Communications Technology Laboratory

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/ctl","20240205000140","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1707091300"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" />  <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.251.1.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{var e,t,r={234:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P_:()=>v,Mt:()=>b,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>w,OP:()=>S,lF:()=>T,Yu:()=>x,Dg:()=>m,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>_,sU:()=>R});var n=r(8632),i=r(9567);const o={beacon:n.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:n.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},a={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!a[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return a[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");a[e]=(0,i.D)(t,o);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.info=a[e])}const u=e=>{if(!e||"string"!=typeof e)return!1;try{document.createDocumentFragment().querySelector(e)}catch{return!1}return!0};var d=r(7056),l=r(50);const f="[data-nr-mask]",g=()=>{const e={mask_selector:"*",block_selector:"[data-nr-block]",mask_input_options:{color:!1,date:!1,"datetime-local":!1,email:!1,month:!1,number:!1,range:!1,search:!1,tel:!1,text:!1,time:!1,url:!1,week:!1,textarea:!1,select:!1,password:!0}};return{feature_flags:[],proxy:{assets:void 0,beacon:void 0},privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},metrics:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,autoStart:!0},page_view_event:{enabled:!0,autoStart:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1,autoStart:!0},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{autoStart:!0,enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampling_rate:50,error_sampling_rate:50,collect_fonts:!1,inline_images:!1,inline_stylesheet:!0,mask_all_inputs:!0,get mask_text_selector(){return e.mask_selector},set mask_text_selector(t){u(t)?e.mask_selector="".concat(t,",").concat(f):""===t||null===t?e.mask_selector=f:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_selector was provided. '*' will be used.",t)},get block_class(){return"nr-block"},get ignore_class(){return"nr-ignore"},get mask_text_class(){return"nr-mask"},get block_selector(){return e.block_selector},set block_selector(t){u(t)?e.block_selector+=",".concat(t):""!==t&&(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.block_selector was provided and will not be used",t)},get mask_input_options(){return e.mask_input_options},set mask_input_options(t){t&&"object"==typeof t?e.mask_input_options={...t,password:!0}:(0,l.Z)("An invalid session_replay.mask_input_option was provided and will not be used",t)}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10,autoStart:!0}}},p={},h="All configuration objects require an agent identifier!";function v(e){if(!e)throw new Error(h);if(!p[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return p[e]}function m(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);p[e]=(0,i.D)(t,g());const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.init=p[e])}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error(h);var r=v(e);if(r){for(var n=t.split("."),i=0;i<n.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(r=r[n[i]]))return;r=r[n[n.length-1]]}return r}const y={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},A={};function w(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!A[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return A[e]}function _(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");A[e]=(0,i.D)(t,y);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.loader_config=A[e])}const x=(0,n.mF)().o;var E=r(385),D=r(6818);const k={buildEnv:D.Re,customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:D.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(E._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||E._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+E._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof E._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:D.q4,denyList:void 0},j={};function S(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!j[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return j[e]}function R(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");j[e]=(0,i.D)(t,k);const r=(0,n.ek)(e);r&&(r.runtime=j[e])}function T(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>i});var n=r(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,n.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const r=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),o=0===Object.keys(r).length?e:r;for(let a in o)if(void 0!==e[a])try{Array.isArray(e[a])&&Array.isArray(t[a])?r[a]=Array.from(new Set([...e[a],...t[a]])):"object"==typeof e[a]&&"object"==typeof t[a]?r[a]=i(e[a],t[a]):r[a]=e[a]}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return r}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>o,q4:()=>n});const n="1.251.1",i="PROD",o="CDN"},385:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Nk:()=>d,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>o,cv:()=>l,iS:()=>a,il:()=>n,ux:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>u});const n="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),o=n?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),a=Boolean("hidden"===o?.document?.visibilityState),s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(o.navigator?.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,u=((()=>{const e=o.navigator?.userAgent?.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2&&e[1]})(),Boolean(n&&window.document.documentMode)),d=!!o.navigator?.sendBeacon,l=Math.floor(o?.performance?.timeOrigin||o?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now())},1117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{w:()=>o});var n=r(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class o{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,n.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=r)}))}catch(e){(0,n.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{L:()=>d,R:()=>c});var n=r(8325),i=r(1284),o=r(4322),a=r(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const r={staged:!1,priority:a.p[t]||0};u(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,r)}function u(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function d(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(u(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return a(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const r=[...s[e]];function a(t){const r=e?n.ee.get(e):n.ee,a=o.X.handlers;if(r.backlog&&a){var s=r.backlog[t],c=a[t];if(c){for(var u=0;s&&u<s.length;++u)l(s[u],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,r){r[0].on(e,r[1])}))}))}delete a[t],r.backlog[t]=null,r.