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</div> <div class="sidebar-wrapper"> <div class="padded"> <div class="category"> <table align="center"> <tbody><tr valign="top"> <td style="padding:10px;" class="dark">Category »</td> <td><a class="link" href="/pope-pius-xii-and-the-holocaust"> Pope Pius XII & the Holocaust</a></td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> <div class="flatLinks"><div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-vatican-and-the-holocaust">Pope Pius XII’s</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-holocaust">Holocaust</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/judaism">Jews</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#early">Pacelli in Germany</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#elect">Elected pope</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#cries">Cries for Help</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#papal">Papal Reasons & Responses</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#expert">The Vatican’s Jewish Expert</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#pope">The Pope Protests</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#politics">Politics Behind the Policy</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#recent">Contemporary Developments</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#orphans">Orphans</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#open">Opening the Archives</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#rev">Revelations From The Archive</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#conclusion">Conclusion</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="http://Rome/rome-jewish-history-tour">Rome</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/vatican">Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-nazi-party">Nazi party</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1939">1939</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Adolf Hitler’s</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/a-question-of-judgment-pius-xii-and-the-jews#lourdes">1935 speech</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/religion-christianity">Christian</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_1_">(1)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1933">1933</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/franz-von-papen">Franz Von Papen</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_1a_">(1a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">Pius XI</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1937">1937</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1938">1938</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_1b_">(1b)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1939">1939</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_2_">(2)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_3_">(3)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-brazil">Brazil</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/judaism">Judaism</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_4_">(4)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_4a_">(4a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/roman-catholic-popes">Pope Benedict XV</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_46_">(46)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/world-war-ii">World War II</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-epistle-of-paul-the-apostle-to-the-colossians">Colossians</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_4b_">(4b)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/joachim-von-ribbentrop">Joachim von Ribbentrop</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_4c_">(4c)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-holocaust">Holocaust</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1940">1940</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/rabbi-isaac-herzog">Isaac Herzog</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/spain-table-of-contents">Spain</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-germany">Germany</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/lithuania-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Lithuania</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_5_">(5)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/vienna-austria-jewish-history-tour">Vienna</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1941">1941</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1942">1942</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/rome-jewish-history-tour">Rome</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jews-in-nazi-occupied-slovakia">Slovakian Jews</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/nazi-extermination-camps-in-poland">death camps</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_6_">(6)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_7_">(7)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/ukraine-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Ukrainian Jews</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_8_">(8)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#**">**</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_9_">(9)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/taylor-letter-to-cardinal-maglione-describing-holocaust-september-1942">warned</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_10_">(10)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-1943">1943</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/berlin-germany-jewish-history-tour">Berlin</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_11_">(11)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-quot-final-solution-quot">Final Solution</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_11a_">(11a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_45_">(45)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_45_">(45)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_45_">(45)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_12_">(12)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_13_">(13)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_13a_">(13a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-quot-final-solution-quot">extermination campaign</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1940">1940</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_14_">(14)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_15_">(15)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1940">1940</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_18_">(18)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1941">1941</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_16_">(16)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-french-vichy-regime">puppet