biology+of+androgen+receptor+signalling&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E813-%3C%2Fspan%3E827&rft.date=2010-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.biocel.2009.11.013&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19931639&rft.aulast=Bennett&rft.aufirst=NC&rft.au=Gardiner%2C+RA&rft.au=Hooper%2C+JD&rft.au=Johnson%2C+DW&rft.au=Gobe%2C+GC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid25257522-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid25257522_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWangLiuCao2014" class="citation journal cs1">Wang C, Liu Y, Cao JM (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4200746">"G protein-coupled receptors: extranuclear mediators for the non-genomic actions of steroids"</a>. <i>International Journal of Molecular Sciences</i>. <b>15</b> (9): <span class="nowrap">15412–</span>15425. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms150915412">10.3390/ijms150915412</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4200746">4200746</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25257522">25257522</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=G+protein-coupled+receptors%3A+extranuclear+mediators+for+the+non-genomic+actions+of+steroids&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15412-%3C%2Fspan%3E15425&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4200746%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25257522&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms150915412&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Liu%2C+Y&rft.au=Cao%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4200746&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid23746222-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmid23746222_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLangAlevizopoulosStournaras2013" class="citation journal cs1">Lang F, Alevizopoulos K, Stournaras C (August 2013). "Targeting membrane androgen receptors in tumors". <i>Expert Opinion on Therapeutic Targets</i>. <b>17</b> (8): <span class="nowrap">951–</span>963. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1517%2F14728222.2013.806491">10.1517/14728222.2013.806491</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23746222">23746222</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23918273">23918273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Expert+Opinion+on+Therapeutic+Targets&rft.atitle=Targeting+membrane+androgen+receptors+in+tumors&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E951-%3C%2Fspan%3E963&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23918273%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23746222&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1517%2F14728222.2013.806491&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Alevizopoulos%2C+K&rft.au=Stournaras%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAndrogen" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Androgens_and_antiandrogens491" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template talk:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgens and antiandrogens"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Androgens_and_antiandrogens491" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Androgens</a> and <a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">antiandrogens</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Androgens</a><br />(incl. <a href="/wiki/Anabolic%E2%80%93androgenic_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Anabolic–androgenic steroid"><abbr title="anabolic–androgenic steroid">AAS</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip anabolic–androgenic steroid</span>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor</span> <a href="/wiki/Agonist" title="Agonist">agonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Testosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone" title="Prasterone">Prasterone (dehydroepiandrosterone, DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">Prasterone enanthate (DHEA enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_sulfate" title="Prasterone sulfate">Prasterone sulfate (DHEA sulfate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a><sup>#</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_cypionate" title="Testosterone cypionate">testosterone cypionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_enanthate" title="Testosterone enanthate">testosterone enanthate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate" title="Testosterone propionate">testosterone propionate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_undecanoate" title="Testosterone undecanoate">testosterone undecanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_ester_mixture" class="mw-redirect" title="Testosterone ester mixture">testosterone ester mixtures</a> (<a href="/wiki/Deposterona" class="mw-redirect" title="Deposterona">Deposterona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omnadren" class="mw-redirect" title="Omnadren">Omnadren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testosterone_propionate/testosterone_phenylpropionate/testosterone_isocaproate/testosterone_decanoate" title="Testosterone propionate/testosterone phenylpropionate/testosterone isocaproate/testosterone decanoate">Sustanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Testoviron_depot" class="mw-redirect" title="Testoviron depot">Testoviron Depot</a>))</li></ul> <ul><li><i>Dihydrotestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">Androstanolone (stanolone, dihydrotestosterone, DHT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Androstanolone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate (dromostanolone propionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate (methenolone acetate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate (methenolone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>19-Nortestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_decanoate" title="Nandrolone decanoate">nandrolone decanoate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nandrolone_phenylpropionate" title="Nandrolone phenylpropionate">nandrolone phenylpropionate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate (trenbolone cyclohexylmethylcarbonate)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandienone, methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone (thiomesterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Alkylated dihydrotestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol (propethandrol)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestin" class="mw-redirect" title="Progestin">Progestins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">levonorgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">norgestrel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">norethisterone (norethindrone)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">lynestrenol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">norgestrienone</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Progesterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Progonadotropin" title="Progonadotropin">Progonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antiestrogen" title="Antiestrogen">Antiestrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Tamoxifen" title="Tamoxifen">tamoxifen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clomifene" title="Clomifene">clomifene</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist">GnRH agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin-releasing_hormone" title="Gonadotropin-releasing hormone">GnRH (gonadorelin)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gonadotropin" title="Gonadotropin">Gonadotropins</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Luteinizing_hormone" title="Luteinizing hormone"><abbr title="luteinizing hormone">LH</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip luteinizing hormone</span>, <a href="/wiki/Human_chorionic_gonadotropin" title="Human chorionic gonadotropin"><abbr title="human chorionic gonadotropin">hCG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip human chorionic gonadotropin</span>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antiandrogen" title="Antiandrogen">Antiandrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor</span> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_antagonist" title="Receptor antagonist">antagonists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Steroidal:</i> <a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a> <a href="/wiki/Niraparib/abiraterone_acetate" title="Niraparib/abiraterone acetate">+niraparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Nonsteroidal:</i> <a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Steroidogenesis_inhibitor" title="Steroidogenesis inhibitor">Steroidogenesis<br />inhibitors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Reductase_inhibitor" title="5α-Reductase inhibitor">5α-Reductase</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alfatradiol" title="Alfatradiol">Alfatradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutasteride" title="Dutasteride">Dutasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epristeride" title="Epristeride">Epristeride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finasteride" title="Finasteride">Finasteride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saw_palmetto_extract" title="Saw palmetto extract">Saw palmetto extract</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a> <a href="/wiki/Niraparib/abiraterone_acetate" title="Niraparib/abiraterone acetate">+niraparib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aminoglutethimide" title="Aminoglutethimide">Aminoglutethimide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">Bifluranol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a><sup>†</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Antigonadotropin" title="Antigonadotropin">Antigonadotropins</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/D2_receptor" class="mw-redirect" title="D2 receptor">D<sub>2</sub> receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Dopamine_antagonist" title="Dopamine antagonist">antagonists</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prolactin_releaser" class="mw-redirect" title="Prolactin