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}r.every((e=>{let[t,r]=e;return r.staged}))&&(r.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),r.forEach((t=>{let[r]=t;s[e].delete(r),a(r)})))}function l(e,t){var r=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[r],(function(t,r){var n=e[0];if(r[0]===n){var i=r[1],o=e[3],a=e[2];i.apply(o,a)}}))}},8325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{A:()=>c,ee:()=>u});var n=r(8632),i=r(2210),o=r(234);class a{constructor(e){this.contextId=e}}var s=r(3117);const c="nr@context:".concat(s.a),u=function e(t,r){var n={},s={},d={},f=!1;try{f=16===r.length&&(0,o.OP)(r).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var g={on:h,addEventListener:h,removeEventListener:function(e,t){var r=n[e];if(!r)return;for(var i=0;i<r.length;i++)r[i]===t&&r.splice(i,1)},emit:function(e,r,n,i,o){!1!==o&&(o=!0);if(u.aborted&&!i)return;t&&o&&t.emit(e,r,n);for(var a=p(n),c=v(e),d=c.length,l=0;l<d;l++)c[l].apply(a,r);var f=b()[s[e]];f&&f.push([g,e,r,a]);return a},get:m,listeners:v,context:p,buffer:function(e,t){const r=b();if(t=t||"feature",g.aborted)return;Object.entries(e||{}).forEach((e=>{let[n,i]=e;s[i]=t,t in r||(r[t]=[])}))},abort:l,aborted:!1,isBuffering:function(e){return!!b()[s[e]]},debugId:r,backlog:f?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return g;function p(e){return e&&e instanceof a?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,c,(()=>new a(c))):new a(c)}function h(e,t){n[e]=v(e).concat(t)}function v(e){return n[e]||[]}function m(t){return d[t]=d[t]||e(g,t)}function b(){return g.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),d=(0,n.fP)();function l(){u.aborted=!0,u.backlog={}}d.ee||(d.ee=u)},5546:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{E:()=>n,p:()=>i});var n=r(8325).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,r,i,o){o?(o.buffer([e],i),o.emit(e,t,r)):(n.buffer([e],i),n.emit(e,t,r))}},4322:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>o});var n=r(5546);o.on=a;var i=o.handlers={};function o(e,t,r,o){a(o||n.E,i,e,t,r)}function a(e,t,r,i,o){o||(o="feature"),e||(e=n.E);var a=t[o]=t[o]||{};(a[r]=a[r]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>a});var n=r(385);let i=!1,o=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return o=!0,!1}};n._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),n._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function a(e,t){return i||o?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}function c(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],n=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,a(r,n))}},3117:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{a:()=>n});const n=(0,r(4402).Rl)()},4402:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Rl:()=>a,ky:()=>s});var n=r(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function o(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function a(){const e=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let t,r=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(30))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?o(t,r++).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&o()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=n._A?.crypto||n._A?.msCrypto;let r,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(r=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(e)));const a=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)a.push(o(r,i++).toString(16));return a.join("")}},7056:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{Bq:()=>n,Hb:()=>o,IK:()=>c,oD:()=>i,uT:()=>s,wO:()=>a});const n="NRBA",i=144e5,o=18e5,a={PAUSE:"session-pause",RESET:"session-reset",RESUME:"session-resume",UPDATE:"session-update"},s={SAME_TAB:"same-tab",CROSS_TAB:"cross-tab"},c={OFF:0,FULL:1,ERROR:2}},7894:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(){return Math.round(performance.now())}r.d(t,{z:()=>n})},50:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";function n(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}r.d(t,{Z:()=>n})},2825:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>d,T:()=>l});var n=r(8325),i=r(5546),o=r(3325),a=r(385);const s="newrelic";const c={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa],sr:[o.D.sessionReplay,o.D.sessionTrace]},u=new Set;function d(e,t){const r=n.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(u.has(t)||(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;c[t]?c[t].forEach((e=>{n?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,r):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,r),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(n)],void 0,e,r)})):n&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,r),l[t]=Boolean(n)})),Object.keys(c).forEach((e=>{void 0===l[e]&&(c[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,r))),l[e]=!1)})),u.add(t),function(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};try{a._A.dispatchEvent(new CustomEvent(s,{detail:e}))}catch(e){}}({loaded:!0})))}const l={}},2210:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{X:()=>i});var n=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,r){if(n.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=r();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n});const n=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[r,n]=e;return t(r,n)}))},4351:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{P:()=>o});var n=r(8325);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,r)=>{if("object"==typeof r&&null!==r){if(e.has(r))return;e.add(r)}return r}};function o(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{n.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{KB:()=>a,b2:()=>o});var n=r(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function o(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,n.bP)("load",e,t)}function a(e){if(i())return e();(0,n.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,ce:()=>o,ek:()=>u,fP:()=>a,gG:()=>l,h5:()=>c,mF:()=>s});var n=r(7894),i=r(385);const o={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function a(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=a();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t){let r=a();r.initializedAgents??={},t.initializedAt={ms:(0,n.z)(),date:new Date},r.initializedAgents[e]=t}function u(e){let t=a();return t.initializedAgents?.[e]}function d(e,t){a()[e]=t}function l(){return function(){let e=a();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:o.beacon,errorBeacon:o.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=a();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),a()}},7956:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{N:()=>i});var n=r(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],r=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;(0,n.