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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other people named Charles Dodgson, see <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dodgson_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Charles Dodgson (disambiguation)">Charles Dodgson</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style>Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈlʌtwɪdʒ ˈdɒdsən/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">LUT-wij DOD-sən</a>; 27 January 1832 – 14 January 1898), better known by his <a href="/wiki/Pen_name" title="Pen name">pen name</a> Lewis Carroll, was an English <a href="/wiki/Author" title="Author">author</a>, <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Photographer" title="Photographer">photographer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a>. His most notable works are <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a> (1865) and its sequel <a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a> (1871). He was noted for his facility with <a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">word play</a>, logic, and fantasy. His poems <a href="/wiki/Jabberwocky" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwocky</a> (1871) and <a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_Snark" title="The Hunting of the Snark">The Hunting of the Snark</a> (1876) are classified in the genre of <a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">literary nonsense</a>. Some of Alice's nonsensical wonderland logic reflects his published work on <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a>. <table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div style="display:inline;" class="fn">Lewis Carroll</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Carroll in 1857"><img alt="tinted monochrome 3/4-length photo portrait of a seated Lewis Carroll holding a book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg/220px-LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="311" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg/330px-LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg/440px-LewisCarrollSelfPhoto.jpg 2x" data-file-width="957" data-file-height="1353"></a><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:1.4em;">Carroll in 1857</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Born</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (1832-01-27)27 January 1832 <a href="/wiki/Daresbury" title="Daresbury">Daresbury, Cheshire</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Died</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;">14 January 1898(1898-01-14) (aged 65) <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford, Surrey</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Cemetery" title="Mount Cemetery">Mount Cemetery</a>, Guildford, Surrey, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Author</li><li>illustrator</li><li>poet</li><li>mathematician</li><li>photographer</li><li>teacher</li><li>inventor</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Education</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Genre</th><td class="infobox-data category" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Children%27s_literature" title="Children's literature">Children's literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_literature" title="Fantasy literature">fantasy literature</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a></li><li>poetry</li><li><a href="/wiki/Literary_nonsense" title="Literary nonsense">literary nonsense</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Linear_algebra" title="Linear algebra">linear algebra</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Voting_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Voting theory">voting theory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Parents</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dodgson_(priest)" title="Charles Dodgson (priest)">Charles Dodgson</a> (father) Frances Jane Lutwidge (mother)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="line-height:1.2em; padding-right:0.65em;">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Dodgson" title="Edwin Dodgson">Edwin Dodgson</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Dodgson_(bishop)" title="Charles Dodgson (bishop)">Charles Dodgson</a> (great-grandfather)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Signature</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="line-height:1.4em;"><a href="/wiki/File:LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt='C. L. Dodgson [alias "Lewis Carroll"]' src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg/150px-LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="43" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg/225px-LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg/300px-LewisCarrollAutograph_vector.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="585" data-file-height="168"></a></td></tr></tbody></table> Carroll came from a family of <a href="/wiki/High-church" class="mw-redirect" title="High-church">high-church</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglicans</a>, and pursued his clerical training at <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford University's</a> <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a> <a href="/wiki/Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford" title="Colleges of the University of Oxford">constituent college</a>, where he lived for most of his life as a <a href="/wiki/Scholar" title="Scholar">scholar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teacher" title="Teacher">teacher</a> and Anglican <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alice_Liddell" title="Alice Liddell">Alice Liddell</a> – a daughter of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Henry Liddell</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Dean_of_Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Dean of Christ Church, Oxford">Dean of Christ Church</a> – is widely identified as the original inspiration for Alice in Wonderland, though Carroll always denied this. An avid puzzler, Carroll created the <a href="/wiki/Word_ladder" title="Word ladder">word ladder</a> puzzle (which he then called "Doublets"), which he published in his weekly column for <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a> magazine between 1879 and 1881. In 1982 a memorial stone to Carroll was unveiled at <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a> in <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>. There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"><div class="toctitle" lang="en" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Contents</h2><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Early_life">1 Early life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Character_and_appearance">2 Character and appearance</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Health_problems">2.1 Health problems</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="#Social_connections">2.2 Social connections</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Politics,_religion,_and_philosophy">2.3 Politics, religion, and philosophy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#Artistic_activities">3 Artistic activities</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Literature">3.1 Literature</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-8"><a href="#Alice_books">3.1.1 Alice books</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-9"><a href="#The_Hunting_of_the_Snark">3.1.2 The Hunting of the Snark</a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-10"><a href="#Sylvie_and_Bruno">3.1.3 Sylvie and Bruno</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Photography_(1856%E2%80%931880)">3.2 Photography (1856–1880)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-12"><a href="#Inventions">3.3 Inventions</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-13"><a href="#Mathematical_work">4 Mathematical work</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Mathematical_logic">4.1 Mathematical logic</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-15"><a href="#Algebra">4.2 Algebra</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-16"><a href="#Recreational_mathematics">4.3 Recreational mathematics</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-17"><a href="#Correspondence">5 Correspondence</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Later_life">6 Later life</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Death">7 Death</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Controversies_and_mysteries">8 Controversies and mysteries</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-21"><a href="#The_Secret_World_of_Lewis_Carroll_(2015)_BBC_documentary">8.1 The Secret World of Lewis Carroll (2015) BBC documentary</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-22"><a href="#Speculation_of_sexual_conduct_by_scholars_(1940s_onwards)">8.2 Speculation of sexual conduct by scholars (1940s onwards)</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-23"><a href="#Ordination">8.3 Ordination</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Missing_diaries">8.4 Missing diaries</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Migraine_and_epilepsy">8.5 Migraine and epilepsy</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Legacy">9 Legacy</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#Works">10 Works</a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-28"><a href="#Literary_works">10.1 Literary works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-29"><a href="#Mathematical_works">10.2 Mathematical works</a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-30"><a href="#Other_works">10.3 Other works</a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-31"><a href="#See_also">11 See also</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-32"><a href="#References">12 References</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-33"><a href="#Bibliography">13 Bibliography</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-34"><a href="#Further_reading">14 Further reading</a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-35"><a href="#External_links">15 External links</a></li> </ul> </div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> Dodgson's family background was predominantly <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">northern English</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Conservatism in the United Kingdom">conservative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/High-church" class="mw-redirect" title="High-church">high-church</a> <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a>. Most of his male ancestors were army officers or Anglican clergymen. His great-grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dodgson_(bishop)" title="Charles Dodgson (bishop)">Charles Dodgson</a>, had risen through the ranks of the church to become the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Elphin" title="Bishop of Elphin">Bishop of Elphin</a> in rural Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> His paternal grandfather, also named Charles, was an army captain fatality of the <a href="/wiki/Irish_rebellion_of_1803" title="Irish rebellion of 1803">Irish rebellion of 1803</a>, when his two sons were hardly more than babies.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> The older of these sons, yet another <a href="/wiki/Charles_Dodgson_(priest)" title="Charles Dodgson (priest)">Charles Dodgson</a>, was Carroll's father. He went to <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a> and then to <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> He reverted to the other family tradition and took <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">holy orders</a>. He was mathematically gifted and won a <a href="/wiki/Double_first" class="mw-redirect" title="Double first">double first</a> degree, which could have been the prelude to a brilliant academic career. Instead, he became a country <a href="/wiki/Parson" title="Parson">parson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-kqihew-7">[7]</a> Dodgson was born on 27 January 1832 at All Saints' Vicarage in <a href="/wiki/Daresbury" title="Daresbury">Daresbury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a>,<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> the oldest boy and the third oldest of 11 children. When he was 11, his father was given the <a href="/wiki/Benefice#Church_of_England" title="Benefice">living</a> of <a href="/wiki/Croft-on-Tees" title="Croft-on-Tees">Croft-on-Tees</a>, Yorkshire, and the whole family moved to the spacious rectory. This remained their home for the next 25 years. Charles' father was an active and highly conservative <a href="/wiki/Clergy" title="Clergy">cleric</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> who later became the <a href="/wiki/Archdeacon_of_Richmond" class="mw-redirect" title="Archdeacon of Richmond">Archdeacon of Richmond</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> and involved himself, sometimes influentially, in the intense religious disputes that were dividing the church. He was high-church, inclining toward <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Catholicism" title="Anglo-Catholicism">Anglo-Catholicism</a>, an admirer of <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Newman" title="John Henry Newman">John Henry Newman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tractarian_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Tractarian movement">Tractarian movement</a>, and did his best to instil such views in his children. However, Charles developed an ambivalent relationship with his father's values and with the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> as a whole.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> During his early youth, Dodgson was educated at home. His "reading lists" preserved in the family archives testify to a precocious intellect: at the age of seven, he was reading books such as <a href="/wiki/The_Pilgrim%27s_Progress" title="The Pilgrim's Progress">The Pilgrim's Progress</a>. He also spoke with a <a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">stammer</a> – a condition shared by most of his siblings<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> – that often inhibited his social life throughout his years. At the age of twelve he was sent to Richmond Grammar School (now part of <a href="/wiki/Richmond_School" title="Richmond School">Richmond School</a>) in <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond, North Yorkshire</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Carroll_Self_Portrait_1856_circa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Photographic portrait of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), seated and holding a book" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Lewis_Carroll_Self_Portrait_1856_circa.jpg/170px-Lewis_Carroll_Self_Portrait_1856_circa.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="193" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="936" data-file-height="1063"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 193px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Lewis_Carroll_Self_Portrait_1856_circa.jpg/170px-Lewis_Carroll_Self_Portrait_1856_circa.jpg" data-alt="Photographic portrait of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson (Lewis Carroll), seated and holding a book" data-width="170" data-height="193" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Lewis_Carroll_Self_Portrait_1856_circa.jpg/255px-Lewis_Carroll_Self_Portrait_1856_circa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Lewis_Carroll_Self_Portrait_1856_circa.jpg/340px-Lewis_Carroll_Self_Portrait_1856_circa.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lewis Carroll self-portrait <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1856, aged 24 at that time</figcaption></figure> In 1846, Dodgson entered <a href="/wiki/Rugby_School" title="Rugby School">Rugby School</a>, where he was evidently unhappy, as he wrote some years after leaving: "I cannot say ... that any earthly considerations would induce me to go through my three years again ... I can honestly say that if I could have been ... secure from annoyance at night, the hardships of the daily life would have been comparative trifles to bear."<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> He did not claim he suffered from bullying, but cited little boys as the main targets of older bullies at Rugby.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> Stuart Dodgson Collingwood, Dodgson's nephew, wrote that "even though it is hard for those who have only known him as the gentle and retiring don to believe it, it is nevertheless true that long after he left school, his name was remembered as that of a boy who knew well how to use his fists in defence of a righteous cause", which is the protection of the smaller boys.<a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> Scholastically, though, he excelled with apparent ease. "I have not had a more promising boy at his age since I came to Rugby", observed mathematics master R. B. Mayor.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Francis Walkingame's The Tutor's Assistant; Being a Compendium of Arithmetic – the mathematics textbook that the young Dodgson used – still survives and it contained an inscription in <a href="/wiki/Latin" title="Latin">Latin</a>, which translates to: "This book belongs to Charles Lutwidge Dodgson: hands off!"<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a> Some pages also included annotations such as the one found on p. 129, where he wrote "Not a fair question in decimals" next to a question.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> He left Rugby at the end of 1849 and <a href="/wiki/Matriculation" title="Matriculation">matriculated</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">University of Oxford</a> in May 1850 as a member of his father's old college, <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> After waiting for rooms in college to become available, he went into residence in January 1851.<a href="#cite_note-clark6465-18">[18]</a> He had been at Oxford only two days when he received a summons home. His mother had died of "inflammation of the brain" – perhaps <a href="/wiki/Meningitis" title="Meningitis">meningitis</a> or a stroke – at the age of 47.<a href="#cite_note-clark6465-18">[18]</a> His early academic career veered between high promise and irresistible distraction. He did not always work hard, but was exceptionally gifted, and achievement came easily to him. In 1852, he obtained <a href="/wiki/First-class_honours" class="mw-redirect" title="First-class honours">first-class honours</a> in Mathematics <a href="/wiki/Moderations" class="mw-redirect" title="Moderations">Moderations</a> and was soon afterwards nominated to a <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford#Governing_body" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Studentship</a> by his father's old friend Canon <a href="/wiki/Edward_Pusey" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward Pusey">Edward Pusey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-collingwood52-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-clark74-20">[20]</a> In 1854, he obtained first-class honours in the Final Honours School of Mathematics, standing first on the list, and thus graduated as Bachelor of Arts.<a href="#cite_note-collingwood57-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-wilson-22">[22]</a> He remained at Christ Church studying and teaching, but the next year he failed an important scholarship exam through his self-confessed inability to apply himself to study.<a href="#cite_note-cohen51-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-clark79-24">[24]</a> Even so, his talent as a mathematician won him the Christ Church Mathematical Lectureship in 1855,<a href="#cite_note-frw41-25">[25]</a> which he continued to hold for the next 26 years.<a href="#cite_note-cohen414-6-26">[26]</a> Despite early unhappiness, Dodgson remained at Christ Church, in various capacities, until his death, including that of Sub-Librarian of the Christ Church library, where his office was close to the Deanery, where Alice Liddell lived.<a href="#cite_note-ekfvyz-27">[27]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"><h2 id="Character_and_appearance">Character and appearance</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Character and appearance" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health_problems">Health problems</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Health problems" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Carroll_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lewis_Carroll_1863.jpg/170px-Lewis_Carroll_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="259" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1069" data-file-height="1627"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 259px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lewis_Carroll_1863.jpg/170px-Lewis_Carroll_1863.