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<h1>Learning visual models using a knowledge graph as a trainer</h1> <p>Bosch Research Blog | Posted by Sebastian Monka, Lavdim Halilaj and Stefan Schmid, 2022-07-28</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="M-Stage-Two__contentContainer container"> <div class="M-Stage-Two__content"> <figure class="A-Image__figure" > <div class="A-Image__preloadWrapper" data-nosnippet> <div itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemscope="" itemprop="image"> <meta content="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/header-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp" itemprop="url" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="width" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="height" /> </div> <picture class="A-Image__picture" data-js-component="source-fallback"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/header-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1280x720.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/header-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1984x1116.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 1200px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/header-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1280x720.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/header-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1984x1116.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 992px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/header-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_992x558.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/header-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1536x864.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/header-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/header-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)"> <img class="A-Image A-Image--preload" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/header-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/header-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" width="800" height="450" alt="Learning visual models using a knowledge graph as a trainer"> </picture> </div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> <section aria-label="Introtext"> <div class="e-container"> <div class="M-Text-TextIntro"> <div class="M-Text-TextIntro__text"> <div class="A-Text-RichText"> <p>Most autonomous cars use cameras to navigate the real world. Computer vision (CV) is a field of artificial intelligence that enables computers to interpret and gain a basic understanding from digital images or videos. For example, when an autonomous car detects and identifies a stop sign, the car should slow down and stop. Recent approaches of CV utilize deep learning methods as they can accurately identify and classify objects given a large and balanced set of training data. However, it has been shown that minor variations between the training and application domain can lead to unpredictable and catastrophic errors. As illustrated in Figure 1, these variations occur naturally when the models are deployed in the real world. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="M-TextImageTwo" aria-label="M_TextImageTwo_Figure 1"> <div class="e-container"> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__body" data="topAligned"> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__textWrapper"> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__body--description"> <div class="A-Text-RichText"> <p>Therefore, the main challenge for CV in autonomous driving is the enormous variety of contexts in which an autonomous car must function safely. For example, it must be able to reliably detect traffic signs under many different lighting and weather conditions.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__imageWrapper"> <figure class="A-Image__figure" > <div class="A-Image__preloadWrapper A-Image__preloadWrapper--ratio16to9" data-nosnippet> <div itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemscope="" itemprop="image"> <meta content="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image1-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp" itemprop="url" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="width" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="height" /> </div> <picture class="A-Image__picture" data-js-component="source-fallback"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image1-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image1-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1600x900.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 1200px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image1-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image1-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1600x900.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 992px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image1-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_640x360.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image1-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1280x720.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image1-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image1-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)"> <img class="A-Image A-Image--preload -lazyloading" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image1-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image1-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" width="800" height="450" alt="A graph that displays examples from the real world that can differ from the training data and therefore lead to false predictions. The graph belongs to the topic knowledge driven machine learning by Stefan Schmid at Bosch Research."> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="A-Image__caption A-Image__caption--padding">Images from the real-word (b - d) can differ from the training data (a) and therefore lead to false predictions and catastrophic errors. a) shows a stop sign from the training data [1]; b) shows a stop sign with weather change [2], c) shows a stop sign with artificial change [3], and d) shows stop signs from other countries [4,5,6].