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"===document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),r,i)}},3081:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{gF:()=>o,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>n,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>a});const n=r(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",o="cm",a="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},7633:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewEvent},9251:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{t:()=>n});const n=r(3325).D.pageViewTiming},5938:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{W:()=>i});var n=r(8325);class i{constructor(e,t,r){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=n.ee.get(e),this.featureName=r,this.blocked=!1}}},7530:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{j:()=>b});var n=r(3325),i=r(234),o=r(5546),a=r(8325),s=r(7894),c=r(8e3),u=r(3960),d=r(385),l=r(50),f=r(3081),g=r(8632);function p(){const e=(0,g.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId","setApplicationVersion","start","recordReplay","pauseReplay"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r),i=0;i<r;i++)n[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];let o=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&o.push(e.api[t](...n))})),o.length>1?o:o[0]}(t,...n)}}))}var h=r(2825);const v=e=>{const t=e.startsWith("http");e+="/",r.p=t?e:"https://"+e};let m=!1;function b(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},b=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,y=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:A,info:w,loader_config:_,runtime:x={loaderType:b},exposed:E=!0}=t;const D=(0,g.gG)();w||(A=D.init,w=D.info,_=D.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e.agentIdentifier,A||{}),(0,i.GE)(e.agentIdentifier,_||{}),w.jsAttributes??={},d.v6&&(w.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e.agentIdentifier,w);const k=(0,i.P_)(e.agentIdentifier),j=[w.beacon,w.errorBeacon];m||(k.proxy.assets&&(v(k.proxy.assets),j.push(k.proxy.assets)),k.proxy.beacon&&j.push(k.proxy.beacon),p(),(0,g.EZ)("activatedFeatures",h.T)),x.denyList=[...k.ajax.deny_list||[],...k.ajax.block_internal?j:[]],(0,i.sU)(e.agentIdentifier,x),void 0===e.api&&(e.api=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const g={};var p=a.ee.get(e),h=p.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,r,n,o){const a=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===r?delete a.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...a,jsAttributes:{...a.jsAttributes,[t]:r}}),w(v,n,!0,o||null===r?"session":void 0)(t,r)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","addRelease"].forEach((e=>{g[e]=w(v,e,!0,"api")})),g.addPageAction=w(v,"addPageAction",!0,n.D.pageAction),g.setCurrentRouteName=w(v,"routeName",!0,n.D.spa),g.setPageViewName=function(t,r){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(r||"https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/http://custom.transaction")+t,w(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let r=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number","boolean"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",r);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string, number or boolean type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setApplicationVersion=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("application.version",e,"setApplicationVersion",!1);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setApplicationVersion. Expected <String | null>, but got <".concat(typeof e,">."))},g.start=e=>{try{const t=e?"defined":"undefined";(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/start/".concat(t,"/called")],void 0,n.D.metrics,p);const r=Object.values(n.D);if(void 0===e)e=r;else{if((e=Array.isArray(e)&&e.length?e:[e]).some((e=>!r.includes(e))))return(0,l.Z)("Invalid feature name supplied. Acceptable feature names are: ".concat(r));e.includes(n.D.pageViewEvent)||e.push(n.D.pageViewEvent)}e.forEach((e=>{p.emit("".concat(e,"-opt-in"))}))}catch(e){(0,l.Z)("An unexpected issue occurred",e)}},g.recordReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/recordReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("recordReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.pauseReplay=function(){(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/pauseReplay/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("pauseReplay",[],void 0,n.D.sessionReplay,p)},g.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var A=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var r={},i=this,a="function"==typeof t;return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/createTracer/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,r],i,n.D.spa,p),function(){if(h.emit((a?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,a],r),a)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw h.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],r),e}finally{h.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],r)}}}};function w(e,t,r,i){return function(){return(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,o.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],r?null:this,i,p),r?void 0:this}}function _(){r.e(75).then(r.bind(r,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:r}=t;r(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{A[e]=w(m,e,void 0,n.D.spa)})),g.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,o.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,n.D.metrics,p),(0,o.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,n.D.jserrors,p)},d.il?(0,u.b2)((()=>_()),!0):_(),g}(e.agentIdentifier,y)),void 0===e.exposed&&(e.exposed=E),m=!0}},1926:(e,t,r)=>{r.nc=(()=>{try{return document?.currentScript?.nonce}catch(e){}return""})()},3325:(e,t,r)=>{"use strict";r.d(t,{D:()=>n,p:()=>i});const n={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[n.pageViewEvent]:1,[n.pageViewTiming]:2,[n.metrics]:3,[n.jserrors]:4,[n.ajax]:5,[n.sessionTrace]:6,[n.pageAction]:7,[n.spa]:8,[n.sessionReplay]:9}}},n={};function i(e){var t=n[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var o=n[e]={exports:{}};return r[e](o,o.exports,i),o.exports}i.m=r,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var r in t)i.o(t,r)&&!i.o(e,r)&&Object.defineProperty(e,r,{enumerable:!0,get:t[r]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,r)=>(i.f[r](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>"nr-rum-1.251.1.min.js",i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA-1.251.1.PROD:",i.l=(r,n,o,a)=>{if(e[r])e[r].push(n);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==o)for(var u=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),d=0;d<u.length;d++){var l=u[d];if(l.getAttribute("src")==r||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+o){s=l;break}}if(!s){c=!0;var f={75:"sha512-se+MgwtmnbdP/MASClg+GOgpTkSpcEndd09loplWI8jtivCRtbuBQGqwgSDauFr6FUmrBsb2ccq/Hk5NZDAKMQ=="};(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+o),s.src=r,0!