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.status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Pensacola</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:JacksonPensacola1814.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Jackson and his soldiers entering Pensacola on November 6, 1814"><img alt="Jackson and his soldiers entering Pensacola on November 6, 1814" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/JacksonPensacola1814.jpg/200px-JacksonPensacola1814.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/JacksonPensacola1814.jpg/300px-JacksonPensacola1814.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/JacksonPensacola1814.jpg/400px-JacksonPensacola1814.jpg 2x" data-file-width="499" data-file-height="446" /></a></span><br /><i>Jackson and his troops entering Pensacola on November 6, 1814</i></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>7–9 November 1814</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> American victory</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial<br />changes</th><td> United States occupation of Pensacola</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Muscogee" title="Muscogee">Creek Native Americans</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain"><img alt="Spain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Spain_%281785%E2%80%931873%2C_1875%E2%80%931931%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Mateo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Manrique" title="Mateo González Manrique">Mateo Manrique</a> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_(military)" title="Surrendered"><img alt="Surrendered" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/14px-White_flag_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/21px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/White_flag_icon.svg/28px-White_flag_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="351" /></a></span><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicolls" title="Edward Nicolls">Edward Nicolls</a> <br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/James_Gordon_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James Gordon (Royal Navy officer)">James Alexander Gordon</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982295–296_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982295–296-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017116_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017116-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 4,000 infantry<br />5 artillery pieces</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>British:</b><br />200 infantry from Royal Marines, Red Sticks and Royal Marine Artillery<sup id="cite_ref-Heidler45_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidler45-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br />Unknown artillery and black slaves<br />1 fort<br />1 coastal battery<br /><b>Creek:</b><br />Unknown warriors<br /><b>Spanish:</b><br />500 infantry<br />unknown artillery pieces<br />1 fort</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <b>American:</b><br /> 7 killed and 11 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker570_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker570-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <b>Spanish:</b><br /> 14 killed and 6 wounded<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Gulf_Theater_1813%E2%80%931815" title="Template talk:Campaignbox War of 1812: Gulf Theater 1813–1815"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_War_of_1812:_Gulf_Theater_1813%E2%80%931815" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox War of 1812: Gulf Theater 1813–1815"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gulf_theater1813–1815" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/War_of_1812#Gulf_Coast" title="War of 1812">Gulf theater</a><br />1813–1815</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><b>Prelude</b> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creeks</a></li></ul> <p><b>1813</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Charlotte,_Mobile" title="Fort Charlotte, Mobile">Fort Charlotte</a></li></ul> <p><b>1814</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer#First_battle" title="Fort Bowyer">1st Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans#Villeré_Plantation" title="Battle of New Orleans">Villeré Plantation</a></li></ul> <p><b>1815</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">Fort St. Philip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer#Second_battle" title="Fort Bowyer">2nd Fort Bowyer</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Pensacola</b> (7–9 November 1814) took place, following the Creek War, as part of the Gulf Coast operations during the <a href="/wiki/War_of_1812" title="War of 1812">War of 1812</a>. General <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a> led his infantry against British and Spanish forces controlling the city of <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>. The Spanish forces surrendered the city to Jackson, and the outlying British contingent withdrew. </p><p>The battle was the only engagement of the war to take place in territory under the sovereignty of the Kingdom of Spain. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horseshoe_Bend">Horseshoe Bend</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Horseshoe Bend"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many refugees fled to Spanish West Florida (see <a href="/wiki/Prospect_Bluff_Historic_Sites" title="Prospect Bluff Historic Sites">Prospect Bluff</a>) after the <a href="/wiki/Red_Stick" class="mw-redirect" title="Red Stick">Red Stick</a> <a href="/wiki/Creek_(people)" class="mw-redirect" title="Creek (people)">Creeks</a> were defeated at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a> at the end of the <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>. </p><p>Captain Woodbine of the Royal Marines made contact with Indians. After a meeting of various elders held aboard <a href="/wiki/HMS_Orpheus_(1809)" title="HMS Orpheus (1809)">HMS Orpheus (1809)</a> on May 20, weapons and other gifts were provided by the British. Woodbine was appointed as British Agent to the Creek Nations.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023822–832_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023822–832-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The presence of the Orpheus in the Apalachicola was reported to Generals <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Flournoy_(general)" title="Thomas Flournoy (general)">Flournoy</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd1958266_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd1958266-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and Jackson in June.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196991_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196991-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Escalation_of_tensions_with_Jackson">Escalation of tensions with Jackson</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Escalation of tensions with Jackson"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Upon receiving reports that the British had landed on Spanish soil to arm <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">natives at war with the United States</a>, and Manrique had not intervened, Jackson's letter to Manrique dated July 12 warned of "disagreeable consequences" if this intelligence was true.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023868_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023868-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196915–16_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196915–16-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Manrique's response dated July 26 referred to the site of the landing as being in the territory of the Indians, not the Spanish. Regarding the surrender of two chiefs to the Americans, their presence being denied, he deplored the hypocrisy with which Spanish fugitives had been allowed to roam free by the Americans. He was critical that Baratarian pirates led by <a href="/wiki/Jean_Lafitte" title="Jean Lafitte">Jean Lafitte</a> were undertaking their operations from American soil, and had not been apprehended by the authorities, resulting in losses to Spanish citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196920–21_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196920–21-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It became apparent that Jackson would be prepared to attack Pensacola. Jackson would force the issue, being well aware of Manrique's position of weakness.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982292_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982292-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his letter dated August 24, Jackson criticized Manrique for allowing British agents to operate in Pensacola and warned him that he would consider him personally responsible for any depredations suffered by American citizens.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196928–29_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196928–29-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Manrique was in a precarious situation. He appealed for assistance to his superior in Havana, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Ruiz_de_Apodaca" class="mw-redirect" title="Juan Ruiz de Apodaca">Juan Ruiz de Apodaca</a> the <a href="/wiki/Captain_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Captain General">Captain General</a> of <a href="/wiki/Captaincies_of_the_Spanish_Empire" title="Captaincies of the Spanish Empire">Cuba and Florida</a>, but none was forthcoming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982286_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982286-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He reported to Apodaca that he would not be able to prevent the British from landing. He took the initiative, and in August 1814 approached the British, inviting them to Pensacola.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017107_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017107-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was a radical change from the existing policy of holding small populated enclaves with the meager garrison, and avoiding confrontation with either the Americans or the British.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017105_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017105-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British were observed docking the 25th and unloading the 26th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023876-879_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023876-879-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has been theorized that Manrique was anticipating a substantial British force would be deployed to the Gulf Coast, to which Woodbine and Nicolls were a prelude. The evidence indicates this was promised to him by Nicolls. Rumors were circulating in Pensacola that this would be taking place.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017114_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017114-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newspapers in Havana were reporting that 25,000 soldiers of Wellington's peninsular army had allegedly arrived in Bermuda in August.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196932–34_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196932–34-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a letter to Manrique dated September 9, Jackson expressed his consternation that the British flag was flown at Pensacola when Florida was 'under the most strict plea of neutrality'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196944–46_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196944–46-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackson hinted in his letter to <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Secretary_of_State_and_Secretary_of_War_(1811–1817)" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> dated September 5 that the seizure of Pensacola, and its subsequent occupation by an American garrison, in concert with Fort Bowyer at Mobile and a fort on Appalachicola would secure the area.