</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="M-TextTwo" aria-label="M_TextTwo"> <div class="e-container"> <div class="M-TextTwo__body"> <div class="M-TextTwo__description"> <div class="A-Text-RichText"> <p>Moreover, automotive suppliers and car manufactures face the immense challenge of developing CV-based solutions for autonomous cars that can also operate across country boarders. With state-of-the-art CV algorithms, this implies that the training of a neural network (NN) requires a balanced and representative set of training data for all the countries where the solution is released. This obviously poses a very high burden and increases the development time and cost dramatically. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="M-TextImageTwo" aria-label="The knowledge graph as a trainer"> <div class="e-container"> <div class="a-component-header -small"> <div class="a-text"> <h2>The knowledge graph as a trainer</h2> </div> </div> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__body" data="topAligned"> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__textWrapper"> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__body--description"> <div class="A-Text-RichText"> <p>In collaboration with the University of Trier, we have developed a knowledge-infused approach for learning visual models. Knowledge-infused machine learning combines the best of both worlds: explicit and contextualized domain knowledge (symbolic AI) and data-driven machine learning methods (sub-symbolic AI).</p> <p>Specifically, our solution uses a knowledge graph neural network (KG-NN), in which the training of an NN is guided by prior knowledge that is invariant across domains and represented in the form of a knowledge graph (KG). The prior knowledge is first encoded in the KG with respective concepts and their relationships. Figure 2 illustrates an excerpt of the road signs KG (RSKG). The RSKG contains high-level semantic relationships between the road signs of the dataset. For instance, the stop sign (RS_STOP) has the shape Octagon, the type Prohibitory, and the countries: Germany (DE) and China (CN).</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__imageWrapper"> <figure class="A-Image__figure" > <div class="A-Image__preloadWrapper A-Image__preloadWrapper--ratio16to9" data-nosnippet> <div itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemscope="" itemprop="image"> <meta content="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image2-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp" itemprop="url" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="width" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="height" /> </div> <picture class="A-Image__picture" data-js-component="source-fallback"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image2-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image2-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1600x900.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 1200px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image2-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image2-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1600x900.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 992px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image2-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_640x360.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image2-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1280x720.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image2-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image2-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)"> <img class="A-Image A-Image--preload -lazyloading" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image2-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image2-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" width="800" height="450" alt="A graph that displays an excerpt of the road sign knowledge graph (RSKG). The graph belongs to the topic knowledge driven machine learning by Stefan Schmid at Bosch Research."> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="A-Image__caption A-Image__caption--padding">An excerpt of the road sign knowledge graph (RSKG), comprising high-level semantic information of the road signs.</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="M-TextImageTwo" aria-label="M_TextImageTwo_Figure 3"> <div class="e-container"> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__body" data="topAligned"> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__textWrapper"> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__body--description"> <div class="A-Text-RichText"> <p>In the second step, the KG is transformed into a vector space via a knowledge graph embedding (KGE) method. Since deep learning methods operate in high dimensional vector space, we use this space to interact with the NN and to infuse prior knowledge.</p> <p>A conventional NN is then trained with the supervision of the KGE. Using a contrastive loss function, the KG-NN learns to adapt its visual embedding space and thus its weights according to the knowledge graph embedding.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__imageWrapper"> <figure class="A-Image__figure" > <div class="A-Image__preloadWrapper A-Image__preloadWrapper--ratio16to9" data-nosnippet> <div itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemscope="" itemprop="image"> <meta content="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image3-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp" itemprop="url" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="width" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="height" /> </div> <picture class="A-Image__picture" data-js-component="source-fallback"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image3-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image3-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1600x900.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 1200px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image3-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image3-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1600x900.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 992px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image3-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_640x360.