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class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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Available in 62 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-62" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">62 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoniem" title="Homoniem – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Homoniem" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%81%D8%B8%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="مجانسة لفظية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مجانسة لفظية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omonim" title="Omonim – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Omonim" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D9%88%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%85" title="اومونيم – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="اومونيم" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A2ng-mi%C3%A2-j%C4%AB" title="Kâng-miâ-jī – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Kâng-miâ-jī" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Омоним – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Омоним" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Амонім – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Амонім" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BC" title="Амонім – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Амонім" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Омоним – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Омоним" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%B2nim" title="Homònim – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Homònim" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Омоним – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Омоним" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonymum" title="Homonymum – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Homonymum" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Homonym" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Homonym" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homon%C3%BC%C3%BCm" title="Homonüüm – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Homonüüm" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%B3nimo" title="Homónimo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Homónimo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonimo" title="Homonimo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Homonimo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%85%E2%80%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85_(%D8%B2%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C)" title="هم‌نام (زبان‌شناسی) – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="هم‌نام (زبان‌شناسی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonyme" title="Homonyme – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Homonyme" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%8F%99%ED%98%95%EB%8F%99%EC%9D%8C%EC%9D%B4%EC%9D%98%EC%96%B4" title="동형동음이의어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="동형동음이의어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6%D5%B6%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Համանուններ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համանուններ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6" title="समनाम शब्द – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="समनाम शब्द" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonim" title="Homonim – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Homonim" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonimo" title="Homonimo – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Homonimo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonim" title="Homonim – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Homonim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%82%C3%A6" title="Омонимтæ – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Омонимтæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="הומונימיה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הומונימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ომონიმია – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ომონიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B2m%C3%B2nim" title="Hòmònim – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Hòmònim" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Омоним – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Омоним" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kitawe" title="Kitawe – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kitawe" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Омоним – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Омоним" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homon%C4%ABms" title="Homonīms – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Homonīms" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonimai" title="Homonimai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Homonimai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omonimes" title="Omonimes – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Omonimes" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Хомоним – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хомоним" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonim" title="Homonim – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Homonim" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Омонипне – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Омонипне" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homoniem" title="Homoniem – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Homoniem" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%8C%E5%BD%A2%E5%90%8C%E9%9F%B3%E7%95%B0%E7%BE%A9%E8%AA%9E" title="同形同音異義語 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="同形同音異義語" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%88" title="Омонимаш – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Омонимаш" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Homonym" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Омоним – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Омоним" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omonimlar" title="Omonimlar – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Omonimlar" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonimiczno%C5%9B%C4%87" title="Homonimiczność – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Homonimiczność" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hom%C3%B3nimo" title="Homónimo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Homónimo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omonim" title="Omonim – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Omonim" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Omonimie" title="Omonimie – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Omonimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC%D1%8B" title="Омонимы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Омонимы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonimet" title="Homonimet – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Homonimet" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Homonym" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%BE%D9%85_%D8%A2%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2" title="ھم آواز – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ھم آواز" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonymum" title="Homonymum – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Homonymum" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enakozvo%C4%8Dnica" title="Enakozvočnica – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Enakozvočnica" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Хомоним – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хомоним" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonim" title="Homonim – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Homonim" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonim" title="Homonim – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Homonim" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homonym" title="Homonym – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Homonym" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BC" title="Омоним – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Омоним" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a 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.hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For homonyms in scientific nomenclature, see <a href="/wiki/Homonym_(biology)" title="Homonym (biology)">Homonym (biology)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Words spelled or pronounced the same with different meanings</div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Linguistics" title="Linguistics">linguistics</a>, <b>homonyms</b> are words which are either <i><a href="/wiki/Homograph" title="Homograph">homographs</a></i>—words that have the same spelling (regardless of pronunciation)—or <i><a href="/wiki/Homophone" title="Homophone">homophones</a></i>—words that have the same pronunciation (regardless of spelling)—or both.<sup id="cite_ref-RHUD_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHUD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Using this definition, the words <i>row</i> (propel with oars), <i>row</i> (a linear arrangement) and <i>row</i> (an argument) are homonyms because they are homographs (though only the first two are homophones); so are the words <i>see</i> (vision) and <i>sea</i> (body of water), because they are homophones (though not homographs). </p><p>A more restrictive and technical definition requires that homonyms be simultaneously homographs <i>and</i> homophones<sup id="cite_ref-RHUD_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RHUD-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>—that is, they have identical spelling <i>and</i> pronunciation but different meanings. Examples include the pair <i>stalk</i> (part of a plant) and <i>stalk</i> (follow/harass a person) and the pair <i>left</i> (<a href="/wiki/Past_tense" title="Past tense">past tense</a> of <i>leave</i>) and <i>left</i> (opposite of <i>right</i>). </p><p>A distinction is sometimes made between true homonyms, which are unrelated in origin, such as <i>skate</i> (glide on ice) and <i>skate</i> (the fish), and <a href="/wiki/Polysemy" title="Polysemy">polysemous</a> homonyms, or polysemes, which have a shared origin, such as <i>mouth</i> (of a river) and <i>mouth</i> (of an animal).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The relationship between a set of homonyms is called <b>homonymy</b>, and the associated adjective is <b>homonymous</b>, <b>homonymic</b>, or in Latin, <b>equivocal</b>. Additionally, the adjective <i>homonymous</i> can be used wherever two items share the same name,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> independent of how closely they are related in terms of their meaning or etymology. For example, the word "once" (meaning "one time") is homonymous with the term for "eleven" in Spanish (<i>once</i>). </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homonym&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>homonym</i> comes from the <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a> ὁμώνυμος (<i>homonymos</i>), meaning "having the same name,"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> compounded from ὁμός (<i>homos</i>) "common, same, similar"<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and ὄνομα (<i>onoma</i>) "name."