==s.src.indexOf(window.location.origin+"/")&&(s.crossOrigin="anonymous"),f[a]&&(s.integrity=f[a])}e[r]=[n];var g=(t,n)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(p);var i=e[r];if(delete e[r],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(n))),t)return t(n)},p=setTimeout(g.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=g.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=g.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={50:0,832:0};i.f.j=(t,r)=>{var n=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==n)if(n)r.push(n[2]);else{var o=new Promise(((r,i)=>n=e[t]=[r,i]));r.push(n[2]=o);var a=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(a,(r=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(n=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),n)){var o=r&&("load"===r.type?"missing":r.type),a=r&&r.target&&r.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+o+": "+a+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=o,s.request=a,n[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,r)=>{var n,o,[a,s,c]=r,u=0;if(a.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(n in s)i.o(s,n)&&(i.m[n]=s[n]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(r);u<a.length;u++)o=a[u],i.o(e,o)&&e[o]&&e[o][0](),e[o]=0},r=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.251.1.PROD"]=self["webpackChunk:NRBA-1.251.1.PROD"]||[];r.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),r.push=t.bind(null,r.push.bind(r))})(),(()=>{"use strict";i(1926);var e=i(50);class t{#e(t){for(var r=arguments.length,n=new Array(r>1?r-1:0),i=1;i<r;i++)n[i-1]=arguments[i];if("function"==typeof this.api?.[t])return this.api[t](...n);(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api ".concat(t," failed. The API is not currently initialized."))}addPageAction(e,t){return this.#e("addPageAction",e,t)}setPageViewName(e,t){return this.#e("setPageViewName",e,t)}setCustomAttribute(e,t,r){return this.#e("setCustomAttribute",e,t,r)}noticeError(e,t){return this.#e("noticeError",e,t)}setUserId(e){return this.#e("setUserId",e)}setApplicationVersion(e){return this.#e("setApplicationVersion",e)}setErrorHandler(e){return this.#e("setErrorHandler",e)}finished(e){return this.#e("finished",e)}addRelease(e,t){return this.#e("addRelease",e,t)}start(e){return this.#e("start",e)}recordReplay(){return this.#e("recordReplay")}pauseReplay(){return this.#e("pauseReplay")}addToTrace(e){return this.#e("addToTrace",e)}setCurrentRouteName(e){return this.#e("setCurrentRouteName",e)}interaction(){return this.#e("interaction")}}var r=i(3325),n=i(234);const o=Object.values(r.D);function a(e){const t={};return o.forEach((r=>{t[r]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,n.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(r,e)})),t}var s=i(7530);var c=i(8e3),u=i(5938),d=i(3960),l=i(385);class f extends u.W{constructor(e,t,r){let i=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,r),this.auto=i,this.abortHandler=void 0,this.featAggregate=void 0,this.onAggregateImported=void 0,!1===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"".concat(this.featureName,".autoStart"))&&(this.auto=!1),this.auto&&(0,c.R)(e,r)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate)return;if(!this.auto)return void this.ee.on("".concat(this.featureName,"-opt-in"),(()=>{(0,c.R)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),this.auto=!0,this.importAggregator()}));const r=l.il&&!0===(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let o;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{o=e}));const a=async()=>{let n;try{if(r){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,957));n=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,n))return(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void o(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(75).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:r}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new r(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),o(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),(0,c.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),o(!1)}};l.il?(0,d.b2)((()=>a()),!0):a()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==r.D.sessionReplay||!!n.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,n.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplayMode))}}var g=i(7633);class p extends f{static featureName=g.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,g.t,r),this.importAggregator()}}var h=i(1117),v=i(1284);class m extends h.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);return o.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,v.D)(e,(function(e,r){t[e]=b(r,t[e])})),t}(n,o.metrics),o}merge(e,t,r,n,i){var o=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);if(o.metrics){var a=o.metrics;a.count+=r.count,(0,v.D)(r,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var n=a[e],i=r[e];i&&!i.c?a[e]=b(i.t,n):a[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=y(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,a[e])}}))}else o.metrics=r}storeMetric(e,t,r,n){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,r);return i.stats=b(n,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,r,n){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:r||{}},n&&(i.custom=n)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},r="",n=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[r=e[i]]=A(this.aggregatedData[r]),t[r].length&&(n=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[r];return n?t:null}}function b(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=y(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function y(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function A(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,v.D)(e,w)}function w(e,t){return t}var _=i(8632),x=i(4402),E=i(4351);var D=i(5546),k=i(7956),j=i(3239),S=i(7894),R=i(9251);class T extends f{static featureName=R.t;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,R.t,r),l.il&&((0,k.N)((()=>(0,D.p)("docHidden",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,j.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,D.p)("winPagehide",[(0,S.z)()],void 0,R.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var I=i(3081);class P extends f{static featureName=I.t9;constructor(e,t){let r=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,I.t9,r),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let r=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,x.ky)(16);super(),l._A?(this.agentIdentifier=r,this.sharedAggregator=new m({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},(0,_.h5)(r,this),this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(p),(0,s.j)(this,t,t.loaderType||"agent"),this.run()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,n.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,n.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,n.