CINXE.COM
Альфа-распад. Большая российская энциклопедия
<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="ru"><head><meta charset="utf-8"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1,maximum-scale=1"> <title>Альфа-распад. Большая российская энциклопедия</title> <link href="https://mc.yandex.ru" rel="preconnect"> <link href="https://top-fwz1.mail.ru/js/code.js" as="script" crossorigin> <link href="https://news.gnezdo2.ru/gnezdo_news_tracker_new.js" as="script" crossorigin> <link href="https://mc.yandex.ru" rel="dns-prefetch"> <link href="https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js" as="script" crossorigin> <meta name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#da532c"> <meta name="msapplication-config" content="/meta/browserconfig.xml"> <meta name="theme-color" content="#ffffff"> <link rel="icon" sizes="32x32" href="/favicon.ico"> <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/meta/favicon.svg"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/meta/apple-touch-icon.png"> <link rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="48x48" href="/meta/favicon-48x48.png"> <link rel="manifest" href="/meta/site.webmanifest"> <meta content="2023-07-13T13:04:44.000Z" name="article:modified_time"> <meta content="Физические процессы, явления" property="article:section"> <meta content="Физические процессы" property="article:tag"> <meta content="Физика атомного ядра" property="article:tag"> <meta content="А́льфа-распа́д (α-распад), испускание атомным ядром альфа-частицы (ядра 4He). Альфа-распад из основного (невозбуждённого) состояния ядра называют..." name="description"> <meta content="α-распад, Физические процессы, Физика атомного ядра" name="keywords"> <meta content="А́льфа-распа́д (α-распад), испускание атомным ядром альфа-частицы (ядра 4He). Альфа-распад из основного (невозбуждённого) состояния ядра называют..." property="og:description"> <meta content="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=K2mwjNK87zofppSZEffyIw&filename=vault/3cf067030012eb10bb78b0ddf25f3b6b.webp&width=1200" property="og:image"> <meta content="«Большая российская энциклопедия»" property="og:image:alt"> <meta content="792" property="og:image:height"> <meta content="webp&width=1200" property="og:image:type"> <meta content="1200" property="og:image:width"> <meta content="Альфа-распад" property="og:title"> <meta content="article" property="og:type"> <meta content="https://bigenc.ru/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3" property="og:url"> <meta content="summary_large_image" property="twitter:card"> <meta content="Большая российская энциклопедия" property="og:site_name"> <meta content="2023-07-13T13:04:44.000Z" name="article:published_time"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/entry.mpjHLZVQ.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/components.EYp_E6uU.css"> <link rel="stylesheet" href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/Formula.OAWbmYZe.css"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/entry.-Z8AjeEO.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/chunk.eVCQshbn.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/components.a6A3eWos.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/index.64RxBmGv.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/Renderer.vue.KBqHlDjs.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/ArticleSidebar.vue.QjMjnOY7.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/Image.vue.hLe6_eLu.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/MediaFigure.vue.8Cjz8VZ4.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/Image.MIRfcYkN.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/Formula.hIoX9Hw3.js"> <link rel="modulepreload" as="script" crossorigin href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/PreviewLink.1ksiu7wu.js"> <link rel="prefetch" as="image" type="image/jpeg" href="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/fallback.OCsNm7LY.jpg"> <script type="module" src="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/entry.-Z8AjeEO.js" crossorigin></script></head><body><div id="__nuxt"><!--[--><div class="loading-indicator" style="position:fixed;top:0;right:0;left:0;pointer-events:none;width:0%;height:1px;opacity:0;background:repeating-linear-gradient(to right,#7698f5 0%,#436ee6 50%,#0047e1 100%);background-size:Infinity% auto;transition:width 0.1s, height 0.4s, opacity 0.4s;z-index:999999;"></div><div><!----><div class="bre-page" itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/WebPage"><header class="bre-header" itemprop="hasPart" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/WPHeader" style=""><div class="bre-header-fixed"><nav class="bre-header-nav"><div class="bre-header-nav-item _flex-start _logo"><a class="bre-header-logo -show-on-desktop-s _big" aria-label="Домой"></a><a class="bre-header-logo _small" aria-label="Домой"></a></div><div class="bre-header-nav-item _flex-start _catalog"><button type="button" class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--primary -text-button tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer tw-h-11 -show-on-desktop-s tw-px-4 tw-w-[132px] !tw-justify-start" data-v-cfbedafc><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-shrink-0" data-v-cfbedafc><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M20.75 6a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75H4a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h16a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75Zm-7 6a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75H4a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h9a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75ZM20 18.75a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5H4a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h16Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> </span><span class="c-button__content" data-v-cfbedafc><!--[--> Каталог <!--]--></span></button><button type="button" class="b-button b-button--transparent -text-button tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer tw-gap-0 md:tw-gap-2 -hide-on-desktop-s" data-v-cfbedafc><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-shrink-0 tw-text-primary-black" data-v-cfbedafc><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M20.75 6a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75H4a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h16a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75Zm-7 6a.75.75 0 0 1-.75.75H4a.75.75 0 0 1 0-1.5h9a.75.75 0 0 1 .75.75ZM20 18.75a.75.75 0 0 0 0-1.5H4a.75.75 0 0 0 0 1.5h16Z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> </span><span class="c-button__content" data-v-cfbedafc><!--[--><span class="tw-hidden tw-pt-0.5 tw-text-primary-black md:tw-block">Каталог</span><!