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tag-link-position-19" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Jaish Khalid bin al-Walid (1 item)">Jaish Khalid bin al-Walid</a> <a href="https://orient-online.com/keywords/kurdish-groups/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-80 tag-link-position-20" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Kurdish Groups (1 item)">Kurdish Groups</a> <a href="https://orient-online.com/keywords/kurdistan-democratic-party-kdp/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-89 tag-link-position-21" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP) (1 item)">Kurdistan Democratic Party (KDP)</a> <a href="https://orient-online.com/keywords/kurdistan-workers-party-pkk/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-88 tag-link-position-22" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK) (1 item)">Kurdistan Workers’ Party (PKK)</a> <a href="https://orient-online.com/keywords/land-and-property-restitution/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-82 tag-link-position-23" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Land and Property Restitution (1 item)">Land and Property Restitution</a> <a href="https://orient-online.com/keywords/militarisation/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-58 tag-link-position-24" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Militarisation (1 item)">Militarisation</a> <a href="https://orient-online.com/keywords/operation-peace-spring/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-85 tag-link-position-25" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Operation Peace Spring (1 item)">Operation Peace Spring</a> <a href="https://orient-online.com/keywords/peoples-protection-units-ypg/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-87 tag-link-position-26" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="People’s Protection Units (YPG) (1 item)">People’s Protection Units (YPG)</a> <a href="https://orient-online.com/keywords/post-war-recovery/" class="tag-cloud-link tag-link-84 tag-link-position-27" style="font-size: 8pt;" aria-label="Post-War Recovery (1 item)">Post-War Recovery</a> <a href="https://orient-online.com/keywords/rebel-groups/" 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The next four years will be essential to China’s acceleration of its political, economic, and diplomatic engagement in the Middle East, with a strong focus on diversifying economic ties, involvement in peace and mediation, and managing a regional power equilibrium that has shifted as the result of the war in Gaza.</p></div><div class="x-row e4393-e29 m3e1-3 m3e1-4 m3e1-5 m3e1-9 m3e1-b m3e1-c m3e1-i m3e1-j m3e1-l m3e1-v m3e1-w"><div class="x-row-inner"><div class="x-col e4393-e30 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b"><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e31 m3e1-1w m3e1-1x m3e1-1y m3e1-23"><p><strong>Yun Sun</strong>, is a nonresident fellow with the Africa Growth Initiative and the John L. Thornton China Center at Brookings. She also serves as co-director of the East Asia Program and director of the China Program at the Stimson Center. Her expertise is in Chinese foreign policy, U.S.-China relations, and China’s relations with neighboring countries and authoritarian regimes. From 2011 to early 2014, she was a visiting fellow at the Brookings Institution, appointed by the Foreign Policy Program and the Global Economy and Development Program, where she focused on Chinese national security decision-making processes and China-Africa relations. From 2008 to 2011, Yun Sun was the China Analyst for the International Crisis Group (ICG) based in Beijing, specializing on China’s policy towards conflict countries and the developing world. Prior to ICG, she worked on U.S.-Asia relations in Washington, D.C. Her work is regularly cited by Voice of America, Axios, and other prominent news outlets and publications. 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Over the long-term, the U.S. is engaged geopolitically, backing Israel and Saudi Arabia against Iran, and taking military action in countries such as Iraq, Syria and Yemen. In contrast, China pursues economic interests through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), strategically hedging and building relations with the leaders and elites of all countries in the region regardless of their rivalries.