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196944–46_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196944–46-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response, Monroe's letter to Jackson dated October 21 requests that the matter of Pensacola is not to be addressed by an attack by Jackson, but by diplomatic means, and that instead he is to prepare for the anticipated arrival of a British task force in Louisiana.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982292-293_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982292-293-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before this instruction arrived, Jackson wrote a letter to Monroe, dated October 26, explaining he was going to make an attack, and his rationale for so doing.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017112_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017112-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196982–83_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196982–83-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nicolls's_military_mission_in_August_1814"><span id="Nicolls.27s_military_mission_in_August_1814"></span>Nicolls's military mission in August 1814</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Nicolls's military mission in August 1814"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>At Bermuda, on July 4, 1814, <i>Carron</i> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(1811)" title="HMS Hermes (1811)"><i>Hermes</i></a> embarked a company-strength force of <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marines" title="Royal Marines">Royal Marines</a>, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicolls" title="Edward Nicolls">Edward Nicolls</a>, for deployment on the Gulf Coast. When the British stopped at Havana on August 4,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023867_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023867-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> prior to sailing to the Florida coast, they made contact with Apodaca, the Captain General of Cuba and Florida. An anonymous letter sent from Havana, authored by American merchant and vice-consul Vincent Gray,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017120–121_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017120–121-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which found its way into the hands of the Governor of Louisiana <a href="/wiki/William_C._C._Claiborne" title="William C. C. Claiborne">William C. C. Claiborne</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd1958266_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd1958266-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mentioned that permission to land in Pensacola had been denied to the British.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>b<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On August 5 <i>Hermes</i>, with <a href="/wiki/HMS_Carron_(1813)" title="HMS Carron (1813)"><i>Carron</i></a> accompanying, departed from <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>. They arrived at the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Apalachicola_River" title="Apalachicola River">Apalachicola River</a> eight days later, on August 13, 1814.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall182964_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall182964-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From August 13 through August 21, Hermes was in the river. A vessel arrived from Pensacola, having been hired by Captain Woodbine, to transfer warlike stores from Prospect Bluff to Pensacola, with the tacit approval of Manrique.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall182965_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall182965-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> When Nicolls arrived at Prospect Bluff in August with 300 British uniforms and 1000 muskets, Manrique, fully aware of the threat the Americans posed to Florida, requested the redeployment of British forces to Pensacola.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>c<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During this time, HMS Sophie arrived at Prospect Bluff, her commander, Lockyer, was met by Major Nicolls<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017105_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017105-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Woodbine decided to remain at Pensacola, but dispatched Lockyer to Apalachicola with orders to return with all the remaining arms and a request for all British forces arriving there to join him at Pensacola.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017105_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017105-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Correspondence from Nicolls to Cochrane advised that upon Woodbine's arrival at Pensacola, 'he was received by the Spanish Governor in the greatest terms of friendship, and solicited by the Governor for his assistance in protecting the town of Pensacola from the immediate attack of the Americans'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017107_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017107-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Notwithstanding the rosy picture presented by Nicolls, relations between Nicolls and Manrique became strained in the following months.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1949326–329_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1949326–329-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The British were observed docking the 25th and unloading the 26th.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023876-879_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023876-879-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At Pensacola on August 26, 1814, Nicolls issued an order of the day for the 'First Colonial battalion of the Royal Corps of Marines', and at the same time issued a widely disseminated proclamation to the people of Louisiana, urging them to join forces with the British and Indian allies against the American government. Both proclamations were reproduced in <i><a href="/wiki/Niles%27_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="Niles' Register">Niles' Register</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were a ruse as to the real strength of the British. The "numerous British and Spanish squadron of ships and vessels of war" he described comprised two <a href="/wiki/Sixth-rate" title="Sixth-rate">sixth-rates</a> and two sloops of the Royal Navy (Hermes, Carron, Sophie, Childers),<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the "good train of artillery" comprised three cannon and twelve gunners, whilst the "<a href="/wiki/Battalion" title="Battalion">battalion</a>" was a company-strength group of 100 Royal Marines infantry, detached from Major <a href="/wiki/George_Lewis_(Royal_Marines_officer)" title="George Lewis (Royal Marines officer)">George Lewis</a>'s battalion.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon1991347_36-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon1991347-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicolls trained and equipped <a href="/wiki/Muscogee_(Creek)" class="mw-redirect" title="Muscogee (Creek)">Creek</a> refugees.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd193770_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd193770-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatour181611_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatour181611-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The British had armed and recruited 500 Indians and 100 blacks as of September 10.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017107_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017107-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Nicolls set out from Pensacola, for a demonstration of force, in attacking <a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a> near Mobile. (This was Spanish territory that been annexed by United States General <a href="/wiki/James_Wilkinson" title="James Wilkinson">James Wilkinson</a> in 1813 just prior to Manrique's tenure.) The attack was a failure, resulting in a loss of face. This defeat sowed seeds of doubt and made Manrique consider whether the British were able to defend Pensacola.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017115_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017115-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One disruptive element of the British presence was that slaves could flee their masters, to join Nicolls. Over 100 slaves in Pensacola alone took up this opportunity. The looting of the Forbes Company store at Bon Secour was another manifestation that the rights of property ownership of Spanish nationals were not being upheld.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017115-116_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017115-116-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillett201350–51,_58–59_41-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett201350–51,_58–59-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Common knowledge of tensions between Manrique and Nicolls were referred to in a communication from Jackson to <a href="/wiki/James_Monroe#Secretary_of_State_and_Secretary_of_War_(1811–1817)" title="James Monroe">James Monroe</a> dated October 10.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196970_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196970-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the prelude to the attack on Pensacola, this division made any concerted effort impossible. Manrique had no desire to antagonize Jackson, the British wanted a more aggressive approach. To this end, Manrique sought to retain control of the defense of Pensacola. In this power struggle, the British threatened to withdraw their forces unless both the harbor and Fort San Carlos were placed under the joint control of Nicolls and Manrique. Protesting his neutrality, Manrique retorted that it was not in the power of the Governor to declare war, as <a href="/wiki/James_Gordon_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="James Gordon (Royal Navy officer)">Gordon</a> wryly noted in his correspondence with Cochrane.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982295–296_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982295–296-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017116_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017116-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1949328_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1949328-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>British relations deteriorated with the Spanish governor,<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker245_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker245-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so the British force left the town and consolidated in the outlying <a href="/wiki/Fort_Barrancas" title="Fort Barrancas">Fort San Carlos</a> and at the Santa Rosa Punta de Siguenza battery (later rebuilt as <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pickens" title="Fort Pickens">Fort Pickens</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker569_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker569-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preparations_at_Pensacola">Preparations at Pensacola</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Preparations at Pensacola"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>General Jackson planned to drive the British from <a href="/wiki/Pensacola,_Florida" title="Pensacola, Florida">Pensacola</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Spanish Florida</a>, then march to <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> to defend the city against any British attack.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His forces had been diminished due to desertions,<sup id="cite_ref-Heidler45_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidler45-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> so he was forced to wait for Brigadier General <a href="/wiki/John_Coffee" title="John Coffee">John Coffee</a> and his volunteers before moving against the city. Jackson and Coffee met at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Pierce_(Alabama)" title="Fort Pierce (Alabama)">Pierce's Stockade</a> in Alabama.