government</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_17_">(17)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_17a_">(17a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_19_">(19)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/table-of-contents-italy">Italy</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-ss-schutzstaffel">SS</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/kurt-gerstein-2">Kurt Gerstein</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_20_">(20)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/karl-wolff">Karl Wolff</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/united-states-holocaust-memorial-museum">United States Holocaust Memorial Museum</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_20a_">(20a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jurgen-stroop-2">Jurgen Stroop’s</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/ernst-von-weizsaecker">Ernst von Weizsäcker</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_21_">(21)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_42_">(42)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_22_">(22)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_21a_">(21a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_37_">(37)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/christmas-message-of-pope-pius-xii-in-1944">message</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-hungary">Hungary</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/chronology-of-jewish-persecution-1944">1944</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/budapest-hungary-jewish-history-tour">Budapest</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_23_">(23)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_24_">(24)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/vittel-internment-camp">Vittel</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_25_">(25)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/bulgaria-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Bulgaria</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/pre-state-israel">Palestine</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/zionism">Zionism</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_26_">(26)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_26a_">(26a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_27_">(27)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-netherlands">Holland</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/brussels">Brussels</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/history-of-jews-in-the-hague">The Hague</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_28_">(28)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/pius-xii-saint-or-sinner-a-review-of-hitler-s-pope-the-secret-history-of-pius-xii">John Cromwell</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/anti-semitism">anti-Semite</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jesus-the-crucifixion-pontius-pilate-and-the-new-testament">Jesus</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/golda-meir-table-of-contents">Golda Meir</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/poland-table-of-contents">Poland</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_28a_">(28a)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_28b_">(28b)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_28c_">(28c)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/anti-semitism">anti-Semitic</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/bolivia-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Bolivia</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/chile-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Chile</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/world-jewish-congress">World Jewish Congress</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-russia-and-the-former-soviet-union">Soviet Union</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-holocaust">Holocaust</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_29_">(29)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/league-of-nations">League of Nations</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/france-virtual-jewish-history-tour">France</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_30_">(30)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_31_">(31)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jewish-agency-for-israel-jafi">Jewish Agency</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/chronology-of-jewish-persecution-1944">1944</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jews-in-nazi-occupied-slovakia">Slovakia</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_33_">(33)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_37_">(37)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-holocaust">Holocaust</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_32_">(32)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/pope-francis">Pope Francis</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_34_">(34)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_35_">(35)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/jewish-agency-for-israel-jafi">Jewish Agency</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/franklin-delano-roosevelt-administration">Roosevelt’s</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-warsaw-ghetto">Warsaw Ghetto</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-lvov-ghetto">Lvov</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1942">1942</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-lvov-ghetto">Lvov ghetto</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_45_">(45)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-mass-extermination-of-jews-in-german-occupied-poland">report</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/allied-declaration-on-persecution-of-the-jews">joint statement</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1933">1933</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1937">1937</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1939">1939</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-nuremberg-trials">Nuremberg Trials</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_41_">(41)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/pope-pius-xii-saved-hundreds-of-jews">study</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-nazi-party">Nazi</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="heinrich-himmler-table-of-contents">Heinrich Himmler</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-ss-schutzstaffel">SS</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/2023-09-03/ty-article/over-120-top-holocaust-scholars-decry-political-attempts-to-oust-yad-vashem-chief/0000018a-5990-d845-adfe-fbf0ac140000">Yad