--]--></span></button></div><div class="bre-header-nav-item _flex-start lg:tw-flex-1"><div class="min-lg:tw-w-[228px] tw-relative max-md:tw-mb-[6px] max-md:tw-mt-4 lg:tw-w-full lg:tw-max-w-[606px] max-md:tw-hidden"><div class="tw-flex max-lg:tw-hidden" data-v-f39cd9b8><div class="tw-flex tw-w-full tw-items-center tw-border tw-border-solid tw-border-transparent tw-bg-gray-6 tw-px-3 tw-transition lg:hover:tw-bg-gray-5 lg:tw-bg-primary-white lg:tw-border-gray-5 lg:hover:tw-border-transparent lg:tw-rounded-e-none lg:tw-pr-4 tw-rounded-lg tw-h-11" data-v-f39cd9b8><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-shrink-0 tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-2 tw-cursor-pointer" style="display:none;" data-v-f39cd9b8><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M10 17C13.866 17 17 13.866 17 10C17 6.13401 13.866 3 10 3C6.13401 3 3 6.13401 3 10C3 13.866 6.13401 17 10 17Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/> <path d="M21.0004 21.0004L15.5 15.5" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/> </svg> </span><input class="b-search-input -text-headline-6 tw-h-full tw-shrink tw-grow tw-basis-auto tw-border-none tw-bg-transparent tw-p-0 tw-indent-2 tw-leading-none tw-text-primary-black tw-outline-none tw-transition md:tw-w-[154px] tw-placeholder-gray-2 lg:tw-placeholder-gray-1 lg:tw-indent-1 lg:tw-pr-4 lg:-text-caption-1 placeholder-on-focus" name="new-search" value="" type="text" placeholder="Искать в энциклопедии" autocomplete="off" spellcheck="false" data-v-f39cd9b8><button type="button" class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--transparent -text-button tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer b-button--icon-only" style="display:none;" data-v-f39cd9b8 data-v-cfbedafc><span class="nuxt-icon nuxt-icon--fill nuxt-icon--stroke tw-text-2xl tw-shrink-0 tw-text-gray-2" data-v-cfbedafc><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none"><path stroke="currentColor" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" stroke-width="1.5" d="M17 17 7 7M17 7 7 17"/></svg> </span><!----></button></div><!--[--><button type="button" class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--primary -text-button tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer b-button--icon-only tw-h-11 tw-w-11 tw-rounded-s-none tw-flex-none" style="" data-v-cfbedafc><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-shrink-0" data-v-cfbedafc><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M10 17C13.866 17 17 13.866 17 10C17 6.13401 13.866 3 10 3C6.13401 3 3 6.13401 3 10C3 13.866 6.13401 17 10 17Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/> <path d="M21.0004 21.0004L15.5 15.5" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/> </svg> </span><!----></button><!--]--></div><!----></div><button class="lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M10 17C13.866 17 17 13.866 17 10C17 6.13401 13.866 3 10 3C6.13401 3 3 6.13401 3 10C3 13.866 6.13401 17 10 17Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/> <path d="M21.0004 21.0004L15.5 15.5" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/> </svg> </span></button></div><div class="bre-header-nav-item _flex-start -show-on-tablet button-author-animation lg:tw-justify-end lg:tw-basis-[calc(50vw-348px)]"><a class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--secondary -text-button tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer tw-h-10 tw-w-[172px] tw-px-6 lg:tw-h-11" data-v-cfbedafc><!----><span class="c-button__content" data-v-cfbedafc><!--[--> Стать автором <!--]--></span></a></div><div class="bre-header-nav-item _flex-start tw-relative max-md:tw-w-6 sm:tw-z-[9] md:tw-z-[21]"><div class="bre-header-profile"><!--[--><!--[--><a class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--primary -text-button tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer tw-h-10 tw-px-6 -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s tw-w-[102px]" data-v-cfbedafc><!----><span class="c-button__content" data-v-cfbedafc><!--[--> Войти <!--]--></span></a><a class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--primary -text-button tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer tw-h-11 tw-px-6 -show-on-desktop-s tw-w-[102px]" data-v-cfbedafc><!----><span class="c-button__content" data-v-cfbedafc><!--[--> Войти <!--]--></span></a><a class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--transparent -text-button tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer b-button--icon-only tw-mx-1 -hide-on-tablet" data-v-cfbedafc><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-shrink-0 tw-text-primary-black" data-v-cfbedafc><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M20 21V19C20 17.9391 19.5786 16.9217 18.8284 16.1716C18.0783 15.4214 17.0609 15 16 15H8C6.93913 15 5.92172 15.4214 5.17157 16.1716C4.42143 16.9217 4 17.9391 4 19V21" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/> <path d="M12 12C14.2091 12 16 10.2091 16 8C16 5.79086 14.2091 4 12 4C9.79086 4 8 5.79086 8 8C8 10.2091 9.79086 12 12 12Z" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round"/> </svg> </span><!----></a><!--]--></div></div></nav><!----><!----></div><!----><!----></header><main class="bre-page-main"><!--[--><div class="bre-article-layout _no-margin"><nav class="bre-article-layout__menu"><div class="bre-article-menu lg:tw-sticky"><div class="bre-article-menu__list"><!--[--><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><!--[--><!--[--><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item _active"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-blue"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.29919 18V6C4.29919 4.61929 5.41848 3.5 6.79919 3.5H11.7992H13.4413C13.7192 3.5 13.9922 3.54628 14.25 3.63441V7C14.25 8.51878 15.4812 9.75 17 9.75H19.2992V12V18C19.2992 19.3807 18.1799 20.5 16.7992 20.5H6.79919C5.41848 20.5 4.29919 19.3807 4.29919 18ZM18.9149 8.25C18.8305 8.11585 18.7329 7.98916 18.623 7.87194L15.75 4.80733V7C15.75 7.69036 16.3096 8.25 17 8.25H18.9149ZM2.79919 6C2.79919 3.79086 4.59006 2 6.79919 2H11.7992H13.4413C14.5469 2 15.6032 2.45763 16.3594 3.26424L19.7173 6.84603C20.4124 7.58741 20.7992 8.56555 20.7992 9.58179V12V18C20.7992 20.2091 19.0083 22 16.7992 22H6.79919C4.59006 22 2.79919 20.2091 2.79919 18V6ZM7.04919 12C7.04919 11.5858 7.38498 11.25 7.79919 11.25H15.7992C16.2134 11.25 16.5492 11.5858 16.5492 12C16.5492 12.4142 16.2134 12.75 15.7992 12.75H7.79919C7.38498 12.75 7.04919 12.4142 7.04919 12ZM7.79919 16.25C7.38498 16.25 7.04919 16.5858 7.04919 17C7.04919 17.4142 7.38498 17.75 7.79919 17.75H12.7992C13.2134 17.75 13.5492 17.4142 13.5492 17C13.5492 16.5858 13.2134 16.25 12.7992 16.25H7.79919Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Статья</span></span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Статья</span></span></span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item _active tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-blue"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M4.29919 18V6C4.29919 4.61929 5.41848 3.5 6.79919 3.5H11.7992H13.4413C13.7192 3.5 13.9922 3.54628 14.25 3.63441V7C14.25 8.51878 15.4812 9.75 17 9.75H19.2992V12V18C19.2992 19.3807 18.1799 20.5 16.7992 20.5H6.79919C5.41848 20.5 4.29919 19.3807 4.29919 18ZM18.9149 8.25C18.8305 8.11585 18.7329 7.98916 18.623 7.87194L15.75 4.80733V7C15.75 7.69036 16.3096 8.25 17 8.25H18.9149ZM2.79919 6C2.79919 3.79086 4.59006 2 6.79919 2H11.7992H13.4413C14.5469 2 15.6032 2.45763 16.3594 3.26424L19.7173 6.84603C20.4124 7.58741 20.7992 8.56555 20.7992 9.58179V12V18C20.7992 20.2091 19.0083 22 16.7992 22H6.79919C4.59006 22 2.79919 20.2091 2.79919 18V6ZM7.04919 12C7.04919 11.5858 7.38498 11.25 7.79919 11.25H15.7992C16.2134 11.25 16.5492 11.5858 16.5492 12C16.5492 12.4142 16.2134 12.75 15.7992 12.75H7.79919C7.38498 12.75 7.04919 12.4142 7.04919 12ZM7.79919 16.25C7.38498 16.25 7.04919 16.5858 7.04919 17C7.04919 17.4142 7.38498 17.75 7.79919 17.75H12.7992C13.2134 17.75 13.5492 17.4142 13.5492 17C13.5492 16.5858 13.2134 16.25 12.7992 16.25H7.79919Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Статья</span></span></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3/annotation" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18.2363 4.12686C18.2363 3.43651 18.796 2.87686 19.4863 2.87686C20.1767 2.87686 20.7363 3.43651 20.7363 4.12686C20.7363 4.81722 20.1767 5.37686 19.4863 5.37686C18.796 5.37686 18.2363 4.81722 