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson assembled a force of up to 4,000 men;<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker570_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker570-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he moved out towards Pensacola on November 2 and reached it on November 6.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton145_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton145-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The forces in the Anglo-Spanish fort totaled 700 men. It consisted of about 500 Spanish infantry,<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker570_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker570-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with some Spanish artillery pieces, with around 200 British infantry and Creek warriors. Jackson first sent Major Henri Piere as a messenger under a white flag of truce to Spanish Governor <a href="/wiki/Mateo_Gonz%C3%A1lez_Manrique" title="Mateo González Manrique">Mateo González Manrique</a>. However, the messenger approached the city and was fired upon by the garrison in <a href="/wiki/Fort_George_(Pensacola,_Florida)" title="Fort George (Pensacola, Florida)">Fort San Miguel</a>. Jackson then sent a second messenger, this time a Spaniard,<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and offered to garrison the forts with Americans, who would hold them until relieved by Spanish troops; this would ensure Spain's neutrality in the conflict. Manrique rejected the offer.<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker245_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker245-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Battle">Battle</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Battle"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blowing-up-fort-barancas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Blowing-up-fort-barancas.jpg/250px-Blowing-up-fort-barancas.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Blowing-up-fort-barancas.jpg/375px-Blowing-up-fort-barancas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Blowing-up-fort-barancas.jpg/500px-Blowing-up-fort-barancas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1350" data-file-height="891" /></a><figcaption>Destruction of Fort Barrancas by the British</figcaption></figure><p> At dawn, Jackson had 3,000 troops marching on the city.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton145_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton145-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Americans <a href="/wiki/Flanking_maneuver" title="Flanking maneuver">flanked</a> the city from the east to avoid fire from the forts and marched along the beachfront,<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton148_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton148-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but the sandy beach made it difficult to move up the artillery. The attack went ahead nonetheless and was met with resistance in the center of town by a line of infantry supported by a <a href="/wiki/Artillery_battery" title="Artillery battery">battery</a>. However, the Americans charged and captured the battery.<sup id="cite_ref-Eaton148_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eaton148-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Fort_George_(Pensacola,_Florida)" title="Fort George (Pensacola, Florida)">Fort San Miguel</a> and the garrison numbering 268 troops<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017117_51-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017117-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> surrendered on November 7. Under the terms of the surrender, Jackson's troops would occupy the fort until such time as a relieving force dispatched from Spain were to arrive, thereby denying the British from further violating the neutrality of the Spanish.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196996–98_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196996–98-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Fort_Barrancas" title="Fort Barrancas">Fort San Carlos</a>, which lay 14 miles to the west, remained in British hands.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jackson planned to capture the fort by storm the next day, but it was blown up and abandoned before Jackson could move on it and the remaining British withdrew from Pensacola<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196996–98_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196996–98-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with the British squadron (comprising <a href="/wiki/HMS_Seahorse_(1794)" title="HMS Seahorse (1794)">HMS <i>Seahorse</i></a> (38 guns; Capt. Gordon), <a href="/wiki/HMS_Carron_(1813)" title="HMS Carron (1813)">HMS <i>Carron</i></a> (20 guns; Capt. Spencer), <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sophie_(1809)" title="HMS Sophie (1809)">HMS <i>Sophie</i></a> (18 guns), <a href="/wiki/HMS_Childers_(1812)" title="HMS Childers (1812)">HMS <i>Childers</i></a> (18 guns; Capt. Umfreville) and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shelburne_(1813)" title="HMS Shelburne (1813)">HMS <i>Shelburne</i></a> (12 guns).<sup id="cite_ref-Heidler46_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidler46-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicolls took with him a large proportion of the Spanish garrison, 363 embarked supernumeraries,<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who did not return to Pensacola until 1815.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>d<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>e<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982296_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982296-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Jackson's letter to Manrique dated November 9 expresses his disappointment that the British blew up Fort San Carlos, in breach of what was promised, and as such he was no longer prepared to aid him with protecting Spanish neutrality with American troops.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196995_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196995-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson's letter to Monroe dated November 14 provides a status update relative to his 'intended movement against Pensacola.' He mentions the destruction caused as 'the British and Spanish were blowing up the works.' Acknowledging that his attack was 'Not having the Sanction of my Government,' he decided against neither repairing Fort San Miguel, nor occupying it with an American garrison, but to withdraw his troops in order to protect the frontier.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196998–99_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196998–99-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson suspected the squadron which had left Pensacola harbor would return to strike at <a href="/wiki/Mobile,_Alabama" title="Mobile, Alabama">Mobile, Alabama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEatonReid1828152_68-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatonReid1828152-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Whilst in Pensacola, Jackson received confirmation a week later of a British task force in Jamaica, destined for New Orleans, so he marched to Mobile,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200528_69-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200528-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> arriving there on November 19.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett1969101_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett1969101-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jackson abandoned Pensacola to the Spanish and set out to Mobile, and upon reaching the town<sup id="cite_ref-Tucker569_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tucker569-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he received requests to hurry to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">defense of New Orleans</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Heidler46_54-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heidler46-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The battle had forced the British out of Pensacola and left the Spanish in control. Hyde states that Spanish officials and citizens of Pensacola were angered by the British, for their destruction of the fortifications and the removal of part of the Spanish garrison.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The capture and brief occupation of Pensacola had the advantage of alienating the British from the Spanish,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and conversely endearing the Americans to them, according to Jackson,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett1969101,_104_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett1969101,_104-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and one account from a Pensacola resident to his brother.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillett201373_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett201373-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Admiral Cochrane remarked to General Lambert that the attack on Pensacola had a detrimentally big impact upon the momentum of the offensive against New Orleans.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>American casualties were negligible; around seven dead and eleven wounded. (Two officers and nine enlisted men wounded are documented by Eaton.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201328_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201328-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) The Spanish suffered fourteen dead and six wounded, according to Owsley.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lieutenant Colonel <a href="/wiki/Edward_Nicolls" title="Edward Nicolls">Edward Nicolls</a> stated there were no deaths among the British, and was of the opinion that the Americans suffered 15 fatalities and numerous casualties.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>f<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>g<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Active_Regular_Army_units_with_campaign_credit_for_the_War_of_1812" class="mw-redirect" title="Active Regular Army units with campaign credit for the War of 1812">Four active infantry battalions of the Regular Army</a> (1-1 Inf, 2-1 Inf, 2-7 Inf and 3-7 Inf) perpetuate the lineages of American units (elements of the old 3rd, 39th and 44th Infantry Regiments) that were at the Battle of Pensacola.<sup id="cite_ref-1st_Battalion,_1st_Infantry_Lineage_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1st_Battalion,_1st_Infantry_Lineage-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2d_Battalion,_1st_Infantry_Lineage_78-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2d_Battalion,_1st_Infantry_Lineage-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2d_Battalion,_7th_Infantry_Lineage_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2d_Battalion,_7th_Infantry_Lineage-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3d_Battalion,_7th_Infantry_Lineage_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3d_Battalion,_7th_Infantry_Lineage-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">First Battle of Fort Bowyer</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_and_citations">Notes and citations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pensacola_(1814)&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Notes and citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><b>Notes</b> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">'I hasten to communicate to you, the directions of the President, that you should at present take no measures, which would involve this Government in a contest with Spain. ... it is deemed more proper, that a representation of the insolent and unjustifiable conduct of the Governor of Pensacola, should be made to that Government thro' the Ordinary channels of communication than that you should resent it by an attack on Pensacola.