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,n.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}run(){try{const t=a(this.agentIdentifier),n=[...this.desiredFeatures];n.sort(((e,t)=>r.p[e.featureName]-r.p[t.featureName])),n.forEach((n=>{if(t[n.featureName]||n.featureName===r.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case r.D.ajax:return[r.D.jserrors];case r.D.sessionTrace:return[r.D.ajax,r.D.pageViewEvent];case r.D.sessionReplay:return[r.D.sessionTrace];case r.D.pageViewTiming:return[r.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(n.featureName);i.every((e=>t[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(n.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,E.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[n.featureName]=new n(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}}))}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",t);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,_.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.features,delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}}({features:[p,T,P],loaderType:"lite"})})()})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Communications Technology Laboratory","node_id":"341076","content_type":"Laboratory\/Organizational Unit"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/node/341076"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Communications Technology Laboratory | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Communications Technology Laboratory"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2015-04-28T15:17-04:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2024-01-04T11:53-05:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Communications Technology Laboratory"/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2015-04-28T15:17-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/ctl"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2015-04-28T15:17-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2024-01-04T11:53-05:00"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content=""/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Communications Technology Laboratory"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 10 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2024-01-04T11:53:00-05:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Communications Technology Laboratory | NIST", "datePublished": "2015-04-28T15:17-04:00", "dateModified": "2024-01-04T11:53-05:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="laboratory_organizational_unit"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>Communications Technology Laboratory | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240205000140cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_T3cUa3qWWyGAPyK2K5N3bUdINrCz8ACc4QCsLQliCXg.css?delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuxCAM-xArT0KhZJBdShhJr7vfj3Z3anXSJIRiO3IsR5hvwWS85uM5hy918R-JZqkui2TGABX4YTSrfydcJbXwSYNLslUWSMH6sKGafYY_WcmQltbljv6d2CMcnBVccFwWjtDDIsknUojDmKnenD7UcBkJFY99n1ki8HX-eFr5gpCwv2DYtu26fcH7Cv7YfsCnvjbg6Qldgw65Qyv6Uk5mWmtbI5MWTO5OuKk__mmkXhndqMOw-xma0SjxyITfK3AoSLnYGWOhucvexi_RNaSI"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240205000140cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6prwlieMvitJqVLptJ59w_NxX2prM0abXhYVoH12prk.css?delta=1&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuxCAM-xArT0KhZJBdShhJr7vfj3Z3anXSJIRiO3IsR5hvwWS85uM5hy918R-JZqkui2TGABX4YTSrfydcJbXwSYNLslUWSMH6sKGafYY_WcmQltbljv6d2CMcnBVccFwWjtDDIsknUojDmKnenD7UcBkJFY99n1ki8HX-eFr5gpCwv2DYtu26fcH7Cv7YfsCnvjbg6Qldgw65Qyv6Uk5mWmtbI5MWTO5OuKk__mmkXhndqMOw-xma0SjxyITfK3AoSLnYGWOhucvexi_RNaSI"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20240205000140cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_6MuKXqcH69mMwmOSjiD2G_c6UXIqUTZ1TRnur95k7Qk.css?delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuxCAM-xArT0KhZJBdShhJr7vfj3Z3anXSJIRiO3IsR5hvwWS85uM5hy918R-JZqkui2TGABX4YTSrfydcJbXwSYNLslUWSMH6sKGafYY_WcmQltbljv6d2CMcnBVccFwWjtDDIsknUojDmKnenD7UcBkJFY99n1ki8HX-eFr5gpCwv2DYtu26fcH7Cv7YfsCnvjbg6Qldgw65Qyv6Uk5mWmtbI5MWTO5OuKk__mmkXhndqMOw-xma0SjxyITfK3AoSLnYGWOhucvexi_RNaSI"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20240205000140cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zxDJPMpCfrT8NQEavjogRlrVmShwu9oesPd2F7606bk.css?delta=3&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuxCAM-xArT0KhZJBdShhJr7vfj3Z3anXSJIRiO3IsR5hvwWS85uM5hy918R-JZqkui2TGABX4YTSrfydcJbXwSYNLslUWSMH6sKGafYY_WcmQltbljv6d2CMcnBVccFwWjtDDIsknUojDmKnenD7UcBkJFY99n1ki8HX-eFr5gpCwv2DYtu26fcH7Cv7YfsCnvjbg6Qldgw65Qyv6Uk5mWmtbI5MWTO5OuKk__mmkXhndqMOw-xma0SjxyITfK3AoSLnYGWOhucvexi_RNaSI"/> <script src="/web/20240205000140js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_3ssAdmvsW-btol8ydZT2eloQN8l11yuGacOobfI1-_0.js?scope=header&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuxCAM-xArT0KhZJBdShhJr7vfj3Z3anXSJIRiO3IsR5hvwWS85uM5hy918R-JZqkui2TGABX4YTSrfydcJbXwSYNLslUWSMH6sKGafYY_WcmQltbljv6d2CMcnBVccFwWjtDDIsknUojDmKnenD7UcBkJFY99n1ki8HX-eFr5gpCwv2DYtu26fcH7Cv7YfsCnvjbg6Qldgw65Qyv6Uk5mWmtbI5MWTO5OuKk__mmkXhndqMOw-xma0SjxyITfK3AoSLnYGWOhucvexi_RNaSI"></script> </head> <body class="node-341076"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas>  <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here’s how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here’s how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you’ve safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section>  <div data-elastic-exclude>  <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/ctl</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link" href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link usa-current" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs & Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link usa-current">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link usa-current">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools & Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services & Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License & Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News & Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget & Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header>  </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="nist-section-header nist-section-header--menu"> <div class="nist-section-header__main grid-container"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="nist-section-header__title"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Communications Technology Laboratory</h1> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <aside class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--sidebar-first tablet-lg:grid-col-4 desktop-lg:grid-col-3"> <div> <div class="nist-block">  <div