18.2363 4.12686ZM19.4863 1.37686C17.9675 1.37686 16.7363 2.60808 16.7363 4.12686C16.7363 4.43206 16.786 4.72564 16.8778 4.99996H7C4.79086 4.99996 3 6.79082 3 8.99996V19C3 21.2091 4.79086 23 7 23H17C19.2091 23 21 21.2091 21 19V8.99996C21 8.16642 20.745 7.39244 20.3089 6.75173C21.4258 6.40207 22.2363 5.35911 22.2363 4.12686C22.2363 2.60808 21.0051 1.37686 19.4863 1.37686ZM7 6.49996H16.6319L14.6964 8.43547C14.4035 8.72837 14.4035 9.20324 14.6964 9.49613C14.9893 9.78903 15.4641 9.78903 15.757 9.49613L18.3547 6.89846C19.0438 7.34362 19.5 8.11852 19.5 8.99996V19C19.5 20.3807 18.3807 21.5 17 21.5H7C5.61929 21.5 4.5 20.3807 4.5 19V8.99996C4.5 7.61924 5.61929 6.49996 7 6.49996ZM9.25 12C9.25 11.5857 9.58579 11.25 10 11.25H12H14C14.4142 11.25 14.75 11.5857 14.75 12C14.75 12.4142 14.4142 12.75 14 12.75H12H10C9.58579 12.75 9.25 12.4142 9.25 12ZM9.25 17C9.25 16.5857 9.58579 16.25 10 16.25H12H14C14.4142 16.25 14.75 16.5857 14.75 17C14.75 17.4142 14.4142 17.75 14 17.75H12H10C9.58579 17.75 9.25 17.4142 9.25 17Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Аннотация</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Аннотация</span></span></span><a href="/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3/annotation" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M18.2363 4.12686C18.2363 3.43651 18.796 2.87686 19.4863 2.87686C20.1767 2.87686 20.7363 3.43651 20.7363 4.12686C20.7363 4.81722 20.1767 5.37686 19.4863 5.37686C18.796 5.37686 18.2363 4.81722 18.2363 4.12686ZM19.4863 1.37686C17.9675 1.37686 16.7363 2.60808 16.7363 4.12686C16.7363 4.43206 16.786 4.72564 16.8778 4.99996H7C4.79086 4.99996 3 6.79082 3 8.99996V19C3 21.2091 4.79086 23 7 23H17C19.2091 23 21 21.2091 21 19V8.99996C21 8.16642 20.745 7.39244 20.3089 6.75173C21.4258 6.40207 22.2363 5.35911 22.2363 4.12686C22.2363 2.60808 21.0051 1.37686 19.4863 1.37686ZM7 6.49996H16.6319L14.6964 8.43547C14.4035 8.72837 14.4035 9.20324 14.6964 9.49613C14.9893 9.78903 15.4641 9.78903 15.757 9.49613L18.3547 6.89846C19.0438 7.34362 19.5 8.11852 19.5 8.99996V19C19.5 20.3807 18.3807 21.5 17 21.5H7C5.61929 21.5 4.5 20.3807 4.5 19V8.99996C4.5 7.61924 5.61929 6.49996 7 6.49996ZM9.25 12C9.25 11.5857 9.58579 11.25 10 11.25H12H14C14.4142 11.25 14.75 11.5857 14.75 12C14.75 12.4142 14.4142 12.75 14 12.75H12H10C9.58579 12.75 9.25 12.4142 9.25 12ZM9.25 17C9.25 16.5857 9.58579 16.25 10 16.25H12H14C14.4142 16.25 14.75 16.5857 14.75 17C14.75 17.4142 14.4142 17.75 14 17.75H12H10C9.58579 17.75 9.25 17.4142 9.25 17Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Аннотация</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Медиа</span></span></span><a href="/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3/media" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M17 4H7C5.61929 4 4.5 5.11929 4.5 6.5V17.5C4.5 18.1033 4.71367 18.6566 5.06946 19.0885L15.6829 8.95748C15.8374 8.81003 16.0474 8.73542 16.2603 8.75237C16.4732 8.76931 16.6687 8.87621 16.7979 9.04625L19.5 12.6023V6.5C19.5 5.11929 18.3807 4 17 4ZM19.5 15.0592C19.465 15.0278 19.4324 14.9926 19.4028 14.9538L16.1114 10.6221L6.37067 19.9201C6.57173 19.9723 6.78263 20 7 20H17C18.3807 20 19.5 18.8807 19.5 17.5V15.0592ZM7 2.5C4.79086 2.5 3 4.29086 3 6.5V17.5C3 19.7091 4.79086 21.5 7 21.5H17C19.2091 21.5 21 19.7091 21 17.5V6.5C21 4.29086 19.2091 2.5 17 2.5H7ZM9.20078 7.25C8.51042 7.25 7.95078 7.80964 7.95078 8.5C7.95078 9.19036 8.51042 9.75 9.20078 9.75C9.89113 9.75 10.4508 9.19036 10.4508 8.5C10.4508 7.80964 9.89113 7.25 9.20078 7.25ZM6.45078 8.5C6.45078 6.98122 7.68199 5.75 9.20078 5.75C10.7196 5.75 11.9508 6.98122 11.9508 8.5C11.9508 10.0188 10.7196 11.25 9.20078 11.25C7.68199 11.25 6.45078 10.0188 6.45078 8.5Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Медиа</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Библиография</span></span></span><a href="/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3/references" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M5 3.25C3.48122 3.25 2.25 4.48122 2.25 6V16.1667C2.25 17.6854 3.48122 18.9167 5 18.9167H9.3C9.80519 18.9167 10.2974 19.1269 10.6662 19.5139C11.0362 19.9022 11.25 20.4361 11.25 21C11.25 21.4142 11.5858 21.75 12 21.75C12.4142 21.75 12.75 21.4142 12.75 21C12.75 20.4227 12.9564 19.8833 13.3026 19.4973C13.6464 19.114 14.0941 18.9167 14.5412 18.9167H19C20.5188 18.9167 21.75 17.6855 21.75 16.1667V6C21.75 4.48122 20.5188 3.25 19 3.25H15.3882C14.2627 3.25 13.2022 3.74922 12.4341 4.60572C12.266 4.79308 12.1147 4.99431 11.9809 5.20674C11.8358 4.98777 11.6713 4.78092 11.4885 4.58908C10.6758 3.73626 9.56568 3.25 8.4 3.25H5ZM12.75 17.993C13.2735 17.6237 13.8929 17.4167 14.5412 17.4167H19C19.6904 17.4167 20.25 16.857 20.25 16.1667V6C20.25 5.30964 19.6904 4.75 19 4.75H15.3882C14.7165 4.75 14.0534 5.04681 13.5507 5.60725C13.0457 6.17037 12.75 6.95001 12.75 7.77778V17.993ZM11.25 18.0438V7.77778C11.25 6.96341 10.9414 6.18924 10.4026 5.62389C9.86506 5.05976 9.14388 4.75 8.4 4.75H5C4.30964 4.75 3.75 5.30964 3.75 6V16.1667C3.75 16.857 4.30964 17.4167 5 17.4167H9.3C10.0044 17.4167 10.6825 17.64 11.25 18.0438Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Библиография</span></a></div><div class="tw-grow tw-basis-0 max-md:tw-max-w-[80px]"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-mx-auto tw-hidden lg:tw-flex"><!--[--><!--[--><a href="/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Версии</span></span></span><a href="/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3/versions" class="bre-article-menu__list-item tw-mx-auto tw-flex lg:tw-hidden"><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-1"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M10.9565 3.85864H7.51619C7.8045 3.2057 8.4577 2.75 9.21734 2.75H13.5652H14.7687C15.4365 2.75 16.0697 3.0466 16.4972 3.55959L19.2502 6.86313C19.5871 7.26748 19.7717 7.77718 19.7717 8.30354V10.6957V16.7826C19.7717 17.5422 19.316 18.1954 18.663 18.4838V13.3043V10.9122C18.663 10.0349 18.3555 9.18542 17.7939 8.51149L15.0409 5.20795C14.3284 4.35298 13.273 3.85864 12.1601 3.85864H10.9565ZM14.913 22.7499C16.6051 22.7499 18.0354 21.6293 18.5022 20.0898C20.0762 19.8113 21.2717 18.4365 21.2717 16.7826V10.6957V8.30354C21.2717 7.42628 20.9641 6.57678 20.4025 5.90285L17.6496 2.59931C16.9371 1.74434 15.8817 1.25 14.7687 1.25H13.5652H9.21734C7.56341 1.25 6.18869 2.44548 5.91016 4.01947C4.37062 4.48633 3.25 5.91662 3.25 7.60864V18.9999C3.25 21.071 4.92893 22.7499 7 22.7499H14.913ZM7 5.35864C5.75736 5.35864 4.75 6.366 4.75 7.60864V18.9999C4.75 20.2426 5.75736 21.2499 7 21.2499H14.913C16.1557 21.2499 17.163 20.2426 17.163 18.9999V13.3043V10.9122C17.163 10.7991 17.1545 10.6867 17.1378 10.5761H15.3043C13.9296 10.5761 12.8152 9.46164 12.8152 8.08694V5.45611C12.6051 5.39215 12.3845 5.35864 12.1601 5.35864H10.9565H7ZM14.3152 6.68014V8.08694C14.3152 8.63322 14.758 9.07607 15.3043 9.07607H16.3118L14.3152 6.68014ZM6.72827 13.3043C6.72827 12.8901 7.06406 12.5543 7.47827 12.5543H14.4348C14.849 12.5543 15.1848 12.8901 15.1848 13.3043C15.1848 13.7185 14.849 14.0543 14.4348 14.0543H7.47827C7.06406 14.0543 6.72827 13.7185 6.72827 13.3043ZM7.47827 16.9022C7.06406 16.9022 6.72827 17.238 6.72827 17.6522C6.72827 18.0664 7.06406 18.4022 7.47827 18.4022H10.9565C11.3707 18.4022 11.7065 18.0664 11.7065 17.6522C11.7065 17.238 11.3707 16.9022 10.9565 16.9022H7.47827Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><span class="bre-article-menu__list-item-text tw-hidden md:max-lg:tw-inline">Версии</span></a></div><!--]--></div></div></nav><!