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196944–46_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196944–46-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> The letter mentions that the British sought permission 'to land at Pensacola, all of which were refused by the captaln-general. However, I learn that they are determined to land at Pensacola with or without leave, where they will disembark their park of artillery'.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatour1816v_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELatour1816v-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Captain Percy to Admiral Cochrane: <br />'I assented to re-embark the marines and proceed to that place; acquainting him [Nicolls] at the same time with my firm determination, in the event of not receiving a request from the Governor to land them, immediately to return to the anchorage off the Apalachicola, as I had promised the Captain-General, at the Havannah, not to land on Spanish territory without being requested to do so.'<br /> 'On the 21st August I left Apalachicola, and arrived at this anchorage on the 23rd; having fallen in with, off the bar, and brought with me sloop <a href="/wiki/HMS_Sophie_(1809)" title="HMS Sophie (1809)">HMS <i>Sophie</i></a>. I fortunately found that a letter from the governor had been sent to me, requiring the naval force might be brought down, as he was threatened with an attack by the Americans: on the next morning I waited on the governor, when he requested me to disembark the detachment, ammunition, &c. which I immediately complied with. The fort San Miguel, the only one near the town, was put into the hands of Lieutenant-Colonel Nicolls; and the British colours were hoisted in conjunction with the Spanish, which he informed me was done with the governor's approbation.'<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall182965_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall182965-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cochrane's letter to Manrique, composed on the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tonnant_(1798)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Tonnant (1798)">Tonnant</a>, off Mobile 10 February 1815 does state: 'Sorry that it has not been in my power to bring back the Spanish Soldiers from that vicinity ...., but in a few days I will dedicate a Sloop of War Solely to that purpose' The original transcript is stored within: Letters from Commander-in-Chief, North America: 1815, nos. 1–126 (ADM 1/508) <sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Greenslade_Papers193152_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Greenslade_Papers193152-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Letter from Admiral Cochrane to Admiral Malcolm composed on the <a href="/wiki/HMS_Tonnant_(1798)" class="mw-redirect" title="HMS Tonnant (1798)">Tonnant</a>, off Mobile 17 February 1815 'The Spanish Governor at Pensacola, having requested that a part of the Spanish Troops removed to the Bluff, when the American Army attacked ...you will send a troop ship to Appalachicola to receive them on board, and land them in the harbour of Pensacola'. Archive reference ADM 1/508 folios 556–561, which has been reproduced in its entirety in a secondary source.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine20231058-1060_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine20231058-1060-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fhsEAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA290"><i>Historical Record of the Royal Marine Forces</i></a>. Vol. 2. London: Thomas & William Boone. 1845. p. 290. <q>[Nicolls] retreated from the place, and with such ability as to preserve his stores, causing an [estimated] loss to the enemy of 15 killed, some officers and many wounded; and this service was performed by 700 men, in the face of the American army of 5,000 men, with five pieces of cannon</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historical+Record+of+the+Royal+Marine+Forces&rft.place=London&rft.pages=290&rft.pub=Thomas+%26+William+Boone&rft.date=1845&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DfhsEAAAAQAAJ%26pg%3DPA290&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The primary source used by Nicolas is a letter from Edward Nicolls to Lord Bathurst dated 5 May 1817, UK National Archives reference WO 1/344, folio 421. '[We] retreated fighting from the place without the loss of a man... and causing a loss to the enemy of 15 killed and some officers & privates wounded in the face of 5000 men and 5 pieces of cannon, with only 700 men [of the Anglo-Spanish force]' The purpose of the letter was for Nicolls to be reimbursed for expenses in relation to Nicolls entertaining the Creek indians.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <p><b>Citations</b> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982295–296-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982295–296_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982295–296_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSugden1982">Sugden 1982</a>, pp. 295–296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017116-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017116_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017116_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley2017">Owsley 2017</a>, p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heidler45-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heidler45_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heidler45_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidler, p45</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Nicolas, p289 states 60 Marine infantry, 180 Red Sticks and 12 Royal Marine Artillery</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker570-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker570_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker570_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker570_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker (ed), p570</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017118_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley2017">Owsley 2017</a>, p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023822–832-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023822–832_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, pp. 822–832.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd1958266-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd1958266_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd1958266_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd1958">Boyd 1958</a>, p. 266.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196991-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196991_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 91.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023868-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023868_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 868.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196915–16-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196915–16_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 15–16.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196920–21-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196920–21_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 20–21.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982292-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982292_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSugden1982">Sugden 1982</a>, p. 292.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196928–29-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196928–29_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 28–29.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982286-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982286_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSugden1982">Sugden 1982</a>, p. 286.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017107-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017107_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017107_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017107_16-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley2017">Owsley 2017</a>, p. 107.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017105-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017105_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017105_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017105_17-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley2017">Owsley 2017</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023876-879-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023876-879_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023876-879_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 876-879.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017114-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017114_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley2017">Owsley 2017</a>, p. 114.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196932–34-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196932–34_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 32–34.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196944–46-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196944–46_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196944–46_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196944–46_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 44–46.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982292-293-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982292-293_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSugden1982">Sugden 1982</a>, p. 292-293.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017112-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017112_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley2017">Owsley 2017</a>, p. 112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196982–83-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196982–83_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 82–83.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023867-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine2023867_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 867.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017120–121-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017120–121_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley2017">Owsley 2017</a>, pp. 120–121.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatour1816v-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatour1816v_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLatour1816">Latour 1816</a>, p. v.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLatour1816 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall182964-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall182964_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1829">Marshall 1829</a>, p. 64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMarshall182965-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall182965_31-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMarshall182965_31-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMarshall1829">Marshall 1829</a>, p. 65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1949326–329-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1949326–329_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher1949">Fisher 1949</a>, pp. 326–329.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/nilesweeklyregis07balt#page/n143">"[Untitled]"</a>. <i>Niles's Weekly Register</i>. Vol. 7. pp. 134–135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Niles%27s+Weekly+Register&rft.atitle=%5BUntitled%5D&rft.volume=7&rft.pages=134-135&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fnilesweeklyregis07balt%23page%2Fn143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJames2002">James 2002</a>, vol. VI, p. 518</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMahon1991347-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMahon1991347_36-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMahon1991">Mahon 1991</a>, p. 347.