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="259" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lewis_Carroll_1863.jpg/255px-Lewis_Carroll_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Lewis_Carroll_1863.jpg/340px-Lewis_Carroll_1863.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>1863 photograph of Carroll by <a href="/wiki/Oscar_G._Rejlander" class="mw-redirect" title="Oscar G. Rejlander">Oscar G. Rejlander</a></figcaption></figure> The young adult Charles Dodgson was about 6 feet (1.83 m) tall and slender, and he had curly brown hair and blue or grey eyes (depending on the account). He was described in later life as somewhat <a href="/wiki/Asymmetry" title="Asymmetry">asymmetrical</a>, and as carrying himself rather stiffly and awkwardly, although this might be on account of a knee injury sustained in middle age. As a very young child, he suffered a fever that left him deaf in one ear. At the age of 17, he suffered a severe attack of <a href="/wiki/Pertussis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pertussis">whooping cough</a>, which was probably responsible for his chronically weak chest in later life. In early childhood, he acquired a <a href="/wiki/Stuttering" title="Stuttering">stammer</a>, which he referred to as his "hesitation"; it remained throughout his life.<a href="#cite_note-ekfvyz-27">[27]</a> The stammer has always been a significant part of the image of Dodgson. While one apocryphal story says that he stammered only in adult company and was free and fluent with children, there is no evidence to support this idea.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> Many children of his acquaintance remembered the stammer, while many adults failed to notice it. Dodgson himself seems to have been far more acutely aware of it than most people whom he met; it is said that he caricatured himself as the <a href="/wiki/Dodo_(Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland)" title="Dodo (Alice's Adventures in Wonderland)">Dodo</a> in Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, referring to his difficulty in pronouncing his last name, but this is one of the many supposed facts often repeated for which no first-hand evidence remains. He did indeed refer to himself as a dodo, but whether or not this reference was to his stammer is simply speculation.<a href="#cite_note-ekfvyz-27">[27]</a> Dodgson's stammer did trouble him, but it was never so debilitating that it prevented him from applying his other personal qualities to do well in society. He lived in a time when people commonly devised their own amusements and when singing and recitation were required social skills, and the young Dodgson was well equipped to be an engaging entertainer. He could reportedly sing at a passable level and was not afraid to do so before an audience. He was also adept at mimicry and storytelling, and reputedly quite good at <a href="/wiki/Charades" title="Charades">charades</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ekfvyz-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_connections">Social connections</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Social connections" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In the interim between his early published writings and the success of the Alice books, Dodgson began to move in the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Raphaelite" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Raphaelite">pre-Raphaelite</a> social circle. He first met <a href="/wiki/John_Ruskin" title="John Ruskin">John Ruskin</a> in 1857 and became friendly with him. Around 1863, he developed a close relationship with <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> and his family. He would often take pictures of the family in the garden of the Rossetti's house in <a href="/wiki/Chelsea,_London" title="Chelsea, London">Chelsea, London</a>. He also knew <a href="/wiki/William_Holman_Hunt" title="William Holman Hunt">William Holman Hunt</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Hughes_(artist)" title="Arthur Hughes (artist)">Arthur Hughes</a>, among other artists. He knew fairy-tale author <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a> well – it was the enthusiastic reception of Alice by the young MacDonald children that persuaded him to submit the work for publication.<a href="#cite_note-ekfvyz-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-snaogq-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics,_religion,_and_philosophy">Politics, religion, and philosophy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Politics, religion, and philosophy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In broad terms, Dodgson has traditionally been regarded as politically, religiously, and personally conservative. <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a> labels Dodgson as a <a href="/wiki/Tory" title="Tory">Tory</a> who was "awed by lords and inclined to be snobbish towards inferiors".<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_Tuckwell" title="William Tuckwell">William Tuckwell</a>, in his Reminiscences of Oxford (1900), regarded him as "austere, shy, precise, absorbed in mathematical reverie, watchfully tenacious of his dignity, stiffly conservative in political, theological, social theory, his life mapped out in squares like Alice's landscape".<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Dodgson was ordained a deacon in the Church of England on 22 December 1861. In The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll, the editor states that "his Diary is full of such modest depreciations of himself and his work, interspersed with earnest prayers (too sacred and private to be reproduced here) that God would forgive him the past, and help him to perform His holy will in the future."<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> When a friend asked him about his religious views, Dodgson wrote in response that he was a member of the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>, but "doubt[ed] if he was fully a 'High Churchman'". He added: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">I believe that when you and I come to lie down for the last time, if only we can keep firm hold of the great truths Christ taught us—our own utter worthlessness and His infinite worth; and that He has brought us back to our one Father, and made us His brethren, and so brethren to one another—we shall have all we need to guide us through the shadows. Most assuredly I accept to the full the doctrines you refer to—that Christ died to save us, that we have no other way of salvation open to us but through His death, and that it is by faith in Him, and through no merit of ours, that we are reconciled to God; and most assuredly I can cordially say, "I owe all to Him who loved me, and died on the Cross of Calvary."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Carroll (1897)<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Dodgson also expressed interest in other fields. He was an early member of the <a href="/wiki/Society_for_Psychical_Research" title="Society for Psychical Research">Society for Psychical Research</a>, and one of his letters suggests that he accepted as real what was then called "thought reading".<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Dodgson wrote some studies of various philosophical arguments. In 1895, he developed a philosophical regressus-argument on deductive reasoning in his article "<a href="/wiki/What_the_Tortoise_Said_to_Achilles" title="What the Tortoise Said to Achilles">What the Tortoise Said to Achilles</a>", which appeared in one of the early volumes of <a href="/wiki/Mind_(journal)" title="Mind (journal)">Mind</a>.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The article was reprinted in the same journal a hundred years later in 1995, with a subsequent article by <a href="/wiki/Simon_Blackburn" title="Simon Blackburn">Simon Blackburn</a> titled "Practical Tortoise Raising".<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"><h2 id="Artistic_activities">Artistic activities</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Artistic activities" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AAUG_p06.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Head and shoulders drawing of a girl (Alice) holding a key" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AAUG_p06.png/220px-AAUG_p06.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="245" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1068" data-file-height="1189"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 245px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AAUG_p06.png/220px-AAUG_p06.png" data-alt="Head and shoulders drawing of a girl (Alice) holding a key" data-width="220" data-height="245" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AAUG_p06.png/330px-AAUG_p06.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/AAUG_p06.png/440px-AAUG_p06.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>One of Carroll's own illustrations</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Literature" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> From a young age, Dodgson wrote poetry and short stories, contributing heavily to the family magazine <a href="/wiki/Mischmasch" title="Mischmasch">Mischmasch</a> and later sending them to various magazines, enjoying moderate success. Between 1854 and 1856, his work appeared in the national publications The Comic Times and The Train, as well as smaller magazines such as the <a href="/wiki/Whitby_Gazette" title="Whitby Gazette">Whitby Gazette</a> and the Oxford Critic. Most of this output was humorous, sometimes satirical, but his standards and ambitions were exacting. "I do not think I have yet written anything worthy of real publication (in which I do not include the Whitby Gazette or the Oxonian Advertiser), but I do not despair of doing so someday," he wrote in July 1855.<a href="#cite_note-ekfvyz-27">[27]</a> Sometime after 1850, he did write <a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">puppet</a> plays for his siblings' entertainment, of which one has survived: La Guida di Bragia.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> In March 1856, he published his first piece of work under the name that would make him famous. A romantic poem called "Solitude" appeared in The Train under the authorship of "Lewis Carroll". This pseudonym was a play on his real name: Lewis was the anglicised form of Ludovicus, which was the Latin for Lutwidge, and Carroll an Irish surname similar to the Latin name Carolus, from which comes the name Charles.<a href="#cite_note-kqihew-7">[7]</a> The transition went as follows: "Charles Lutwidge" translated into Latin as "Carolus Ludovicus". This was then translated back into English as "Carroll Lewis" and then reversed to make "Lewis Carroll".<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> This pseudonym was chosen by editor <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Yates" title="Edmund Yates">Edmund Yates</a> from a list of four submitted by Dodgson, the others being Edgar Cuthwellis, Edgar U. C. Westhill, and Louis Carroll.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Alice_books">Alice books</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Alice books" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Illustration of Alice holding a Flamingo, standing with one foot on a curled-up hedgehog with another hedgehog walking away" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png/240px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png" decoding="async" width="240" height="349" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2482" data-file-height="3614"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 349px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png/240px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png" data-alt="Illustration of Alice holding a Flamingo, standing with one foot on a curled-up hedgehog with another hedgehog walking away" data-width="240" data-height="349" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png/360px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png/480px-Alice_par_John_Tenniel_30.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>"The chief difficulty Alice found at first was in managing her flamingo". Illustration by <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a>, 1865.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jabberwocky.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img alt="Illustration of a child with a sword facing a fearsome winged dragon in a forest" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jabberwocky.jpg/240px-Jabberwocky.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="360" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4238" data-file-height="6362"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 360px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jabberwocky.jpg/240px-Jabberwocky.jpg" data-alt="Illustration of a child with a sword facing a fearsome winged dragon in a forest" data-width="240" data-height="360" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jabberwocky.jpg/360px-Jabberwocky.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Jabberwocky.jpg/480px-Jabberwocky.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Jabberwock, as illustrated by <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">John Tenniel</a> for Lewis Carroll's Through the Looking-Glass, including the poem "<a href="/wiki/Jabberwocky" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwocky</a>"</figcaption></figure> In 1856, Dean <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddell" title="Henry Liddell">Henry Liddell</a> arrived at <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Oxford University">Oxford University</a>, bringing with him his young family, all of whom would figure largely in Dodgson's life over the following years, and would greatly influence his writing career. Dodgson became close friends with Liddell's wife, Lorina, and their children, particularly the three sisters Lorina, Edith, and Alice Liddell. He was widely assumed for many years to have derived his own "Alice" from <a href="/wiki/Alice_Liddell" title="Alice Liddell">Alice Liddell</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Acrostic" title="Acrostic">acrostic</a> poem at the end of Through the Looking-Glass spells out her name in full, and there are also many superficial references to her hidden in the text of both books. It has been noted that Dodgson himself repeatedly denied in later life that his "little heroine" was based on any real child,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-nbrhxm-41">[41]</a> and he frequently dedicated his works to girls of his acquaintance, adding their names in acrostic poems at the beginning of the text. <a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Chataway" title="Gertrude Chataway">Gertrude Chataway</a>'s name appears in this form at the beginning of <a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_Snark" title="The Hunting of the Snark">The Hunting of the Snark</a>, and it is not suggested that this means that any of the characters in the narrative are based on her.<a href="#cite_note-nbrhxm-41">[41]</a> Information is scarce (Dodgson's diaries for the years 1858–1862 are missing), but it seems clear that his friendship with the Liddell family was an important part of his life in the late 1850s, and he grew into the habit of taking the children on rowing trips (first the boy, Harry, and later the three girls) accompanied by an adult friend<a href="#cite_note-Winchester-42">[42]</a> to nearby <a href="/wiki/Nuneham_Courtenay" title="Nuneham Courtenay">Nuneham Courtenay</a> or <a href="/wiki/Godstow" title="Godstow">Godstow</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ulsdnc-43">[43]</a> It was on one such expedition on 4 July 1862 that Dodgson invented the outline of the story that eventually became his first and greatest commercial success. He told the story to Alice Liddell and she begged him to write it down, and Dodgson eventually (after much delay) presented her with a handwritten, illustrated manuscript entitled Alice's Adventures Under Ground in November 1864.<a href="#cite_note-ulsdnc-43">[43]</a> Before this, the family of friend and mentor <a href="/wiki/George_MacDonald" title="George MacDonald">George MacDonald</a> read Dodgson's incomplete manuscript, and the enthusiasm of the MacDonald children encouraged Dodgson to seek publication. In 1863, he had taken the unfinished manuscript to <a href="/wiki/Macmillan_Publishers" title="Macmillan Publishers">Macmillan the publisher</a>, who liked it immediately. After the possible alternative titles were rejected – Alice Among the Fairies and Alice's Golden Hour – the work was finally published as <a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a> in 1865 under the Lewis Carroll pen name, which Dodgson had first used some nine years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-snaogq-29">[29]</a> The illustrations this time were by <a href="/wiki/John_Tenniel" title="John Tenniel">Sir John Tenniel</a>; Dodgson evidently thought that a published book would need the skills of a professional artist. Annotated versions provide insights into many of the ideas and hidden meanings that are prevalent in these books.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Critical literature has often proposed <a href="/wiki/Freudian" class="mw-redirect" title="Freudian">Freudian</a> interpretations of the book as "a descent into the dark world of the <a href="/wiki/Subconscious" title="Subconscious">subconscious</a>", as well as seeing it as a satire upon contemporary mathematical advances.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> The overwhelming commercial success of the first Alice book changed Dodgson's life in many ways.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The fame of his alter ego "Lewis Carroll" soon spread around the world. He was inundated with fan mail and with sometimes unwanted attention. Indeed, according to one popular story, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> herself enjoyed Alice in Wonderland so much that she commanded that he dedicate his next book to her, and was accordingly presented with his next work, a scholarly mathematical volume entitled An Elementary Treatise on Determinants.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-hhgg-52">[52]</a> Dodgson himself vehemently denied this story, commenting "... It is utterly false in every particular: nothing even resembling it has occurred";<a href="#cite_note-hhgg-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> and it is unlikely for other reasons. As <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Strong_(bishop)" title="Thomas Strong (bishop)">T. B. Strong</a> comments in a <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">Times</a> article, "It would have been clean contrary to all his practice to identify [the] author of Alice with the author of his mathematical works".<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> He also began earning quite substantial sums of money but continued with his seemingly disliked post at Christ Church.<a href="#cite_note-snaogq-29">[29]</a> Late in 1871, he published the sequel <a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass, and What Alice Found There</a>. (The title page of the first edition erroneously gives "1872" as the date of publication.<a href="#cite_note-56">[56]</a>) Its somewhat darker mood possibly reflects changes in Dodgson's life. His father's death in 1868 plunged him into a depression that lasted some years.<a href="#cite_note-snaogq-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Hunting_of_the_Snark">The Hunting of the Snark</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: The Hunting of the Snark" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1876, Dodgson produced his next great work, <a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_Snark" title="The Hunting of the Snark">The Hunting of the Snark</a>, a fantastical "nonsense" poem, with illustrations by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holiday" title="Henry Holiday">Henry Holiday</a>, exploring the adventures of a bizarre crew of nine tradesmen and one beaver, who set off to find the snark. It received largely mixed reviews from Carroll's contemporary reviewers,<a href="#cite_note-Hark_the_Snark-57">[57]</a> but was enormously popular with the public, having been reprinted seventeen times between 1876 and 1908,<a href="#cite_note-Dodgson_handbook-58">[58]</a> and has seen various adaptations into musicals, opera, theatre, plays and music.<a href="#cite_note-Listing_&_Translations-59">[59]</a> Painter <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a> reputedly became convinced that the poem was about him.