data-elastic-exclude="" class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/medium/public/images/2022/06/29/NIST-CTL%20Logo2.png?itok=KR8vxC8J" width="220" height="83" alt="CTL Logo 2" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div>  </div>  <div data-elastic-exclude="" class="nist-block"> <nav> <ul class="usa-sidenav usa-accordion "> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/about-ctl" data-drupal-link-system-path="">About CTL</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/communications-technology-laboratory/ctl-staff-directory" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Staff Directory</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/facilities" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Facilities</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/partnership-funding-and-employment-ctl" data-drupal-link-system-path="">Partnership, Funding, and Employment with CTL</a> </li> <li class="usa-sidenav__item"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/nasctn" data-drupal-link-system-path="">National Advanced Spectrum and Communications Test Network (NASCTN)</a> </li> </ul> </nav> </div>   <div class="views-element-container nist-block nist-block--org" data-elastic-exclude=""> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Divisions</h2> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-9651b916850fc0df59a64411ab2d04077c9f2a23ef972619ff305b9cdcd253c2"> <div class="link-list"> <ul> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/pscr" hreflang="en">Public Safety Communications Research Division</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/rf-technology-division" hreflang="en">RF Technology Division</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/smart-connected-systems-division" hreflang="en">Smart Connected Systems Division</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/spectrum-technology-and-research-division" hreflang="en">Spectrum Technology and Research Division</a></span></div></li> <li><div class="views-field views-field-title-1"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/wireless-networks-division" hreflang="en">Wireless Networks Division</a></span></div></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </aside> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-8 desktop-lg:grid-col-9"> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="nist-content-row nist-content-row--width-legible paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block text-long"><div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group"><div data-link="https://www.nist.gov/ctl/partnership-funding-and-employment-ctl"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/partnership-funding-and-employment-ctl"><img alt="Partner with CTL" height="313" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/images/2022/04/20/Partner%20with%20us.png" typeof="foaf:Image" width="472"/></a></div> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="grid-col"> <div class="nist-image" data-link="https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1293"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://doi.org/10.6028/NIST.SP.1293"><img alt="NextG Communications Research and Development Gaps Report" height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2023/11/24/WirelessGaps.png?itok=pQJTq0Yi" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/></a><div class="nist-image__credit"> <span class="nist-image__credit-label">Credit:</span> NextG Communications Research and Development Gaps Report </div> </div> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="nist-content-row nist-content-row--width-legible paragraph paragraph--type--text paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block text-long"> <figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group"><div> <img alt="CTL Mission Vision 2" height="438" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/960_x_960_limit/public/images/2022/06/14/CTL%20Mission%20and%20Title3.png?itok=0oAW3nCG" typeof="foaf:Image" width="960"/></div> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"></figcaption></figure><p> </p> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Our Focus Areas</h2> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group"><div data-link="https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/core-network-technologies"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/core-network-technologies"><img alt="Core Network Tech 2" height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Core%20Network2.png?itok=iShNHl0Z" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/></a></div> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group"><div data-link="https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/fundamental-electromagnetic-technologies-and-standards"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/fundamental-electromagnetic-technologies-and-standards"><img alt="Fundamental Electromagnetic Technologies & Standards " height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Fund%20Electromagnetic2%20.png?itok=lvaXUo1W" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/></a></div> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group"><div data-link="https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications/nextg-5g-and-beyond-technology"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications/nextg-5g-and-beyond-technology"><img alt="Next Generation Wireless Systems" height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Next%20Generation%20Wireless2.png?itok=0SrV96YJ" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/></a></div> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"></figcaption></figure></div> </div> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group"><div data-link="https://www.nist.gov/ctl/pscr/about/public-safety-innovation-impacts"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/ctl/pscr/about/public-safety-innovation-impacts"><img alt="Public Safety Communications" height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Public%20Safety2.png?itok=Z5Jc6_rJ" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/></a></div> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group"><div data-link="https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/smart-infrastructure-and-manufacturing"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/smart-infrastructure-and-manufacturing"><img alt="Smart Infrastructure & Manufacturing " height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Smart%20Infrastructure2.png?itok=MMiFln4-" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/></a></div> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="grid-col"> <figure class=" align-center nist-image" role="group"><div data-link="https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/spectrum-sharing-sensing"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/spectrum-sharing-sensing"><img