</p></div><div class="x-row e4393-e47 m3e1-3 m3e1-4 m3e1-5 m3e1-9 m3e1-b m3e1-c m3e1-i m3e1-j m3e1-l m3e1-v m3e1-z"><div class="x-row-inner"><div class="x-col e4393-e48 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b"><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e49 m3e1-1w m3e1-1x m3e1-1y m3e1-23"><p><strong>Jeremy Garlick</strong>, is the director of the Jan Masaryk Centre for International Studies at Prague University of Economics and Business. 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Gresh</p></div></div></div></div><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e64 m3e1-1u m3e1-1w m3e1-1y m3e1-21 m3e1-22"><p>China is potentially well positioned to take a larger maritime role in the MENA region as it works toward sustaining its blue-water naval capacity and reach. It is using new maritime geoeconomic investments from the Suez Canal and the Red Sea to the Arabian Sea and Gulf to create and fortify maritime trade and logistics networks that are growing increasingly independent from the global system that has been dominated for so long by the United States and the West. This system includes a new network of Chinese-dominated ports and infrastructure projects, in addition to a robust telecommunications network aided by submarine cables newly laid across the Mediterranean through the Suez Canal and into the Red Sea and the Indian Ocean. China’s maritime geoeconomic interests are giving way to increased investments in its blue-water naval capabilities. China wants to avoid another Libya or Yemen scenario in the future where it had to rescue Chinese foreign nationals. To do so, it will need to take a more proactive security stance to ensure that its growing investments and regional interests are protected. It cannot rely on another power and therefore will need to continue the forward projection of its military and navy.</p></div><div class="x-row e4393-e65 m3e1-3 m3e1-4 m3e1-5 m3e1-9 m3e1-b m3e1-c m3e1-i m3e1-j m3e1-l m3e1-v m3e1-12"><div class="x-row-inner"><div class="x-col e4393-e66 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b"><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e67 m3e1-1w m3e1-1x m3e1-1y m3e1-23"><p><strong>Geoffrey F. Gresh</strong>, is Professor of International Security Studies at the College of International Security Affairs (CISA), National Defense University in Washington, D.C. with a primary research focus on maritime and naval affairs. He has previously served as the Department Chair of International Security Studies, CISA’s thesis/portfolio co-director, and as CISA’s Director of the South and Central Asia Security Studies Program.</p></div></div><div class="x-col e4393-e68 m3e1-1a m3e1-1d m3e1-1f"><div class="x-row e4393-e69 m3e1-3 m3e1-5 m3e1-6 m3e1-7 m3e1-9 m3e1-f m3e1-g m3e1-m m3e1-q m3e1-13"><div class="x-row-inner"><div class="x-col e4393-e70 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b m3e1-1d m3e1-1e"><div class="x-text x-text-headline e4393-e71 m3e1-1h m3e1-1l m3e1-1m m3e1-1n"><div class="x-text-content"><div class="x-text-content-text"><h2 class="x-text-content-text-primary">Purchase the article here:</h2></div></div></div><p class="product woocommerce add_to_cart_inline " style="border:0px"><span class="woocommerce-Price-amount amount"><bdi>7,90 <span class="woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol">€</span></bdi></span><a href="?add-to-cart=4386" aria-describedby="woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_4386" data-quantity="1" class="button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart" data-product_id="4386" data-product_sku="GRESH-1/2025" aria-label="Add to basket: “The MENA Region in China’s Maritime Silk Road Strategy”" rel="nofollow" data-success_message="“The MENA Region in China’s Maritime Silk Road Strategy” has been added to your cart">Add to basket</a> <span id="woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_4386" class="screen-reader-text"> </span></p></div><div class="x-col e4393-e73 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b m3e1-1d m3e1-1g"><div class="x-text x-text-headline e4393-e74 m3e1-1h m3e1-1l m3e1-1m m3e1-1n"><div class="x-text-content"><div class="x-text-content-text"><h2 class="x-text-content-text-primary">Access article with subscription:</h2></div></div></div><a class="x-anchor x-anchor-button e4393-e75 m3e1-1q m3e1-1r" tabindex="0" href="https://orient-online.com/orient-i-2025-protected/"><div class="x-anchor-content"><div class="x-anchor-text"><span class="x-anchor-text-primary">Enter</span></div></div></a><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e76 m3e1-1t m3e1-1u m3e1-1v m3e1-1w m3e1-1x m3e1-1y"><a href="https://orient-online.com/login"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Log in</span></a> or <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://orient-online.com/subscribe">purchase a subscription</a></span> with archive access to read this article online.