<a href="#cite_note-snaogq-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sylvie_and_Bruno">Sylvie and Bruno</h4> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sylvie and Bruno" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In 1895, 30 years after the publication of his masterpieces, Carroll attempted a comeback, producing a two-volume tale of the fairy siblings <a href="/wiki/Sylvie_and_Bruno" title="Sylvie and Bruno">Sylvie and Bruno</a>. Carroll entwines two plots set in two alternative worlds, one set in rural England and the other in the fairytale kingdoms of Elfland, Outland, and others. The fairytale world satirises English society and, more specifically, the world of academia. Sylvie and Bruno came out in two volumes and is considered a lesser work, although it has remained in print for over a century. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Photography_(1856–1880)">Photography (1856–1880)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Photography (1856–1880)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Alice_Liddell_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alice_Liddell_2.jpg/220px-Alice_Liddell_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="318" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="432" data-file-height="625"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 318px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alice_Liddell_2.jpg/220px-Alice_Liddell_2.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="318" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Alice_Liddell_2.jpg/330px-Alice_Liddell_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/05/Alice_Liddell_2.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Photo of <a href="/wiki/Alice_Liddell" title="Alice Liddell">Alice Liddell</a> taken by Lewis Carroll (1858)</figcaption></figure> In 1856, Dodgson took up the new art form of photography under the influence first of his uncle <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilfred_Skeffington_Lutwidge" title="Robert Wilfred Skeffington Lutwidge">Skeffington Lutwidge</a>, and later of his Oxford friend <a href="/wiki/Reginald_Southey" title="Reginald Southey">Reginald Southey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a> He soon excelled at the art and became a well-known gentleman-photographer, and he seems even to have toyed with the idea of making a living out of it in his very early years.<a href="#cite_note-snaogq-29">[29]</a> A study by Roger Taylor and Edward Wakeling exhaustively lists every surviving print, and Taylor calculates that just over half of Dodgson's surviving work depicts young girls. Thirty surviving photographs depict nude or semi-nude children.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> About 60% of Dodgson's original photographic portfolio was deliberately destroyed.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Dodgson also made many studies of men, women, boys, and landscapes; his subjects also include skeletons, dolls, dogs, statues, paintings, and trees.<a href="#cite_note-63">[63]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Rossetti_Family_by_Lewis_Carroll_(Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Rossetti_Family_by_Lewis_Carroll_%28Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson%29.jpg/280px-The_Rossetti_Family_by_Lewis_Carroll_%28Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="224" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1923"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 280px;height: 224px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Rossetti_Family_by_Lewis_Carroll_%28Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson%29.jpg/280px-The_Rossetti_Family_by_Lewis_Carroll_%28Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson%29.jpg" data-width="280" data-height="224" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Rossetti_Family_by_Lewis_Carroll_%28Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson%29.jpg/420px-The_Rossetti_Family_by_Lewis_Carroll_%28Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/The_Rossetti_Family_by_Lewis_Carroll_%28Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson%29.jpg/560px-The_Rossetti_Family_by_Lewis_Carroll_%28Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The Rossetti Family, by Lewis Carroll (1863). L-R: <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christina_Rossetti" title="Christina Rossetti">Christina Rossetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Frances_Polidori" title="Frances Polidori">Frances Polidori</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Michael_Rossetti" title="William Michael Rossetti">William Michael Rossetti</a></figcaption></figure> His pictures of children were taken with a parent in attendance [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Disputed_statement" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Disputed statement">disputed</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Lewis_Carroll#Talk_page_section" title="Talk:Lewis Carroll">discuss</a>] and many of the pictures were taken in the Liddell garden because natural sunlight was required for good exposures.<a href="#cite_note-Winchester-42">[42]</a> Dodgson also found photography to be a useful entrée into higher social circles.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> During the most productive part of his career, he made portraits of notable sitters such as <a href="/wiki/John_Everett_Millais" title="John Everett Millais">John Everett Millais</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ellen_Terry" title="Ellen Terry">Ellen Terry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Bullock" title="Christopher Bullock">Maggie Spearman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dante_Gabriel_Rossetti" title="Dante Gabriel Rossetti">Dante Gabriel Rossetti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Faraday" title="Michael Faraday">Michael Faraday</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Gascoyne-Cecil,_3rd_Marquess_of_Salisbury" title="Robert Gascoyne-Cecil, 3rd Marquess of Salisbury">Lord Salisbury</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alfred,_Lord_Tennyson" title="Alfred, Lord Tennyson">Alfred Tennyson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-snaogq-29">[29]</a> By the time that Dodgson abruptly ceased photography (1880, after 24 years), he had established his own studio on the roof of <a href="/wiki/Tom_Quad" title="Tom Quad">Tom Quad</a>, created around 3,000 images, and become an amateur master of the medium, though fewer than 1,000 images have survived time and deliberate destruction. He stopped taking photographs because keeping his studio working was too time-consuming.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> He used the <a href="/wiki/Collodion" title="Collodion">wet collodion process</a>; commercial photographers who started using the <a href="/wiki/Dry-plate_photography#Popularization" class="mw-redirect" title="Dry-plate photography">dry-plate process</a> in the 1870s took pictures more quickly.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> He often altered his photographs through blurring techniques or by painting over them, a practice new to the nineteenth century. He exerted his agency of this craft by literally rewriting the text created by the image to produce a new dialogue about childhood. However, popular taste changed with the advent of <a href="/wiki/Modernism" title="Modernism">Modernism</a>, affecting the types of photographs that he produced.<a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Inventions">Inventions</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Inventions" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> To promote letter writing, Dodgson invented "The Wonderland Postage-Stamp Case" in 1889. This was a cloth-backed folder with twelve slots, two marked for inserting the most commonly used penny stamp, and one each for the other current denominations up to one shilling. The folder was then put into a slipcase decorated with a picture of Alice on the front and the <a href="/wiki/Cheshire_Cat" title="Cheshire Cat">Cheshire Cat</a> on the back. It intended to organise stamps wherever one stored their writing implements; Carroll expressly notes in <a href="/wiki/Eight_or_Nine_Wise_Words_about_Letter-Writing" title="Eight or Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing">Eight or Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing</a> it is not intended to be carried in a pocket or purse, as the most common individual stamps could easily be carried on their own. The pack included a copy of a pamphlet version of this lecture.<a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nyctograph_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nyctograph_reconstruction.jpg/220px-Nyctograph_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="598"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 164px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nyctograph_reconstruction.jpg/220px-Nyctograph_reconstruction.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="164" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nyctograph_reconstruction.jpg/330px-Nyctograph_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Nyctograph_reconstruction.jpg/440px-Nyctograph_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Reconstructed nyctograph, with scale demonstrated by a 5 <a href="/wiki/Euro" title="Euro">euro</a> cent</figcaption></figure> Another invention was a writing tablet called the <a href="/wiki/Nyctograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Nyctograph">nyctograph</a> that allowed note-taking in the dark, thus eliminating the need to get out of bed and strike a light when one woke with an idea. The device consisted of a gridded card with sixteen squares and a system of symbols representing an alphabet of Dodgson's design, using letter shapes similar to the <a href="/wiki/Graffiti_(Palm_OS)" title="Graffiti (Palm OS)">Graffiti</a> writing system on a <a href="/wiki/Palm_(PDA)" title="Palm (PDA)">Palm</a> device.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> He also devised a number of games, including an early version of what today is known as <a href="/wiki/Scrabble" title="Scrabble">Scrabble</a>. Devised sometime in 1878, he invented the "doublet" (see <a href="/wiki/Word_ladder" title="Word ladder">word ladder</a>), a form of brain-teaser that is still popular today, changing one word into another by altering one letter at a time, each successive change always resulting in a genuine word.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> For instance, CAT is transformed into DOG by the following steps: CAT, COT, DOT, DOG.<a href="#cite_note-snaogq-29">[29]</a> It first appeared in the 29 March 1879 issue of <a href="/wiki/Vanity_Fair_(British_magazine)" title="Vanity Fair (British magazine)">Vanity Fair</a>, with Carroll writing a weekly column for the magazine for two years; the final column dated 9 April 1881.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> The games and puzzles of Lewis Carroll were the subject of Martin Gardner's March 1960 <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_Games_column" class="mw-redirect" title="Mathematical Games column">Mathematical Games column</a> in <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a>. Other items include a rule for finding the day of the week for any date; a means for justifying right margins on a typewriter; a steering device for a velociman (a type of tricycle); fairer elimination rules for tennis tournaments; a new sort of postal money order; rules for reckoning postage; rules for a win in betting; rules for dividing a number by various divisors; a cardboard scale for the <a href="/wiki/Senior_Common_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="Senior Common Room">Senior Common Room</a> at Christ Church which, held next to a glass, ensured the right amount of liqueur for the price paid; a double-sided adhesive strip to fasten envelopes or mount things in books; a device for helping a bedridden invalid to read from a book placed sideways; and at least two <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">ciphers</a> for <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">cryptography</a>.<a href="#cite_note-snaogq-29">[29]</a> He also proposed alternative systems of parliamentary representation. He proposed the so-called <a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a>, using the <a href="/wiki/Condorcet_method" title="Condorcet method">Condorcet method</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> In 1884, he proposed a proportional representation system based on multi-member districts, each voter casting only a single vote, quotas as minimum requirements to take seats, and votes transferable by candidates through what is now called <a href="/wiki/Liquid_democracy" title="Liquid democracy">Liquid democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"><h2 id="Mathematical_work">Mathematical work</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Mathematical work" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Herkomer-portrait-of-Carroll-bw.png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Herkomer-portrait-of-Carroll-bw.png/170px-Herkomer-portrait-of-Carroll-bw.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="201" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="405" data-file-height="480"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 201px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Herkomer-portrait-of-Carroll-bw.png/170px-Herkomer-portrait-of-Carroll-bw.png" data-width="170" data-height="201" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Herkomer-portrait-of-Carroll-bw.png/255px-Herkomer-portrait-of-Carroll-bw.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Herkomer-portrait-of-Carroll-bw.png/340px-Herkomer-portrait-of-Carroll-bw.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>A posthumous portrait of Lewis Carroll by <a href="/wiki/Hubert_von_Herkomer" title="Hubert von Herkomer">Hubert von Herkomer</a>, based on photographs. This painting now hangs in the Great Hall of <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church,_Oxford" title="Christ Church, Oxford">Christ Church, Oxford</a>.</figcaption></figure> Within the academic discipline of mathematics, Dodgson worked primarily in the fields of <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a>, linear and <a href="/wiki/Matrix_algebra" class="mw-redirect" title="Matrix algebra">matrix algebra</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematical_logic" title="Mathematical logic">mathematical logic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Recreational_mathematics" title="Recreational mathematics">recreational mathematics</a>, producing nearly a dozen books under his real name. Dodgson also developed new ideas in linear algebra (e.g., the first printed proof of the <a href="/wiki/Rouch%C3%A9%E2%80%93Capelli_theorem" title="Rouché–Capelli theorem">Rouché–Capelli theorem</a>),<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a> probability, and the study of elections (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Dodgson%27s_method" title="Dodgson's method">Dodgson's method</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Committee" title="Committee">committees</a>; some of this work was not published until well after his death. His occupation as Mathematical Lecturer at Christ Church gave him some financial security.<a href="#cite_note-78">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_logic">Mathematical logic</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Mathematical logic" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> His work in the field of mathematical logic attracted renewed interest in the late 20th century. Martin Gardner's book on logic machines and diagrams and William Warren Bartley's posthumous publication of the second part of Dodgson's symbolic logic book have sparked a reevaluation of Dodgson's contributions to symbolic logic.<a href="#cite_note-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a> It is recognised that in his Symbolic Logic Part II, Dodgson introduced the Method of Trees, the earliest modern use of a <a href="/wiki/Truth_tree" class="mw-redirect" title="Truth tree">truth tree</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Algebra">Algebra</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Algebra" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <a href="/wiki/David_P._Robbins" title="David P. Robbins">Robbins'</a> and Rumsey's investigation<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dodgson_condensation" title="Dodgson condensation">Dodgson condensation</a>, a method of evaluating <a href="/wiki/Determinant" title="Determinant">determinants</a>, led them to the <a href="/wiki/Alternating_sign_matrix" title="Alternating sign matrix">alternating sign matrix</a> conjecture, now a theorem. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Recreational_mathematics">Recreational mathematics</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Recreational mathematics" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> The discovery in the 1990s of additional ciphers that Dodgson had constructed, in addition to his "Memoria Technica", showed that he had employed sophisticated mathematical ideas in their creation.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(5)"><h2 id="Correspondence">Correspondence</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Correspondence" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-5 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-5"> Dodgson wrote and received as many as 98,721 letters, according to a special letter register which he devised. He documented his advice about how to write more satisfying letters in a missive entitled "<a href="/wiki/Eight_or_Nine_Wise_Words_about_Letter-Writing" title="Eight or Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing">Eight or Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing</a>", published in 1890.<a href="#cite_note-Clark-D-85">[85]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(6)"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Later life" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-6 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-6"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Through_the_looking-glass,_and_what_Alice_found_there_(1917)_(14773105753).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Through_the_looking-glass%2C_and_what_Alice_found_there_%281917%29_%2814773105753%29.jpg/170px-Through_the_looking-glass%2C_and_what_Alice_found_there_%281917%29_%2814773105753%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="208" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1684" data-file-height="2062"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 208px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Through_the_looking-glass%2C_and_what_Alice_found_there_%281917%29_%2814773105753%29.jpg/170px-Through_the_looking-glass%2C_and_what_Alice_found_there_%281917%29_%2814773105753%29.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="208" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Through_the_looking-glass%2C_and_what_Alice_found_there_%281917%29_%2814773105753%29.jpg/255px-Through_the_looking-glass%2C_and_what_Alice_found_there_%281917%29_%2814773105753%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Through_the_looking-glass%2C_and_what_Alice_found_there_%281917%29_%2814773105753%29.jpg/340px-Through_the_looking-glass%2C_and_what_Alice_found_there_%281917%29_%2814773105753%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lewis Carroll in later life</figcaption></figure> Dodgson's existence remained little changed over the last twenty years of his life, despite his growing wealth and fame. He continued to teach at Christ Church until 1881 and remained in residence there until his death. Public appearances included attending the <a href="/wiki/West_End_theatre" title="West End theatre">West End</a> musical <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(musical)" title="Alice in Wonderland (musical)">Alice in Wonderland</a> (the first major live production of his Alice books) at the <a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Theatre" title="Prince of Wales Theatre">Prince of Wales Theatre</a> on 30 December 1886.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> The two volumes of his last novel, <a href="/wiki/Sylvie_and_Bruno" title="Sylvie and Bruno">Sylvie and Bruno</a>, were published in 1889 and 1893, but the intricacy of this work was apparently not appreciated by contemporary readers; it achieved nothing like the success of the Alice books, with disappointing reviews and sales of only 13,000 copies.<a href="#cite_note-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[88]</a> The only known occasion on which he travelled abroad was a trip to Russia in 1867 as an ecclesiastic, together with the Reverend <a href="/wiki/Henry_Liddon" title="Henry Liddon">Henry Liddon</a>. He recounts the travel in his "Russian Journal", which was first commercially published in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-89">[89]</a> On his way to Russia and back, he also saw different cities in Belgium, Germany, partitioned Poland and Lithuania, and France. In his early sixties, Dodgson increasingly suffered from <a href="/wiki/Synovitis" title="Synovitis">synovitis</a> which eventually prevented him walking and sometimes left him bed-ridden for months.