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Related_terms">Related terms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homonym&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Related terms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable sortable" style="float:right; margin-left:2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th>Term </th> <th>Meaning </th> <th>Spelling </th> <th>Pronunciation </th></tr> <tr> <td><i>Homonym</i> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td style="background: #cfc;">Same </td> <td style="background: #cfc;">Same </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Homograph</i> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td style="background: #cfc;">Same </td> <td>(No requirement) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Homophone word</i> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td>(No requirement) </td> <td style="background: #cfc;">Same </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Homophone phrase</i> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td style="background: #cfc;">Same to varying degree </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(linguistics)" title="Heteronym (linguistics)">Heteronym</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td style="background: #cfc;">Same </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Heterograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterograph">Heterograph</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td style="background: #cfc;">Same </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Polyseme</i> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different but related </td> <td style="background: #cfc;">Same </td> <td>(No requirement) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Capitonym" title="Capitonym">Capitonym</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different when<br />capitalized </td> <td style="background: #cfc;">Same except for<br />capitalization </td> <td>(No requirement) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonym</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #cfc;">Same </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/wiki/Antonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Antonym">Antonym</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #ccf;">Opposite </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Contronym" title="Contronym">Contronym</a> </td> <td style="background: #ccf;">Opposite </td> <td style="background: #cfc;">Same </td> <td>(No requirement) </td></tr> <tr> <td><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Synophone&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Synophone (page does not exist)">Synophone</a></i> </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td style="background: #fcc;">Different </td> <td style="background: #ffc;">Similar<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Homograph_homophone_venn_diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Homograph_homophone_venn_diagram.svg/330px-Homograph_homophone_venn_diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="338" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Homograph_homophone_venn_diagram.svg/500px-Homograph_homophone_venn_diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Homograph_homophone_venn_diagram.svg/600px-Homograph_homophone_venn_diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Euler_diagram" title="Euler diagram">Euler diagram</a> showing the relationships between homonyms (between blue and green) and related linguistic concepts.</figcaption></figure> <p>Several similar linguistic concepts are related to homonymy. These include: </p> <ul><li><b>Homographs</b> (literally "same writing") are usually defined as words that share the same spelling, regardless of how they are pronounced.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If they are pronounced the same then they are also homophones (and homonyms) – for example, <i>bark</i> (the sound of a dog) and <i>bark</i> (the skin of a tree). If they are pronounced differently then they are also <a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(linguistics)" title="Heteronym (linguistics)">heteronyms</a> – for example, <i>bow</i> (the front of a ship) and <i>bow</i> (a ranged weapon).</li> <li><b>Homophones</b> (literally "same sound") are usually defined as words that share the same pronunciation, regardless of how they are spelled.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> If they are spelled the same then they are also homographs (and homonyms); if they are spelled differently then they are also <b>heterographs</b> (literally "different writing"). Homographic examples include <i>rose</i> (flower) and <i>rose</i> (past tense of <i>rise</i>). Heterographic examples include <i>to</i>, <i>too</i>, <i>two</i>, and <i>there</i>, <i>their</i>, <i>they’re</i>. Due to their similar yet non-identical pronunciation in American English, <i>ladder</i> and <i>latter</i> do not qualify as homophones, but rather <b>synophones</b><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> or <b>homoiophones</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><b>Heteronyms</b> (literally "different name") are the subset of homographs (words that share the same spelling) that have different pronunciations (and meanings).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Such words include <i>desert</i> (to abandon) and <i>desert</i> (arid region); <i>tear</i> (to rip) and <i>tear</i> (a drop of moisture formed in one eye); <i>row</i> (to argue or an argument) and <i>row</i> (as in to row a boat or a row of seats – a pair of homophones). Heteronyms are also sometimes called <b>heterophones</b> (literally "different sound").</li> <li><b>Polysemes</b> are words with the same spelling and distinct but <i>related</i> meanings. The distinction between polysemy and homonymy is often subtle and subjective, and not all sources consider polysemous words to be homonyms. Words such as <i>mouth</i>, meaning either the orifice on one's face, or the opening of a <a href="/wiki/Cave" title="Cave">cave</a> or <a href="/wiki/River" title="River">river</a>, are polysemous and may or may not be considered homonyms.</li> <li><b>Capitonyms</b> are words that share the same spelling but have different meanings when capitalized (and may or may not have different pronunciations). Such words include <i>polish</i> (make shiny) and <i><a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a></i> (from Poland); <i>march</i> (walk in step) and <i><a href="/wiki/March" title="March">March</a></i> (the third <a href="/wiki/Month" title="Month">month</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Year" title="Year">Year</a>) and the pair: <i><a href="/wiki/Reading" title="Reading">reading</a></i> (using a book) and <a href="/wiki/Reading,_Berkshire" title="Reading, Berkshire">Reading</a> (towns in, among other places, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_examples">Further examples</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homonym&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Further examples"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A homonym which is both a homophone and a homograph is <b>fluke</b>, meaning: </p> <ul><li>A fish, and a <a href="/wiki/Flatworm" title="Flatworm">flatworm</a>.