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image3-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1280x720.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image3-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image3-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)"> <img class="A-Image A-Image--preload -lazyloading" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image3-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image3-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" width="800" height="450" alt="A graph that displays KGNN. The graph belongs to the topic knowledge driven machine learning by Stefan Schmid at Bosch Research."> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="A-Image__caption A-Image__caption--padding">KG-NN: The main building blocks for learning a NN, e.g. CNN, using a knowledge graph as a trainer.</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="M-TextImageTwo" aria-label="Evaluation – KG-NNs outperform conventional NNs "> <div class="e-container"> <div class="a-component-header -small"> <div class="a-text"> <h2>Evaluation – KG-NNs outperform conventional NNs </h2> </div> </div> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__body" data="topAligned"> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__textWrapper"> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__body--description"> <div class="A-Text-RichText"> <p>We evaluate our KG-NN approach on a visual transfer learning tasks using road sign recognition datasets from Germany and China. The results show that an NN trained with a knowledge graph as a trainer outperforms a conventional NN particulary in transfer learning scenarios, in which the real-world data differs from the training data.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="M-TextImageTwo__imageWrapper"> <figure class="A-Image__figure" > <div class="A-Image__preloadWrapper A-Image__preloadWrapper--ratio16to9" data-nosnippet> <div itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemscope="" itemprop="image"> <meta content="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image4-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp" itemprop="url" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="width" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="height" /> </div> <picture class="A-Image__picture" data-js-component="source-fallback"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image4-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image4-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1600x900.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 1200px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image4-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image4-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1600x900.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 992px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image4-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_640x360.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image4-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1280x720.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image4-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image4-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)"> <img class="A-Image A-Image--preload -lazyloading" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image4-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/image4-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" width="800" height="450" alt="A graph that displays a road sign recognition use case in Germany and China. The graph belongs to the topic knowledge driven machine learning by Stefan Schmid at Bosch Research."> </picture> </div> <figcaption class="A-Image__caption A-Image__caption--padding">Road sign recognition use case. The KG-NN is trained on German road signs along with the road sign knowledge graph and evaluated on Chinese road signs.</figcaption> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="M-TextTwo" aria-label="M_TextTwo"> <div class="e-container"> <div class="M-TextTwo__body"> <div class="M-TextTwo__description"> <div class="A-Text-RichText"> <p>We tested the KG-NN in a transfer learning scenario, in which a model is trained on only one dataset (Germany) and evaluated on another (China). Our solution outperforms a conventional NN by 7.1% in terms of accuracy on the unseen target data (China).</p> <p>We also evaluated the KG-NN on supervised domain adaptation, in which a small amount of target data from China is available at training time in addition to the full training data from Germany. Our experiments showed that the KG-NN can adapt significantly faster to new domains than conventional NNs. With less than 50% of the images from China, the KG-NN outperforms the conventional NN trained on the full Chinese dataset [7]. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="M-TextTwo" aria-label="Conclusion"> <div class="e-container"> <div class="a-component-header -small"> <div class="a-text"> <h2>Conclusion</h2> </div> </div> <div class="M-TextTwo__body"> <div class="M-TextTwo__description"> <div class="A-Text-RichText"> <p>Training robust NNs is crucial in real-world scenarios, especially for safety-relevant tasks such as CV for autonomous driving. However, conventional deep learning models fail if the real-world data is slightly different to the training data. Our work has shown that using a learning approach with a knowledge graph as a trainer (KG-NN) can significantly increase the robustness of the visual models in real-world scenarios. Moreover, the fact that our KG-NN solution can adapt faster to new domains, has the advantage of drastically reducing the amount of training data required.