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(7)"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Death" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-7 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-7"> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lewis_Carroll_Grave_2015.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lewis_Carroll_Grave_2015.jpg/170px-Lewis_Carroll_Grave_2015.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="181" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="2758" data-file-height="2944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 181px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lewis_Carroll_Grave_2015.jpg/170px-Lewis_Carroll_Grave_2015.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="181" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lewis_Carroll_Grave_2015.jpg/255px-Lewis_Carroll_Grave_2015.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/Lewis_Carroll_Grave_2015.jpg/340px-Lewis_Carroll_Grave_2015.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The grave of Lewis Carroll at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cemetery" title="Mount Cemetery">Mount Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a></figcaption></figure> Dodgson died of <a href="/wiki/Pneumonia" title="Pneumonia">pneumonia</a> following <a href="/wiki/Influenza" title="Influenza">influenza</a> on 14 January 1898 at his sisters' home, "The Chestnuts", in <a href="/wiki/Guildford" title="Guildford">Guildford</a> in the county of Surrey, just four days before the death of Henry Liddell. He was two weeks away from turning 66 years old. His funeral was held at the nearby <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Guildford" title="St Mary's Church, Guildford">St Mary's Church</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> His body was buried at the <a href="/wiki/Mount_Cemetery" title="Mount Cemetery">Mount Cemetery</a> in Guildford.<a href="#cite_note-snaogq-29">[29]</a> He is commemorated at <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Daresbury" title="All Saints' Church, Daresbury">All Saints' Church, Daresbury</a>, in its stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland, erected in 1935.<a href="#cite_note-bklt-92">[92]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(8)"><h2 id="Controversies_and_mysteries">Controversies and mysteries</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Controversies and mysteries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-8 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-8"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Secret_World_of_Lewis_Carroll_(2015)_BBC_documentary">The Secret World of Lewis Carroll (2015) BBC documentary</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: The Secret World of Lewis Carroll (2015) BBC documentary" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> A BBC documentary from 2015, The Secret World of Lewis Carroll,<a href="#cite_note-:4-93">[93]</a> critically examined Dodgson's relationship with Alice Liddell and her sisters. It explored the possibility that Dodgson's rift with the Liddell family (and his temporary suspension from the college) might have been caused by improper relations with their children, including Alice. The research for the documentary found a "disturbing" full frontal nude of Alice's adolescent sister Lorina during filming,<a href="#cite_note-:1-94">[94]</a> and speculated on the "likelihood" of Dodgson taking the photo. However, it was later revealed the timeline for this research had more than met the eye. The photo currently exists in the archives of the <a href="/wiki/Mus%C3%A9e_Cantini" title="Musée Cantini">Musée Cantini</a> in <a href="/wiki/Marseille" title="Marseille">Marseille</a>, and was attributed to Dodgson by a currently unknown hand.<a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> It was subsequently revealed in early 2015 by the Carroll scholar Edward Wakeling that the photo first appeared in the 1970s, when it was owned by Parisian photo collectors. The provenance of the photo's link to Dodgson could be questioned. It was left to the Musée de Cantini. There was no link to Dodgson, and no link to the Liddell family.<a href="#cite_note-:3-96">[96]</a> This was not explained in the documentary. The documentary raised suspicions about Dodgson being a "repressed paedophile",<a href="#cite_note-:4-93">[93]</a> as one of the interviewees, <a href="/wiki/Will_Self" title="Will Self">Will Self</a>, put it. This aspect was leaked to <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Telegraph</a> a week in advance.<a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> When reviewing the documentary, papers sought to link the 19th-century Carroll with 21st-century sexual conduct revelations about recent paedophiles.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> This attempted link could be considered an act of scapegoating inspired by the media's reactions to the UK's early 2010 <a href="/wiki/Operation_Yewtree" title="Operation Yewtree">Yewtree</a> investigations. When problems about the documentary's conduct and research surfaced, <a href="/wiki/The_Times" title="The Times">The Times</a> and The Telegraph reported it.<a href="#cite_note-:5-99">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-:6-100">[100]</a> The material in the documentary has come under intense scrutiny by Carroll scholars, including those such as Jenny Woolf and Edward Wakeling, who appeared in it. Woolf claimed that she was not told of the use of the alleged photo until editing of the documentary was underway.<a href="#cite_note-:2-101">[101]</a> Edward Wakeling's paper/review "Eight or nine wise words on documentary making" <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/details/the-secret-world-of-lewis-carroll-context">[1]</a> appeared in March 2015 as part of the Lewis Carroll society newsletter Bandersnatch. Wakeling also echoed Woolf's assertions that he was not given time to talk about the alleged photo. Wakeling claimed, "The documentary knew I could authenticate [the photo] or not, but they chose to keep it from me as they anticipated my response." Wakeling further criticises in his paper the Cantini photo's authenticity, the BBC's failure to tell participants of the found photo, and several factual errors.<a href="#cite_note-:3-96">[96]</a> Wakeling draws attention to the irregular "trimmed" nature of the photo itself, and no trace of Dodgson's writing. The inscription on the back of the photo, attributed "lewis Carroll" in pencil, "is an unknown hand... so it could have been written by anybody". The photo negative is also missing the personal catalogue number that Dodgson meticulously catalogued his photos under. "[Dodgson's] usual practice was to add a number on the back of any prints which he had developed". Wakeling also points out that Dodgson never made "full frontal studies...particularly a girl as mature as this.. There's no way the Liddells would have allowed a picture of this kind to have been taken."<a href="#cite_note-:3-96">[96]</a> It is currently unknown whether this photo is by Dodgson, nor who wrote the pencil inscription on the back of it and for what reason. The photo was not included in Wakeling's catalogue raisonné of Dodgson's complete surviving photographs <a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> and has remained unused by other subsequent documentaries on Dodgson.<a href="#cite_note-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/BBC_Trust" title="BBC Trust">The BBC Trust</a> later ruled that the documentary could not be shown on UK TV in its current form again, as the BBC failed to tell participants of the photo's appearance during filming or give them time to fully react to it.<a href="#cite_note-:6-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-:5-99">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Speculation_of_sexual_conduct_by_scholars_(1940s_onwards)">Speculation of sexual conduct by scholars (1940s onwards)</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Speculation of sexual conduct by scholars (1940s onwards)" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Late twentieth-century biographers have speculated that Dodgson's interest in children might have had an "erotic" element, including <a href="/wiki/Morton_N._Cohen" title="Morton N. Cohen">Morton N. Cohen</a> in his Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1995),<a href="#cite_note-cohen-166254-104">[104]</a> <a href="/wiki/Donald_Serrell_Thomas" title="Donald Serrell Thomas">Donald Thomas</a> in his Lewis Carroll: A Portrait with Background (1995), and <a href="/wiki/Michael_Bakewell" title="Michael Bakewell">Michael Bakewell</a> in his Lewis Carroll: A Biography (1996).[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Cohen, in particular, speculates that Dodgson's "sexual energies sought unconventional outlets", and further writes: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">We cannot know to what extent sexual urges lay behind Charles's preference for drawing and photographing children in the nude. He contended the preference was entirely aesthetic. But given his emotional attachment to children as well as his aesthetic appreciation of their forms, his assertion that his interest was strictly artistic is naïve. He probably felt more than he dared acknowledge, even to himself.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hatch,_Beatrice_(Lewis_Carroll,_30.07.1873).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hatch%2C_Beatrice_%28Lewis_Carroll%2C_30.07.1873%29.jpg/240px-Hatch%2C_Beatrice_%28Lewis_Carroll%2C_30.07.1873%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="280" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="1290"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 240px;height: 280px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hatch%2C_Beatrice_%28Lewis_Carroll%2C_30.07.1873%29.jpg/240px-Hatch%2C_Beatrice_%28Lewis_Carroll%2C_30.07.1873%29.jpg" data-width="240" data-height="280" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hatch%2C_Beatrice_%28Lewis_Carroll%2C_30.07.1873%29.jpg/360px-Hatch%2C_Beatrice_%28Lewis_Carroll%2C_30.07.1873%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Hatch%2C_Beatrice_%28Lewis_Carroll%2C_30.07.1873%29.jpg/480px-Hatch%2C_Beatrice_%28Lewis_Carroll%2C_30.07.1873%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lewis Carroll photograph of <a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hatch" title="Beatrice Hatch">Beatrice Hatch</a>, colourised on Carroll's instructions</figcaption></figure> Cohen goes on to note that Dodgson "apparently convinced many of his friends that his attachment to the nude female child form was free of any <a href="/wiki/Erotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Erotic">eroticism</a>", but adds that "later generations look beneath the surface" (p. 229). He argues that Dodgson may have wanted to marry the 11-year-old Alice Liddell and that this was the cause of the unexplained "break" with the family in June 1863,<a href="#cite_note-snaogq-29">[29]</a> an event for which other explanations are offered. Biographers Derek Hudson and <a href="/wiki/Roger_Lancelyn_Green" title="Roger Lancelyn Green">Roger Lancelyn Green</a> stop short of identifying Dodgson as a <a href="/wiki/Paedophile" class="mw-redirect" title="Paedophile">paedophile</a> (Green also edited Dodgson's diaries and papers), but they concur that he had a passion for small female children and next to no interest in the adult world.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Catherine Robson refers to Carroll as "the Victorian era's most famous (or infamous) girl lover".<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> Media studies scholar <a href="/wiki/Will_Brooker" title="Will Brooker">Will Brooker</a> points out that perception of Dodgson this way in the 20th century was heavily influenced by <a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud's</a> theories. Brooker considers Dodgson's alleged perversion as a product of its time that outstayed its welcome culturally: <blockquote>The psychoanalytic [Freudian] interpretations of the Alice books in the 1930s were a product of a specific moment and movement... The discourses that I traced in journalism and in some biographies, that Carroll was emotionally arrested, a repressed paedophile, an obsessive, stammering social reject... -- have more to do with our own attitudes to childhood and celebrity than they do to the culture Carroll lived through.<a href="#cite_note-107">[107]</a><a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a></blockquote><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%22Nymph_of_the_Forest%22_Photograph_(1901).png" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%22Nymph_of_the_Forest%22_Photograph_%281901%29.png/220px-%22Nymph_of_the_Forest%22_Photograph_%281901%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="294" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1921" data-file-height="2565"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 294px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%22Nymph_of_the_Forest%22_Photograph_%281901%29.png/220px-%22Nymph_of_the_Forest%22_Photograph_%281901%29.png" data-width="220" data-height="294" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%22Nymph_of_the_Forest%22_Photograph_%281901%29.png/330px-%22Nymph_of_the_Forest%22_Photograph_%281901%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/%22Nymph_of_the_Forest%22_Photograph_%281901%29.png/440px-%22Nymph_of_the_Forest%22_Photograph_%281901%29.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Photograph showing a nude child from <a href="/wiki/The_Australasian" class="mw-redirect" title="The Australasian">The Australasian</a>, 1901. Pictures depicting childhood nudity were considered conventional during the Victorian era<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a></figcaption></figure> Several other writers and scholars have challenged the evidential basis for Cohen's and others' views about Dodgson's potential exploitative behaviour. <a href="/wiki/Hugues_Lebailly" title="Hugues Lebailly">Hugues Lebailly</a> has endeavoured to set Dodgson's child photography within the "Victorian Child Cult", which perceived child nudity as essentially an expression of innocence.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> He claims that Dodgson's diaries contained numerous entries that reveal an appreciation for adult women, as well as their appearance in art and theatre, even "vulgar" entertainment. Dodgson's nieces removed such references from early manuscripts of Dodgson's diaries, but kept references to children, because such appreciation was not controversial at the time. {{citation needed span|date=October 2024|Lebailly claims that studies of child nudes were mainstream and fashionable in Dodgson's time and that most photographers made them as a matter of course, including <a href="/wiki/Oscar_Gustave_Rejlander" title="Oscar Gustave Rejlander">Oscar Gustave Rejlander</a> and <a href="/wiki/Julia_Margaret_Cameron" title="Julia Margaret Cameron">Julia Margaret Cameron</a>. Lebailly continues that child nudes even appeared on Victorian <a href="/wiki/Christmas_card" title="Christmas card">Christmas cards</a>, implying a very different social and aesthetic assessment of such material. Lebailly concludes that it has been an error of Dodgson's biographers to view his child-photography with 20th- or 21st-century eyes, and to have presented it as some form of personal idiosyncrasy, when it was a response to a prevalent aesthetic and philosophical movement of the time.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karoline_Leach" title="Karoline Leach">Karoline Leach</a>'s reappraisal of Dodgson focused in particular on his controversial interest in nude children. She argues that the allegations of paedophilia rose initially from a misunderstanding of Victorian morals, as well as the mistaken idea – fostered by Dodgson's various biographers – that he had no interest in adult women. She termed the traditional image of Dodgson "the Carroll Myth". She drew attention to the large amounts of evidence in his diaries and letters that he was also keenly interested in adult women, married and single, and enjoyed several relationships with them that would have been considered scandalous by the social standards of his time. She also pointed to the fact that many of those whom he described as "child-friends" were girls in their late teens and even twenties.<a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> She argues that suggestions of paedophilia emerged only many years after his death, when his well-meaning family had suppressed all evidence of his relationships with women in an effort to preserve his reputation, thus giving a false impression of a man interested only in little girls. Similarly, Leach points to a 1932 biography by Langford Reed as the source of the dubious claim that many of Carroll's female friendships ended when the girls reached the age of 14.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ordination">Ordination</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Ordination" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> Dodgson had been groomed for the ordained ministry in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> from a very early age, and was expected to be <a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">ordained</a> within four years of obtaining his master's degree as a condition of his residency at Christ Church. He delayed the process for some time but was eventually ordained as a deacon on 22 December 1861, but when the time came a year later to be ordained as a priest, Dodgson appealed to the dean for permission not to proceed. This was against college rules and, initially, Dean Liddell told him that he would have to consult the college ruling body, which would almost certainly have resulted in his being expelled. For unknown reasons, Liddell changed his mind overnight and permitted him to remain at the college in defiance of the rules.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> Dodgson never became a priest, unique among senior students of his time. There is currently no conclusive evidence about why Dodgson rejected the priesthood. Some have suggested that his stammer made him reluctant to take the step because he was afraid of having to preach.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> Wilson quotes letters by Dodgson describing difficulty in reading lessons and prayers rather than preaching in his own words.<a href="#cite_note-116">[116]</a> However Dodgson did indeed preach in later life, even though not in priest's orders, so it seems unlikely that his impediment was a major factor affecting his choice. Wilson also points out that the <a href="/wiki/Bishop_of_Oxford" title="Bishop of Oxford">Bishop of Oxford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Wilberforce" title="Samuel Wilberforce">Samuel Wilberforce</a>, who ordained Dodgson, had strong views against clergy going to the theatre, one of Dodgson's great interests. He was interested in minority forms of Christianity (he was an admirer of <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Denison_Maurice" class="mw-redirect" title="Frederick Denison Maurice">F. D. Maurice</a>) and "alternative" religions (<a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Blavatskian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Blavatskian)">theosophy</a>).<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Dodgson became deeply troubled by an unexplained sense of sin and guilt at this time (the early 1860s), and frequently expressed the view in his diaries that he was a "vile and worthless" sinner, unworthy of the priesthood, and this sense of sin and unworthiness may well have informed his decision to abandon being ordained to the priesthood.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Missing_diaries">Missing diaries</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Missing diaries" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> At least four complete volumes and around seven pages of text are missing from Dodgson's 13 diaries.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> The loss of the volumes remains unexplained; the pages have been removed by an unknown hand. Most scholars assume that the diary material was removed by family members in the interests of preserving the family name, but this has not been proven.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> Except for one page, material is missing from his diaries for the period between 1853 and 1863 (when Dodgson was 21–31 years old).<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> During this period, Dodgson began experiencing great mental and spiritual anguish and confessing to an overwhelming sense of his own sin. This was also the period of time when he composed his extensive love poetry, leading to speculation that the poems were autobiographical.