</li> <li>The end parts of an <a href="/wiki/Anchor" title="Anchor">anchor</a>.</li> <li>The fins on a <a href="/wiki/Whale" title="Whale">whale</a>'s tail.</li> <li>A stroke of <a href="/wiki/Luck" title="Luck">luck</a>.</li></ul> <p>These meanings represent at least three <a href="/wiki/Etymology" title="Etymology">etymologically</a> separate <a href="/wiki/Lexeme" title="Lexeme">lexemes</a>, but share the one form, <b>fluke</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fluke is also a capitonym, in that <a href="/wiki/Fluke_Corporation" title="Fluke Corporation">Fluke Corporation</a> (commonly referred to as simply "Fluke") is a manufacturer of industrial testing equipment. </p><p>Similarly, a river <b>bank</b>, a savings <b>bank</b>, a <b>bank</b> of switches, and a <b>bank</b> shot in the game of pool share a common spelling and pronunciation, but differ in meaning. </p><p>The words <b>bow</b> and <b>bough</b> are examples where there are two meanings associated with a single pronunciation and spelling (the weapon and the knot); two meanings with two different pronunciations (the knot and the act of bending at the waist), and two distinct meanings sharing the same sound but different spellings (<b>bow</b>, the act of bending at the waist, and <b>bough</b>, the branch of a tree). In addition, it has several related but distinct meanings – a bent line is sometimes called a '<b>bowed</b>' line, reflecting its similarity to the weapon. Even according to the most restrictive definitions, various pairs of sounds and meanings of <b>bow</b>, <b>Bow</b> and <b>bough</b> are <a href="/wiki/Homonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Homonyms">homonyms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homographs" class="mw-redirect" title="Homographs">homographs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Homophones" class="mw-redirect" title="Homophones">homophones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heteronym_(linguistics)" title="Heteronym (linguistics)">heteronyms</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Heterographs&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Heterographs (page does not exist)">heterographs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capitonyms" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitonyms">capitonyms</a> and are <a href="/wiki/Polysemous" class="mw-redirect" title="Polysemous">polysemous</a>. </p> <ul><li><b>bow</b> – a long stick with horse hair that is used to play certain <a href="/wiki/String_instrument" title="String instrument">string instruments</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Violin" title="Violin">violin</a></li> <li><b>bow</b> – to bend forward at the waist in respect (e.g. "bow down")</li> <li><b>bow</b> – the front of the ship (e.g. "bow and stern")</li> <li><b>bow</b> – a kind of tied ribbon (e.g. bow on a present, a bowtie)</li> <li><b>bow</b> – to bend outward at the sides (e.g. a "bow-legged" cowboy)</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Bow,_London" title="Bow, London">Bow</a></b> – a district in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></li> <li><b>bow</b> – a weapon to shoot projectiles with (e.g. a bow and arrow)</li></ul> <p>A <b>lime</b> can refer to a <a href="/wiki/Lime_(fruit)" title="Lime (fruit)">fruit</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Lime_(material)" title="Lime (material)">material</a>. A <b>mold</b> (<b>mould</b>) can refer to a <a href="/wiki/Mold" title="Mold">fungus</a> or an <a href="/wiki/Molding_(process)" title="Molding (process)">industrial cast</a>. </p><p>The words <i>there</i>, <i>their</i>, and <i>they're</i> are examples of three words that are of a singular pronunciation, have different spellings and vastly different meanings. These three words are commonly misused (or, alternatively, misspelled).<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><b>there</b> – "The bow shot the arrow <b>there</b>," he said as he pointed.</li> <li><b>their</b> – "It was <b>their</b> bow and arrow." the Mother said.</li> <li><b>they're</b> – <b>They're</b> not going to get to shoot the bow again after puncturing the tire (tyre) on Daddy's car. (<a href="/wiki/Contraction_(grammar)" title="Contraction (grammar)">Contraction</a> of <a href="/wiki/They" title="They">They</a> and <a href="/wiki/Copula_(linguistics)#English" title="Copula (linguistics)">Are</a>.)</li></ul> <p>The words <b>metal</b> and <b>mettle</b> are polysemes and homophones, but not homographs. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Homonyms_in_historical_linguistics">Homonyms in historical linguistics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homonym&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Homonyms in historical linguistics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Homonymy can lead to communicative conflicts and thus trigger lexical (<a href="/wiki/Onomasiology" title="Onomasiology">onomasiological</a>) change.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is known as <i>homonymic conflict</i>. This leads to a species of <a href="/wiki/Informal_fallacy" title="Informal fallacy">informal fallacy</a> of thought and argument called by the latin name <a href="/wiki/Equivocation" title="Equivocation">equivocation</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homonym&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/120px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/homonym" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/homonym">homonym</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/False_friend" title="False friend">False friends</a>, words from different languages that appear similar but differ in meaning</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synonym" title="Synonym">Synonyms</a>, different words with identical or very similar meanings (conceptual inversion of "homonym")</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riddle" title="Riddle">Riddle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_play" title="Word play">Word play</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognate" title="Cognate">Cognate</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homonym&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources restrict the term "homograph" to words that have the same spelling but <i>different</i> pronunciations. See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3KdxBqjg5cC&pg=PA215"><i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems</i>, p. 215</a> (Wiley-Blackwell, 1999) and <i>The Encyclopædia Britannica (14th Edition)</i> (entry for "homograph").