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMahon1991 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBoyd193770-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBoyd193770_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBoyd1937">Boyd 1937</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELatour181611-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELatour181611_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLatour1816">Latour 1816</a>, p. 11.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFLatour1816 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017115-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017115_39-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley2017">Owsley 2017</a>, p. 115.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017115-116-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017115-116_40-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley2017">Owsley 2017</a>, p. 115-116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett201350–51,_58–59-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillett201350–51,_58–59_41-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillett2013">Millett 2013</a>, pp. 50–51, 58–59.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196970-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196970_42-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, p. 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher1949328-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher1949328_43-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher1949">Fisher 1949</a>, p. 328.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker245-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker245_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker245_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker (ed), p245</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Tucker569-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker569_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Tucker569_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker (ed), p569</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Tucker (ed), p341</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paterson, p163</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton145-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton145_48-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton145_48-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eaton & Reid, p145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eaton & Reid, p146</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eaton148-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton148_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eaton148_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eaton & Reid, p148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017117-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOwsley2017117_51-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOwsley2017">Owsley 2017</a>, p. 117.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196996–98-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196996–98_52-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196996–98_52-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 96–98.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eaton & Reid, p149</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Heidler46-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Heidler46_54-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Heidler46_54-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidler, p46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Heidler, p47</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ADM 37/4636 HMS <i>Childers</i> ship muster. 102 Spaniards embarked, 'by order of Capt Jordan'</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ADM 37/4795 HMS <i>Sophie</i> ship muster. 149 Spanish subsequently disembarked at St Joseph's Bay on 30 November 1814</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ADM 37/5438 HMS <i>Seahorse</i> ship muster. Embarked: 4x Indian warriors (1211 to 1215 in the muster), 37 Spaniards (1170 to 1206)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ADM 37/4960 HMS <i>Shelburne</i> ship muster. Embarked: 43 Spaniards (41 to 83)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">ADM 37/5250 HMS <i>Carron</i> ship muster. Embarked: 32 Spaniards (193 to 224)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEThe_Greenslade_Papers193152-61"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEThe_Greenslade_Papers193152_61-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFThe_Greenslade_Papers1931">The Greenslade Papers 1931</a>, p. 52.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine20231058-1060-63"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHughesBrodine20231058-1060_63-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHughesBrodine2023">Hughes & Brodine 2023</a>, p. 1058-1060.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESugden1982296-65"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESugden1982296_65-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSugden1982">Sugden 1982</a>, p. 296.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196995-66"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196995_66-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 95.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett196998–99-67"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett196998–99_67-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 98–99.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEatonReid1828152-68"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEatonReid1828152_68-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEatonReid1828">Eaton & Reid 1828</a>, p. 152.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWilentz200528-69"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWilentz200528_69-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWilentz2005">Wilentz 2005</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett1969101-70"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett1969101_70-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hyde, p97</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBassett1969101,_104-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBassett1969101,_104_72-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBassett1969">Bassett 1969</a>, pp. 101, 104.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMillett201373-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMillett201373_73-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMillett2013">Millett 2013</a>, p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEaton201328-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEaton201328_74-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEaton2013">Eaton 2013</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-1st_Battalion,_1st_Infantry_Lineage-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1st_Battalion,_1st_Infantry_Lineage_77-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121017162357/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0001in001bn.htm">"Lineage And Honors Information - 1st Battalion, 1st Infantry Lineage"</a>. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0001in001bn.htm">the original</a> on 2012-10-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lineage+And+Honors+Information+-+1st+Battalion%2C+1st+Infantry+Lineage&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fforcestruc%2Flineages%2Fbranches%2Finf%2F0001in001bn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2d_Battalion,_1st_Infantry_Lineage-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2d_Battalion,_1st_Infantry_Lineage_78-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118074903/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0001in002bn.htm">"Lineage And Honors Information - 2d Battalion, 1st Infantry Lineage"</a>. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0001in002bn.htm">the original</a> on 2012-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lineage+And+Honors+Information+-+2d+Battalion%2C+1st+Infantry+Lineage&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fforcestruc%2Flineages%2Fbranches%2Finf%2F0001in002bn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2d_Battalion,_7th_Infantry_Lineage-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2d_Battalion,_7th_Infantry_Lineage_79-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120118073530/http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0007in002bn.htm">"Lineage And Honors Information - 2d Battalion, 7th Infantry Lineage"</a>. U.S. Army Center of Military History. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.army.mil/html/forcestruc/lineages/branches/inf/0007in002bn.htm">the original</a> on 2012-01-18<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-12-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lineage+And+Honors+Information+-+3d+Battalion%2C+7th+Infantry+Lineage&rft.pub=U.S.+Army+Center+of+Military+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.army.mil%2Fhtml%2Fforcestruc%2Flineages%2Fbranches%2Finf%2F0007in003bn.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <dl><dt>Bibliography</dt></dl> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.hnoc.org/web/arena/search#/entity/thnoc-archive/MF%202.4/reel-4%2C-admiralty-office-records%2C-letters%2C-1815">"Film reel 4, Admiralty Records, North America, 1815"</a>, <i>Letters from Commanders-in-Chief, North America: 1815, nos. 1–126.</i>, War of 1812 Documents from the British National Archives microfilm, The Historic New Orleans Collection, 2006, ADM 1/508</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Film+reel+4%2C+Admiralty+Records%2C+North+America%2C+1815&rft.btitle=Letters+from+Commanders-in-Chief%2C+North+America%3A+1815%2C+nos.+1%E2%80%93126.&rft.series=War+of+1812+Documents+from+the+British+National+Archives+microfilm&rft.pub=The+Historic+New+Orleans+Collection&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalog.hnoc.org%2Fweb%2Farena%2Fsearch%23%2Fentity%2Fthnoc-archive%2FMF%25202.4%2Freel-4%252C-admiralty-office-records%252C-letters%252C-1815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBassett1969" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Bassett, John Spencer, ed. 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McCarty & Davis.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+life+of+Major+General+Andrew+Jackson&rft.edition=3rd&rft.pub=McCarty+%26+Davis&rft.date=1828&rft.aulast=Eaton&rft.aufirst=John+Henry&rft.au=Reid%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Da3AEAAAAYAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEaton2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Horace_Eaton" title="Joseph Horace Eaton">Eaton, Joseph H.</a> (2013) [1851]. "Film reel M1832, 1 roll. 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"The Surrender of Pensacola as Told by the British". <i>The American Historical Review</i>. <b>54</b> (2): 326–329. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1845391">1845391</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=The+Surrender+of+Pensacola+as+Told+by+the+British&rft.volume=54&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=326-329&rft.date=1949&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1845391%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=Ruth+Anna&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeidlerHeidler2003" class="citation book cs1">Heidler, David Stephen; Heidler, Jeanne T (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/oldhickoryswaran0000heid_g5l8"><i>Old Hickory's War: Andrew Jackson and the Quest for Empire</i></a>. Louisiana State University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2867-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8071-2867-1"><bdi>978-0-8071-2867-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Old+Hickory%27s+War%3A+Andrew+Jackson+and+the+Quest+for+Empire&rft.pub=Louisiana+State+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8071-2867-1&rft.aulast=Heidler&rft.aufirst=David+Stephen&rft.au=Heidler%2C+Jeanne+T&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Foldhickoryswaran0000heid_g5l8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesBrodine2023" class="citation book cs1">Hughes, Christine F.; Brodine, Charles E., eds. 