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> Many theories have been put forward to explain the missing material. A popular explanation for one missing page (27 June 1863) is that it might have been torn out to conceal a proposal of marriage on that day by Dodgson to the 11-year-old Alice Liddell. However, there has never been any evidence to suggest this, and a paper suggests evidence to the contrary which was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Karoline_Leach" title="Karoline Leach">Karoline Leach</a> in the Dodgson family archive in 1996.<a href="#cite_note-Cut_Pages-125">[125]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:NOTRS" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:NOTRS">better source needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cutpagesdoc.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Cutpagesdoc.jpg/170px-Cutpagesdoc.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="278" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="389" data-file-height="637"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 170px;height: 278px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Cutpagesdoc.jpg/170px-Cutpagesdoc.jpg" data-width="170" data-height="278" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Cutpagesdoc.jpg/255px-Cutpagesdoc.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/3/3a/Cutpagesdoc.jpg/340px-Cutpagesdoc.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>The "cut pages in diary" document, in the Dodgson family archive in Woking</figcaption></figure> This paper is known as the "cut pages in diary" document. Carroll's nephew Philip Dodgson Jacques reports that he wrote it well after Carroll's death, based on information from his aunts, who destroyed two diary pages, including the one for 27 June 1863. Jacques did not see the pages himself.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> The summary for 27 June states that Mrs. Liddell told Dodgson there was gossip circulating about him and the Liddell family's <a href="/wiki/Governess" title="Governess">governess</a>, as well as about his relationship with "Ina", presumably Alice's older sister Lorina Liddell. The "break" with the Liddell family that occurred soon after was presumably in response to this gossip.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cut_Pages-125">[125]</a> Without evidence, Leach suggests an alternative interpretation; Lorina was also the name of Alice Liddell's mother. What is deemed most crucial and surprising is the document seems to imply that Dodgson's break with the family was not connected with Alice at all. Until a primary source is discovered, the events of 27 June 1863 will remain in doubt; however, a 1930 letter from the younger Lorina Liddell to Alice may shed light on the matter. Reporting an interview with an early Dodgson biographer, she wrote: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I said his manner became too affectionate to you as you grew older, and that mother spoke to him about it, and that offended him so he ceased coming to visit us again – as one had to find some reason for all intercourse ceasing . . . Mr. D used to take you on his knee . . . I did not say that.<a href="#cite_note-128">[128]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Migraine_and_epilepsy">Migraine and epilepsy</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Migraine and epilepsy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> In his diary from 1880, Dodgson recorded experiencing his first episode of <a href="/wiki/Migraine" title="Migraine">migraine</a> with <a href="/wiki/Aura_(symptom)" title="Aura (symptom)">aura</a>, describing very accurately the process of "moving fortifications" that are a manifestation of the aura stage of the syndrome.<a href="#cite_note-w1-129">[129]</a> There is no clear evidence to show whether this was his first experience of migraine per se or he previously had the far more common form of migraine without aura, although the latter seems most likely, given the fact that migraine most commonly develops in the teens or early adulthood. Another form of migraine aura called <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_syndrome" title="Alice in Wonderland syndrome">Alice in Wonderland syndrome</a> has been named after Dodgson's book of the same name and its titular character, because its manifestation can resemble the sudden size-changes in the book. It is also known as <a href="/wiki/Micropsia" title="Micropsia">micropsia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Macropsia" title="Macropsia">macropsia</a>, a brain condition affecting the way that objects are perceived by the mind. For example, an affected person may look at a larger object such as a basketball and perceive it as having the size of a golf ball. Some authors have suggested that Dodgson experienced this type of aura and used it as an inspiration in his work, but there is no evidence that he did.<a href="#cite_note-Migraineand-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a> Dodgson also had two attacks in which he lost consciousness. He was diagnosed by a Dr Morshead, Dr Brooks, and Dr Stedman, and they believed the attack and a consequent attack to be an "epileptiform" seizure (initially thought to be fainting, but Brooks changed his mind). Some have concluded from this that he had this condition for his entire life, but there is no evidence of this in his diaries beyond the diagnosis of the two attacks already mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-w1-129">[129]</a> Some authors, Sadi Ranson in particular, have suggested that Carroll had <a href="/wiki/Temporal_lobe_epilepsy" title="Temporal lobe epilepsy">temporal lobe epilepsy</a> in which consciousness is not always completely lost but altered, and in which the symptoms mimic many of the same experiences as Alice in Wonderland. Carroll had at least one incident in which he suffered full loss of consciousness and awoke with a bloody nose, which he recorded in his diary and noted that the episode left him not feeling himself for "quite sometime afterward". This attack was diagnosed as possibly "epileptiform", and Carroll himself later wrote of his "seizures" in the same diary. Most of the standard diagnostic tests of today were not available in the nineteenth century. Yvonne Hart, consultant neurologist at the <a href="/wiki/John_Radcliffe_Hospital" title="John Radcliffe Hospital">John Radcliffe Hospital</a>, Oxford, considered Dodgson's symptoms. Her conclusion, quoted in Jenny Woolf's 2010 The Mystery of Lewis Carroll, is that Dodgson very likely had migraine and may have had epilepsy, but she emphasises that she would have considerable doubt about making a diagnosis of epilepsy without further information.<a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(9)"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Legacy" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-9 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-9"> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Detail_of_Lewis_Carroll_memorial_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284592.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><noscript><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Detail_of_Lewis_Carroll_memorial_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284592.jpg/220px-Detail_of_Lewis_Carroll_memorial_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284592.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="454"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 220px;height: 156px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Detail_of_Lewis_Carroll_memorial_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284592.jpg/220px-Detail_of_Lewis_Carroll_memorial_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284592.jpg" data-width="220" data-height="156" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Detail_of_Lewis_Carroll_memorial_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284592.jpg/330px-Detail_of_Lewis_Carroll_memorial_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284592.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Detail_of_Lewis_Carroll_memorial_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284592.jpg/440px-Detail_of_Lewis_Carroll_memorial_window_-_geograph.org.uk_-_284592.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a><figcaption>Lewis Carroll memorial window (Mad Hatter, Dormouse and March Hare pictured) at <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Daresbury" title="All Saints' Church, Daresbury">All Saints' Church, Daresbury</a>, Cheshire</figcaption></figure> There are societies in many parts of the world dedicated to the enjoyment and promotion of his works and the investigation of his life.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a> Copenhagen Street in <a href="/wiki/Islington" title="Islington">Islington</a>, north London is the location of the Lewis Carroll Children's Library.<a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a> In 1982, his great-nephew unveiled a memorial stone to him in <a href="/wiki/Poets%27_Corner" title="Poets' Corner">Poets' Corner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westminster_Abbey" title="Westminster Abbey">Westminster Abbey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> In January 1994, an asteroid, <a href="/wiki/6984_Lewiscarroll" class="mw-redirect" title="6984 Lewiscarroll">6984 Lewiscarroll</a>, was discovered and named after Carroll. The Lewis Carroll Centenary Wood near his birthplace in Daresbury opened in 2000.<a href="#cite_note-136">[136]</a> As Carroll was born in All Saints' Vicarage, he is commemorated at <a href="/wiki/All_Saints%27_Church,_Daresbury" title="All Saints' Church, Daresbury">All Saints' Church, Daresbury</a> by stained glass windows depicting characters from Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. The Lewis Carroll Centre, attached to the church, was opened in March 2012.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(10)"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-10 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-10"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literary_works">Literary works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Literary works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>La Guida di Bragia, a Ballad Opera for the Marionette Theatre (around 1850)</li> <li>Miss Jones, comic song (1862)<a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice%27s_Adventures_in_Wonderland" title="Alice's Adventures in Wonderland">Alice's Adventures in Wonderland</a> (1865)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantasmagoria_(poem)" title="Phantasmagoria (poem)">Phantasmagoria and Other Poems</a> (1869)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Through_the_Looking-Glass" title="Through the Looking-Glass">Through the Looking-Glass</a>, and What Alice Found There (includes "<a href="/wiki/Jabberwocky" title="Jabberwocky">Jabberwocky</a>" and "<a href="/wiki/The_Walrus_and_the_Carpenter" title="The Walrus and the Carpenter">The Walrus and the Carpenter</a>") (1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hunting_of_the_Snark" title="The Hunting of the Snark">The Hunting of the Snark</a> (1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantasmagoria_(poem)" title="Phantasmagoria (poem)">Rhyme? And Reason?</a> (1883) – shares some contents with the 1869 collection, including the long poem "Phantasmagoria"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Tangled_Tale" title="A Tangled Tale">A Tangled Tale</a> (1885)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_and_Bruno" title="Sylvie and Bruno">Sylvie and Bruno</a> (1889)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Nursery_%22Alice%22" title='The Nursery "Alice"'>The Nursery "Alice"</a> (1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvie_and_Bruno_Concluded" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvie and Bruno Concluded">Sylvie and Bruno Concluded</a> (1893)</li> <li>Pillow Problems (1893)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/What_the_Tortoise_Said_to_Achilles" title="What the Tortoise Said to Achilles">What the Tortoise Said to Achilles</a> (1895)</li> <li>Three Sunsets and Other Poems (1898)</li> <li> The Manlet (1903)<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mathematical_works">Mathematical works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Mathematical works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li>A Syllabus of Plane Algebraic Geometry (1860)</li> <li>The Fifth Book of Euclid Treated Algebraically (1858 and 1868)</li> <li>An Elementary Treatise on Determinants, With Their Application to Simultaneous Linear Equations and Algebraic Equations</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euclid_and_his_Modern_Rivals" class="mw-redirect" title="Euclid and his Modern Rivals">Euclid and his Modern Rivals</a> (1879), both literary and mathematical in style</li> <li>Symbolic Logic Part I</li> <li>Symbolic Logic Part II (published posthumously)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Alphabet_Cipher" title="The Alphabet Cipher">The Alphabet Cipher</a> (1868)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Game_of_Logic" title="The Game of Logic">The Game of Logic</a> (1887)</li> <li>Curiosa Mathematica I (1888)</li> <li>Curiosa Mathematica II (1892)</li> <li>A discussion of the various methods of procedure in conducting elections (1873), Suggestions as to the best method of taking votes, where more than two issues are to be voted on (1874), A method of taking votes on more than two issues (1876), collected as The Theory of Committees and Elections, edited, analysed, and published in 1958 by Duncan Black</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_works">Other works</h3> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Other works" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/9962213/">Some Popular Fallacies about Vivisection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_or_Nine_Wise_Words_about_Letter-Writing" title="Eight or Nine Wise Words about Letter-Writing">Eight or Nine Wise Words About Letter-Writing</a> (1890)</li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Notes_by_an_Oxford_Chiel">Notes by an Oxford Chiel</a> (1865–74)</li> <li>The Principles of Parliamentary Representation (1884)</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(11)"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-11 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-11"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 28px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="28" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/41px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/55px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/20px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" decoding="async" width="20" height="28" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1115" data-file-height="1536"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 28px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/20px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="28" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/30px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg/41px-Tom_Sawyer_1876_frontispiece.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Children%27s_literature" title="Portal:Children's literature">Children's literature portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll_identity" class="mw-redirect" title="Lewis Carroll identity">Lewis Carroll identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Carroll_Shelf_Award" title="Lewis Carroll Shelf Award">Lewis Carroll Shelf Award</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RGS_Worcester_and_The_Alice_Ottley_School" class="mw-redirect" title="RGS Worcester and The Alice Ottley School">RGS Worcester and The Alice Ottley School</a> – Miss Ottley, the first Headmistress of The Alice Ottley School, was a friend of Lewis Carroll. One of the <a href="/wiki/RGS_Worcester_and_The_Alice_Ottley_School#Houses" class="mw-redirect" title="RGS Worcester and The Alice Ottley School">school's houses</a> was named after him.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carroll_diagram" title="Carroll diagram">Carroll diagram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_a_Story" title="Origins of a Story">Origins of a Story</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_White_Knight_(book)" title="The White Knight (book)">The White Knight</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(12)"><h2 id="References">References</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-12 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-12"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329191009/http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/eventspeopleplaces/societies.html">"Lewis Carroll Societies"</a>. Lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/eventspeopleplaces/societies.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 7 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll+Societies&rft.pub=Lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flewiscarrollsociety.org.uk%2Fpages%2Feventspeopleplaces%2Fsocieties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.charitynavigator.org/index.cfm?bay=search.profile&ein=132904564">Lewis Carroll Society of North America Inc.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326161848/https://www.charitynavigator.org/ein/132904564">Archived</a> 26 March 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Charity Navigator. Retrieved 7 October </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="#Clark">Clark</a>, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <a href="#Collingwood">Collingwood</a>, pp. 6–7 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> Bakewell, Michael (1996). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. London: Heinemann. p. 2. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780434045792" title="Special:BookSources/9780434045792">9780434045792</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <a href="#Collingwood">Collingwood</a>, p. 8 </li> <li id="cite_note-kqihew-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kqihew_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kqihew_7-1">b</a> <a href="#Cohen">Cohen</a>, pp. 30–35 </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCulloch2006" class="citation book cs1">McCulloch, Fiona (2006). "Lewis Carroll". In Kastan, David Scott (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DlMUSz-hiuEC">The Oxford Encyclopedia of British Literature. Vol. 3: Harr—Mirr</a>. Oxford, U.K.: Oxford University Press. p. 386. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195169218" title="Special:BookSources/9780195169218"><bdi>9780195169218</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lewis+Carroll&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Encyclopedia+of+British+Literature.+Vol.+3%3A+Harr%E2%80%94Mirr&rft.place=Oxford%2C+U.K.&rft.pages=386&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9780195169218&rft.aulast=McCulloch&rft.aufirst=Fiona&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDlMUSz-hiuEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Dodgson.html">"Charles Lutwidge Dodgson"</a>. The MacTutor History of Mathematics archive. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110705045009/http://www-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk/Biographies/Dodgson.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 July 2011. Retrieved 8 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+archive&rft.atitle=Charles+Lutwidge+Dodgson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww-history.mcs.st-and.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FDodgson.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="#Cohen">Cohen</a>, pp. 200–202 </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <a href="#Cohen">Cohen</a>, p. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <a href="#Collingwood">Collingwood</a>, pp. 30–31 </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2010" class="citation book cs1">Woolf, Jenny (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteryoflewisca0000wool/page/24">The Mystery of Lewis Carroll: Discovering the Whimsical, Thoughtful, and Sometimes Lonely Man Who Created "Alice in Wonderland"</a>. New York: St. Martin's Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mysteryoflewisca0000wool/page/24">24</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312612986" title="Special:BookSources/9780312612986"><bdi>9780312612986</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+Lewis+Carroll%3A+Discovering+the+Whimsical%2C+Thoughtful%2C+and+Sometimes+Lonely+Man+Who+Created+%22Alice+in+Wonderland%22&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=24&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=9780312612986&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmysteryoflewisca0000wool%2Fpage%2F24&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a href="#Collingwood">Collingwood</a>, p. 29 </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1995" class="citation book cs1">Carroll, Lewis (1995). Wakeling, Edward (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rediscoveredlewi00carr/page/13">Rediscovered Lewis Carroll Puzzles</a>. New York City: <a href="/wiki/Dover_Publications" title="Dover Publications">Dover Publications</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/rediscoveredlewi00carr/page/13">13</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0486288617" title="Special:BookSources/0486288617"><bdi>0486288617</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rediscovered+Lewis+Carroll+Puzzles&rft.place=New+York+City&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0486288617&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frediscoveredlewi00carr%2Fpage%2F13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLovett2005" class="citation book cs1">Lovett, Charlie (2005). Lewis Carroll Among His Books: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Private Library of Charles L. Dodgson. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Company, Inc., Publishers. p. 329. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0786421053" title="Special:BookSources/0786421053"><bdi>0786421053</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll+Among+His+Books%3A+A+Descriptive+Catalogue+of+the+Private+Library+of+Charles+L.+Dodgson&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.pages=329&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.%2C+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0786421053&rft.aulast=Lovett&rft.aufirst=Charlie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <a href="#Clark">Clark</a>, pp. 63–64 </li> <li id="cite_note-clark6465-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-clark6465_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-clark6465_18-1">b</a> <a href="#Clark">Clark</a>, pp. 64–65 </li> <li id="cite_note-collingwood52-19"><a href="#cite_ref-collingwood52_19-0">^</a> <a href="#Collingwood">Collingwood</a>, p. 52 </li> <li id="cite_note-clark74-20"><a href="#cite_ref-clark74_20-0">^</a> <a href="#Clark">Clark</a>, p. 74 </li> <li id="cite_note-collingwood57-21"><a href="#cite_ref-collingwood57_21-0">^</a> <a href="#Collingwood">Collingwood</a>, p. 57 </li> <li id="cite_note-wilson-22"><a href="#cite_ref-wilson_22-0">^</a> <a href="#Wilson">Wilson</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen51-23"><a href="#cite_ref-cohen51_23-0">^</a> <a href="#Cohen">Cohen</a>, p. 51 </li> <li id="cite_note-clark79-24"><a href="#cite_ref-clark79_24-0">^</a> <a href="#Clark">Clark</a>, p. 79 </li> <li id="cite_note-frw41-25"><a href="#cite_ref-frw41_25-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFloodRiceWilson2011" class="citation book cs1">Flood, Raymond; Rice, Adrian; <a href="/wiki/Robin_Wilson_(mathematician)" title="Robin Wilson (mathematician)">Wilson, Robin</a> (2011). Mathematics in Victorian Britain. Oxfordshire, England: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960139-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-960139-4"><bdi>978-0-19-960139-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/721931689">721931689</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+in+Victorian+Britain&rft.place=Oxfordshire%2C+England&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F721931689&rft.isbn=978-0-19-960139-4&rft.aulast=Flood&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Rice%2C+Adrian&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cohen414-6-26"><a href="#cite_ref-cohen414-6_26-0">^</a> <a href="#Cohen">Cohen</a>, pp. 414–416 </li> <li id="cite_note-ekfvyz-27">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ekfvyz_27-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ekfvyz_27-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ekfvyz_27-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ekfvyz_27-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ekfvyz_27-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ekfvyz_27-5">f</a> <a href="#Leach">Leach</a>, Ch. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <a href="#Leach">Leach</a>, p. 91 </li> <li id="cite_note-snaogq-29">^ <a href="#cite_ref-snaogq_29-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snaogq_29-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snaogq_29-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snaogq_29-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snaogq_29-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snaogq_29-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snaogq_29-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snaogq_29-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snaogq_29-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snaogq_29-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-snaogq_29-10">k</a> <a href="#Cohen">Cohen</a>, pp. 100–4 </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2000" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Martin (2000). Introduction to The annotated Alice: Alice's adventures in Wonderland & Through the looking glass. W. W. Norton & Company. p. xv. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-02962-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-02962-6"><bdi>0-517-02962-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+The+annotated+Alice%3A+Alice%27s+adventures+in+Wonderland+%26+Through+the+looking+glass&rft.pages=xv&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton+%26+Company&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-517-02962-6&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner2009" class="citation book cs1">Gardner, Martin (2009). Introduction to Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass. Oxford University Press. p. xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-02962-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-02962-6"><bdi>978-0-517-02962-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Alice%27s+Adventures+in+Wonderland+and+Through+the+Looking-Glass&rft.pages=xvi&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-517-02962-6&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <a href="#Collingwood">Collingwood</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <a href="#Collingwood">Collingwood</a>, Chapter IX </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHayness1982" class="citation book cs1">Hayness, Renée (1982). The Society for Psychical Research, 1882–1982 A History. London: Macdonald & Co. pp. 13–14. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-356-07875-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-356-07875-2"><bdi>0-356-07875-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Society+for+Psychical+Research%2C+1882%E2%80%931982+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pages=13-14&rft.pub=Macdonald+%26+Co&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-356-07875-2&rft.aulast=Hayness&rft.aufirst=Ren%C3%A9e&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll1895" class="citation journal cs1">Carroll, L. (1895). "What the Tortoise Said to Achilles". Mind. 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Lewis Carroll Society of North America. pp. vii–xvi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930326-15-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930326-15-9"><bdi>978-0-930326-15-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Introduction&rft.btitle=La+Guida+Di+Bragia%2C+a+Ballad+Opera+for+the+Marionette+Theatre&rft.pages=vii-xvi&rft.pub=Lewis+Carroll+Society+of+North+America&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-930326-15-9&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Peter+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Roger Lancelyn Green <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/97087/Lewis-Carroll">On-line Encyclopædia Britannica</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150509134200/https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/97087/Lewis-Carroll">Archived</a> 9 May 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <a href="#Thomas">Thomas</a>, p. 129 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Cohen, Morton N. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539619-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539619-5"><bdi>978-0-19-539619-5</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/641525313">641525313</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Alice+Behind+Wonderland&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F641525313&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539619-5&rft.aulast=Winchester&rft.aufirst=Simon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Falicebehindwonde0000winc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ulsdnc-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ulsdnc_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ulsdnc_43-1">b</a> <a href="#Leach">Leach</a>, Ch. 4 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Gardner, Martin (2000). "The Annotated Alice. The Definitive Edition". New York: W.W. Norton. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Heath, Peter (1974). "The Philosopher's Alice". New York: St. Martin's Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/opinion/07bayley.html">"Algebra in Wonderland"</a>. The New York Times. 7 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100312005347/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/07/opinion/07bayley.html">Archived</a> from the original on 12 March 2010. Retrieved 10 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Algebra+in+Wonderland&rft.date=2010-03-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2010%2F03%2F07%2Fopinion%2F07bayley.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBayley" class="citation web cs1">Bayley, Melanie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427391-600-alices-adventures-in-algebra-wonderland-solved/">"Alice's adventures in algebra: Wonderland solved"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_Scientist" title="New Scientist">New Scientist</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220125021119/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg20427391-600-alices-adventures-in-algebra-wonderland-solved/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 January 2022. 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English Language Notes. 34 (2): 63–74. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-8282">0013-8282</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=English+Language+Notes&rft.atitle=The+Unpronounceables%3A+Difficult+Literary+Names+1500%E2%80%931940&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=63-74&rft.date=1996&rft.issn=0013-8282&rft.aulast=Emerson&rft.aufirst=R.+H.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdirect.bl.uk%2Fbld%2FPlaceOrder.do%3FUIN%3D018450859%26ETOC%3DRN%26from%3Dsearchengine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="GALE|K2426100062" class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/bic1/BiographiesDetailsPage/BiographiesDetailsWindow?failOverType=&query=&prodId=BIC1&windowstate=normal&contentModules=&display-query=&mode=view&displayGroupName=Biographies&limiter=&currPage=&disableHighlighting=false&displayGroups=&sortBy=&search_within_results=&p=BIC1&action=e&catId=&activityType=&scanId=&documentId=GALE%7CK2426100062&u=auctr_woodruff&jsid=f73c45d86f11cc875823894fd10f3e65">"Lewis Carroll"</a>. Biography in Context. Gale. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326161901/https://galeapps.gale.com/apps/auth?userGroupName=auctr_woodruff&origURL=https%3A%2F%2Fgo.gale.com%2Fps%2Fi.do%3Fu%3Dauctr_woodruff%26v%3D2.1%26it%3Dr%26id%3DGALE%257CK2426100062%26p%3DBIC%26xp%3D&prodId=BIC">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biography+in+Context&rft.atitle=Lewis+Carroll&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fic.galegroup.com%2Fic%2Fbic1%2FBiographiesDetailsPage%2FBiographiesDetailsWindow%3FfailOverType%3D%26query%3D%26prodId%3DBIC1%26windowstate%3Dnormal%26contentModules%3D%26display-query%3D%26mode%3Dview%26displayGroupName%3DBiographies%26limiter%3D%26currPage%3D%26disableHighlighting%3Dfalse%26displayGroups%3D%26sortBy%3D%26search_within_results%3D%26p%3DBIC1%26action%3De%26catId%3D%26activityType%3D%26scanId%3D%26documentId%3DGALE%257CK2426100062%26u%3Dauctr_woodruff%26jsid%3Df73c45d86f11cc875823894fd10f3e65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <a href="#Wilson">Wilson</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-hhgg-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hhgg_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-hhgg_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A4462670">"Lewis Carroll – Logician, Nonsense Writer, Mathematician and Photographer"</a>. The Hitchhiker's Guide to the Galaxy. BBC. 26 August 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090203032616/http://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A4462670">Archived</a> from the original on 3 February 2009. Retrieved 12 February 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hitchhiker%27s+Guide+to+the+Galaxy&rft.atitle=Lewis+Carroll+%E2%80%93+Logician%2C+Nonsense+Writer%2C+Mathematician+and+Photographer&rft.date=2005-08-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fdna%2Fh2g2%2FA4462670&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDodgson1896" class="citation book cs1">Dodgson, Charles (1896). Symbolic Logic.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Symbolic+Logic&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Dodgson&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrong1932" class="citation news cs1">Strong, T. B. (27 January 1932). "Mr. Dodgson: Lewis Carroll at Oxford". [The Times].</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%5BThe+Times%5D&rft.atitle=Mr.+Dodgson%3A+Lewis+Carroll+at+Oxford&rft.date=1932-01-27&rft.aulast=Strong&rft.aufirst=T.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.snopes.com/language/literary/carroll.asp">"Fit for a Queen"</a>. Snopes. 26 March 1999. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220326161856/https://www.snopes.com/fact-check/alice-in-wonderland-queen-victoria/">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2022. Retrieved 25 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fit+for+a+Queen&rft.pub=Snopes&rft.date=1999-03-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.snopes.com%2Flanguage%2Fliterary%2Fcarroll.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2009" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Morton (24 June 2009). Introduction to "Alice in Wonderland and Through the Looking-Glass". <a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-553-21345-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-553-21345-4"><bdi>978-0-553-21345-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+%22Alice+in+Wonderland+and+Through+the+Looking-Glass%22&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=2009-06-24&rft.isbn=978-0-553-21345-4&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Morton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hark_the_Snark-57"><a href="#cite_ref-Hark_the_Snark_57-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen,_Morton_N.1976" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Morton N. (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewiscarrollobse00guil/page/92">"Hark the Snark"</a>. In Guilano, Edward (ed.). Lewis Carroll Observed. New York: Clarkson N. Potter, Inc. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewiscarrollobse00guil/page/92">92–110</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-52497-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-52497-X"><bdi>0-517-52497-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hark+the+Snark&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll+Observed&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=92-110&rft.pub=Clarkson+N.+Potter%2C+Inc&rft.date=1976&rft.isbn=0-517-52497-X&rft.au=Cohen%2C+Morton+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flewiscarrollobse00guil%2Fpage%2F92&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dodgson_handbook-58"><a href="#cite_ref-Dodgson_handbook_58-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliamsMadan1979" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Sidney Herbert; Madan, Falconer (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewiscarrollhand00will_0/page/68">Handbook of the literature of the Rev. C.L. Dodgson</a>. <a href="/wiki/Folkestone,_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Folkestone, England">Folkestone</a>, England: Dawson. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewiscarrollhand00will_0/page/68">68</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780712909068" title="Special:BookSources/9780712909068"><bdi>9780712909068</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/5754676">5754676</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+the+literature+of+the+Rev.+C.L.+Dodgson&rft.place=Folkestone%2C+England&rft.pages=68&rft.pub=Dawson&rft.date=1979&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F5754676&rft.isbn=9780712909068&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Sidney+Herbert&rft.au=Madan%2C+Falconer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flewiscarrollhand00will_0%2Fpage%2F68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Listing_&_Translations-59"><a href="#cite_ref-Listing_&_Translations_59-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenarce,_Selwyn2006" class="citation book cs1">Greenarce, Selwyn (2006) [1876]. "The Listing of the Snark". In <a href="/wiki/Martin_Gardner" title="Martin Gardner">Martin Gardner</a> (ed.). The Annotated Hunting of the Snark (Definitive ed.). W. W. Norton. pp. 117–147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-393-06242-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-393-06242-2"><bdi>0-393-06242-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Listing+of+the+Snark&rft.btitle=The+Annotated+Hunting+of+the+Snark&rft.pages=117-147&rft.edition=Definitive&rft.pub=W.+W.+Norton&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-393-06242-2&rft.au=Greenarce%2C+Selwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <a href="#Clark">Clark</a>, p. 93 </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFElliott2017" class="citation web cs1">Elliott, Sarah K. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/roadshow/stories/articles/2017/2/6/understanding-concerns-about-lewis-carroll">"Understanding Concerns About Lewis Carroll"</a>. Antiques Roadshow | PBS. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Antiques+Roadshow+%7C+PBS&rft.atitle=Understanding+Concerns+About+Lewis+Carroll&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Elliott&rft.aufirst=Sarah+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.pbs.org%2Fwgbh%2Froadshow%2Fstories%2Farticles%2F2017%2F2%2F6%2Funderstanding-concerns-about-lewis-carroll&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylorWakeling2002" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Roger; Wakeling, Edward (25 February 2002). Lewis Carroll, Photographer. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07443-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-07443-6"><bdi>978-0-691-07443-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll%2C+Photographer&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2002-02-25&rft.isbn=978-0-691-07443-6&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=Roger&rft.au=Wakeling%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Cohen, Morton (1999). "Reflections in a Looking Glass." New York: Aperture. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <a href="#Thomas">Thomas</a>, p. 116 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2016" class="citation book cs1">Smith, Lindsay (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scribd.com/document/369549917/Lewis-Carroll-Photography-on-the-Move">Lewis Carroll - Photography On The Move</a>. REAKTION BOOKS. p. 191. Retrieved 20 March 2024. <q>From 1877 Carroll adopted his annual habit of listing children associated with the summer season at the Sussex resort: 'my child friends this year at Eastbourne have been'. Thus, for example, on 14 October 1880, the list appears as follows: Ida, Elise, and Stella Balthasar Mary Hawtrey Maggie, Beatrice and Charlie Hare Maggie Spearman Annie and Agnes Macwilliams Nellie, Katie, and Phyllis Godby Lily Alice Godfrey Helen Cowie Fanny Wood ( VII , 305</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll+-+Photography+On+The+Move&rft.pages=191&rft.pub=REAKTION+BOOKS&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdocument%2F369549917%2FLewis-Carroll-Photography-on-the-Move&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#Thomas">Thomas</a>, p. 265 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeling1998" class="citation book cs1">Wakeling, Edward (1998). "Lewis Carroll's Photography". An Exhibition From the Jon A. Lindseth Collection of C. L. Dodgson and Lewis Carroll. New York, NY: The Grolier Club. pp. 55–67. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-910672-23-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-910672-23-7"><bdi>0-910672-23-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lewis+Carroll%27s+Photography&rft.btitle=An+Exhibition+From+the+Jon+A.