--[--><div><meta itemprop="image primaryImageOfPage" content="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7JK17_fgqWlQEFIk2cRkfA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=120"><article itemscope itemprop="mainEntity" itemtype="https://schema.org/Article"><div itemprop="publisher" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><meta itemprop="address" content="Покровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 1А, Москва, 109028"><meta itemprop="telephone" content="+7 (495) 781-15-95"><meta itemprop="logo" content="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/logo.98u7ubS9.svg"></div><div itemprop="copyrightHolder" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/Organization"><meta itemprop="name" content="Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><meta itemprop="address" content="Покровский бульвар, д. 8, стр. 1А, Москва, 109028"><meta itemprop="telephone" content="+7 (495) 781-15-95"><meta itemprop="logo" content="https://s.bigenc.ru/_nuxt/logo.98u7ubS9.svg"></div><meta itemprop="articleSection" content="Физические процессы, явления"><meta itemprop="headline" content="Альфа-распад"><meta itemprop="keywords" content="α-распад, Физические процессы, Физика атомного ядра"><!----><div class="bre-article-page max-md:tw-mt-10 md:max-lg:tw-mt-[81px] max-md:tw-mt-[105px]"><!----><nav class="bre-article-loc -hide-on-desktop-s"><div class="bre-article-loc-button"><span class="bre-article-loc-title">Содержание</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="bre-article-loc-short">Альфа-спектроскопия</div></div><!----></nav><div class="article-sidebar -hide-on-desktop-s"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><!--[--><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s">Альфа-распад</div><!--]--></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><header class="bre-article-header -hide-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><!--[--><!--[--><span class="bre-label">Физические процессы, явления</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Физические процессы, явления</span></span></span><!----></div><!--[--><!----><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Альфа-распад</h1><!--]--><!----></header><section class="-hide-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"><!----></section><!----><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container _placeholder"><meta itemprop="name" content="Физика"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Физика. Научно-образовательный портал «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><!----><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7JK17_fgqWlQEFIk2cRkfA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Физика" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7JK17_fgqWlQEFIk2cRkfA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Jf8Ovt6NK1CJRMEXmLmu9w&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9FmjZNIS1_JG-eBy3nkCow&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=W0YAxakNej-ihBYTmKOUhA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bU5vxPnJKBxMhvgLEjl-uA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=CO7eqX0CglCAJmsuCYDJxQ&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SNrDJXfJeDUaOjs9TGABPA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=A65s2m2zZF6hgTDDppMoDA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Физика" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><!----></span><!----><!----></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><!--[--><!--[--><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Радиоактивный распад. Радиометрия</dd><!--]--><!--[--><dt>Другие наименования:</dt><dd>α-распад</dd><!--]--><!--]--><!----></dl></div></div></div><div class="bre-article-page__container"><div class="bre-article-page__content bre-article-content"><header class="bre-article-header -show-on-tablet"><div class="bre-label__wrap"><span data-v-tippy class="tw-leading-[0px]"><!--[--><!--[--><span class="bre-label">Физические процессы, явления</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Физические процессы, явления</span></span></span><!----></div><!--[--><!----><h1 class="bre-article-header-title">Альфа-распад</h1><!--]--><!----></header><section class="tw-flex"><div class="-show-on-tablet tw-h-14 md:tw-h-20"><div><div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ViewAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/ShareAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div><div itemprop="interactionStatistic" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/InteractionCounter"><meta itemprop="interactionType" content="https://schema.org/LikeAction"><meta itemprop="userInteractionCount" content=""></div></div><span></span></div></div><span></span></section><div class="js-preview-link-root"><div itemprop="articleBody" class="bre-article-body"><!--[--><section><section><p><b>А́льфа-распа́д </b>(α-распад), испускание <a href="/c/atomnoe-iadro-53bc80" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->атомным ядром<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> <a href="/c/al-fa-chastitsa-befe5f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->альфа-частицы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (ядра <sup>4</sup>He). Альфа-распад из основного (невозбуждённого) состояния ядра называют также альфа-радиоактивностью.</p><p>Термин «<span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-лучи» был введён вскоре после открытия <a href="/c/bekkerel-antuan-anri-104f0f" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->А. А. Беккерелем<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> в 1896 г. <a href="/c/radioaktivnost-56b3d4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->радиоактивности<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> для обозначения наименее проникающего вида излучения, испускаемого <a href="/c/radioaktivnost-56b3d4" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->радиоактивными<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> веществами. В 1909 г. <a href="/c/rezerford-ernest-263d7d" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Э. Резерфорд<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> и Т. Ройдс доказали, что <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частицы являются дважды <a href="/c/ionizatsiia-03bfec" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->ионизованными<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> атомами гелия.</p><p>При альфа-распаде массовое число <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>А</mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">А</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord cyrillic_fallback">А</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span> материнского ядра уменьшается на 4 единицы, а заряд (число протонов) <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Z</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Z</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">Z</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span> – на 2: <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="block"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mtable width="100%"><mtr><mtd width="50%"></mtd><mtd><mrow><mrow><msup><mrow></mrow><mi>A</mi></msup><mi>Z</mi><mo>→</mo><msup><mtext> </mtext><mrow><mi>A</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>4</mn></mrow></msup><mo stretchy="false">(</mo><mi>Z</mi><mtext>–</mtext><mn>2</mn><mo stretchy="false">)</mo><mo>+</mo><msubsup><mtext> </mtext><mn>2</mn><mn>4</mn></msubsup><mi>H</mi><mi>e</mi><mo>+</mo><mi>Q</mi></mrow><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd width="50%"></mtd><mtd><mtext>(1)</mtext></mtd></mtr></mtable><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{^AZ→\ ^{A-4}(Z–2) +\ ^4_2He+Q} \tag 1.