alt="Spectrum Sharing & Sensing " height="319" loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/480_x_480_limit/public/images/2022/04/24/Spectrum%20Sharing%20%26%20Sensing2.png?itok=CY474YHg" typeof="foaf:Image" width="480"/></a></div> <figcaption class="nist-image__caption"></figcaption></figure></div> </div> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="grid-col"> </div> <div class="grid-col"> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-row grid-gap"> <div class="grid-col"> </div> </div></div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">News and Updates</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-a2af4dcd9bbaed564597fc95d897754edacad471d2aac69f8c1c11122d1cc3cc"> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2024/01/ctl-collaborates-korea-research-institute-standards-and-science-quantum" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/ctl-collaborates-korea-research-institute-standards-and-science-quantum"><span property="schema:name">CTL Collaborates with Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science on Quantum Computing</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-30T12:00:00Z">January 30, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> On January 29, 2024, representatives of NIST and the Republic of Korea's government metrology agency – the Korea Research Institute of Standards and Science </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-requesting-public-input-published-strategic-plan-smart-cities-program" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-requesting-public-input-published-strategic-plan-smart-cities-program" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/01/25/GCTC%20strategy%20publication.png?itok=52nuuT-w" width="100" height="43" alt="NIST Global Community Technology Challenge strategic plan and technology sectors" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-requesting-public-input-published-strategic-plan-smart-cities-program"><span property="schema:name">NIST is Requesting Public Input on Published Strategic Plan for Smart Cities Program</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-25T12:00:00Z">January 25, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> The Global Community Technology Challenge (GCTC) is a U.S. smart cities and communities program led by the Smart Connected Systems Division of the National </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-upgrades-tech-monitoring-methane-emissions" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-upgrades-tech-monitoring-methane-emissions" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/01/12/MethanEmissionsInset_960x600_v1.png?itok=Wz5h-RiY" width="100" height="63" alt="A white van is parked in the Colorado plains. An inset shows a mid-infrared laser system, which is housed inside of the van." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/nist-upgrades-tech-monitoring-methane-emissions"><span property="schema:name">NIST Upgrades Tech for Monitoring Methane Emissions</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-16T12:00:00Z">January 16, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> Understanding and accurately measuring greenhouse gas emissions can help policymakers to craft better-informed policies to reduce them. </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/news/2024/01/saving-seconds-saving-lives-nist-funded-challenge-crowns-winners-3d" typeof="schema:Article" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/saving-seconds-saving-lives-nist-funded-challenge-crowns-winners-3d" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/01/08/frstfirefighter.jpg?itok=zeU2HARf" width="100" height="75" alt="A firefighter climbs a ladder into a shipping container, while a person to their left tracks their location." typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news/2024/01/saving-seconds-saving-lives-nist-funded-challenge-crowns-winners-3d"><span property="schema:name">Saving Seconds, Saving Lives: NIST-Funded Challenge Crowns Winners in 3D Tracking Technology</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2024-01-09T12:00:00Z">January 9, 2024</time> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div property="schema:text" class="text-with-summary"> The ability to pinpoint a first responder’s precise location inside a building can be a matter of life and death. </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news-updates/org/5636">View All News and Updates</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Events</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-32f41b32e31106b0553485bbf7c445ff091a1edfcfb643809ff8d3dea34b91f1"> <div> <article about="/news-events/events/2024-pscr-uas-portfolio-workshop" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2024-pscr-uas-portfolio-workshop"><span>2024 PSCR UAS Portfolio Workshop</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Wed, Feb 7 - Thu, Feb 8 2024</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> The NIST Public Safety Communications Research (PSCR) Division is hosting a workshop on the management of cybersecurity </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/news-events/events/2024-ieee-conference-computational-imaging-using-synthetic-apertures-cisa" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/2024-ieee-conference-computational-imaging-using-synthetic-apertures-cisa"><span>2024 IEEE Conference on Computational Imaging Using Synthetic Apertures (CISA)</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="smartdate">Mon, May 20 - Thu, May 23 2024</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary"> Join us for a co-hosted event with the IEEE Signal Processing Society, the IEEE Synthetic Aperture Standards Committee </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="more-link"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/upcoming-events/org/5636">View All Events</a> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events/ou-calendar/5636">View Events Calendar</a> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Projects and Programs</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-570c44e232405dc1b30cc04c81bb5e845ce3f7a2a85e0d16daa4362dfc129ed3"> <div> <article about="/programs-projects/5g-beyond" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/5g-beyond" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/projects/next_generation_5g_research.jpg?itok=kCtfgnOS" width="100" height="49" alt="NIST engineer Kate Remley led development of new 94 gigahertz calibrated signal source and 16-antenna array operating at 83 gigahertz" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/5g-beyond"><span>5G & Beyond</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> “5G and beyond” refers to future generations of mobile wireless communication systems. The vision for these next-generation systems are to enable groundbreaking </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/programs-projects/5g-core-networks-testbed" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/5g-core-networks-testbed" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2023/11/15/fig1_0.png?itok=q0HsfG3l" width="100" height="56" alt="5G Core Network Testbed Project" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/5g-core-networks-testbed"><span>5G Core Networks Testbed</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/programs-projects/5g6g-core-networks-and-services" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/programs-projects/5g6g-core-networks-and-services"><span>5G/6G Core Networks and Services</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-badge display-inline-block margin-y-1 nist-badge--blue boolean">Ongoing</div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-long"> This program aims to advance networking and measurement sciences and promote consensus standards and best practices for the evolution from 5G to 6G , focusing </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs/org/5636">View All Projects/Programs</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="paragraph paragraph--type--dynamic-content-list-ou paragraph--view-mode--default"> <div class="nist-block "> <h2 class="nist-block__title"> <div class="string">Awards</div> </h2> <div class="viewsreference"><div class="views-element-container"><div class="js-view-dom-id-d14872441a6b89bc260d78a2a9d5f5b390d1751506235ae1ccaafecab919c1e3"> <div> <article about="/nist-awards/2023-bronze-medal-award-john-beltz-gary-horwarth-john-libert-kenneth-ko-bruce-bandini" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2023-bronze-medal-award-john-beltz-gary-horwarth-john-libert-kenneth-ko-bruce-bandini"><span>2023 - Bronze Medal Award---John Beltz, Gary Horwarth, John Libert, Kenneth Ko, Bruce Bandini</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="string-long">For the successful advancement of mobile fingerprint capture technology in support of law enforcement field requirements.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/nist-awards/2023-bronze-medal-award-jason-coder" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2023-bronze-medal-award-jason-coder" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/01/07/Coder_J_BRONZE.jpg?itok=e3zytsek" width="67" height="100" alt="Headshot of Jason Coder Bronze award winner" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2023-bronze-medal-award-jason-coder"><span>2023 - Bronze Medal Award---Jason Coder</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="string-long">For development of the revised IEEE/ANSI C63.27 standard that modernizes wireless-coexistence evaluations for new technologies and applications.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/nist-awards/2023-bronze-medal-award-chiehping-lai-nada-golmie" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2023-bronze-medal-award-chiehping-lai-nada-golmie"><span>2023 - Bronze Medal Award---Chiehping Lai, Nada Golmie</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="string-long">For measuring seasonal variations of the radio wave attenuation characteristics of vegetation at 60.5 GHz for use in international standards.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article about="/nist-awards/2023-bronze-medal-award-nader-moayeri" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__image"> <div class="entity-reference"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2023-bronze-medal-award-nader-moayeri" hreflang="en"><img loading="lazy" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/styles/thumbnail/public/images/2024/01/07/Moayeri.Bronze.jpg?itok=h3rP1jwu" width="71" height="100" alt="Headshot of Nader Moayeri Bronze award winner" typeof="foaf:Image"/> </a> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nist-awards/2023-bronze-medal-award-nader-moayeri"><span>2023 - Bronze Medal Award---Nader Moayeri</span> </a></h3> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="string-long">For collecting a set of BLE RSSI data and evaluating the performance of various proximity detection methods to blunt the spread of infectious diseases.</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <footer> <div class="link-list"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/awards/org/5636">View All Awards</a></div> </footer> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-bottom"> <div class="nist-block nist-block--contact"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Contacts</h2> <div class="nist-contact"> <h3 class="nist-contact__heading">Acting Director, Communications Technology Laboratory</h3> <ul class="nist-contact__items"> <li about="/people/melissa-midzor" class="nist-contact__item"> <div class="nist-contact__name"><a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/people/melissa-midzor" title="View staff profile page">Melissa Midzor</a></div> <div> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/mailto:melissa.midzor@nist.gov">melissa.midzor@nist.gov</a> </div> <div> (303) 497-3591 </div> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude>  <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20240205000140im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/ctl" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer>  </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/341076","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":".ck-editor, .nist-social","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"after","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"2f77e4dcfce20728ac491170886da836c10b580f9bdfeb9c9e729fe4958834d5"}}</script> <script src="/web/20240205000140js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_L4s-xoxkQ67XMK98eQiz0h1j1ibNkR1AmjhYszY77y0.js?scope=footer&delta=0&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuxCAM-xArT0KhZJBdShhJr7vfj3Z3anXSJIRiO3IsR5hvwWS85uM5hy918R-JZqkui2TGABX4YTSrfydcJbXwSYNLslUWSMH6sKGafYY_WcmQltbljv6d2CMcnBVccFwWjtDDIsknUojDmKnenD7UcBkJFY99n1ki8HX-eFr5gpCwv2DYtu26fcH7Cv7YfsCnvjbg6Qldgw65Qyv6Uk5mWmtbI5MWTO5OuKk__mmkXhndqMOw-xma0SjxyITfK3AoSLnYGWOhucvexi_RNaSI"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20240205000140js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20240205000140js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_QyCqx83qyFFTtjxWcpiMrJORM1k2kQKf3MQTsss6GA8.js?scope=footer&delta=2&language=en&theme=nist_www&include=eJx1UAFuxCAM-xArT0KhZJBdShhJr7vfj3Z3anXSJIRiO3IsR5hvwWS85uM5hy918R-JZqkui2TGABX4YTSrfydcJbXwSYNLslUWSMH6sKGafYY_WcmQltbljv6d2CMcnBVccFwWjtDDIsknUojDmKnenD7UcBkJFY99n1ki8HX-eFr5gpCwv2DYtu26fcH7Cv7YfsCnvjbg6Qldgw65Qyv6Uk5mWmtbI5MWTO5OuKk__mmkXhndqMOw-xma0SjxyITfK3AoSLnYGWOhucvexi_RNaSI"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":4,"applicationTime":29,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html>

CINXE.COM

Communications Technology Laboratory | NIST