releaser">prolactin releasers</a>) (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Domperidone" title="Domperidone">domperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metoclopramide" title="Metoclopramide">metoclopramide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risperidone" title="Risperidone">risperidone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haloperidol" title="Haloperidol">haloperidol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chlorpromazine" title="Chlorpromazine">chlorpromazine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulpiride" title="Sulpiride">sulpiride</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bifluranol" title="Bifluranol">bifluranol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diethylstilbestrol" title="Diethylstilbestrol">diethylstilbestrol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">estradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_estrogen_esters#Estradiol_esters" title="List of estrogen esters">estradiol esters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol" title="Ethinylestradiol">ethinylestradiol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ethinylestradiol_sulfonate" title="Ethinylestradiol sulfonate">ethinylestradiol sulfonate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paroxypropione" title="Paroxypropione">paroxypropione</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_agonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH agonist">GnRH agonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Leuprorelin" title="Leuprorelin">leuprorelin</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/GnRH_antagonist" class="mw-redirect" title="GnRH antagonist">GnRH antagonists</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cetrorelix" title="Cetrorelix">cetrorelix</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a> (incl., <a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">chlormadinone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">cyproterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hydroxyprogesterone_caproate" title="Hydroxyprogesterone caproate">hydroxyprogesterone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gestonorone_caproate" title="Gestonorone caproate">gestonorone caproate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">medroxyprogesterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">megestrol acetate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9em;;text-align:center;">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Androstenedione immunogens:</i> <a href="/wiki/Androvax" title="Androvax">Androvax (androstenedione albumin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ovandrotone_albumin" title="Ovandrotone albumin">Ovandrotone albumin (Fecundin)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><sup>#</sup><a href="/wiki/WHO_Model_List_of_Essential_Medicines" title="WHO Model List of Essential Medicines">WHO-EM</a></li> <li><sup>‡</sup><a href="/wiki/List_of_withdrawn_drugs" title="List of withdrawn drugs">Withdrawn</a> from market</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clinical_trial" title="Clinical trial">Clinical trials</a>: <ul><li><sup>†</sup><a href="/wiki/Phases_of_clinical_research#Phase_III" title="Phases of clinical research">Phase III</a></li> <li><sup>§</sup>Never to phase III</li></ul></li></ul> </div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators">Androgen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogens_and_antiestrogens" title="Template:Estrogens and antiestrogens">Estrogens and antiestrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progestogens_and_antiprogestogens" title="Template:Progestogens and antiprogestogens">Progestogens and antiprogestogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens/anabolic_steroids" class="mw-redirect" title="List of androgens/anabolic steroids">List of androgens/anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Androgen_receptor_modulators801" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Template talk:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen_receptor_modulators" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Androgen receptor modulators"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Androgen_receptor_modulators801" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor">Androgen receptor</a> <a href="/wiki/Receptor_modulator" title="Receptor modulator">modulators</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Androgen_receptor" title="Androgen receptor"><abbr title="Androgen receptor">AR</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Androgen receptor</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Testosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/4-Androstenediol" title="4-Androstenediol">4-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="4-Dehydroepiandrosterone">4-Dehydroepiandrosterone (4-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxytestosterone" title="4-Hydroxytestosterone">4-Hydroxytestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4,17%CE%B1-Dimethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">4,17α-Dimethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenedione" title="5-Androstenedione">5-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione, 11-oxoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">Androstenediol (5-androstenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_3%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 3β-acetate">Androstenediol 3β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_17%CE%B2-acetate" title="Androstenediol 17β-acetate">Androstenediol 17β-acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_diacetate" title="Androstenediol diacetate">Androstenediol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_dipropionate" title="Androstenediol dipropionate">Androstenediol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">Androstenedione (4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atamestane" title="Atamestane">Atamestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone" title="Boldenone">Boldenone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Boldenone_undecylenate" title="Boldenone undecylenate">Boldenone undecylenate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boldione" title="Boldione">Boldione (1,4-androstadienedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol" title="Clostebol">Clostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_acetate" title="Clostebol acetate">Clostebol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_caproate" title="Clostebol caproate">Clostebol caproate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostebol_propionate" title="Clostebol propionate">Clostebol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone" title="Cloxotestosterone">Cloxotestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cloxotestosterone_acetate" title="Cloxotestosterone acetate">Cloxotestosterone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA (androstenolone, prasterone; 5-DHEA)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prasterone_enanthate" title="Prasterone enanthate">DHEA enanthate (prasterone enanthate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exemestane" title="Exemestane">Exemestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formestane" title="Formestane">Formestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plomestane" title="Plomestane">Plomestane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quinbolone" title="Quinbolone">Quinbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silandrone" title="Silandrone">Silandrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_(medication)" title="Testosterone (medication)">Testosterone</a><sup>#</sup> (<a href="/wiki/Testosterone/dutasteride" title="Testosterone/dutasteride">+dutasteride</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Testosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Testosterone esters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytestosterone_phloretin_phosphate" title="Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate">Polytestosterone phloretin phosphate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>5α-Dihydrotestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/1-Androstenediol" title="1-Androstenediol">1-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androstenedione" title="1-Androstenedione">1-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Androsterone" title="1-Androsterone">1-Androsterone (1-andro, 1-DHEA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1-Testosterone" title="1-Testosterone">1-Testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androst-2-en-17-one" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androst-2-en-17-one">5α-Androst-2-en-17-one</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine" title="Bolazine">Bolazine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolazine_capronate" title="Bolazine capronate">Bolazine capronate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydroethyltestosterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydroethyltestosterone (page does not exist)">Dihydroethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrofluoxymesterone" title="Dihydrofluoxymesterone">Dihydrofluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydromethylandrostenediol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydromethylandrostenediol (page does not exist)">Dihydromethylandrostenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone (DHT)</a> (<a href="/wiki/Androstanolone" title="Androstanolone">androstanolone, stanolone</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Dihydrotestosterone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Dihydrotestosterone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone" title="Drostanolone">Drostanolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Drostanolone_propionate" title="Drostanolone propionate">Drostanolone propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitiostanol" title="Epitiostanol">Epitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mepitiostane" title="Mepitiostane">Mepitiostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesabolone" title="Mesabolone">Mesabolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone" title="Mesterolone">Mesterolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mesterolone_cipionate" title="Mesterolone