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1413em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">Z</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">→</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mspace"> </span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8913em;"><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">A</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mtight">4</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">Z</span><span class="mord">–2</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mspace"> </span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.8641em;"><span style="top:-2.453em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span><span style="top:-3.113em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">4</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.247em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord mathnormal">He</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span></span><span class="mord">.</span></span><span class="tag"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1413em;vertical-align:-0.25em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span><span class="mord">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>Энергия <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>, выделяющаяся при альфа-распаде, определяется разностью масс материнского ядра и обоих продуктов распада. Альфа-распад энергетически возможен, если величина <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span> положительна. Это условие выполняется почти для всех ядер с <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>А</mtext><mo>></mo><mn>150</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">А >150</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7224em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord cyrillic_fallback">А</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">150</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>. Наблюдаемые времена жизни <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-радиоактивных ядер лежат в пределах от 10<sup>17</sup> лет (<sup>204</sup>Pb) до 3 <b>· </b>10<sup>–7</sup> с (<sup>212</sup>Po). Однако во многих случаях времена жизни ядер (<a href="/c/period-poluraspada-baa39e" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->периоды полураспада<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>), для которых <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Q</mi><mo>></mo><mn>0</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q >0</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>, оказываются слишком большими и альфа-радиоактивность наблюдать не удаётся. <a href="/c/kineticheskaia-energiia-06ee5a" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Кинетическая энергия<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частиц изменяется от 1,83 МэВ (<sup>144</sup>Nd) до 11,65 МэВ (изомер <sup>212m</sup>Po).</p><p><span class="bre-media-image _note-exclude" data-width="33%" data-display="left"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container"><meta itemprop="name" content="Кулоновский потенциал ядра"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Кулоновский потенциал ядра."><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="БРЭ. Т. 1"><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4ZBulqexYtMu6gBtDNAogQ&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Кулоновский потенциал ядра" data-nuxt-img srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4ZBulqexYtMu6gBtDNAogQ&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mwDzqdAv-4oqKaZCss7s3Q&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ZOUhwbn-MMX6OlJqVNJy5Q&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=J2HlOlqMM8_kM3jrYJsUNw&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tSjTHuLLvxTZEcR7xqvogA&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4H1fNTtKydTMQEOF9ItFtw&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5RwasINVZFtnIZE_1aRBEg&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jmOxNgM8yFx-EW3ZHF7e2w&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Кулоновский потенциал ядра" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><span class="bre-media-caption"><span class="bre-media-caption-content"><!----><span class="bre-media-caption__text"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[--><span class="tw-line-clamp-3">Кулоновский потенциал ядра.</span><!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Кулоновский потенциал ядра.</span></span></span></span><!----></span><!----></span></span><!----><!----></span>Известно свыше 300 <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-радиоактивных нуклидов, полученных в основном искусственно. Подавляющее большинство их относится к элементам, расположенным в периодической системе за свинцом (<span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Z</mi><mo>></mo><mn>82</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Z>82</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.7224em;vertical-align:-0.0391em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.07153em;">Z</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">82</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>). Имеется группа α-радиоактивных нуклидов в области <a href="/c/lantanoidy-393a65" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->лантаноидов<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (<span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>А</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>140</mn><mtext>–</mtext><mn>160</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">А=140–160</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord cyrillic_fallback">А</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">140–160</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>), а также небольшая группа между лантаноидами и свинцом. В ядерных реакциях с тяжёлыми ионами синтезировано несколько короткоживущих <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-излучающих нуклидов с <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>А</mtext><mo>=</mo><mn>106</mn><mtext>–</mtext><mn>116</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">А=106–116</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord cyrillic_fallback">А</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6444em;"></span><span class="mord">106–116</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>.</p><h2 id="h2_al'fa-spektroskopiya"><b>Альфа-спектроскопия</b></h2><p>Альфа-частицы, вылетающие из материнских ядер при их распаде, обычно образуют несколько групп с различной энергией. Распределение этих групп по энергиям называется энергетическим спектром, а область экспериментальной физики, занимающаяся изучением спектров <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частиц, – альфа-спектроскопией. Каждая из линий спектра соответствует определённому состоянию (уровню энергии) дочернего ядра. Задачей альфа-спектроскопии является измерение энергии и интенсивности каждой из групп <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частиц, а также времён жизни распадающихся ядер. Эти данные позволяют определять характеристики отдельных уровней дочернего ядра – их энергии возбуждения, <a href="/c/spin-ca4f35" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->спины<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, <a href="/c/chiotnost-v-kvantovoi-fizike-01abee" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->чётности<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>, а также вероятности их образования. Полученная спектроскопическая информация оказывается важным, а иногда и единственным источником сведений о структуре как дочернего, так и материнского ядра. В последнее время альфа-спектроскопия стала одним из важнейших методов исследования, используемых при синтезе сверхтяжёлых элементов.