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Conway Maritime Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85177-910-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-85177-910-7"><bdi>0-85177-910-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Naval+History+of+Great+Britain&rft.pub=Conway+Maritime+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-85177-910-7&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Mahon, John K. (1991): <i>The War Of 1812</i>. Da Capo Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0306804298" title="Special:BookSources/0306804298">0306804298</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarshall1829" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol"><a href="/wiki/John_Marshall_(biographer)" title="John Marshall (biographer)">Marshall, John</a> (1829). <span class="cs1-ws-icon" title="s:Royal Naval Biography/Percy, William Henry"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Royal_Naval_Biography/Percy,_William_Henry">"Percy, William Henry" </a></span>. <i>Royal Naval Biography</i>. Vol. sup, part 3. London: Longman and company. pp. 64–70.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Percy%2C+William+Henry&rft.btitle=Royal+Naval+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pages=64-70&rft.pub=Longman+and+company&rft.date=1829&rft.aulast=Marshall&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillett2005" class="citation journal cs1">Millett, Nathaniel (2005). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/30149989">"Britain's 1814 Occupation of Pensacola and America's Response: An Episode of the War of 1812 in the Southeastern Borderlands"</a></span>. <i>Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>84</b> (2): 229–255. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30149989">30149989</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Britain%27s+1814+Occupation+of+Pensacola+and+America%27s+Response%3A+An+Episode+of+the+War+of+1812+in+the+Southeastern+Borderlands&rft.volume=84&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=229-255&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30149989%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Millett&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30149989&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMillett2013" class="citation book cs1">Millett, Nathaniel (2013). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/florida-scholarship-online/book/15911"><i>The Maroons of Prospect Bluff and Their Quest for Freedom in the Atlantic World</i></a></span>. University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-81-304454-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-81-304454-5"><bdi>978-0-81-304454-5</bdi></a> – via Florida Scholarship online within <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Maroons+of+Prospect+Bluff+and+Their+Quest+for+Freedom+in+the+Atlantic+World&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-81-304454-5&rft.aulast=Millett&rft.aufirst=Nathaniel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Fflorida-scholarship-online%2Fbook%2F15911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Nicolas, Paul Harris (1845): <i>Historical Record of the Royal Marine Forces</i>. Volume 2, 1805–1842</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwsley2017" class="citation book cs1">Owsley, Frank L. Jr. (2017) [1981]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu/AA/00/06/13/90/00001/AA00061390_00001.pdf"><i>Struggle for the Gulf Borderlands: The Creek War and the Battle of New Orleans, 1812–1815</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1062-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8173-1062-2"><bdi>978-0-8173-1062-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Struggle+for+the+Gulf+Borderlands%3A+The+Creek+War+and+the+Battle+of+New+Orleans%2C+1812%E2%80%931815&rft.place=Gainesville&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Florida&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-8173-1062-2&rft.aulast=Owsley&rft.aufirst=Frank+L.+Jr.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fufdcimages.uflib.ufl.edu%2FAA%2F00%2F06%2F13%2F90%2F00001%2FAA00061390_00001.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson2008" class="citation cs2">Patterson, Benton Rains (2008), <i>The Generals, Andrew Jackson, Sir Edward Pakenham, and the road to New Orleans</i>, New York: New York University Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6717-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8147-6717-7"><bdi>978-0-8147-6717-7</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Generals%2C+Andrew+Jackson%2C+Sir+Edward+Pakenham%2C+and+the+road+to+New+Orleans&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-8147-6717-7&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=Benton+Rains&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSugden1982" class="citation journal cs1">Sugden, John (January 1982). <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30146793">"The Southern Indians in the War of 1812: The Closing Phase"</a></span>. <i>Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. <b>60</b> (3): 300. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30146793">30146793</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=The+Southern+Indians+in+the+War+of+1812%3A+The+Closing+Phase&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=300&rft.date=1982-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30146793%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Sugden&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30146793&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Tucker, Spencer (ed). (2012): <i>The Encyclopedia of the War of 1812: A Political, Social, and Military History</i>. ABC-CLIO. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1851099565" title="Special:BookSources/1851099565">1851099565</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilentz2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Sean_Wilentz" title="Sean Wilentz">Wilentz, Sean</a> (2005). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/andrewjackson00wile"><i>Andrew Jackson</i></a></span>. New York, NY: Henry Holt and Company. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6925-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6925-9"><bdi>978-0-8050-6925-9</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/863515036">863515036</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Andrew+Jackson&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pub=Henry+Holt+and+Company&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F863515036&rft.isbn=978-0-8050-6925-9&rft.aulast=Wilentz&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fandrewjackson00wile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Greenslade_Papers1931" class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stars.library.ucf.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1555&context=fhq">"Documents Relating to Colonel Edward Nicholls and Captain George Woodbine in Pensacola, 1814"</a>. <i>Florida Historical Quarterly</i>. The Greenslade Papers: 51–54}. July 1931.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Florida+Historical+Quarterly&rft.atitle=Documents+Relating+to+Colonel+Edward+Nicholls+and+Captain+George+Woodbine+in+Pensacola%2C+1814&rft.pages=51-54%7D&rft.date=1931-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstars.library.ucf.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1555%26context%3Dfhq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Pensacola+%281814%29" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Conflicts_of_the_War_of_1812" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Template:Battles of the War of 1812"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Battles_of_the_War_of_1812" title="Template talk:Battles of the War of 1812"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bombardment_of_Lewes" title="Bombardment of Lewes">Lewes</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">District of Columbia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Washington" title="Burning of Washington">Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(U.S._state)" title="Georgia (U.S. state)">Georgia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Peter" title="Battle of Fort Peter">Peter</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Louisiana" title="Louisiana">Louisiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">New Orleans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_St._Philip_(1815)" title="Siege of Fort St. Philip (1815)">St. Philip</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Havre_de_Grace" title="Raid on Havre de Grace">Havre de Grace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_St._Michaels" title="Battle of St. Michaels">St. Michaels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bladensburg" title="Battle of Bladensburg">Bladensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Caulk%27s_Field" title="Battle of Caulk's Field">Caulk's Field</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Point" title="Battle of North Point">North Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Baltimore" title="Battle of Baltimore">Baltimore</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hampden" title="Battle of Hampden">Hampden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Big_Sandy_Creek" title="Battle of Big Sandy Creek">Big Sandy Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buffalo" title="Battle of Buffalo">Buffalo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ogdensburg" title="Battle of Ogdensburg">Ogdensburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Plattsburgh" title="Battle of Plattsburgh">Plattsburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Niagara" title="Capture of Fort Niagara">Niagara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Black_Rock" title="Raid on Black Rock">Black Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="Second Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina_in_the_War_of_1812" title="North Carolina in the War of 1812">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ocracoke_raid" title="Ocracoke raid">Ocracoke</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Stephenson" title="Battle of Fort Stephenson">Stephenson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copus_massacre" title="Copus massacre">Copus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Meigs" title="Siege of Fort Meigs">Meigs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rappahannock_River" title="Battle of Rappahannock River">Rappahannock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Craney_Island" title="Battle of Craney Island">Craney Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Chesconessex_Creek" title="Raid on Chesconessex Creek">Chesconessex Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(Virginia)" title="Raid on Alexandria (Virginia)">Alexandria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skirmish_at_Farnham_Church" title="Skirmish at Farnham Church">Farnham Church</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States"><img alt="United States" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281795-1818%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Territories_of_the_United_States" title="Territories of the United States">U.S. territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Illinois_Territory_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Illinois Territory in the War of 1812">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Dearborn" title="Battle of Fort Dearborn">Dearborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rock_Island_Rapids" title="Battle of Rock Island Rapids">Rock Island Rapids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Prairie_du_Chien" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Prairie du Chien">Prairie du Chien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Indiana_in_the_War_of_1812" title="Indiana in the War of 1812">Indiana</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mississinewa" title="Battle of the Mississinewa">Mississinewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tippecanoe" title="Battle of Tippecanoe">Tippecanoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wild_Cat_Creek" title="Battle of Wild Cat Creek">Wild Cat Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Harrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Fort