</p> <p><strong>Sources Figure 1:</strong><br>[1] <a target="_blank" aria-label=""STOP" opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/140641142@N05/37227083885/"><span>"STOP"<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a> <a target="_blank" aria-label="(Public Domain) opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"><span>(Public Domain)</span> <span><i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a>by <a target="_blank" aria-label="dankeck opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/people/140641142@N05/"><span>dankeck<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a><br>[2] <a target="_blank" aria-label=""stop sign" opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/51018933@N08/5257011790/"><span>"stop</span> <span>sign"<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a> <a target="_blank" aria-label="(CC BY 2.0) opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"><span>(CC BY</span> <span>2.0)<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a> by <a target="_blank" aria-label="renee_mcgurk opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/people/51018933@N08/"><span>renee_mcgurk<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a><br>[3] <a target="_blank" aria-label=""2012-04-17%2015.45.54" opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/mlinksva/7090857609/"><span>"2012-04-17%2015.45.54"<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a> <a target="_blank" aria-label="(Public Domain) opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"><span>(Public</span> <span>Domain)<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a> by <a target="_blank" aria-label="mlinksva opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/people/josemiguels/"><span>mlinksva<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a><br>[4] <a target="_blank" aria-label=""ALTO" opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/josemiguels/33669569302/"><span>"ALTO"<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a> <a target="_blank" aria-label="(Public Domain) opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/"><span>(Public</span> <span>Domain)<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a> by <a target="_blank" aria-label="José Miguel S opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/people/josemiguels/"><span>José Miguel</span> <span>S<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a><br>[5] <a target="_blank" aria-label=""Arabic Stop Sign" opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/statto7/4283125386/"><span>"Arabic Stop</span> <span>Sign"<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a> <a target="_blank" aria-label="(CC BY 2.0) opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"><span>(CC BY</span> <span>2.0)<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a> by <a target="_blank" aria-label="AdamAxon opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/people/statto7/"><span>AdamAxon<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a><br>[6] <a target="_blank" aria-label=""chinese stop sign" opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/photos/rinux/3643979463/"><span>"chinese stop sign"</span> <span><i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a><a target="_blank" aria-label="(CC BY-SA 2.0) opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/"><span>(CC BY-SA</span> <span>2.0)<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a> by <a target="_blank" aria-label="riNux opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.flickr.com/people/rinux/"><span>riNux<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a><br>[7] <a target="_blank" aria-label="Learning Visual Models Using a Knowledge Graph as a Trainer opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-88361-4_21"><span>Learning Visual Models Using a Knowledge Graph as a</span> <span>Trainer<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section><section class="M-TextImageJumbotron" aria-label="What are your thoughts on this topic?"> <div class="e-container"> <div class="a-component-header"> <div class="a-text"> <h2>What are your thoughts on this topic?</h2> <p>Please feel free to share them or to contact us directly.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="e-container"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__wrapper"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__image"> <figure class="A-Image__figure" > <div itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemscope="" itemprop="image"> <meta content="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-sebastian-monka-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp" itemprop="url" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="width" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="height" /> </div> <picture class="A-Image__picture" data-js-component="source-fallback"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-sebastian-monka-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_647x719.jpg, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-sebastian-monka-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1294x1438.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 1200px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-sebastian-monka-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_647x719.jpg, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-sebastian-monka-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1294x1438.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 992px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-sebastian-monka-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_992x558.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-sebastian-monka-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1984x1116.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-sebastian-monka-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-sebastian-monka-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)"> <img class="A-Image -lazyloading" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-sebastian-monka-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-sebastian-monka-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" width="800" height="450" alt="Sebastian Monka is a research scientist at Bosch Research in Renningen, Germany, and a PhD student at the University of Trier"> </picture> </figure> </div> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__text"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__layoutWrapper"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__background -contrast"> <h3 class="M-TextImageJumbotron__headline">Author: Sebastian Monka</h3> <div class="A-Text-RichText"><p>Sebastian Monka is a research scientist at Bosch Research in Renningen, Germany, and a PhD student at the University of Trier. His dissertation research focuses on improving deep-learning-based computer vision by introducing symbolic knowledge from knowledge graphs. In particular, he works on transfer learning problems in the field of autonomous driving, i.e., the ability to apply deep learning models to different but related problems.