</p><p>Измерение энергии и интенсивности <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частиц, испускаемых распадающимися ядрами, производят <a href="/c/al-fa-spektrometr-763c78" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->альфа-спектрометрами<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. Чаще всего используют кремниевые <a href="/c/poluprovodnikovyi-detektor-83f1ff" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->полупроводниковые детекторы<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> различных типов, позволяющие получить энергетическое разрешение до 12 кэВ (для <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частиц с энергией 6 МэВ) при светосиле порядка 0,1 %. Более высокое разрешение может быть получено с помощью магнитных спектрометров, имеющих, однако, значительно меньшую светосилу и отличающихся сложной и громоздкой конструкцией.</p><h2 id="h2_periodы_poluraspada">Периоды полураспада</h2><p>Одна из особенностей <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-радиоактивности состоит в том, что при сравнительно небольшом различии в энергии <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частиц времена жизни материнских ядер различаются на много порядков. Ещё задолго до создания теории <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-радиоактивности было установлено эмпирическое соотношение (<a href="/c/zakon-geigera-nettolla-9ab322" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->закон Гейгера – Неттолла<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>), связывающее период полураспада <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mtext>Т</mtext><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Т_{1/2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0385em;vertical-align:-0.3552em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord cyrillic_fallback">Т</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1/2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3552em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!----></span> с энергией распада <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>:</p><p><span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="block"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mtable width="100%"><mtr><mtd width="50%"></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>lg</mi><mo></mo><msub><mi>T</mi><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>∝</mo><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msqrt><mi>Q</mi></msqrt><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd width="50%"></mtd><mtd><mtext>(2)</mtext></mtd></mtr></mtable><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">\lg T_{1/2} \propto1/\sqrt Q\tag 2.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0496em;vertical-align:-0.3552em;"></span><span class="mop">l<span style="margin-right:0.01389em;">g</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">T</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:-0.1389em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1/2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3552em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">∝</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.24em;vertical-align:-0.2617em;"></span><span class="mord">1/</span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.9783em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top:-3.2em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="padding-left:1em;">Q</span></span><span style="top:-2.9383em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:3.2em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width:1.02em;height:1.28em;"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width='400em' height='1.28em' viewBox='0 0 400000 1296' preserveAspectRatio='xMinYMin slice'><path d='M263,681c0.7,0,18,39.7,52,119 c34,79.3,68.167,158.7,102.5,238c34.3,79.3,51.8,119.3,52.5,120 c340,-704.7,510.7,-1060.3,512,-1067 l0 -0 c4.7,-7.3,11,-11,19,-11 H40000v40H1012.3 s-271.3,567,-271.3,567c-38.7,80.7,-84,175,-136,283c-52,108,-89.167,185.3,-111.5,232 c-22.3,46.7,-33.8,70.3,-34.5,71c-4.7,4.7,-12.3,7,-23,7s-12,-1,-12,-1 s-109,-253,-109,-253c-72.7,-168,-109.3,-252,-110,-252c-10.7,8,-22,16.7,-34,26 c-22,17.3,-33.3,26,-34,26s-26,-26,-26,-26s76,-59,76,-59s76,-60,76,-60z M1001 80h400000v40h-400000z'/></svg></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.2617em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord">.</span></span><span class="tag"><span class="strut" style="height:1.3335em;vertical-align:-0.3552em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">2</span></span><span class="mord">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>Это соотношение лучше всего выполняется для переходов между основными состояниями ядер с чётным числом нейтронов и протонов.</p><h2 id="h2_teoriya_al'fa-raspada">Теория альфа-распада</h2><p>Простейшая теория альфа-распада предложена <a href="/c/gamov-georgii-antonovich-b60d9c" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Г. А. Гамовым<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> в 1928 г., она явилась первым приложением только что созданной <a href="/c/kvantovaia-mekhanika-6d0792" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->квантовой механики<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> к описанию ядерных явлений. Эта теория рассматривала движение <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частицы в <a href="/c/potentsial-naia-iama-2a178b" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->потенциальной яме<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> с <a href="/c/kulonovskii-bar-er-iadra-c78010" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->кулоновским барьером<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a> (см. рисунок). Так как высота кулоновского барьера у тяжёлых ядер составляет 25–30 МэВ, а энергия <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частиц всего лишь 5–10 МэВ, то их вылет из ядра запрещён законами классической механики и может происходить только за счёт квантово-механического <a href="/c/tunnel-nyi-effekt-a69c65" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->туннельного эффекта<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. Используя упрощённую форму барьера и предполагая, что <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частица находится внутри ядра, можно получить для вероятности альфа-распада выражение, экспоненциально зависящее от энергии <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частицы, т. е. выражение типа (2). Теория Гамова установила, что основным фактором, определяющим вероятность альфа-распада и её зависимость от энергии <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частицы и заряда ядра, является кулоновский барьер.