Vashem</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_43_">(43)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_45_">(45)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/dachau-concentration-camp">Dachau</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/belzec-concentration-camp">Belzec</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/milan-italy">Milan</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_44_">(44)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="/the-holocaust">Holocaust</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_36_">(36)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_38_">(38)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_39_">(39)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="#N_40_">(40)</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0316091340/theamericanisraeA/">The World Must Know: The History of the Holocaust as Told in the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum,</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0805003487/theamericanisraeA/">The Holocaust: A History of the Jews of Europe During the Second World War,</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0805017887/theamericanisraeA/">The Second World War: A Complete History</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0028645278/theamericanisraeA/">Encyclopedia of the Holocaust. Vol. 3.</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0841909105/theamericanisraeA/">The Destruction of the European Jews.</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0060995076/theamericanisraeA/">Perpetrators Victims Bystanders: The Jewish Catastrophe 1933-1945,</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.amazon.com/exec/obidos/ISBN=0944007244/theamericanisraeA/">The Holocaust Conspiracy: An International Policy of Genocide,</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="http://thewashingtonpost.newspaperdirect.com/epaper/viewer.aspx">Washington Post</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/we-were-complicit-in-nazi-crimes-say-german-bishops-3psjslzsb">The Times</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/german-bishops-said-to-admit-complicity-in-nazi-actions-in-new-report/">Times of Israel</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://nypost.com/2020/05/03/german-catholic-bishops-admit-they-were-complicit-in-nazi-crimes/">New York Post</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/248813/experts-latest-investigation-dispels-myths-about-pius-xii-and-romes-jews">Catholic News Agency</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://apnews.com/article/pope-francis-politics-religion-the-holocaust-582d523f5aaa276e5bb14e0eeefff2bc">AP</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">1. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">1a.</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">1b. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/pope-pius-xii-negotiation-hitler-catholic-church/639435/">The Atlantic</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">2. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">3. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">4. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">4a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/pope-pius-xii-negotiation-hitler-catholic-church/639435/">The Atlantic</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">4b. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://insidethevatican.com/magazine/editorial/dossier/pope-pius-xii-and-the-vatican-archives/">Inside the Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">4c. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2022/05/pope-pius-xii-negotiation-hitler-catholic-church/639435/">The Atlantic</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">5. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">6. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">7. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">8. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">9. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">10. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">11. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">11a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://insidethevatican.com/magazine/editorial/dossier/pope-pius-xii-and-the-vatican-archives/">Inside the Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">12. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">13. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">13a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.jta.org/1966/05/04/archive/pope-pius-xii-reported-to-have-spent-personal-fortune-on-saving-jews">JTA</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">14. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">15. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">16. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">17. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">17a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">18. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">19. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">20. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">20a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/vaticans-silence-on-holocaust-was-shaped-by-antisemitism-and-caution-archives-show-4e9ecc90">Wall Street Journal</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">21. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://insidethevatican.com/magazine/editorial/dossier/pope-pius-xii-and-the-vatican-archives/">Inside the Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="http://www.jewishhistory.org.il/history.php">Beyond Time and Place</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">21a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/vaticans-silence-on-holocaust-was-shaped-by-antisemitism-and-caution-archives-show-4e9ecc90">Wall Street Journal</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">22. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">23. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">24. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">25. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">26. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">26a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.jta.org/1966/05/04/archive/pope-pius-xii-reported-to-have-spent-personal-fortune-on-saving-jews">JTA</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">27. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">28. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">28a. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">28b. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://insidethevatican.com/magazine/editorial/dossier/pope-pius-xii-and-the-vatican-archives/">Inside the Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">28c. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://insidethevatican.com/magazine/editorial/dossier/pope-pius-xii-and-the-vatican-archives/">Inside the Vatican</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">29. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">30. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="http://www.washingtonpost.com">Washington Post</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">31. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="http://www.jta.org/">Jewish Telegraphic Agency</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">32. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">33.</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">34. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-47444293">BBC</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">35. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.jpost.com/Diaspora/Antisemitism/Questions-remain-regarding-the-opening-of-Vatican-WWII-era-archives-582446">Jerusalem Post</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">36. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">37. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2020/08/the-popes-jews/615736/">The Atlantic</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">38. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.archbalt.org/scholars-ask-pope-to-put-pius-xiis-sainthood-cause-on-hold/">Catholic Review</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">39. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/pope-francis-says-pius-xiis-beatification-wont-go-ahead/">Times of Israel</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">40. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe/pope-francis-to-open-world-war-ii-era-vatican-archives-to-scrutiny/2019/03/04/2908ff80-3e75-11e9-9361-301ffb5bd5e6_story.html">Washington Post</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">41. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pave_the_Way_Foundation">Wikipedia</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">42. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://apnews.com/article/politics-united-states-vatican-city-religion-28c7c34e524434110b23743e53281d6d">AP</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">43. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/2023-09-07/ty-article/catholic-jewish-research-shows-that-catholic-convents-sheltered-jews-during-wwii/0000018a-6f46-d8b9-affe-7f4e96410000">AP</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">44. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2023/09/16/world/europe/pope-pius-holocaust.html">New York Times</a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="">45. </a></div> <div class="link"><a class="hvr-underline-from-center" href="https://www.wsj.com/world/vaticans-silence-on-holocaust-was-shaped-by-antisemitism-and-caution-archives-show-4e9ecc90">Wall Street Journal</a></div></div> </div> <div class="box" id="mailing-list"> <div>Join our mailing list</div> <form name="ccoptin" action="https://visitor.r20.constantcontact.com/d.jsp" target="_blank" method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="llr" value="odoiakbab"/> <input type="hidden" name="m" value="1100921190510"/> <input type="hidden" name="p" value="oi"/> <input type="text" name="ea" placeholder="Email address"/> <button type="submit" class="blueButton hvr-box-shadow-outset" onclick="joinMailingList()">Join</button> </form> </div> <div class="box" id="donate"> <div>Support JVL</div> <a href="https://app.mobilecause.com/form/HfNVhg" class="blueButton hvr-box-shadow-outset">Donate</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="main"> <div id="actions" class="a2a_kit a2a_kit_size_32 a2a_default_style"> <a class="hvr-bounce-in" title="Print" href="javascript:window.print();"><i class="fa fa-print" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> <a class="hvr-bounce-in a2a_dd" href="https://www.addtoany.com/share" title="Share"><i class="fa fa-share-alt" aria-hidden="true"></i></a> </div> <article> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>January 22</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> is startled when Anglo-American forces land in Anzio. Hitler accuses <a href="/the-abwehr">Abwehr</a> of incompetence and fires <a href="/wilhelm-canaris">Canaris</a>. Hires Colonel Alexander Hansen who is also part of the conspiracy.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>January 24</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Roosevelt creates the War Refugee Board.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>January 27</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Siege of Leningrad ends.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>March </b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Captain Breitenbuch volunteers to assassinate <a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a>. He does not get his chance due to a change of rules of who is allowed to attend briefings.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>March 19</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Germany invades <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-hungary">Hungary</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>March 24</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Roosevelt warns Hungary to refrain from anti-Jewish measures.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>April 10</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/war-refugee-board-receives-report-on-final-solution-november-1944">Rudolf Vrba and Alfred Wetzle</a>r escape from <a href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz </a>and carry detailed information about the death camp to outside world.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>April 14</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">First transport of Jews from <a href="/jews-in-nazi-occupied-greece">Athens</a> to <a href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>April 16</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Hungarian government registers Jews, confiscates their property</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>April 25</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/the-quot-blood-for-goods-quot-deal-april-1944">"Blood for Trucks"</a> negotiations start.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>May 11</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Allied forces mount major offensive in central <a href="/italy-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Italy</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>May 15 to July 8</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Deportation of 438,000 Jews from <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-hungary">Hungary</a> to <a href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz.</a></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>June</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">A Red Cross delegation visits <a href="/terezin-theresienstadt-concentration-camp">Theresienstadt</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>June 4</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Allies enter <a href="/rome-jewish-history-tour">Rome</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>June 6</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">D-Day, the start of the Allied invasion in Normandy.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>June 9</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/hannah-senesh">Hannah Szenes</a> arrested in <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-hungary">Hungary</a></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>June 13</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Germany launches first V-1 rockets at England.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>June 14</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/alfred-rosenberg">Rosenberg</a> orders kidnapping of 40,000 Polish children ages 10-14 for<a href="/forced-labor-in-the-holocaust"> slave labor</a> in the Reich.</p> <p align="justify"><b>June 22</b></p> <p align="justify">The <a href="/the-ss-schutzstaffel">SS</a> conducts the first documented <a href="/gassing-victims-in-the-holocaust">gassing</a> in the women's camp at <a href="/ravensbr-uuml-ck-concentration-camp">Ravensbrück</a>. The gas chamber at <a href="/ravensbr-uuml-ck-concentration-camp">Ravensbrück</a> uses <a href="/background-and-overview-of-gassing-victims">Zyklon B</a>, crystalline hydrogen cyanide gas, as the killing agent. The gas chamber is relatively small; the <a href="/the-ss-schutzstaffel">SS</a> uses it primarily to kill those prisoners they deemed "unfit" for work. In all, the <a href="/the-ss-schutzstaffel">SS</a> will kill more than 2,000 prisoners in the gas chamber at <a href="/ravensbr-uuml-ck-concentration-camp">Ravensbrück</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>June 23</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Start of the Soviet offensive.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>June 29</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> fires Field Marshal <a href="/erwin-rommel">Rommel</a> and Field Marshal <a href="/gerd-von-rundstedt">von Rundstedt</a> for saying that Germany should sue for peace.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>July</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Swedish diplomat <a href="/raoul-wallenberg-2">Raoul Wallenberg</a> arrives in <a href="/budapest-hungary-jewish-history-tour">Budapest</a>, <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-hungary">Hungary</a> and begins to issue diplomatic papers to save Hungarian Jews.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>July 7</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Hungarian government halts deportations.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>July 8</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Kovno ghetto liquidated.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Soviet forces annihilate Army Group Center leaving only pocets of German forces to fight the Soviets.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>July 10</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Soviet forces come within 100 km. of Wolf's Lair headquarters in Rastenberg.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>July 13</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Jewish <a href="/resistance-to-the-holocaust">partisans</a> help liberate <a href="/the-vilna-ghetto">Vilna</a>: 2,500 of 57,000 Jews survive</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>July 20</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Soviet troops liberate concentration camp <a href="/majdanek-concentration-camp">Majdanek</a>. German <a href="/operation-valkyrie-the-quot-july-plot-quot-to-assassinate-hitler">assassination attempt</a> on Hitler fails.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>July 22</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Lvov liberated: 110,000 Jews dead.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>July 23</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Red Cross mission visits <a href="/terezin-theresienstadt-concentration-camp">Theresienstadt</a>. Soviets <a href="/allied-liberators-of-the-holocaust">liberate</a> <a href="/majdanek-concentration-camp">Majdanek</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>July 25</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Ghetto in <a href="/the-kovno-ghetto">Kovno</a>, <a href="/lithuania-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Lithuania</a>, evacuated.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>August 4</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/anne-frank">Anne Frank’s</a> family is arrested by the <a href="/the-gestapo">Gestapo</a> in <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-netherlands">Amsterdam</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>August 6</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Deportation to Germany of 27,000 Jews from camps east of the Vistula River.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>August 7</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Liquidation of Lodz ghetto begins: 74,000 Jews deported to <a href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>August 8-14</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Scores of conspirators are tried and executed in Plotzensee prison.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>August 23</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Holding camp Drancy (Paris) liberated. Rumania capitulates.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>August 25</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Paris is liberated by Allied armies.<br/> <br/> <b>August 28</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Slovak national uprising begins.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September 4</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Antwerp liberated: Fewer than 5,000 Jews survived.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September 5</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/history-and-overview-of-lodz-ghetto">Lodz Ghetto</a> evacuated.