cipionate">Mesterolone cipionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldiazinol" title="Methyldiazinol">Methyldiazinol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime" title="Nisterime">Nisterime</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nisterime_acetate" title="Nisterime acetate">Nisterime acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prostanozol" title="Prostanozol">Prostanozol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone" title="Stenbolone">Stenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stenbolone_acetate" title="Stenbolone acetate">Stenbolone acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testifenon" title="Testifenon">Testifenon (testiphenon, testiphenone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>19-Nortestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione" title="7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione">7α-Methyl-19-norandrostenedione (MENT dione, trestione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Methyl-19-nortestosterone_dodecylcarbonate" title="11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate">11β-Methyl-19-nortestosterone dodecylcarbonate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenediol" title="19-Nor-5-androstenediol">19-Nor-5-androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nor-5-androstenedione" title="19-Nor-5-androstenedione">19-Nor-5-androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone" title="19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone">19-Nordehydroepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol" title="Bolandiol">Bolandiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bolandiol_dipropionate" title="Bolandiol dipropionate">Bolandiol dipropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolandione" title="Bolandione">Bolandione (19-nor-4-androstenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bolmantalate" title="Bolmantalate">Bolmantalate (nandrolone adamantoate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienedione" title="Dienedione">Dienedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienolone" title="Dienolone">Dienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone" title="Dimethandrolone">Dimethandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_buciclate" title="Dimethandrolone buciclate">Dimethandrolone buciclate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_dodecylcarbonate" title="Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate">Dimethandrolone dodecylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethandrolone_undecanoate" title="Dimethandrolone undecanoate">Dimethandrolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LS-1727" title="LS-1727">LS-1727 (nandrolone 17β-<i>N</i>-(2-chloroethyl)-<i>N</i>-nitrosocarbamate)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methoxydienone" title="Methoxydienone">Methoxydienone (methoxygonadiene)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nandrolone" title="Nandrolone">Nandrolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgen_esters#Nandrolone_esters" title="List of androgen esters">Nandrolone esters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol" title="Norclostebol">Norclostebol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Norclostebol_acetate" title="Norclostebol acetate">Norclostebol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normethandrone" title="Normethandrone">Normethandrone (methylestrenolone, normethisterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone" title="Oxabolone">Oxabolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oxabolone_cipionate" title="Oxabolone cipionate">Oxabolone cipionate (oxabolone cypionate)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone" title="Trenbolone">Trenbolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_acetate" title="Trenbolone acetate">Trenbolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_enanthate" title="Trenbolone enanthate">Trenbolone enanthate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_hexahydrobenzylcarbonate" title="Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate">Trenbolone hexahydrobenzylcarbonate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trenbolone_undecanoate" title="Trenbolone undecanoate">Trenbolone undecanoate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trendione" title="Trendione">Trendione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone" title="Trestolone">Trestolone (MENT)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_acetate" title="Trestolone acetate">Trestolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trestolone_enanthate" title="Trestolone enanthate">Trestolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><i>5α-Dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronandrolone">5α-Dihydronandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5%CE%B1-Dihydrotrestolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5α-Dihydrotrestolone (page does not exist)">5α-Dihydrotrestolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-Norandrosterone" title="19-Norandrosterone">19-Norandrosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Alkylated testosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bolasterone" title="Bolasterone">Bolasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calusterone" title="Calusterone">Calusterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol" title="Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol">Chlorodehydromethylandrostenediol (CDMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone" title="Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone">Chlorodehydromethyltestosterone (CDMT)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chloromethylandrostenediol" title="Chloromethylandrostenediol">Chloromethylandrostenediol (CMA)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enestebol" title="Enestebol">Enestebol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyltestosterone" title="Ethyltestosterone">Ethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fluoxymesterone" title="Fluoxymesterone">Fluoxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formebolone" title="Formebolone">Formebolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxystenozole" title="Hydroxystenozole">Hydroxystenozole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metandienone" title="Metandienone">Metandienone (methandrostenolone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol" title="Methandriol">Methandriol (methylandrostenediol)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_bisenanthoyl_acetate" title="Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate">Methandriol bisenanthoyl acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_diacetate" title="Methandriol diacetate">Methandriol diacetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_dipropionate" title="Methandriol dipropionate">Methandriol dipropionate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methandriol_propionate" title="Methandriol propionate">Methandriol propionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylclostebol" title="Methylclostebol">Methylclostebol (chloromethyltestosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone" title="Methyltestosterone">Methyltestosterone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esterified_estrogens/methyltestosterone" title="Esterified estrogens/methyltestosterone">+esterified estrogens</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Methyltestosterone_3-hexyl_ether" title="Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether">Methyltestosterone 3-hexyl ether</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymesterone" title="Oxymesterone">Oxymesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penmesterol" title="Penmesterol">Penmesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiomesterone" title="Tiomesterone">Tiomesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydrotestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Androisoxazole" title="Androisoxazole">Androisoxazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desoxymethyltestosterone" title="Desoxymethyltestosterone">Desoxymethyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Furazabol" title="Furazabol">Furazabol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mebolazine" title="Mebolazine">Mebolazine (dimethazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mestanolone" title="Mestanolone">Mestanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone" title="Metenolone">Metenolone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_acetate" title="Metenolone acetate">Metenolone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metenolone_enanthate" title="Metenolone enanthate">Metenolone enanthate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methasterone" title="Methasterone">Methasterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyl-1-testosterone" title="Methyl-1-testosterone">Methyl-1-testosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylepitiostanol" title="Methylepitiostanol">Methylepitiostanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylstenbolone" title="Methylstenbolone">Methylstenbolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxandrolone" title="Oxandrolone">Oxandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxymetholone" title="Oxymetholone">Oxymetholone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanozolol" title="Stanozolol">Stanozolol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Alkylated 19-nortestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Bolenol" title="Bolenol">Bolenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyldienolone" title="Dimethyldienolone">Dimethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dimethyltrienolone" title="Dimethyltrienolone">Dimethyltrienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethyldienolone" title="Ethyldienolone">Ethyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethylestrenol" title="Ethylestrenol">Ethylestrenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methyldienolone" title="Methyldienolone">Methyldienolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methylhydroxynandrolone" title="Methylhydroxynandrolone">Methylhydroxynandrolone (MOHN, MHN)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metribolone" title="Metribolone">Metribolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mibolerone" title="Mibolerone">Mibolerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norboletone" title="Norboletone">Norboletone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethandrolone" title="Norethandrolone">Norethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propetandrol" title="Propetandrol">Propetandrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-2309" title="RU-2309">RU-2309</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrogestrinone" title="Tetrahydrogestrinone">Tetrahydrogestrinone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Alkylated 5α-dihydro-19-nortestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethandrolone" title="5α-Dihydronorethandrolone">5α-Dihydronorethandrolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronormethandrone" title="5α-Dihydronormethandrone">5α-Dihydronormethandrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Vinyltestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Norvinisterone" title="Norvinisterone">Norvinisterone (vinylnortestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Vinyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Vinyltestosterone" title="Vinyltestosterone">Vinyltestosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Ethynyltestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/Danazol" title="Danazol">Danazol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethinylandrostenediol" title="Ethinylandrostenediol">Ethinylandrostenediol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethandrostate" title="Ethandrostate">Ethandrostate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethisterone" title="Ethisterone">Ethisterone (ethynyltestosterone)</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyltestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B1-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3α-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Ethynyl-3%CE%B2-androstanediol" title="17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol">17α-Ethynyl-3β-androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydroethisterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydroethisterone">Dihydroethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>17α-Ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/%CE%944-Tibolone" title="Δ4-Tibolone">Δ<sup>4</sup>-Tibolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desogestrel" title="Desogestrel">Desogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etonogestrel" title="Etonogestrel">Etonogestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol" title="Etynodiol">Etynodiol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Etynodiol_diacetate" title="Etynodiol diacetate">Etynodiol diacetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestodene" title="Gestodene">Gestodene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gestrinone" title="Gestrinone">Gestrinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel" title="Levonorgestrel">Levonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Levonorgestrel ester">Levonorgestrel esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Levonorgestrel_butanoate" title="Levonorgestrel butanoate">levonorgestrel butanoate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol" title="Lynestrenol">Lynestrenol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lynestrenol_phenylpropionate" title="Lynestrenol phenylpropionate">Lynestrenol phenylpropionate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone" title="Norethisterone">Norethisterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_ester" class="mw-redirect" title="Norethisterone ester">Norethisterone esters</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_acetate" title="Norethisterone acetate">norethisterone acetate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norethisterone_enanthate" title="Norethisterone enanthate">norethisterone enanthate</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrel" title="Norgestrel">Norgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norgestrienone" title="Norgestrienone">Norgestrienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol" title="Quingestanol">Quingestanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quingestanol_acetate" title="Quingestanol acetate">Quingestanol acetate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibolone" title="Tibolone">Tibolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>5α-Dihydro-17α-ethynyl-19-nortestosterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrolevonorgestrel" title="5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel">5α-Dihydrolevonorgestrel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydronorethisterone" title="5α-Dihydronorethisterone">5α-Dihydronorethisterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Progesterone derivatives:</i> <a href="/wiki/6%CE%B1-Methylprogesterone" title="6α-Methylprogesterone">6α-Methylprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medroxyprogesterone_acetate" title="Medroxyprogesterone acetate">Medroxyprogesterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others/unsorted:</i> <a href="/wiki/3-Keto-5%CE%B1-abiraterone" title="3-Keto-5α-abiraterone">3-Keto-5α-abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Androstane" class="mw-redirect" title="5α-Androstane">5α-Androstane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternariol" title="Alternariol">Alternariol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cl-4AS-1" title="Cl-4AS-1">Cl-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drupanol" title="Drupanol">Drupanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trilostane" title="Trilostane">Trilostane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZM-182345" title="ZM-182345">ZM-182345</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center"><a href="/wiki/Selective_androgen_receptor_modulator" title="Selective androgen receptor modulator"><abbr title="Selective androgen receptor modulator">SARMs</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Selective androgen receptor modulator</span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Nonsteroidal:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=198RL26&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="198RL26 (page does not exist)">198RL26</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ACP-105" title="ACP-105">ACP-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AC-262,536" title="AC-262,536">AC-262,536</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetothiolutamide" title="Acetothiolutamide">Acetothiolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acetoxolutamide" title="Acetoxolutamide">Acetoxolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andarine" title="Andarine">Andarine (acetamidoxolutamide, androxolutamide, GTx-007, S-4)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-564,929" title="BMS-564,929">BMS-564,929</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=DTIB&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="DTIB (page does not exist)">DTIB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enobosarm" title="Enobosarm">Enobosarm (ostarine, MK-2866, GTx-024, S-22)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=FTBU-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FTBU-1 (page does not exist)">FTBU-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GLPG-0492" title="GLPG-0492">GLPG-0492</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK2881078" title="GSK2881078">GSK2881078</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GSK-4336A" title="GSK-4336A">GSK-4336A</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=GSK-8698&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="GSK-8698 (page does not exist)">GSK-8698</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG121071" title="LG121071">LG121071 (LGD-121071)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2226" title="LGD-2226">LGD-2226</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-2941" title="LGD-2941">LGD-2941 (LGD-122941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-3303" title="LGD-3303">LGD-3303</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGD-4033" class="mw-redirect" title="LGD-4033">LGD-4033</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LY305" title="LY305">LY305</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-26146900" title="JNJ-26146900">JNJ-26146900</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-28330835" title="JNJ-28330835">JNJ-28330835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JNJ-37654032" title="JNJ-37654032">JNJ-37654032</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPK-88004" title="OPK-88004">OPK-88004 (LY-2452473, TT-701)</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ORM-11984&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ORM-11984 (page does not exist)">ORM-11984</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PF-06260414" title="PF-06260414">PF-06260414</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=R-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="R-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">R-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-59063" title="RU-59063">RU-59063</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-1_(drug)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-1 (drug) (page does not exist)">S-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-23_(drug)" title="S-23 (drug)">S-23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S-40503" title="S-40503">S-40503</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=S-101479&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="S-101479 (page does not exist)">S-101479</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vosilasarm" title="Vosilasarm">Vosilasarm</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Steroidal:</i> <a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-9017&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-9017 (page does not