</p><p>Современный подход к описанию альфа-распада опирается на методы, используемые в теории <a href="/c/iadernye-reaktsii-36f866" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->ядерных реакций<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>. Вероятность альфа-распада <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>λ</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">λ</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span> (величину, обратную периоду полураспада <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><msub><mtext>Т</mtext><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Т_{1/2}</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.0385em;vertical-align:-0.3552em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord cyrillic_fallback">Т</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1/2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3552em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!----></span> с точностью до множителя <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>l</mi><mi>n</mi><mn>2</mn><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>693</mn></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">ln2=0,693</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.01968em;">l</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord">2</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8389em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">693</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>) можно представить как произведение трёх сомножителей:</p><p><span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="block"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><semantics><mtable width="100%"><mtr><mtd width="50%"></mtd><mtd><mrow><mi>λ</mi><mo>=</mo><mn>0</mn><mo separator="true">,</mo><mn>693</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><msub><mtext>Т</mtext><mrow><mn>1</mn><mi mathvariant="normal">/</mi><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub><mo>=</mo><mi>S</mi><mi>P</mi><mi>ν</mi><mi mathvariant="normal">.</mi></mrow></mtd><mtd width="50%"></mtd><mtd><mtext>(3)</mtext></mtd></mtr></mtable><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">λ =0,693/Т_{1/2}=SPν\tag 3.</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">λ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1052em;vertical-align:-0.3552em;"></span><span class="mord">0</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord">693/</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord cyrillic_fallback">Т</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3448em;"><span style="top:-2.5198em;margin-left:0em;margin-right:0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height:2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1/2</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s"></span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height:0.3552em;"><span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right:0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.13889em;">SP</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span><span class="mord">.</span></span><span class="tag"><span class="strut" style="height:1.1052em;vertical-align:-0.3552em;"></span><span class="mord text"><span class="mord">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">3</span></span><span class="mord">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>Множитель <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>S</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">S</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.05764em;">S</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>, называемый спектроскопическим фактором, определяет вероятность того, что <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частица может сформироваться в данном материнском ядре из двух протонов и двух нейтронов. Эта вероятность зависит от внутренней структуры как начального, так и конечного ядра. Фактор <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mtext>Р</mtext></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Р</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.6833em;"></span><span class="mord cyrillic_fallback">Р</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span> есть вероятность прохождения кулоновского барьера (его проницаемость) <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частицей заданной энергии. Третий множитель <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">ν</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span> – это число попыток в единицу времени проникнуть через барьер. Если бы в ядре существовала реальная <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частица, то величина <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">ν</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span> была бы близка к частоте соударений <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частицы с барьером, т. е. единице, делённой на время пролёта <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частицей диаметра ядра. Истинная величина <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>ν</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">ν</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.06366em;">ν</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span> не сильно отличается от такой оценки.</p><p>Таким образом, альфа-распад является двухстадийным процессом: вначале <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частица должна возникнуть и появиться на поверхности распадающегося ядра, а затем пройти сквозь потенциальный барьер. Рассмотренная выше теория хорошо воспроизводит экспериментальные данные и позволяет извлекать из них важную информацию о структуре ядра. В частности, было показано, что, хотя <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частицы и не существуют внутри тяжёлых ядер постоянно, в поверхностном слое ядер нуклоны проводят значительную долю времени в составе альфа-частичных группировок, называемых альфа-кластерами.</p><h2 id="h2_al'fa-raspad_vozбuzhdyonnыh_yader">Альфа-распад возбуждённых ядер</h2><p>Отдельные случаи распада из нижних возбуждённых состояний тяжёлых ядер, приводящих к испусканию т. н. длиннопробежных <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частиц, известны давно и причисляются к явлению <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-радиоактивности. Длиннопробежные <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>α</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">α</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right:0.0037em;">α</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>-частицы получают дополнительную энергию за счёт энергии возбуждения уровня, которая добавляется к энергии распада <span class="bre-formula _note-exclude" data-display="inline"><span class="bre-formula__content"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><semantics><mrow><mi>Q</mi></mrow><annotation encoding="application/x-tex">Q</annotation></semantics></math></span><span class="katex-html" aria-hidden="true"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height:0.8778em;vertical-align:-0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span></span></span></span></span><!----></span>. Как правило, альфа-распад возбуждённых ядер изучается с помощью ядерных реакций, и рассмотренная выше теория полностью применима и к этим процессам. Наблюдаемые времена жизни возбуждённых состояний ядер лежат в диапазоне от 10<sup>–11</sup> с до 10<sup>–22</sup> с. Некоторые распадающиеся состояния лёгких ядер имеют спектроскопические факторы, близкие к единице, что позволяет говорить об альфа-частичной структуре таких ядер (см. <a href="/c/klasternaia-model-iadra-007d51" class="bre-preview-link" itemprop="url" data-external="false"><!--[--><!--[-->Кластерная модель ядра<!--]--><!--]--><!----></a>). Изучение альфа-распада высоковозбуждённых состояний ядер – один из важных методов исследования ядерной структуры при больших энергиях возбуждения.