Harrison">Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Wayne" title="Siege of Fort Wayne">Wayne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Michigan_Territory" title="Michigan Territory">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brownstown" title="Battle of Brownstown">Brownstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchtown" title="Battle of Frenchtown">Frenchtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mackinac_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Mackinac Island">Mackinac Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maguaga" title="Battle of Maguaga">Maguaga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Detroit" title="Siege of Detroit">Detroit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Mackinac" title="Siege of Fort Mackinac">Mackinac</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Mississippi_Territory" title="Mississippi Territory">Mississippi</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bashi_Skirmish" title="Bashi Skirmish">Bashi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Autossee" title="Battle of Autossee">Autossee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Burnt_Corn" title="Battle of Burnt Corn">Burnt Corn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Callabee_Creek" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Callabee Creek">Callabee Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canoe_Fight_(Creek_War)" title="Canoe Fight (Creek War)">Canoe Fight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Holy_Ground" title="Battle of Holy Ground">Holy Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend_(1814)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend (1814)">Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tallushatchee" title="Battle of Tallushatchee">Tallushatchee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Bowyer" title="Fort Bowyer">Fort Bowyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Mims_massacre" title="Fort Mims massacre">Mims</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Sinquefield" title="Fort Sinquefield">Sinquefield</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Missouri_Territory" title="Missouri Territory">Missouri</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Credit_Island" title="Credit Island">Credit Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Sink_Hole" title="Battle of the Sink Hole">Sink Hole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland"><img alt="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">British Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Lower_Canada" title="Lower Canada">Lower Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Chateauguay" title="Battle of the Chateauguay">Chateauguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1812)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1812)">1st Lacolle Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lacolle_Mills_(1814)" title="Battle of Lacolle Mills (1814)">2nd Lacolle Mills</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Upper_Canada" title="Upper Canada">Upper Canada</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beaver_Dams" title="Battle of Beaver Dams">Beaver Dams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chippawa" title="Battle of Chippawa">Chippawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cook%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Cook's Mills">Cook's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crysler%27s_Farm" title="Battle of Crysler's Farm">Crysler's Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_George" title="Battle of Fort George">George</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Frenchman%27s_Creek" title="Battle of Frenchman's Creek">Frenchman's Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Longwoods" title="Battle of Longwoods">Longwoods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lundy%27s_Lane" title="Battle of Lundy's Lane">Lundy's Lane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malcolm%27s_Mills" title="Battle of Malcolm's Mills">Malcolm's Mills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Queenston_Heights" title="Battle of Queenston Heights">Queenston Heights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stoney_Creek" title="Battle of Stoney Creek">Stoney Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Thames" title="Battle of the Thames">Thames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_York" title="Battle of York">York</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Fort_Erie" title="Capture of Fort Erie">1st Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Elizabethtown" title="Raid on Elizabethtown">Elizabethtown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Port_Dover" title="Raid on Port Dover">Port Dover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Gananoque" title="Raid on Gananoque">Gananoque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fort_Erie" title="Siege of Fort Erie">2nd Erie</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Viceroyalty_of_New_Spain" title="Viceroyalty of New Spain"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/20px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/30px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg/40px-Flag_of_Cross_of_Burgundy.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Florida" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Spanish_Florida" title="Spanish Florida">Florida</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pensacola</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Naval_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval battle">Naval battles</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Boxer" title="Capture of HMS Boxer">HMS <i>Boxer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Cyane" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of HMS Cyane">HMS <i>Cyane</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Epervier" title="Capture of HMS Epervier">HMS <i>Epervier</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Frolic" title="Capture of HMS Frolic">HMS <i>Frolic</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Penguin" title="Capture of HMS Penguin">HMS <i>Penguin</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_HMS_Dominica" title="Capture of HMS Dominica">HMS <i>Dominica</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Argus" class="mw-redirect" title="Capture of USS Argus">USS <i>Argus</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_Chesapeake" title="Capture of USS Chesapeake">USS <i>Chesapeake</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_USS_President" title="Capture of USS President">USS <i>President</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_Bay_Flotilla" title="Chesapeake Bay Flotilla">Chesapeake Bay Flotilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HMS_Java_(1811)" title="HMS Java (1811)">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Java</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Avon" title="Sinking of HMS Avon">HMS <i>Avon</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fayal" title="Battle of Fayal">Fayal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Peacock" title="Sinking of HMS Peacock">HMS <i>Peacock</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMS_Reindeer" title="Sinking of HMS Reindeer">HMS <i>Reindeer</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution_vs_HMS_Guerriere" title="USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere">USS <i>Constitution</i> vs HMS <i>Guerriere</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_United_States_vs_HMS_Macedonian" title="USS United States vs HMS Macedonian">USS <i>United States</i> vs HMS <i>Macedonian</i></a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Caribbean_Sea" title="Caribbean Sea">Caribbean Sea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Guaira_(1812)" title="Battle of La Guaira (1812)">La Guaira</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Erie" title="Battle of Lake Erie">Lake Erie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Oswego_(1814)" title="Battle of Fort Oswego (1814)">Oswego</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Huron" title="Engagements on Lake Huron">Lake Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engagements_on_Lake_Ontario" title="Engagements on Lake Ontario">Lake Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_Sacket%27s_Harbor" title="First Battle of Sacket's Harbor">Sacket's Harbor</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Gulf_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Gulf Coast">Gulf Coast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lake_Borgne" title="Battle of Lake Borgne">Lake Borgne</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:10em"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean" title="Pacific Ocean">Pacific Ocean</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_James_Island" title="Action off James Island">James Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_off_Charles_Island" title="Action off Charles Island">Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva_Campaign" title="Nuku Hiva Campaign">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Valpara%C3%ADso" title="Battle of Valparaíso">Valparaiso</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/American_Indian_Wars" title="American Indian Wars">American Indian Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Napoleonic_Wars" title="Napoleonic Wars">Napoleonic Wars</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tecumseh%27s_War" title="Tecumseh's War">Tecumseh's War</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:War_of_1812" title="Category:War of 1812">Category</a></li></ul> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wiktionary page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/16px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/24px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Wiktionary-logo.svg/32px-Wiktionary-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="370" data-file-height="350" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/War of 1812">definition</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikibooks-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikibooks page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/16px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/24px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/32px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Special:Search/War of 1812">textbooks</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikiquote page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/13px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="13" height="16" 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data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Special:Search/War of 1812">source texts</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="commons:Special:Search/War of 1812">media</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikinews-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wikinews page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/16px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/24px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /></a></span> <a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Special:Search/War_of_1812" class="extiw" title="wikinews:Special:Search/War of 1812">news stories</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Andrew_Jackson" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Andrew_Jackson" title="Template:Andrew Jackson"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Andrew_Jackson" title="Template talk:Andrew Jackson"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew_Jackson" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Andrew Jackson"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Andrew_Jackson" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson" title="Andrew Jackson">Andrew Jackson</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_the_United_States" title="List of presidents of the United States">7th</a> <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President of the United