exist)">EM-9017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MK-0773" title="MK-0773">MK-0773</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TFM-4AS-1" title="TFM-4AS-1">TFM-4AS-1</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/YK-11" title="YK-11">YK-11</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center">Antagonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Steroidal:</i> <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thioprogesterone" title="7α-Thioprogesterone">7α-Thioprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiospironolactone" title="7α-Thiospironolactone">7α-Thiospironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Thiomethylspironolactone" title="7α-Thiomethylspironolactone">7α-Thiomethylspironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15%CE%B2-Hydroxycyproterone_acetate" title="15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate">15β-Hydroxycyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Abiraterone">Abiraterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abiraterone_acetate" title="Abiraterone acetate">Abiraterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allyltestosterone" title="Allyltestosterone">Allyltestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benorterone" title="Benorterone">Benorterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BOMT" title="BOMT">BOMT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenoic_acid" title="Canrenoic acid">Canrenoic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canrenone" title="Canrenone">Canrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chlormadinone_acetate" title="Chlormadinone acetate">Chlormadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clascoterone" title="Clascoterone">Clascoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clometerone" title="Clometerone">Clometerone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproheptadine" title="Cyproheptadine">Cyproheptadine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone" title="Cyproterone">Cyproterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyproterone_acetate" title="Cyproterone acetate">Cyproterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delanterone" title="Delanterone">Delanterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delmadinone_acetate" title="Delmadinone acetate">Delmadinone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dicirenone" title="Dicirenone">Dicirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dienogest" title="Dienogest">Dienogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drospirenone" title="Drospirenone">Drospirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DU-41165" title="DU-41165">DU-41165</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edogestrone" title="Edogestrone">Edogestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-4350&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-4350 (page does not exist)">EM-4350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EM-5854" title="EM-5854">EM-5854</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-5855&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-5855 (page does not exist)">EM-5855</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=EM-6537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="EM-6537 (page does not exist)">EM-6537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galeterone" title="Galeterone">Galeterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guggulsterone" title="Guggulsterone">Guggulsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ludaterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ludaterone (page does not exist)">Ludaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medrogestone" title="Medrogestone">Medrogestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megestrol_acetate" title="Megestrol acetate">Megestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mespirenone" title="Mespirenone">Mespirenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metogest" title="Metogest">Metogest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexrenone" title="Mexrenone">Mexrenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mifepristone" title="Mifepristone">Mifepristone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nomegestrol_acetate" title="Nomegestrol acetate">Nomegestrol acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nordinone" title="Nordinone">Nordinone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone" title="Osaterone">Osaterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osaterone_acetate" title="Osaterone acetate">Osaterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxendolone" title="Oxendolone">Oxendolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potassium_canrenoate" title="Potassium canrenoate">Potassium canrenoate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Promegestone" title="Promegestone">Promegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prorenone" title="Prorenone">Prorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosterolone" title="Rosterolone">Rosterolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=RU-15328&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="RU-15328 (page does not exist)">RU-15328</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SC-5233" title="SC-5233">SC-5233 (spirolactone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spironolactone" title="Spironolactone">Spironolactone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirorenone" title="Spirorenone">Spirorenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiroxasone" title="Spiroxasone">Spiroxasone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topterone" title="Topterone">Topterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimegestone" title="Trimegestone">Trimegestone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trimethyltrienolone" title="Trimethyltrienolone">Trimethyltrienolone (R-2956)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zanoterone" title="Zanoterone">Zanoterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Nonsteroidal:</i> <a href="/wiki/5N-Bicalutamide" title="5N-Bicalutamide">5<i>N</i>-Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AA560" title="AA560">AA560</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Antarlide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Antarlide (page does not exist)">Antarlides</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Arabilin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arabilin (page does not exist)">Arabilin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apalutamide" title="Apalutamide">Apalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atraric_acid" title="Atraric acid">Atraric acid</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=AZD-3514&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="AZD-3514 (page does not exist)">AZD-3514</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bakuchiol" title="Bakuchiol">Bakuchiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavdegalutamide" title="Bavdegalutamide">Bavdegalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BAY-1024767&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BAY-1024767 (page does not exist)">BAY-1024767</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bicalutamide" title="Bicalutamide">Bicalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bisphenol" title="Bisphenol">Bisphenols</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A_diglycidyl_ether" title="Bisphenol A diglycidyl ether">BADGE</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Bisphenol_F_diglycidyl_ether&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (page does not exist)">BFDGE</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_A" title="Bisphenol A">bisphenol A</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_F" title="Bisphenol F">bisphenol F</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bisphenol_S" title="Bisphenol S">bisphenol S</a>)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-501949&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-501949 (page does not exist)">BMS-501949</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=BMS-570511&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BMS-570511 (page does not exist)">BMS-570511</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BMS-641988" title="BMS-641988">BMS-641988</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=CH5137291&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="CH5137291 (page does not exist)">CH5137291</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cimetidine" title="Cimetidine">Cimetidine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cioteronel" title="Cioteronel">Cioteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyanonilutamide" title="Cyanonilutamide">Cyanonilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darolutamide" title="Darolutamide">Darolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DDT" title="DDT">DDT</a> (via metabolite <a href="/wiki/Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene" title="Dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene">p,p’-DDE</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dieldrin" title="Dieldrin">Dieldrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DIMP_(antiandrogen)" title="DIMP (antiandrogen)">DIMP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endosulfan" title="Endosulfan">Endosulfan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enzalutamide" title="Enzalutamide">Enzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/EPI-001" title="EPI-001">EPI-001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fenarimol" title="Fenarimol">Fenarimol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flutamide" title="Flutamide">Flutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hydroxyflutamide" title="Hydroxyflutamide">Hydroxyflutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone" title="Inocoterone">Inocoterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inocoterone_acetate" title="Inocoterone acetate">Inocoterone acetate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketoconazole" title="Ketoconazole">Ketoconazole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ketodarolutamide" title="Ketodarolutamide">Ketodarolutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavender_oil" title="Lavender oil">Lavender