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September 10 </b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Soviet forces capture <a href="/prague">Prague</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September 11</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">British troops arrive in <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-netherlands">Holland</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Transport of all Jews in Dutch camps into Germany. New deportations from <a href="/terezin-theresienstadt-concentration-camp">Theresienstadt</a> to <a href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz</a>. Last transport from <a href="/the-virtual-jewish-history-tour-france">France</a> to <a href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September 14</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">American troops on the German border.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September 23</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Massacre of Jews in the <a href="/concentration-camps">concentration camp</a> in Kluga, Estonia. Resumption of deportations from Slovakia.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September 28</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Churchill announces formation of <a href="/the-jewish-brigade-group">Jewish brigade</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>September/October</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Many German conspirators tried and executed.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>October 3</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Polish uprising in <a href="/the-warsaw-ghetto">Warsaw</a> crushed.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>October 7</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Escape attempts in <a href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz?Birkenau</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>October 15</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Germany installs new puppet Hungarian government, which resumes deporting Jews.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>October 18</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-hitler-table-of-contents">Hitler</a> orders the establishment of the “Volkssturms” (mobilization of all men from 16 to 60).</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>October 23-26</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Battle of Leyte.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>End October</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">The survivors of concentration camp <a href="/plaszow-history-and-overview">Plaszow</a> (Krakow) transported to <a href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>October 31</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Approximately 14,000 Jews transported from Slovakia to <a href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November 2</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/gassing-victims-in-the-holocaust">Gassings</a> in <a href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz</a> terminated.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Trial of the leaders of the extermination camp <a href="/majdanek-concentration-camp">Majdanek</a> held in <a href="/lublin-virtual-jewish-history-tour">Lublin</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November 3/8</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">Soviet troops near <a href="/budapest-hungary-jewish-history-tour">Budapest</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November 18</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/adolf-eichmann">Eichmann</a> deports 38,000 Jews from <a href="/budapest-hungary-jewish-history-tour">Budapest</a> to the concentration camps at <a href="/buchenwald-concentration-camp">Buchenwald</a> and <a href="/ravensbr-uuml-ck-concentration-camp">Ravensbruck</a> and other camps.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>November 26</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/heinrich-himmler">Himmler</a> orders the destruction of the crematorium at <a href="/auschwitz-birkenau-concentration-camp">Auschwitz?Birkenau</a> as Nazis try to hide evidence of the <a href="/map-of-extermination-camps-in-poland">death camps</a>.</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>December 16</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY">"Battle of the Bulge."</p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><b>December 17</b></p> <p align="JUSTIFY"><a href="/the-ss-schutzstaffel">Waffen SS</a> murder 81 U.S. POWs at Malmedy.</p> <hr/> <table align="center" bgcolor="#FF9933" border="1" cellpadding="4" cellspacing="4" width="75%"> <tbody> <tr bgcolor="#FF9966"> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1932">1932</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1933">1933</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1934">1934</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1935">1935</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1936">1936</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1937">1937</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1938">1938</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1939">1939</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1940">1940</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1941">1941</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-of-1942">1942</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/holocaust-chronology-1943">1943</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/chronology-of-jewish-persecution-1944">1944</a></font></b></div> </td> <td> <div align="center"><b><font color="#CCCCCC"><a href="/chronology-of-jewish-persecution-1945">1945</a></font></b></div> </td> </tr> </tbody> </table> <p>Sources: <a href="http://www.holocaustcenter.org" target="_blank">Holocaust Memorial Center</a><br/> Zekelman Family Campus<br/> 28123 Orchard Lake Rd.<br/> Farmington Hills, MI 48334-3738<br/> (248) 553-2400<br/> (248) 553-2433 FAX<br/> (248) 553-2834 Library<br/> <a href="/cdn-cgi/l/email-protection#ff96919990bf979093909c9e8a8c8b9c9a918b9a8dd1908d98"><span class="__cf_email__" data-cfemail="4f262129200f272023202c2e3a3c3b2c2a213b2a3d61203d28">[email protected]</span></a></p> <p><a href="http://www.yad-vashem.org.il" target="_blank">Yad Vashem</a><br/> <a href="http://www.ushmm.org/" target="_blank">U.S. Holocaust Memorial Museum</a><br/> <a href="http://www.joric.com" target="_blank">The Joric Center</a></p> </article> </div> </div> <div style="clear:both"></div> <div class="popup--overlay" id="popup--overlay"> <div class="popup--container"> <button type="button" name="button" class="popup--button-close" id="popup--button-close"><span class="popup--button-text">close</span><img src="images/icon-close.svg"/></button> <div class="popup--content"> <img src="/images/logo-v.svg" alt="" 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