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources restrict the term "homophone" to words that have the same pronunciation but <i>different</i> spellings. See, for example, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=y3KdxBqjg5cC&pg=PA202"><i>The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Writing Systems</i>, p. 202</a> (Wiley-Blackwell, 1999) and <i>The Encyclopædia Britannica (14th Edition)</i> (entry for "homograph").</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Some sources do not require that heteronyms have different pronunciations. See, for example, the archived <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090608155000/http://encarta.msn.com/encnet/features/dictionary/DictionaryResults.aspx?refid=1861617704"><i>Encarta</i> dictionary entry</a> (which states that heteronyms "often" differ in pronunciation) and the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fun-with-words.com/nym_words.html">"Fun with Words" website</a> (which states that heteronyms "sometimes" have different pronunciations).</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homonym&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-RHUD-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RHUD_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-RHUD_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homonym">homonym</a>, <i>Random House Unabridged Dictionary</i> at dictionary.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130617090717/http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/semanticsHANDOUT.htm">"Linguistics 201: Study Sheet for Semantics"</a>. Pandora.cii.wwu.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pandora.cii.wwu.edu/vajda/ling201/test3materials/semanticsHANDOUT.htm">the original</a> on 2013-06-17<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-04-23</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Linguistics+201%3A+Study+Sheet+for+Semantics&rft.pub=Pandora.cii.wwu.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpandora.cii.wwu.edu%2Fvajda%2Fling201%2Ftest3materials%2FsemanticsHANDOUT.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=AefSOW9MW5UC&pg=PA123">Semantics: a coursebook, p. 123</a>, James R. Hurford and Brendan Heasley, Cambridge University Press, 1983</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/homonymous">"the definition of homonymous"</a>. <i>Dictionary.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Dictionary.com&rft.atitle=the+definition+of+homonymous&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdictionary.reference.com%2Fbrowse%2Fhomonymous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wordnik.com/words/homonymous">"homonymous — definition, examples, related words and more at Wordnik"</a>. <i>Wordnik.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Wordnik.com&rft.atitle=homonymous+%E2%80%94+definition%2C+examples%2C+related+words+and+more+at+Wordnik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wordnik.com%2Fwords%2Fhomonymous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%28mw%2Fnumos">ὁμώνυμος</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%28mo%2Fs">ὁμός</a>, King George V Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicons</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0057%3Aentry%3Do%29%2Fnoma">ὄνομα</a>, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, <i>A Greek-English Lexicon</i>, on Perseus Digital Library</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLaufer" class="citation web cs1">Laufer, Batia. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/eltj/article-pdf/XXXV/3/294/9802147/294.pdf">"A Problem in Vocabulary Learning—Synophones"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 295. <q>I suggest that words similar in sound but different in meaning should be referred to as synophones (cf. synonym = word of similar meaning).</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Problem+in+Vocabulary+Learning%E2%80%94Synophones&rft.pages=295&rft.aulast=Laufer&rft.aufirst=Batia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Facademic.oup.com%2Feltj%2Farticle-pdf%2FXXXV%2F3%2F294%2F9802147%2F294.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Gnanasundaram, D.; Venkatesh, L. (2006). <i>Synophones & Homophones.</i> Sura Books. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788172543167" title="Special:BookSources/9788172543167">9788172543167</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/homoiophone">"Homoiophone"</a>. 27 April 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Homoiophone&rft.date=2023-04-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wiktionary.org%2Fwiki%2Fhomoiophone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johan Harold Josua Lindahl (1893). <i>Description of a Skull of Megalonyx Leidyi</i>, page 56 (American Philosophical Society)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?search=fluke&searchmode=none">"The Online Etymological Dictionary"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2008-01-14</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Online+Etymological+Dictionary&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Findex.php%3Fsearch%3Dfluke%26searchmode%3Dnone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomonym" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://textgears.com/read/learn-english-grammar-rules/homonyms-in-english">Homonyms in English</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On this phenomenon see Williams, Edna R. (1944), <i>The Conflict of Homonyms in English</i>, [Yale Studies in English 100], New Haven: Yale University Press, <a href="/wiki/Joachim_Grzega" title="Joachim Grzega">Grzega, Joachim</a> (2004), <i>Bezeichnungswandel: Wie, Warum, Wozu? Ein Beitrag zur englischen und allgemeinen Onomasiologie</i>, Heidelberg: Winter, p. 216ff., and Grzega, Joachim (2001d), “Über Homonymenkonflikt als Auslöser von Wortuntergang”, in: Grzega, Joachim (2001c), <i>Sprachwissenschaft ohne Fachchinesisch: 7 aktuelle Studien für alle Sprachinteressierten</i>, Aachen: Shaker, p. 81-98.