+Lindseth+Collection+of+C.+L.+Dodgson+and+Lewis+Carroll&rft.place=New+York%2C+NY&rft.pages=55-67&rft.pub=The+Grolier+Club&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=0-910672-23-7&rft.aulast=Wakeling&rft.aufirst=Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRougeau2005" class="citation journal cs1">Rougeau, R. Nichole (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nla.gov.au/catalog/2017889">"Alice's shadow: childhood and agency in Lewis Carroll's photography, illustrations, and Alice texts"</a>. Louisiana State University - Scholarly Repository. Retrieved 19 March 2023. <q>By altering his photographs through blurring techniques or by painting over them, a practice new to the nineteenth century, Carroll exerts his agency of this craft by literally rewriting the text created by the image to produce a new dialogue about childhood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+State+University+-+Scholarly+Repository&rft.atitle=Alice%27s+shadow%3A+childhood+and+agency+in+Lewis+Carroll%27s+photography%2C+illustrations%2C+and+Alice+texts&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Rougeau&rft.aufirst=R.+Nichole&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcatalogue.nla.gov.au%2Fcatalog%2F2017889&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> Flodden W. Heron, "Lewis Carroll, Inventor of Postage Stamp Case" in Stamps, vol. 26, no. 12, 25 March 1939 </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120321063623/http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/eventspeopleplaces/inspired/stamps.html">"Carroll Related Stamps"</a>. The Lewis Carroll Society. 28 April 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/eventspeopleplaces/inspired/stamps.html">the original</a> on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 10 March 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Carroll+Related+Stamps&rft.pub=The+Lewis+Carroll+Society&rft.date=2005-04-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flewiscarrollsociety.org.uk%2Fpages%2Feventspeopleplaces%2Finspired%2Fstamps.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Everson" title="Michael Everson">Everson, Michael</a>. (2011) "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland: An edition printed in the Nyctographic Square Alphabet devised by Lewis Carroll". Foreword by Alan Tannenbaum, Éire: Cathair na Mart. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904808-78-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904808-78-7">978-1-904808-78-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGardner" class="citation news cs1">Gardner, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3620349">"Word Ladders: Lewis Carroll's Doublets"</a>. Vol. 80, no. 487, Centenary Issue (Mar. 1996). The Mathematical Gazette. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3620349">3620349</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210420093226/https://www.jstor.org/stable/3620349">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2021. Retrieved 22 March 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Word+Ladders%3A+Lewis+Carroll%27s+Doublets&rft.volume=80&rft.issue=487%2C+Centenary+Issue+%28Mar.+1996%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3620349%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Gardner&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3620349&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeanna_Haunsperger,_Stephen_Kennedy2006" class="citation book cs1">Deanna Haunsperger, Stephen Kennedy (31 July 2006). 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(April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/uni/summary/v034/34.2.clark.html">"The Place of Lewis Carroll in Children's Literature (review)"</a>. The Lion and the Unicorn. 34 (2): 253–258. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Funi.0.0495">10.1353/uni.0.0495</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:143924225">143924225</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304211925/http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/uni/summary/v034/34.2.clark.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 March 2016. 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Oxford University Press. p. 657. <q>Dec. 30th.—To London with M—, and took her to "<a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland_(musical)" title="Alice in Wonderland (musical)">Alice in Wonderland</a>," Mr. Savile Clarke's play at the Prince of Wales's Theatre... as a whole, the play seems a success.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Letters+of+Lewis+Carroll%2C+Volumes+1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=657&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Lewis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Angelica Shirley Carpenter (2002). Lewis Carroll: Through the Looking Glass. Lerner. p. 98.<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0822500735" title="Special:BookSources/978-0822500735">978-0822500735</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristensen1991" class="citation web cs1">Christensen, Thomas (23 April 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rightreading.com/writing/dodgsons-dodges.htm">"Dodgson's Dodges"</a>. rightreading.com. San Francisco, California. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110715184450/http://www.rightreading.com/writing/dodgsons-dodges.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 15 July 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rightreading.com&rft.atitle=Dodgson%27s+Dodges&rft.date=1991-04-23&rft.aulast=Christensen&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rightreading.com%2Fwriting%2Fdodgsons-dodges.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090220131026/http://www.lewiscarroll.org/works.html">"Chronology of Works of Lewis Carroll"</a>. 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"Lewis Carroll's migraine experiences". <a href="/wiki/The_Lancet" title="The Lancet">The Lancet</a>. 353 (9161): 1366. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2974368-3">10.1016/S0140-6736(05)74368-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10218566">10218566</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5082284">5082284</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet&rft.atitle=Lewis+Carroll%27s+migraine+experiences&rft.volume=353&rft.issue=9161&rft.pages=1366&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5082284%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10218566&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2805%2974368-3&rft.aulast=Podoll&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Robinson%2C+D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWoolf2010" class="citation book cs1">Woolf, Jenny (4 February 2010). The Mystery of Lewis Carroll. <a href="/wiki/St._Martin%27s_Press" title="St. Martin's Press">St. Martin's Press</a>. pp. 298–9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-67371-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-67371-0"><bdi>978-0-312-67371-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mystery+of+Lewis+Carroll&rft.pages=298-9&rft.pub=St.+Martin%27s+Press&rft.date=2010-02-04&rft.isbn=978-0-312-67371-0&rft.aulast=Woolf&rft.aufirst=Jenny&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160329191009/http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/eventspeopleplaces/societies.html">"Lewis Carroll Societies"</a>. Lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/pages/eventspeopleplaces/societies.html">the original</a> on 29 March 2016. Retrieved 12 September 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll+Societies&rft.pub=Lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flewiscarrollsociety.org.uk%2Fpages%2Feventspeopleplaces%2Fsocieties.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150403033148/http://www.designbybeam.com/environment/lewis-carroll-library-3">"'A most curious thing' / Lewis Carroll Library"</a>. designbybeam.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.designbybeam.com/environment/lewis-carroll-library-3/">the original</a> on 3 April 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%27A+most+curious+thing%27+%2F+Lewis+Carroll+Library&rft.pub=designbybeam.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.designbybeam.com%2Fenvironment%2Flewis-carroll-library-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/18/arts/lewis-carroll-is-honored-on-150th-birthday.html">"Lewis Carroll is honored on 150th birthday"</a>. The New York Times. 18 December 1982. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150505005343/http://www.nytimes.com/1982/12/18/arts/lewis-carroll-is-honored-on-150th-birthday.html">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2015. Retrieved 30 January 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Lewis+Carroll+is+honored+on+150th+birthday&rft.date=1982-12-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1982%2F12%2F18%2Farts%2Flewis-carroll-is-honored-on-150th-birthday.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/visiting-woods/woods/lewis-carroll-centenary-wood/">"Lewis Carroll Centenary Wood near Daresbury Runcorn"</a>. Woodland Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200805140101/https://www.woodlandtrust.org.uk/visiting-woods/woods/lewis-carroll-centenary-wood/">Archived</a> from the original on 5 August 2020. Retrieved 27 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Woodland+Trust&rft.atitle=Lewis+Carroll+Centenary+Wood+near+Daresbury+Runcorn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.woodlandtrust.org.uk%2Fvisiting-woods%2Fwoods%2Flewis-carroll-centenary-wood%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lewiscarrollcentre.org.uk/about-us/">About Us</a>, Lewis Carroll Centre & All Saints Daresbury PCC, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120414215727/http://lewiscarrollcentre.org.uk/about-us">archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2012, retrieved 11 April 2012</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Lewis+Carroll+Centre+%26+All+Saints+Daresbury+PCC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flewiscarrollcentre.org.uk%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> The Carrollian. Lewis Carroll Society. Issue 7–8. p. 7. 2001: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k6HyAAAAMAAJ">"In 1862 when Lewis Carroll sent to Yates the manuscript of the words of a 'melancholy song', entitled 'Miss Jones', he hoped that it would be published and performed by a comedian on a London music-hall stage."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804040749/https://books.google.com/books?id=k6HyAAAAMAAJ">Archived</a> 4 August 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> The Hunting of the Snark and Other Poems and Verses, New York: Harper & Brothers, 1903 </li> </ol></div></div> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(13)"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Bibliography" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-13 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-13"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Clark" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Ann (1979). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. London: J. M. Dent. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-460-04302-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-460-04302-1"><bdi>0-460-04302-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll%3A+A+Biography&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.+M.+Dent&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-460-04302-1&rft.au=Clark%2C+Ann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Cohen" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Morton (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewiscarroll00mort/page/30">Lewis Carroll: A Biography</a>. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lewiscarroll00mort/page/30">30–35</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-679-74562-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-679-74562-9"><bdi>0-679-74562-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll%3A+A+Biography&rft.pages=30-35&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-679-74562-9&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Morton&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flewiscarroll00mort%2Fpage%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Collingwood" class="citation book cs1">Collingwood, Stuart Dodgson (1898). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gutenberg.org/files/11483/11483-h/11483-h.htm">The Life and Letters of Lewis Carroll</a>. London: T. Fisher Unwin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Letters+of+Lewis+Carroll&rft.place=London&rft.pub=T.+Fisher+Unwin&rft.date=1898&rft.au=Collingwood%2C+Stuart+Dodgson&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F11483%2F11483-h%2F11483-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li class="mw-empty-elt"> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Leach" class="citation book cs1">Leach, Karoline (1999). <a href="/wiki/In_the_Shadow_of_the_Dreamchild:_A_New_Understanding_of_Lewis_Carroll" class="mw-redirect" title="In the Shadow of the Dreamchild: A New Understanding of Lewis Carroll">In the Shadow of the Dreamchild: A New Understanding of Lewis Carroll</a>. London: Peter Owen.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+the+Shadow+of+the+Dreamchild%3A+A+New+Understanding+of+Lewis+Carroll&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Peter+Owen&rft.date=1999&rft.au=Leach%2C+Karoline&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Pizzati, Giovanni: "An Endless Procession of People in Masquerade". Figure piane in Alice in Wonderland. 1993, Cagliari.</li> <li>Reed, Langford: The Life of Lewis Carroll (1932. London: W. and G. Foyle)</li> <li>Taylor, Alexander L., Knight: The White Knight (1952. Edinburgh: Oliver and Boyd)</li> <li>Taylor, Roger & Wakeling, Edward: Lewis Carroll, Photographer. 2002. <a href="/wiki/Princeton_University_Press" title="Princeton University Press">Princeton University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-691-07443-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-691-07443-7">0-691-07443-7</a>. (Catalogues nearly every Carroll photograph known to be still in existence.)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Thomas" class="citation book cs1">Thomas, Donald (1996). Lewis Carroll: A Biography. Barnes and Noble, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1232-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7607-1232-0"><bdi>978-0-7607-1232-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll%3A+A+Biography&rft.pub=Barnes+and+Noble%2C+Inc&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-7607-1232-0&rft.aulast=Thomas&rft.aufirst=Donald&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="Wilson" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robin_Wilson_(mathematician)" title="Robin Wilson (mathematician)">Wilson, Robin</a> (2008). Lewis Carroll in Numberland: His Fantastical Mathematical Logical Life. London: Allen Lane. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9757-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7139-9757-6"><bdi>978-0-7139-9757-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll+in+Numberland%3A+His+Fantastical+Mathematical+Logical+Life&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-7139-9757-6&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Robin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Woolf, Jenny: The Mystery of Lewis Carroll. 2010. New York: St Martin's Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-312-61298-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-312-61298-6">978-0-312-61298-6</a></li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(14)"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-14 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-14"> <ul><li>Black, Duncan (1958). The Circumstances in which Rev. C. L. Dodgson (Lewis Carroll) wrote his Three Pamphlets and Appendix: Text of Dodgson's Three Pamphlets and of 'The Cyclostyled Sheet' in The Theory of Committees and Elections, Cambridge: <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman1899" class="citation book cs1">Bowman, Isa (1899). The Story of Lewis Carroll: Told for Young People by the Real Alice in Wonderland, Miss Isa Bowman. London: J.M. Dent & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Story+of+Lewis+Carroll%3A+Told+for+Young+People+by+the+Real+Alice+in+Wonderland%2C+Miss+Isa+Bowman&rft.place=London&rft.pub=J.M.+Dent+%26+Co&rft.date=1899&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Isa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Brooker, Will (2004). Alice's adventures: Lewis Carroll in Popular Culture. New York: Continuum Books.</li> <li>Carroll, Lewis: The Annotated Alice: 150th Anniversary Deluxe Edition. Illustrated by John Tenniel. Edited by Martin Gardner & Mark Burstein. W. W. Norton. 2015. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24543-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-393-24543-1">978-0-393-24543-1</a></li> <li>Dodgson, Charles L.: Euclid and His Modern Rivals. Macmillan. 1879.</li> <li>Dodgson, Charles L.: The Pamphlets of Lewis Carroll <ul><li>Vol. 1: The Oxford Pamphlets. 1993. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8139-1250-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-8139-1250-4">0-8139-1250-4</a></li> <li>Vol. 2: The Mathematical Pamphlets. 1994. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-9303-26-09-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-9303-26-09-1">0-9303-26-09-1</a></li> <li>Vol. 3: The Political Pamphlets. 2001. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-930326-14-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-930326-14-8">0-930326-14-8</a></li> <li>Vol. 4: The Logic Pamphlets. 2010 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-930326-25-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-930326-25-8">978-0-930326-25-8</a>.</li></ul></li> <li>Douglas-Fairhurst, Robert (2016). The Story of Alice: Lewis Carroll and the Secret History of Wonderland. Harvard University Press. ISBN 9780674970762.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoodacre2006" class="citation book cs1">Goodacre, Selwyn (2006). All the Snarks: The Illustrated Editions of the Hunting of the Snark. Oxford: Inky Parrot Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Snarks%3A+The+Illustrated+Editions+of+the+Hunting+of+the+Snark&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Inky+Parrot+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Goodacre&rft.aufirst=Selwyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGraham-Smith2005" class="citation thesis cs1">Graham-Smith, Darien (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.bangor.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/contextualising-carroll--the-contradiction-of-science-and-religion-in-the-life-and-works-of-lewis-carroll(363ac769-aa1b-40d2-bb35-c5152c83fdab).html">Contextualising Carroll : the contradiction of science and religion in the life and works of Lewis Carroll</a> (Ph.D.). Bangor: University of Wales.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Contextualising+Carroll+%3A+the+contradiction+of+science+and+religion+in+the+life+and+works+of+Lewis+Carroll&rft.inst=University+of+Wales&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Graham-Smith&rft.aufirst=Darien&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.bangor.ac.uk%2Fportal%2Fen%2Ftheses%2Fcontextualising-carroll--the-contradiction-of-science-and-religion-in-the-life-and-works-of-lewis-carroll%28363ac769-aa1b-40d2-bb35-c5152c83fdab%29.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Guiliano" title="Edward Guiliano">Edward Guiliano</a> (1982). Lewis Carroll, a Celebration: Essays on the Occasion of the 150th Anniversary of the Birth of Charles Lutwidge Dodgson, C. N. Potter, London.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeling,_Edward2015" class="citation journal cs1">Wakeling, Edward (March 2015). Fulcher, Lindsay (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.org/details/the-secret-world-of-lewis-carroll-context">"Eight or Nine wise words on Documentary-making"</a>. Bandersnatch: The Newsletter of the Lewis Carroll Society (166): 16–20. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0306-8404">0306-8404</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bandersnatch%3A+The+Newsletter+of+the+Lewis+Carroll+Society&rft.atitle=Eight+or+Nine+wise+words+on+Documentary-making&rft.issue=166&rft.pages=16-20&rft.date=2015-03&rft.issn=0306-8404&rft.au=Wakeling%2C+Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fthe-secret-world-of-lewis-carroll-context&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huxley,_Francis" class="mw-redirect" title="Huxley, Francis">Huxley, Francis</a>: The Raven and the Writing Desk. 1976. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-012113-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-012113-0">0-06-012113-0</a>.</li> <li>Kelly, Richard: Lewis Carroll. 1990. Boston: Twayne Publishers.