</p> </div> </div> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__links"> <div class="a-link -icon"><a target="_blank" aria-label="LinkedIn opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://de.linkedin.com/in/sebastian-monka-3b92ba132 "><span>LinkedIn<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></div> <div class="a-link -icon"><a target="_blank" aria-label="Research Gate opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sebastian-Monka"><span>Research</span> <span>Gate<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></div> <div class="a-link -icon"><a target="_blank" aria-label="Google Scholar opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=fngLmHgAAAAJ&hl=de&oi=ao "><span>Google</span> <span>Scholar<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section><section class="M-TextImageJumbotron" aria-label=""> <div class="e-container"> <div class="a-component-header"> <div class="a-text"> <p>Please feel free to share them or to contact us directly.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="e-container"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__wrapper"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__image"> <figure class="A-Image__figure" > <div itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemscope="" itemprop="image"> <meta content="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-lavdim-halilaj-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp" itemprop="url" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="width" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="height" /> </div> <picture class="A-Image__picture" data-js-component="source-fallback"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-lavdim-halilaj-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_647x719.jpg, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-lavdim-halilaj-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1294x1438.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 1200px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-lavdim-halilaj-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_647x719.jpg, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-lavdim-halilaj-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1294x1438.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 992px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-lavdim-halilaj-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_992x558.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-lavdim-halilaj-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1984x1116.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-lavdim-halilaj-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-lavdim-halilaj-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)"> <img class="A-Image -lazyloading" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-lavdim-halilaj-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-lavdim-halilaj-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" width="800" height="450" alt="Lavdim Halilaj works as a research scientist at Bosch Research in the field of knowledge-driven machine learning."> </picture> </figure> </div> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__text"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__layoutWrapper"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__background -contrast"> <h3 class="M-TextImageJumbotron__headline">Author: Lavdim Halilaj</h3> <div class="A-Text-RichText"><p>Lavdim works as a research scientist in the field of knowledge-driven machine learning. His primary interest is to investigate how prior knowledge represented in the form of knowledge graphs, encapsulating high level semantics can be leveraged and infused into machine learning models to enable autonomous driving. Prior to joining Bosch, he earned a PhD in Computer Science from the University of Bonn, while he worked at the Fraunhofer IAIS applying semantic technologies in use cases related to domain knowledge modelling and heterogeneous data integration.</p> </div> </div> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__links"> <div class="a-link -icon"><a target="_blank" aria-label="LinkedIn opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://de.linkedin.com/in/lavdim-halilaj-phd-843b1522"><span>LinkedIn<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></div> <div class="a-link -icon"><a target="_blank" aria-label="Research Gate opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Lavdim-Halilaj"><span>Research</span> <span>Gate<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></div> <div class="a-link -icon"><a target="_blank" aria-label="Google Scholar opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://scholar.google.de/citations?user=Z3oDxgQAAAAJ&hl=en"><span>Google</span> <span>Scholar<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section><section class="M-TextImageJumbotron" aria-label=""> <div class="e-container"> <div class="a-component-header"> <div class="a-text"> <p>Please feel free to share them or to contact us directly.</p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="e-container"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__wrapper"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__image"> <figure class="A-Image__figure" > <div itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemscope="" itemprop="image"> <meta content="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp" itemprop="url" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="width" /> <meta content="100%" itemprop="height" /> </div> <picture class="A-Image__picture" data-js-component="source-fallback"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_647x719.jpg, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1294x1438.