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Homonym&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristman2002" class="citation book cs1">Christman, Robert (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I_ZMnw5P1lMC&q=homonyms"><i>Homonyms: Why English Suffers</i></a> (Paperback). Las Cruces, New Mexico: Barbed Wire Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780971193055" title="Special:BookSources/9780971193055"><bdi>9780971193055</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homonyms%3A+Why+English+Suffers&rft.place=Las+Cruces%2C+New+Mexico&rft.pub=Barbed+Wire+Publishing&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=9780971193055&rft.aulast=Christman&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI_ZMnw5P1lMC%26q%3Dhomonyms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomonym" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHobbs2014" class="citation book cs1">Hobbs, James B. (November 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Wt9ZCOn4814C&q=homonyms"><i>Homophones and Homographs: An American Dictionary</i></a> (E-book) (4th ed.). Jefferson, North Carolina: <a href="/wiki/McFarland_%26_Company" title="McFarland & Company">McFarland & Company</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781476603933" title="Special:BookSources/9781476603933"><bdi>9781476603933</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homophones+and+Homographs%3A+An+American+Dictionary&rft.place=Jefferson%2C+North+Carolina&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company&rft.date=2014-11&rft.isbn=9781476603933&rft.aulast=Hobbs&rft.aufirst=James+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DWt9ZCOn4814C%26q%3Dhomonyms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomonym" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJoshi2014" class="citation book cs1">Joshi, Manik (June 25, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=CEqTBAAAQBAJ&q=homonyms"><i>Homonyms, Homophones and Homographs</i></a> (E-book). Manik Joshi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781468948554" title="Special:BookSources/9781468948554"><bdi>9781468948554</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Homonyms%2C+Homophones+and+Homographs&rft.pub=Manik+Joshi&rft.date=2014-06-25&rft.isbn=9781468948554&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=Manik&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCEqTBAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhomonyms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomonym" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRothwell2007" class="citation book cs1">Rothwell, David (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0crig9rvzpMC&q=homonyms"><i>Dictionary of Homonyms</i></a> (Paperback). Ware England: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Wordsworth_Reference&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Wordsworth Reference (page does not exist)">Wordsworth Reference</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781840225426" title="Special:BookSources/9781840225426"><bdi>9781840225426</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+Homonyms&rft.place=Ware+England&rft.pub=Wordsworth+Reference&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=9781840225426&rft.aulast=Rothwell&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0crig9rvzpMC%26q%3Dhomonyms&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHomonym" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Functions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Function_word" title="Function word">Function word</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Headword" class="mw-redirect" title="Headword">Headword</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Controlled_vocabulary" title="Controlled vocabulary">Controlled vocabulary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/English_lexicology_and_lexicography" title="English lexicology and lexicography">English lexicology and lexicography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_scientific_vocabulary" title="International scientific vocabulary">International scientific vocabulary</a></li> <li><a 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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-history"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only mw-watchlink" id="ca-watchstar-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="watch-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-star mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-star"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="wikitext-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikiText mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-wikiText"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-ve-edit-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-edit mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-edit"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-viewsource-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ve-edit-protected-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-editLock mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-editLock"></span> <span></span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-buttons"> <button class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet mw-interlanguage-selector" id="p-lang-btn-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-wikimedia-language"></span> <span>62 languages</span> </button> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive" id="ca-addsection-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="addsection-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbleAdd-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbleAdd-progressive"></span> <span>Add topic</span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icon-end"> <div class="vector-user-links"> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-dock-bottom emptyPortlet" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul> </ul> </div> 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