States</a> (1829–1837)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_senators_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States senators from Tennessee">Senator from Tennessee</a> (1797–1798, 1823–1825)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_Florida" title="List of governors of Florida">Federal Military Commissioner of Florida</a> (1821)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_representatives_from_Tennessee" title="List of United States representatives from Tennessee">U.S. Representative</a> for <a href="/wiki/Tennessee%27s_at-large_congressional_district" title="Tennessee's at-large congressional district">Tennessee at-large</a> (1796–1797)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hanging_Rock" title="Battle of Hanging Rock">Battle of Hanging Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_and_the_slave_trade_in_the_United_States" title="Andrew Jackson and the slave trade in the United States">Slave-trading career</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robards%E2%80%93Donelson%E2%80%93Jackson_relationship_controversy" title="Robards–Donelson–Jackson relationship controversy">Marriage controversy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hunter%27s_Hill_(Tennessee)" title="Hunter's Hill (Tennessee)">Hunter's Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hermitage_(Nashville,_Tennessee)" title="The Hermitage (Nashville, Tennessee)">The Hermitage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_violent_incidents_involving_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of violent incidents involving Andrew Jackson">Violent incidents</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">War of 1812</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Creek_War" title="Creek War">Creek War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fort_Strother" title="Fort Strother">Fort Strother</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Talladega" title="Battle of Talladega">Battle of Talladega</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Emuckfaw_and_Enotachopo_Creek" title="Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek">Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Horseshoe_Bend" title="Battle of Horseshoe Bend">Battle of Horseshoe Bend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Fort_Jackson" title="Treaty of Fort Jackson">Treaty of Fort Jackson</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Battle of Pensacola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_New_Orleans" title="Battle of New Orleans">Battle of New Orleans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1816–1828</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seminole_Wars#First_Seminole_War" title="Seminole Wars">First Seminole War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1824_United_States_presidential_election" title="1824 United States presidential election">1824 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrupt_bargain" title="Corrupt bargain">Corrupt bargain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1828_United_States_presidential_election" title="1828 United States presidential election">1828 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_1828_presidential_campaign" title="Andrew Jackson 1828 presidential campaign">1828 Jackson campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coffin_Handbills" title="Coffin Handbills">Coffin Handbills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacksonian_democracy" title="Jacksonian democracy">Jacksonian democracy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Presidency of Andrew Jackson">Presidency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="First inauguration of Andrew Jackson">First inauguration of Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenure_of_Office_Act_(1820)" title="Tenure of Office Act (1820)">Tenure of Office Act (1820)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spoils_system" title="Spoils system">Spoils system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petticoat_affair" title="Petticoat affair">Petticoat affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitchen_Cabinet" title="Kitchen Cabinet">Kitchen Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_removal" title="Indian removal">Indian removal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_Removal_Act" title="Indian Removal Act">Indian Removal Act</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trail_of_Tears" title="Trail of Tears">Trail of Tears</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Dancing_Rabbit_Creek" title="Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek">Treaty of Dancing Rabbit Creek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bank_War" title="Bank War">Bank War</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censure_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Censure of Andrew Jackson">Senate censure</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_the_Jacksonian_Era" title="Banking in the Jacksonian Era">Banking in the Jacksonian Era</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_money_(policy)" title="Hard money (policy)">Hard money</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Specie_Circular" title="Specie Circular">Specie Circular</a></li> <li>State of the Union <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1829_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1829 State of the Union Address">1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1830_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1830 State of the Union Address">1830</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1831_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1831 State of the Union Address">1831</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1832 State of the Union Address">1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1833_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1833 State of the Union Address">1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1834 State of the Union Address">1834</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1835_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1835 State of the Union Address">1835</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1836_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="1836 State of the Union Address">1836</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_United_States_presidential_election" title="1832 United States presidential election">1832 United States presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1832_Democratic_National_Convention" title="1832 Democratic National Convention">1832 Democratic National Convention</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maysville_Road_veto" title="Maysville Road veto">Maysville Road veto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_inauguration_of_Andrew_Jackson" title="Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson">Second inauguration of Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nullification_crisis" title="Nullification crisis">Nullification crisis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1832" title="Tariff of 1832">Tariff of 1832</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ordinance_of_Nullification" title="Ordinance of Nullification">Ordinance of Nullification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Force_Bill" title="Force Bill">Force Bill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tariff_of_1833" title="Tariff of 1833">Tariff of 1833</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pet_banks" title="Pet banks">Pet banks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1837" title="Panic of 1837">Panic of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_federal_judges_appointed_by_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson">List of federal judges appointed by Andrew Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Jackson" title="Rachel Jackson">Rachel Jackson</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_Donelson" title="Andrew Jackson Donelson">Andrew Jackson Donelson</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Smith_Donelson" title="Daniel Smith Donelson">Daniel Smith Donelson</a> (adopted son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lyncoya_Jackson" title="Lyncoya Jackson">Lyncoya Jackson</a> (adopted son, also <a href="/wiki/Theodore_(Andrew_Jackson_captive)" title="Theodore (Andrew Jackson captive)">Theodore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charley_(Andrew_Jackson_captive)" title="Charley (Andrew Jackson captive)">Charley</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Donelson" title="Emily Donelson">Emily Donelson</a> (acting First Lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Yorke_Jackson" title="Sarah Yorke Jackson">Sarah Yorke Jackson</a> (acting First Lady)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hutchings_(slave_trader)" title="John Hutchings (slave trader)">John Hutchings</a> (nephew)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poll_(parrot)" title="Poll (parrot)">Poll</a> (pet)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slavery</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Jackson_and_slavery" title="Andrew Jackson and slavery">Jackson and slavery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_(Tennessee)" title="Gilbert (Tennessee)">Gilbert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alfred_Jackson_(Tennessee)" title="Alfred Jackson (Tennessee)">Alfred Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Jackson" title="Hannah Jackson">Hannah Jackson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Public image</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_memorials_to_Andrew_Jackson" title="List of memorials to Andrew Jackson">List of memorials to Andrew Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(U.S._Capitol)" title="Statue of Andrew Jackson (U.S. Capitol)"><i>Andrew Jackson</i> (U.S. Capitol statue)</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/King_Andrew_the_First" title="King Andrew the First">King Andrew the First</a>" (1832)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equestrian_statue_of_Andrew_Jackson_(Washington,_D.C.)" title="Equestrian statue of Andrew Jackson (Washington, D.C.)"><i>Andrew Jackson</i> (Washington D.C. and New Orleans statues)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Jack_(stamp)" title="Black Jack (stamp)">Black Jack stamp</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_President%27s_Lady" title="The President's Lady">The President's Lady</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneer_(1938_film)" title="The Buccaneer (1938 film)">The Buccaneer</a></i> (1938)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Buccaneer_(1958_film)" title="The Buccaneer (1958 film)">The Buccaneer</a></i> (1958)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Gorgeous_Hussy" title="The Gorgeous Hussy">The Gorgeous Hussy</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Remarkable_Andrew" title="The Remarkable Andrew">The Remarkable Andrew</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Bloody_Andrew_Jackson" title="Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson">Bloody Bloody Andrew Jackson</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Man_of_Conquest" title="Man of Conquest">Man of Conquest</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USRC_Jackson_(1832)" class="mw-redirect" title="USRC Jackson (1832)">USRC <i>Jackson</i> (1832)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_Andrew_Jackson_(SSBN-619)" class="mw-redirect" title="USS Andrew Jackson (SSBN-619)">USS <i>Andrew Jackson</i> (SSBN-619)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USS_President_Jackson" title="USS President Jackson">USS <i>President Jackson</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackson_Square_(New_Orleans)" title="Jackson Square (New Orleans)">Jackson Square (New Orleans)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/John_Quincy_Adams" title="John Quincy Adams">← John Quincy Adams</a></b></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Martin_Van_Buren" title="Martin Van Buren">Martin Van Buren →</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><b><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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