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 1200px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_647x719.jpg, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1294x1438.jpg 2x" media="(min-width: 992px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_992x558.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_1984x1116.webp 2x" media="(min-width: 768px)"> <source srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" media="(max-width: 767px)"> <img class="A-Image -lazyloading" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAAAACH5BAEKAAEALAAAAAABAAEAAAICTAEAOw==" loading="lazy" srcset="https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_400x225.webp, https://assets.bosch.com/media/global/stories/learning_visual_models_using_a_knowledge_graph_as_trainer/portrait-stefan-schmid-knowledge-driven-machine-learning_res_800x450.webp 2x" width="800" height="450" alt="Stefan Schmid is a Senior Expert at Bosch Research in the areas of Knowledge Engineering and Digital Twins."> </picture> </figure> </div> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__text"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__layoutWrapper"> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__background -contrast"> <h3 class="M-TextImageJumbotron__headline">Author: Stefan Schmid</h3> <div class="A-Text-RichText"><p>Stefan is a Senior Expert at Bosch Research in the areas of Knowledge Engineering and Digital Twins. After his PhD at Lancaster University (U.K.) and nine years at NEC Laboratories Europe (Germany), Stefan joined Bosch in 2013 to work on research topics related to IoT, semantic data integration, and knowledge engineering. Stefan’s main interest is to investigate how semantically enriched and contextualized data and factual knowledge can be used to improve and automate data-driven applications, and help humans and machines make sense of the physical and digital worlds. Additionally, Stefan actively contributes to the Bosch Data Strategy project, where he establishes data architecture foundations and data management applications for a knowledge-driven company.</p> </div> </div> <div class="M-TextImageJumbotron__links"> <div class="a-link -icon"><a target="_blank" aria-label="LinkedIn opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.linkedin.com/in/stefan-schmid-a554726"><span>LinkedIn<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></div> <div class="a-link -icon"><a target="_blank" aria-label="Research Gate opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Stefan-Schmid-12"><span>Research</span> <span>Gate<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></div> <div class="a-link -icon"><a target="_blank" aria-label="Google Scholar opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?hl=en&user=L4rfh_kAAAAJ"><span>Google</span> <span>Scholar<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section class="M-TextTwo" aria-label="Further Information "> <div class="e-container"> <div class="a-component-header -small"> <div class="a-text"> <h2>Further Information </h2> <p>Related Resources</p> </div> </div> <div class="M-TextTwo__body"> <p class="M-TextTwo__intro-text"> The following resources provide a more in-depth understanding of knowledge-infused machine learning and its application for use cases of interest to Bosch. </p> <div class="M-TextTwo__description"> <div class="A-Text-RichText"> <p><strong>Publications</strong></p> <ul class="a-list a-list--dot"><li><a target="_blank" aria-label="Learning Visual Models Using a Knowledge Graph as a Trainer (International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2021) opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-030-88361-4_21"><span>Learning Visual Models Using a Knowledge Graph as a Trainer (International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC</span> <span>2021)<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></li><li><a target="_blank" aria-label="A Survey on Transfer Learning using Knowledge Graphs (Semantic Web Journal, 2021) opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="http://www.semantic-web-journal.net/content/survey-transfer-learning-using-knowledge-graphs"><span>A Survey on Transfer Learning using Knowledge Graphs (Semantic Web Journal,</span> <span>2021)<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></li><li><a target="_blank" aria-label="Infusing Contextual Knowledge Graphs for Visual Object Recognition (accepted at International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC 2022) opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://eur03.safelinks.protection.outlook.com/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F362280189_Context-driven_Visual_Object_Recognition_based_on_Knowledge_Graphs&data=05%7C01%7Cexternal.Suheda.Akbulut2%40de.bosch.com%7C9239fd85869d47109c8508da706e8ebe%7C0ae51e1907c84e4bbb6d648ee58410f4%7C0%7C0%7C637945917382357991%7CUnknown%7CTWFpbGZsb3d8eyJWIjoiMC4wLjAwMDAiLCJQIjoiV2luMzIiLCJBTiI6Ik1haWwiLCJXVCI6Mn0%3D%7C3000%7C%7C%7C&sdata=M4R1guiNj5R9MXWLLIIMI4GIMgY9kx%2BZuxt4rdFTTj0%3D&reserved=0"><span>Infusing Contextual Knowledge Graphs for Visual Object Recognition (accepted at International Semantic Web Conference, ISWC</span> <span>2022)<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></li></ul> <p><strong>Articles on the Bosch Research Blog</strong></p> <ul class="a-list a-list--dot"><li><a target="_blank" aria-label="Six grand opportunities from knowledge-infused learning for autonomous driving (July 2020) opens external site" rel="noopener, noreferrer" href="https://www.bosch.com/stories/six-opportunities-knowledge-infused-learning/"><span>Six grand opportunities from knowledge-infused learning for autonomous driving (July</span> <span>2020)<i class="a-icon ui-ic-nosafe-lr-externallink"></i></span></a></li></ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <section aria-label="M_Social_ShareIcons"> <div class="e-container"> <div class="M-SocialShareIcons M-SocialShareIcons--centeredAligned"> <p class="M-SocialShareIcons__label M-SocialShareIcons__label--centeredAligned">Share this on:</p> <div class="M-SocialShareIcons__icons M-SocialShareIcons__icons--centeredAligned"> <a itemprop="sameAs" class="M-SocialShareIcons__icon" target="_blank" aria-label="This icon opens the share dialogue of LinkedIn. opens external site" rel="noopener noreferrer" 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