oil</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LG-105&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LG-105 (page does not exist)">LG-105</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LG-120907" title="LG-120907">LG-120907</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=LGD-1331&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="LGD-1331 (page does not exist)">LGD-1331</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linuron" title="Linuron">Linuron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masofaniten" title="Masofaniten">Masofaniten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methiocarb" title="Methiocarb">Methiocarb</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="N-Butylbenzenesulfonamide (page does not exist)"><i>N</i>-Butylbenzenesulfonamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylapalutamide" title="N-Desmethylapalutamide"><i>N</i>-Desmethylapalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N-Desmethylenzalutamide" title="N-Desmethylenzalutamide"><i>N</i>-Desmethylenzalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nilutamide" title="Nilutamide">Nilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=ONC1-13B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ONC1-13B (page does not exist)">ONC1-13B</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentomone" title="Pentomone">Pentomone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=PF-998425&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="PF-998425 (page does not exist)">PF-998425</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phenothrin" title="Phenothrin">Phenothrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prochloraz" title="Prochloraz">Prochloraz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procymidone" title="Procymidone">Procymidone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proxalutamide" title="Proxalutamide">Proxalutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyrilutamide" title="Pyrilutamide">Pyrilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten" title="Ralaniten">Ralaniten (EPI-002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralaniten_acetate" title="Ralaniten acetate">Ralaniten acetate (EPI-506)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RD-162" title="RD-162">RD-162</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rezvilutamide" title="Rezvilutamide">Rezvilutamide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_2-7239&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 2-7239 (page does not exist)">Ro 2-7239</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ro_5-2537&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ro 5-2537 (page does not exist)">Ro 5-2537</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-22930" title="RU-22930">RU-22930</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-56187" title="RU-56187">RU-56187</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-57073" title="RU-57073">RU-57073</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58642" title="RU-58642">RU-58642</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RU-58841" title="RU-58841">RU-58841</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seviteronel" title="Seviteronel">Seviteronel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thalidomide" title="Thalidomide">Thalidomide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topilutamide" title="Topilutamide">Topilutamide (fluridil)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valproic_acid" class="mw-redirect" title="Valproic acid">Valproic acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vinclozolin" title="Vinclozolin">Vinclozolin</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-580&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-580 (page does not exist)">YM-580</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-92088&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-92088 (page does not exist)">YM-92088</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=YM-175735&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="YM-175735 (page does not exist)">YM-175735</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/GPRC6A" title="GPRC6A">GPRC6A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6em;;text-align:center;">Agonists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cation" class="mw-redirect" title="Cation">Cations</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Aluminium" title="Aluminium">aluminium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calcium" title="Calcium">calcium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gadolinium" title="Gadolinium">gadolinium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Magnesium" title="Magnesium">magnesium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Strontium" title="Strontium">strontium</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zinc" title="Zinc">zinc</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amino_acid" title="Amino acid"><small>L</small>-α-Amino acids</a> (incl. <a href="/wiki/Arginine" title="Arginine"><small>L</small>-arginine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lysine" title="Lysine"><small>L</small>-lysine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ornithine" title="Ornithine"><small>L</small>-ornithine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osteocalcin" title="Osteocalcin">Osteocalcin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sex_hormone-binding_globulin" title="Sex hormone-binding globulin"><abbr title="Sex hormone-binding globulin">SHBG</abbr></a><span class="sr-only" style="border: 0; clip: rect(0, 0, 0, 0); clip-path: polygon(0px 0px, 0px 0px, 0px 0px); height: 1px; margin: -1px; overflow: hidden; padding: 0; position: absolute; width: 1px; white-space: nowrap;">Tooltip Sex hormone-binding globulin</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Receptor_modulators" title="Template:Receptor modulators">Receptor/signaling modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens" title="Template:Androgens and antiandrogens">Androgens and antiandrogens</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Estrogen_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Estrogen receptor modulators">Estrogen receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:Progesterone_receptor_modulators" title="Template:Progesterone receptor modulators">Progesterone receptor modulators</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/List_of_androgens_and_anabolic_steroids" title="List of androgens and anabolic steroids">List of androgens and anabolic steroids</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Endogenous_steroids141" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Template:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Steroid_hormones" title="Template talk:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Steroid_hormones" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Steroid hormones"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Endogenous_steroids141" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Endogenous" class="mw-redirect" title="Endogenous">Endogenous</a> <a href="/wiki/Steroid" title="Steroid">steroids</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Precursor_(chemistry)" title="Precursor (chemistry)">Precursors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/22R-Hydroxycholesterol" title="22R-Hydroxycholesterol">22<i>R</i>-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol" title="20α,22R-Dihydroxycholesterol">20α,22<i>R</i>-Dihydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11%CE%B2-Hydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11β-Hydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">11β-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="17α-Hydroxypregnenolone">17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="21-Hydroxypregnenolone">21-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=17%CE%B1,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="17α,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">17α,21-Dihydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11%CE%B2,17%CE%B1,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone (page does not exist)">11β,17α,21-Trihydroxypregnenolone</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Corticosteroid" title="Corticosteroid">Corticosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Glucocorticoid" title="Glucocorticoid">Glucocorticoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrocorticosterone">3α,5α-Tetrahydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocorticosterone" title="5α-Dihydrocorticosterone">5α-Dihydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketoprogesterone" title="11-Ketoprogesterone">11-Ketoprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Deoxycortisol" title="21-Deoxycortisol">21-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/21-Deoxycortisone" title="21-Deoxycortisone">21-Deoxycortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisone" title="Cortisone">Cortisone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxypregnenolone" title="17α-Hydroxypregnenolone">17α-Hydroxypregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocortisol" title="5α-Dihydrocortisol">5α-Dihydrocortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3%CE%B1,5%CE%B1-Tetrahydrocortisol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3α,5α-Tetrahydrocortisol (page does not exist)">3α,5α-Tetrahydrocortisol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mineralocorticoid" title="Mineralocorticoid">Mineralocorticoids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroaldosterone" title="5α-Dihydroaldosterone">5α-Dihydroaldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Dehydrocorticosterone" title="11-Dehydrocorticosterone">11-Dehydrocorticosterone (11-oxocorticosterone, 17-deoxycortisone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycortisol" title="11-Deoxycortisol">11-Deoxycortisol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11β-Hydroxyprogesterone">11β-Hydroxyprogesterone (21-deoxycorticosterone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone" title="18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone">18-Hydroxy-11-deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18-Hydroxycorticosterone" title="18-Hydroxycorticosterone">18-Hydroxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=18-Hydroxyprogesterone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="18-Hydroxyprogesterone (page does not exist)">18-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aldosterone" title="Aldosterone">Aldosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cortisol" title="Cortisol">Cortisol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sex_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Sex steroid">Sex steroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Androgens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketodihydrotestosterone" title="11-Ketodihydrotestosterone">11-Ketodihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Ketotestosterone" title="11-Ketotestosterone">11-Ketotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione">11β-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrenosterone" title="Adrenosterone">Adrenosterone (11-ketoandrostenedione)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol" title="Androstenediol">Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenedione" title="Androstenedione">Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroandrosterone" title="Dehydroandrosterone">Dehydroandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrotestosterone" title="Dihydrotestosterone">Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiandrosterone" title="Epiandrosterone">Epiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epitestosterone" title="Epitestosterone">Epitestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyandrostenedione" title="16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione">16α-Hydroxyandrostenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone" title="Testosterone">Testosterone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol_glucuronide" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstanediol glucuronide">3α-Androstanediol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydrotestosterone" title="5β-Dihydrotestosterone">5β-Dihydrotestosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Etiocholanediol" title="3α-Etiocholanediol">3α-Etiocholanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Etiocholanediol" title="3β-Etiocholanediol">3β-Etiocholanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Androstanetriol&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Androstanetriol (page does not exist)">Androstanetriols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenediol_sulfate" title="Androstenediol sulfate">Androstenediol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenetriol" title="Androstenetriol">Androstenetriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone_glucuronide" title="Androsterone glucuronide">Androsterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone_sulfate" title="Androsterone sulfate">Androsterone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrotestosterone_glucuronide&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide (page does not exist)">Dihydrotestosterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Dihydrotestosterone_sulfate&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dihydrotestosterone sulfate (page does not exist)">Dihydrotestosterone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanedione" title="Etiocholanedione">Etiocholanedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone_glucuronide" title="Etiocholanolone glucuronide">Etiocholanolone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epietiocholanolone" title="Epietiocholanolone">Epietiocholanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_glucuronide" title="Testosterone glucuronide">Testosterone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testosterone_sulfate" title="Testosterone sulfate">Testosterone sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Estrogen" title="Estrogen">Estrogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Estranes:</i> <a href="/wiki/Estetrol" title="Estetrol">Estetrol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol" title="Estradiol">Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone" title="Estrone">Estrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol" title="Estriol">Estriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Estradiol" title="17α-Estradiol">17α-Estradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epiestriol" title="Epiestriol">16β-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxyestradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="17α-Epiestriol">17α-Epiestriol (16α-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2,17%CE%B1-Epiestriol" title="16β,17α-Epiestriol">16β,17α-Epiestriol (16β-hydroxy-17α-estradiol)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestradiol" title="2-Hydroxyestradiol">2-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestriol" title="2-Hydroxyestriol">2-Hydroxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Hydroxyestrone" title="2-Hydroxyestrone">2-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestradiol" title="4-Hydroxyestradiol">4-Hydroxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestriol" title="4-Hydroxyestriol">4-Hydroxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Hydroxyestrone" title="4-Hydroxyestrone">4-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestradiol" title="4-Methoxyestradiol">4-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestrone" title="4-Methoxyestrone">4-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyestrone" title="16α-Hydroxyestrone">16α-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B2-Hydroxyestrone" title="16β-Hydroxyestrone">16β-Hydroxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestradiol" title="16-Ketoestradiol">16-Ketoestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Ketoestrone" title="16-Ketoestrone">16-Ketoestrone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Others:</i> <a href="/wiki/27-Hydroxycholesterol" title="27-Hydroxycholesterol">27-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstanediol" title="3β-Androstanediol">3β-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Androstenedione" class="mw-redirect" title="4-Androstenedione">4-Androstenedione</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5-Androstenediol" class="mw-redirect" title="5-Androstenediol">5-Androstenediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Keto-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="16-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone">16α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestradiol" title="2-Methoxyestradiol">2-Methoxyestradiol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestrone" title="2-Methoxyestrone">2-Methoxyestrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2-Methoxyestriol" title="2-Methoxyestriol">2-Methoxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4-Methoxyestriol" title="4-Methoxyestriol">4-Methoxyestriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_disulfate" title="Estradiol disulfate">Estradiol disulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_glucuronide" title="Estradiol glucuronide">Estradiol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_3-glucuronide" title="Estradiol 3-glucuronide">Estradiol 3-glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_3-glucuronide_17%CE%B2-sulfate" title="Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17β-sulfate">Estradiol 3-glucuronide 17β-sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_sulfate" title="Estradiol sulfate">Estradiol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estradiol_17%CE%B2-sulfate" title="Estradiol 17β-sulfate">Estradiol 17β-sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_glucuronide" title="Estrone glucuronide">Estrone glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estrone_sulfate" title="Estrone sulfate">Estrone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_glucuronide" title="Estriol glucuronide">Estriol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estriol_sulfate" title="Estriol sulfate">Estriol sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipoidal_estradiol" title="Lipoidal estradiol">Lipoidal estradiol</a> (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_stearate" title="Estradiol stearate">estradiol stearate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Estradiol_palmitate" title="Estradiol palmitate">estradiol palmitate</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Progestogen" title="Progestogen">Progestogens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="16α-Hydroxyprogesterone">16α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/17%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="17α-Hydroxyprogesterone">17α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20α-Dihydroprogesterone">20α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/20%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="20β-Dihydroprogesterone">20β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">5α-DHDOC</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Metabolites:</i> <a href="/wiki/Allopregnanediol" title="Allopregnanediol">Allopregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanediol" title="Pregnanediol">Pregnanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanediol_glucuronide" title="Pregnanediol glucuronide">Pregnanediol glucuronide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanetriol" title="Pregnanetriol">Pregnanetriol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neuroactive_steroid" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuroactive steroid">Neurosteroids</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i>Cholestanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/24S-hydroxycholesterol" class="mw-redirect" title="24S-hydroxycholesterol">24<i>S</i>-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol" title="Cholesterol">Cholesterol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Pregnanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3α-Dihydroprogesterone">3α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="3β-Dihydroprogesterone">3β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydrocorticosterone" title="5α-Dihydrocorticosterone">5α-Dihydrocorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B1-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5α-Dihydroprogesterone">5α-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/5%CE%B2-Dihydroprogesterone" title="5β-Dihydroprogesterone">5β-Dihydroprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allopregnanolone" title="Allopregnanolone">Allopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corticosterone" title="Corticosterone">Corticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrocorticosterone" class="mw-redirect" title="Dihydrocorticosterone">DHC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Dihydrodeoxycorticosterone">DHDOC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11-Deoxycorticosterone" title="11-Deoxycorticosterone">11-Deoxycorticosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epipregnanolone" title="Epipregnanolone">Epipregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isopregnanolone" title="Isopregnanolone">Isopregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnanolone" title="Pregnanolone">Pregnanolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone" title="Pregnenolone">Pregnenolone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pregnenolone_sulfate" title="Pregnenolone sulfate">Pregnenolone sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progesterone" title="Progesterone">Progesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrocorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrocorticosterone">THB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone" title="Tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone">THDOC</a></li></ul> <ul><li><i>Androstanes:</i> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstanediol" title="3α-Androstanediol">3α-Androstanediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstenol" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstenol">3α-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7-Keto-DHEA" title="7-Keto-DHEA">7-Keto-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7α-Hydroxy-DHEA">7α-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxy-DHEA" title="7β-Hydroxy-DHEA">7β-Hydroxy-DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7α-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7α-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/7%CE%B2-Hydroxyepiandrosterone" title="7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone">7β-Hydroxyepiandrosterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone">DHEA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dehydroepiandrosterone_sulfate" title="Dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate">DHEA sulfate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiocholanolone" title="Etiocholanolone">Etiocholanolone</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Pheromone" title="Pheromone">Pheromones</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/3%CE%B1-Androstenol" class="mw-redirect" title="3α-Androstenol">3α-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3%CE%B2-Androstenol" title="3β-Androstenol">3β-Androstenol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstadienol" title="Androstadienol">Androstadienol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstadienone" title="Androstadienone">Androstadienone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androstenone" title="Androstenone">Androstenone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Androsterone" title="Androsterone">Androsterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estratetraenol" title="Estratetraenol">Estratetraenol</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Vitamin_D" title="Vitamin D">Vitamin D</a>:</b> <a href="/wiki/7-Dehydrocholesterol" title="7-Dehydrocholesterol">7-Dehydrocholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcifediol" title="Calcifediol">Calcidiol/Calcifediol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calcitriol" title="Calcitriol">Calcitriol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholecalciferol" title="Cholecalciferol">Cholecalciferol</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Others:</b> <a href="/wiki/7%CE%B1-Hydroxycholesterol" title="7α-Hydroxycholesterol">7α-Hydroxycholesterol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B1-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11α-Hydroxyprogesterone">11α-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/11%CE%B2-Hydroxyprogesterone" title="11β-Hydroxyprogesterone">11β-Hydroxyprogesterone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cholesterol_sulfate" title="Cholesterol sulfate">Cholesterol sulfate</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox1563" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q62614#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4137600-6">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Androgens"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85004919">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Androgènes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121233895">France</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Androgènes"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb121233895">BnF data</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Andrógenos"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://datos.bne.es/resource/XX534840">Spain</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000219272&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007294858805171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Androgen&oldid=1282665370">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Androgen&oldid=1282665370</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Anabolic%E2%80%93androgenic_steroids" title="Category:Anabolic–androgenic steroids">Anabolic–androgenic steroids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hepatotoxins" title="Category:Hepatotoxins">Hepatotoxins</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hormones_of_the_hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad_axis" title="Category:Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis">Hormones of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sex_hormones" title="Category:Sex hormones">Sex hormones</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2010" title="Category:Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010">Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from September 2010</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_February_2023" title="Category:Use dmy dates from February 2023">Use dmy dates from February 2023</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 27 March 2025, at 21:29<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Androgen&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://www.wikimedia.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia.svg" width="25" height="25" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" lang="en" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><picture><source media="(min-width: 500px)" srcset="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" width="88" height="31"><img src="/w/resources/assets/mediawiki_compact.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" lang="en" width="25" height="25" loading="lazy"></picture></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-header-container vector-sticky-header-container"> <div id="vector-sticky-header" class="vector-sticky-header"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-start"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-start vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" aria-hidden="true"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-sticky-header-search-toggle" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.vector-sticky-search-form.icon"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </button> </div> <div role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box"> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="vector-sticky-search-form" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia"> <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-sticky-header-toc vector-sticky-header-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-sticky-header-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-sticky-header-toc-label" for="vector-sticky-header-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-sticky-header-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div class="vector-sticky-header-context-bar-primary" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="mw-page-title-main">Androgen</span></div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-end" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>56 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-v9s2p","wgBackendResponseTime":178,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.630","walltime":"0.815","ppvisitednodes":{"value":4603,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":271703,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":6580,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":19,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":8,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":154693,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 613.210 1 -total"," 37.71% 231.254 1 Template:Reflist"," 14.75% 90.471 1 Template:Production_rates,_secretion_rates,_clearance_rates,_and_blood_levels_of_major_sex_hormones"," 12.61% 77.322 6 Template:Cite_book"," 12.59% 77.201 20 Template:Cite_journal"," 12.44% 76.265 10 Template:Navbox"," 9.79% 60.030 1 Template:Short_description"," 7.28% 44.638 2 Template:Page_needed"," 6.82% 41.842 1 Template:Androgens_and_antiandrogens"," 6.70% 41.111 2 Template:Fix"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.326","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7170024,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-5c6f46dcf-svsgx","timestamp":"20250331025924","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Androgen","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Androgen","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q62614","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q62614","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-05-29T23:28:19Z","dateModified":"2025-03-27T21:29:26Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/ce\/Testosteron.svg","headline":"type of sex steroid"}</script> </body> </html>