</li> <li>Kelly, Richard (ed.): Alice's Adventures in Wonderland. 2000. Peterborough, Ontario: Broadviewpress.</li> <li>Lakoff, Robin T.: Lewis Carroll: Subversive Pragmaticist. 2022. Pragmatics : Quarterly Publication of the International Pragmatics Association, pp. 367–85</li> <li>Lovett, Charlie: Lewis Carroll Among His Books: A Descriptive Catalogue of the Private Library of Charles L. Dodgson. 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7864-2105-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7864-2105-3">0-7864-2105-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joanna_Richardson" title="Joanna Richardson">Richardson, Joanna</a>: The Young Lewis Carroll. London: Max Parrish, 1963.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWaggoner,_Diane2020" class="citation book cs1">Waggoner, Diane (2020). Lewis Carroll's Photography and Modern Childhood. Princeton: Princeton University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19318-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-691-19318-2"><bdi>978-0-691-19318-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lewis+Carroll%27s+Photography+and+Modern+Childhood&rft.place=Princeton&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-0-691-19318-2&rft.au=Waggoner%2C+Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakeling,_Edward2015" class="citation book cs1">Wakeling, Edward (2015). The Photographs of Lewis Carroll: A Catalogue Raisonné. Austin: University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76743-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-292-76743-0"><bdi>978-0-292-76743-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Photographs+of+Lewis+Carroll%3A+A+Catalogue+Raisonn%C3%A9&rft.place=Austin&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-0-292-76743-0&rft.au=Wakeling%2C+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Wullschl%C3%A4ger" title="Jackie Wullschläger">Wullschläger, Jackie</a>: Inventing Wonderland. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-2892-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-2892-8">0-7432-2892-8</a>. – Also looks at <a href="/wiki/Edward_Lear" title="Edward Lear">Edward Lear</a> (of the "nonsense" verses), <a href="/wiki/J._M._Barrie" title="J. M. Barrie">J. M. Barrie</a> (<a href="/wiki/Peter_Pan" title="Peter Pan">Peter Pan</a>), <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Grahame" title="Kenneth Grahame">Kenneth Grahame</a> (<a href="/wiki/The_Wind_in_the_Willows" title="The Wind in the Willows">The Wind in the Willows</a>), and <a href="/wiki/A._A._Milne" title="A. A. Milne">A. A. Milne</a> (<a href="/wiki/Winnie-the-Pooh" title="Winnie-the-Pooh">Winnie-the-Pooh</a>).</li> <li>N.N.: Dreaming in Pictures: The Photography of Lewis Carroll. <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Press" title="Yale University Press">Yale University Press</a> & SFMOMA, 2004. (Places Carroll firmly in the <a href="/wiki/Art_photography" class="mw-redirect" title="Art photography">art photography</a> tradition.)</li> <li>Over the years, many retellings of Lewis Carroll's <a href="/wiki/Alice_in_Wonderland" class="mw-redirect" title="Alice in Wonderland">Alice in Wonderland</a>. This includes examples like: Alice in Zombieland by <a href="/wiki/Gena_Showalter" title="Gena Showalter">Gena Showalter</a>.</li> <li>Schütze, Franziska: Disney in Wonderland: A Comparative Analysis of Disney's Alice in Wonderland Film Adaptations from 1951 and 2010</li></ul> </section><div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(15)"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2> <a role="button" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> edit </a> </div><section class="mf-section-15 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-15"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250146164">.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow{padding:0.75em 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-abovebelow>b{display:block}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul{border-top:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.75em 0;width:217px;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .sister-box .side-box-text>ul>li{min-height:31px}.mw-parser-output .sister-logo{display:inline-block;width:31px;line-height:31px;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Lewis Carroll at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 20px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="20" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" class="extiw" title="c:Lewis Carroll">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 23px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="23" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/46px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" class="extiw" title="q:Lewis Carroll">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="26" height="27" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 26px;height: 27px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/26px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="26" data-height="27" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/39px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/51px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Author:Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson" class="extiw" title="s:Author:Charles Lutwidge Dodgson">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li><noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 27px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/27px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="27" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/41px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/54px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38082" class="extiw" title="d:Q38082">Data</a> from Wikidata</li></ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about Lewis Carroll <hr></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Lewis+Carroll">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Lewis+Carroll&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> Digital collections <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://standardebooks.org/ebooks/lewis-carroll">Works by Lewis Carroll in eBook form</a> at <a href="/wiki/Standard_Ebooks" title="Standard Ebooks">Standard Ebooks</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/author/7">Works by Lewis Carroll</a> at <a href="/wiki/Project_Gutenberg" title="Project Gutenberg">Project Gutenberg</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38082#P1938" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=%28%28subject%3A%22Carroll%2C%20Lewis%22%20OR%20subject%3A%22Lewis%20Carroll%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carroll%2C%20Lewis%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Lewis%20Carroll%22%20OR%20creator%3A%22Carroll%2C%20L%2E%22%20OR%20title%3A%22Lewis%20Carroll%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Carroll%2C%20Lewis%22%20OR%20description%3A%22Lewis%20Carroll%22%29%20OR%20%28%221832-1898%22%20AND%20Carroll%29%29%20AND%20%28-mediatype:software%29">Works by or about Lewis Carroll</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://librivox.org/author/71">Works by Lewis Carroll</a> at <a href="/wiki/LibriVox" title="LibriVox">LibriVox</a> (public domain audiobooks) <noscript><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 15px;height: 15px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/15px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png" data-alt="" data-width="15" data-height="15" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/23px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Speaker_Icon.svg/30px-Speaker_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/authors/OL22098A">Works by Lewis Carroll</a> at <a href="/wiki/Open_Library" title="Open Library">Open Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.poetry-index.net/LewisCarroll.html">The Poems of Lewis Carroll</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.sites.google.com/site/lewiscarroll1steditions/">[2]</a> First Editions</li></ul> Physical collections <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:FHCL.Hough:hou00171">Guide to Harcourt Amory collection of Lewis Carroll</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111121125844/http://hcl.harvard.edu/libraries/houghton/">Houghton Library</a>, Harvard University</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bl.uk/people/lewis-carroll">Lewis Carroll</a> at the British Library</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hrc.utexas.edu/exhibitions/web/carroll/">Lewis Carroll online exhibition</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Harry_Ransom_Center" title="Harry Ransom Center">Harry Ransom Center</a> at the University of Texas at Austin</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://memory.loc.gov/intldl/carrollhtml/lchome.html">Lewis Carroll Scrapbook Collection at the Library of Congress</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk/details/c/F62506">"Archival material relating to Lewis Carroll"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">UK National Archives</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Archival+material+relating+to+Lewis+Carroll&rft.pub=UK+National+Archives&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovery.nationalarchives.gov.uk%2Fdetails%2Fc%2FF62506&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALewis+Carroll" class="Z3988"> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q38082#P3029" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><noscript><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20"></noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 10px;" data-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" data-alt="Edit this at Wikidata" data-width="10" data-height="10" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </a></li></ul> Biographical information and scholarship <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.victorianweb.org/authors/carroll/index.html">Lewis Carroll at victorianweb.org</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.contrariwise.wild-reality.net/">Contrariwise: the Association for New Lewis Carroll Studies</a> – articles by leading members of the 'new scholarship'</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/Lewis-Carrolls-Shifting-Reputation.html?c=y&page=1">Lewis Carroll's Shifting Reputation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100404015734/http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/Lewis-Carrolls-Shifting-Reputation.html?c=y&page=1">Archived</a> 4 April 2010 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iep.utm.edu/lewis-carroll-logic/">Lewis Carroll: Logic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Internet_Encyclopedia_of_Philosophy" title="Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy">Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy</a></li></ul> Other links <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/http://www.iblist.com/author3.htm">Lewis Carroll</a> at the Internet Book List</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.isfdb.org/cgi-bin/ea.cgi?3059">Lewis Carroll</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Internet_Speculative_Fiction_Database" title="Internet Speculative Fiction Database">Internet Speculative Fiction Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/003019">Newspaper clippings about Lewis Carroll</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lewiscarrollsociety.org.uk/">The Lewis Carroll Society UK</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lewiscarroll.org/">The Lewis Carroll Society of North America</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output 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href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div>    </section></div> <noscript><img src="https://login.m.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&mobile=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&oldid=1258896540">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&oldid=1258896540</a>"</div></div> </div> <div class="post-content" id="page-secondary-actions"> </div> </main> <footer class="mw-footer minerva-footer" role="contentinfo"> <a class="last-modified-bar" href="/w/index.php?title=Lewis_Carroll&action=history"> <div class="post-content last-modified-bar__content"> Last edited on 22 November 2024, at 06:39 </div> </a> <div class="post-content footer-content"> <div id='mw-data-after-content'> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Languages</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="لويس كارول – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس كارول" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%A8%D5%AC" title="Լուիս Քերըլ – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Լուիս Քերըլ" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luis_Kerroll" title="Luis Kerroll – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Luis Kerroll" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="لوئیس کارول – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="لوئیس کارول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B2%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B2" title="লুইস ক্যারল – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="লুইস ক্যারল" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Льюис Кэрролл – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Льюис Кэрролл" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Льюіс Кэрал – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Льюіс Кэрал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB" title="Льюіс Кэрал – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Льюіс Кэрал" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Луис Карол – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луис Карол" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%B9%CE%BF%CF%8D%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BF%CE%BB" title="Λιούις Κάρολ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λιούις Κάρολ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="لوئیس کارول – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لوئیس کارول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8D%85%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%83_%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BB" title="𐌻𐌿𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌻 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌻𐌿𐍅𐌹𐍃 𐌺𐌰𐍂𐌰𐌿𐌻" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%EC%BA%90%EB%9F%B4" title="루이스 캐럴 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이스 캐럴" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AB%D5%BD_%D5%94%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B8%D5%AC" title="Լուիս Քերոլ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լուիս Քերոլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B2" title="लुइस कैरल – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="लुइस कैरल" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9C" title="לואיס קרול – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואיס קרול" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ლუის კეროლი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუის კეროლი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D2%AF%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Лүис Кэрролл – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Лүис Кэрролл" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ludovicus_Carroll" title="Ludovicus Carroll – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ludovicus Carroll" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C5%ABiss_Kerols" title="Lūiss Kerols – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lūiss Kerols" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Lutwidge_Dodgson" title="Charles Lutwidge Dodgson – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Charles Lutwidge Dodgson" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Луис Карол – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луис Карол" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B2%E0%B5%82%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%BE" title="ലൂയിസ് കാരൾ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ലൂയിസ് കാരൾ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%85%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%B2" title="लुईस कॅरोल – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="लुईस कॅरोल" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%99%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%98" title="ლუის კეროლი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ლუის კეროლი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="لويس كارول – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لويس كارول" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="لوئیس کارول – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="لوئیس کارول" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Льюис Кэрролл – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Льюис Кэрролл" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9D%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9B%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC" title="လူးဝစ်ကဲရော – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="လူးဝစ်ကဲရော" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AD%E3%83%A3%E3%83%AD%E3%83%AB" title="ルイス・キャロル – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイス・キャロル" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B2%E0%AC%BF%E0%AD%B1%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%B8_%E0%AC%95%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AD%8B%E0%AC%B2" title="ଲିୱିସ କାରୋଲ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଲିୱିସ କାରୋଲ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B2%E0%A9%82%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B8_%E0%A8%95%E0%A9%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B2" title="ਲੂਈਸ ਕੈਰਲ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਲੂਈਸ ਕੈਰਲ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84" title="لویس کیرل – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="لویس کیرل" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%84" title="لوئیس کارول – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="لوئیس کارول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Льюис Кэрролл – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Льюис Кэрролл" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%95%DB%86%DA%B5" title="لویس کاڕۆڵ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لویس کاڕۆڵ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Луис Керол – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Луис Керол" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="லூயிஸ் கரோல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="லூயிஸ் கரோல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Льюис Кэролл – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Льюис Кэролл" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B9%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5" title="ลูอิส แคร์รอล – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ลูอิส แคร์รอล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8E%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9A%D1%8D%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BB" title="Люис Кэрролл – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Люис Кэрролл" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%8C%D1%8E%D1%97%D1%81_%D0%9A%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BB" title="Льюїс Керрол – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Льюїс Керрол" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D8%A6%D8%B3_%DA%A9%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%84" title="لوئس کیرل – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="لوئس کیرل" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%BD%97" title="路易斯·卡罗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="路易斯·卡罗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C" title="לואיס קאראל – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="לואיס קאראל" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%A1%E6%B4%9B%E7%88%BE" title="卡洛爾 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="卡洛爾" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewis_Carroll" title="Lewis Carroll – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Lewis Carroll" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E5%8D%A1%E7%BE%85" title="路易斯·卡羅 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易斯·卡羅" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li></ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"/> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 22 November 2024, at 06:39 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Content is available under <a class="external" rel="nofollow" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">CC BY-SA 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places" class="footer-places hlist hlist-separated"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a 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