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="e4393-e78-modal" class="x-modal m3e1-24 e4393-e78" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-x-toggleable="e4393-e78" data-x-scrollbar="{"suppressScrollX":true}" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Modal"><span class="x-modal-bg"></span><button class="x-modal-close x-modal-close-top x-modal-close-right" data-x-toggle-close="1" aria-label="Close Modal Content"><span><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16"><g><path d="M14.7,1.3c-0.4-0.4-1-0.4-1.4,0L8,6.6L2.7,1.3c-0.4-0.4-1-0.4-1.4,0s-0.4,1,0,1.4L6.6,8l-5.3,5.3 c-0.4,0.4-0.4,1,0,1.4C1.5,14.9,1.7,15,2,15s0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3L8,9.4l5.3,5.3c0.2,0.2,0.5,0.3,0.7,0.3s0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3 c0.4-0.4,0.4-1,0-1.4L9.4,8l5.3-5.3C15.1,2.3,15.1,1.7,14.7,1.3z"></path></g></svg></span></button><div class="x-modal-content" role="document" aria-label="Modal Content"><div class="x-row e4393-e79 m3e1-3 m3e1-5 m3e1-9 m3e1-b m3e1-c m3e1-d m3e1-f m3e1-j m3e1-k m3e1-t m3e1-14"><div class="x-row-inner"><div class="x-col e4393-e80 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b"><div class="x-text x-text-headline e4393-e81 m3e1-1h m3e1-1j m3e1-1k m3e1-1l m3e1-1p"><div class="x-text-content"><div class="x-text-content-text"><h3 class="x-text-content-text-primary">Hedging in the MENA Region: China’s Diplomatic Strategy Between Saudi Arabia and Iran</h3></div></div></div><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e82 m3e1-1u m3e1-1v m3e1-1w m3e1-20 m3e1-21"><p>Kenan Dagci</p></div></div></div></div><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e83 m3e1-1u m3e1-1w m3e1-1y m3e1-21 m3e1-22"><p>China’s diplomatic strategy in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) employs a hedging strategy to balance relations with rival states like Saudi Arabia and Iran. This approach allows China to maximize economic and strategic gains while avoiding entanglement in regional conflicts. Through the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI), economic partnerships, diplomatic neutrality, and limited military engagements, China maintains flexibility to secure its interests amid regional complexities.</p></div><div class="x-row e4393-e84 m3e1-3 m3e1-4 m3e1-5 m3e1-9 m3e1-b m3e1-c m3e1-i m3e1-j m3e1-l m3e1-v m3e1-15"><div class="x-row-inner"><div class="x-col e4393-e85 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b"><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e86 m3e1-1w m3e1-1x m3e1-1y m3e1-23"><p><strong>Kenan Dagci</strong>, Ph.D., is the former Director of the Center for International Conflict Resolution (2010–2014) and the Institute of Social Sciences (2014–2016) at Yalova University. He also served as a visiting scholar at Cornell University (2011–2012). His research focuses on European Union foreign policy, Turkey-EU relations, and conflict resolution, with a particular emphasis on the Middle East and Central Asia.</p></div></div><div class="x-col e4393-e87 m3e1-1a m3e1-1d m3e1-1f"><div class="x-row e4393-e88 m3e1-3 m3e1-5 m3e1-6 m3e1-7 m3e1-9 m3e1-f m3e1-g m3e1-m m3e1-q m3e1-16"><div class="x-row-inner"><div class="x-col e4393-e89 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b m3e1-1d m3e1-1e"><div class="x-text x-text-headline e4393-e90 m3e1-1h m3e1-1l m3e1-1m m3e1-1n"><div class="x-text-content"><div class="x-text-content-text"><h2 class="x-text-content-text-primary">Purchase the article here:</h2></div></div></div><p class="product woocommerce add_to_cart_inline " style="border:0px"><span class="woocommerce-Price-amount amount"><bdi>7,90 <span class="woocommerce-Price-currencySymbol">€</span></bdi></span><a href="?add-to-cart=4380" aria-describedby="woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_4380" data-quantity="1" class="button product_type_simple add_to_cart_button ajax_add_to_cart" data-product_id="4380" data-product_sku="DAĞCI-1/2025" aria-label="Add to basket: “Hedging in the MENA Region: China’s Diplomatic Strategy Between Saudi Arabia and Iran”" rel="nofollow" data-success_message="“Hedging in the MENA Region: China’s Diplomatic Strategy Between Saudi Arabia and Iran” has been added to your cart">Add to basket</a> <span id="woocommerce_loop_add_to_cart_link_describedby_4380" class="screen-reader-text"> </span></p></div><div class="x-col e4393-e92 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b m3e1-1d m3e1-1g"><div class="x-text x-text-headline e4393-e93 m3e1-1h m3e1-1l m3e1-1m m3e1-1n"><div class="x-text-content"><div class="x-text-content-text"><h2 class="x-text-content-text-primary">Access article with subscription:</h2></div></div></div><a class="x-anchor x-anchor-button e4393-e94 m3e1-1q m3e1-1r" tabindex="0" href="https://orient-online.com/orient-i-2025-protected/"><div class="x-anchor-content"><div class="x-anchor-text"><span class="x-anchor-text-primary">Enter</span></div></div></a><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e95 m3e1-1t m3e1-1u m3e1-1v m3e1-1w m3e1-1x m3e1-1y"><a href="https://orient-online.com/login"><span style="text-decoration: underline;">Log in</span></a> or <span style="text-decoration: underline;"><a href="https://orient-online.com/subscribe">purchase a subscription</a></span> with archive access to read this article online.</div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div></div><div id="e4393-e96-modal" class="x-modal m3e1-24 e4393-e96" role="dialog" tabindex="-1" data-x-toggleable="e4393-e96" data-x-scrollbar="{"suppressScrollX":true}" aria-hidden="true" aria-label="Modal"><span class="x-modal-bg"></span><button class="x-modal-close x-modal-close-top x-modal-close-right" data-x-toggle-close="1" aria-label="Close Modal Content"><span><svg viewBox="0 0 16 16"><g><path d="M14.7,1.3c-0.4-0.4-1-0.4-1.4,0L8,6.6L2.7,1.3c-0.4-0.4-1-0.4-1.4,0s-0.4,1,0,1.4L6.6,8l-5.3,5.3 c-0.4,0.4-0.4,1,0,1.4C1.5,14.9,1.7,15,2,15s0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3L8,9.4l5.3,5.3c0.2,0.2,0.5,0.3,0.7,0.3s0.5-0.1,0.7-0.3 c0.4-0.4,0.4-1,0-1.4L9.4,8l5.3-5.3C15.1,2.3,15.1,1.7,14.7,1.3z"></path></g></svg></span></button><div class="x-modal-content" role="document" aria-label="Modal Content"><div class="x-row e4393-e97 m3e1-3 m3e1-5 m3e1-9 m3e1-b m3e1-c m3e1-d m3e1-f m3e1-j m3e1-k m3e1-t m3e1-17"><div class="x-row-inner"><div class="x-col e4393-e98 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b"><div class="x-text x-text-headline e4393-e99 m3e1-1h m3e1-1j m3e1-1k m3e1-1l m3e1-1p"><div class="x-text-content"><div class="x-text-content-text"><h3 class="x-text-content-text-primary">China in the Middle East - How China Performs Balancing Strategy between Saudi Arabia and Iran</h3></div></div></div><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e100 m3e1-1u m3e1-1v m3e1-1w m3e1-20 m3e1-21"><p>Yao Chen and Tuncay Kardaş</p></div></div></div></div><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e101 m3e1-1u m3e1-1w m3e1-1y m3e1-21 m3e1-22"><p>This study analyses the mechanisms through which China performs its balancing act when dealing with regional rivalries in the Middle East, especially between Saudi Arabia and Iran. We argue that unlike traditional balance of power practices in the Western context, China’s understanding can be better described with the Chinese phrase “Ping-Heng” (平衡). The latter refers to holding a balanced position among states in rivalry and keeping good relations with all of them. China performs its balancing strategy mainly through three mechanisms. Diplomatically, it establishes same-level partnerships with both by paying identical state visits, and by promptly soothing one’s dissatisfaction with diplomatic interactions with the other. Institutionally, China seeks to absorb Saudi Arabia and Iran into multi-lateral organizations, such as SCO and BRICS, by providing platforms for them to promote mutual communication and cooperation. Militarily, China keeps abundant arms sales to Saudi while holding more drills with Iran to alleviate security concerns of each side. Under China’s balanced act, Saudi Arabia and Iran understand China as a reliable broker.</p></div><div class="x-row e4393-e102 m3e1-3 m3e1-4 m3e1-5 m3e1-9 m3e1-b m3e1-c m3e1-i m3e1-j m3e1-l m3e1-v m3e1-18"><div class="x-row-inner"><div class="x-col e4393-e103 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b"><div class="x-text x-content e4393-e104 m3e1-1w m3e1-1x m3e1-1y m3e1-23"><p><strong>Yao Chen</strong>, PhD Candidate, School of International Relations and Public Affairs, Shanghai International Studies University, China.</p><p><strong>Tuncay Kardaş</strong>, Professor, Director of Middle East Institute, Sakarya University, Türkiye.</p></div></div><div class="x-col e4393-e105 m3e1-1a m3e1-1d m3e1-1f"><div class="x-row e4393-e106 m3e1-3 m3e1-5 m3e1-6 m3e1-7 m3e1-9 m3e1-f m3e1-g m3e1-m m3e1-q m3e1-19"><div class="x-row-inner"><div class="x-col e4393-e107 m3e1-1a m3e1-1b m3e1-1d m3e1-1e"><div class="x-text x-text-headline e4393-e108 m3e1-1h m3e1-1l m3e1-1m m3e1-1n"><div class="x-text-content"><div 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