</p><span itemscope itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" class="-text-caption-2-italic tw-justify-end tw-mt-4 tw-mb-10 author _note-exclude"><a href="/a/aa-ogloblin-42595f" class=""><span itemprop="name">Оглоблин Алексей Алексеевич</span></a></span></section></section><!--]--></div><span class="bre-inline-menu _article-meta" style=""><meta itemprop="description" content="А́льфа-распа́д (α-распад), испускание атомным ядром альфа-частицы (ядра 4He). Альфа-распад из основного (невозбуждённого) состояния ядра называют..."><span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block"><!--[-->Опубликовано <!--]--><span itemprop="datePublished">13 июля 2023 г. в 13:04 (GMT+3). </span></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item _article-meta max-md:tw-block"> Последнее обновление <span itemprop="dateModified">13 июля 2023 г. в 13:04 (GMT+3).</span></span></span><span class="-flex-divider"></span><span class="bre-inline-menu__item tw-items-start"><button type="button" class="b-button tw-gap-2 b-button--link -text-button-text tw-rounded-lg tw-cursor-pointer" data-v-cfbedafc><!----><span class="c-button__content" data-v-cfbedafc><!--[-->Связаться с редакцией<!--]--></span></button></span></span></div></div><div class="bre-tags-wrap"><!--[--><span data-v-063d9480><a href="/l/fizicheskie-protsessy-f00c77" class="bre-article-tag bre-article-tag__link _default _no-border" data-v-063d9480>#Физические процессы</a><!----></span><span data-v-063d9480><a href="/l/fizika-atomnogo-iadra-2eabb0" class="bre-article-tag bre-article-tag__link _default _no-border" data-v-063d9480>#Физика атомного ядра</a><!----></span><!--]--></div></div><aside class="bre-article-page__sidebar -show-on-desktop-s" style=""><!----><nav class="bre-article-loc lg:tw-sticky"><div class="bre-article-loc-button"><span class="bre-article-loc-title">Содержание</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><div class="bre-article-loc-short">Альфа-спектроскопия</div></div><!----></nav><div class="bre-article-page__sidebar-wrapper"><div class="article-sidebar"><div class="article-sidebar-button -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"><span class="article-sidebar-title">Информация</span><span class="nuxt-icon _no-icon-margin tw-text-2xl tw-text-primary-black"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M6 9l6 6 6-6" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="1.5" stroke-linecap="round"/></svg> </span><!--[--><div class="article-sidebar-text -show-on-tablet -hide-on-desktop-s"></div><!--]--></div><div class="article-sidebar-wrapper -hide-on-tablet"><!----><!----><!----><span class="bre-media-image article-sidebar-image _note-exclude _clean" data-width="100%" data-display="block"><span class="bre-media-figure _note-exclude _clean" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="image"><!--[--><span class="bre-media-image-container _placeholder"><meta itemprop="name" content="Физика"><meta itemprop="caption" content="Физика. Научно-образовательный портал «Большая российская энциклопедия»"><!----><!----><span class="tw-flex tw-w-full" style=""><img src="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7JK17_fgqWlQEFIk2cRkfA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=120" onerror="this.setAttribute('data-error', 1)" alt="Физика" data-nuxt-img sizes="320px" srcset="https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7JK17_fgqWlQEFIk2cRkfA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Jf8Ovt6NK1CJRMEXmLmu9w&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9FmjZNIS1_JG-eBy3nkCow&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=W0YAxakNej-ihBYTmKOUhA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bU5vxPnJKBxMhvgLEjl-uA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=CO7eqX0CglCAJmsuCYDJxQ&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SNrDJXfJeDUaOjs9TGABPA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=A65s2m2zZF6hgTDDppMoDA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=1920 1920w" title="Физика" class="" itemprop="contentUrl"></span><!----></span><!--]--><!----></span><!----><!----></span><div class="article-sidebar-meta"><dl class="tw-mt-0"><!--[--><!--[--><dt>Области знаний:</dt><dd>Радиоактивный распад. Радиометрия</dd><!--]--><!--[--><dt>Другие наименования:</dt><dd>α-распад</dd><!--]--><!--]--><!----></dl></div></div></div></div></aside></div><!----></article></div><!--]--></div><!----><!--]--><div></div></main><footer class="bre-footer" itemscope itemprop="hasPart" itemtype="https://schema.org/WPFooter"><meta itemprop="copyrightNotice" content="&copy;&nbsp;АНО БРЭ, 2022&nbsp;&mdash;&nbsp;2024. Все права защищены."><div class="bre-footer__inner" itemprop="hasPart" itemscope itemtype="https://schema.org/SiteNavigationElement"><!--[--><div class="_menu bre-footer-section"><ul class="bre-inline-menu _footer-link-groups"><!--[--><li class="_footer-links bre-inline-menu__item"><ul class="bre-inline-menu _footer-links"><!--[--><li class="_button bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="/p/about-project" class="" itemprop="url"><!----><span>О портале</span></a></li><li class="_button bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="/p/author" class="" itemprop="url"><!----><span>Стать автором</span></a></li><li class="_button bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="/p/partners" class="" itemprop="url"><!----><span>Партнёры</span></a></li><li class="_button bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="/p/copyright-holders" class="" itemprop="url"><!----><span>Правообладателям</span></a></li><li class="_button bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="/p/contacts" class="" itemprop="url"><!----><span>Контакты</span></a></li><li class="_button _full-width bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="https://old.bigenc.ru/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank" itemprop="url"><!----><span>Старая версия сайта</span></a></li><!--]--></ul></li><li class="bre-inline-menu__item"><ul class="bre-inline-menu"><!--[--><li class="bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="https://t.me/bigenc" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-4 tw-transition-colors tw-duration-200 hover:tw-text-primary-black _no-icon-margin" title="Telegram"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path fill="currentColor" d="m2.319 11.552 4.147 1.555 1.605 5.189a.49.49 0 0 0 .562.336.487.487 0 0 0 .214-.102l2.312-1.893a.686.686 0 0 1 .84-.024l4.17 3.043a.486.486 0 0 0 .766-.297L19.99 4.59a.494.494 0 0 0-.397-.584.49.49 0 0 0-.258.025l-17.022 6.6a.491.491 0 0 0 .006.92Zm5.493.728 8.107-5.02c.145-.088.294.11.17.227l-6.69 6.25a1.39 1.39 0 0 0-.43.832l-.228 1.698c-.03.227-.346.25-.41.03l-.875-3.096a.823.823 0 0 1 .356-.921Z"/> </svg> </span><!----></a></li><li class="bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="https://vk.com/bigenc_ru" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-4 tw-transition-colors tw-duration-200 hover:tw-text-primary-black _no-icon-margin" title="ВКонтакте"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24"> <path fill="currentColor" d="M21.969 6.82c.17.425-.353 1.418-1.567 2.978-.17.213-.389.496-.656.85-.559.663-.875 1.1-.947 1.313-.122.284-.073.555.145.815.122.142.401.426.838.851h.037v.036c.996.874 1.664 1.62 2.004 2.234l.073.141.073.267v.336l-.255.266-.62.124-2.66.071c-.17.024-.37 0-.601-.07a2.607 2.607 0 0 1-.528-.213l-.22-.142a4.162 4.162 0 0 1-.728-.639 28.415 28.415 0 0 1-.71-.78 3.62 3.62 0 0 0-.638-.585c-.219-.153-.413-.206-.583-.16a.18.18 0 0 0-.091.036 1.473 1.473 0 0 0-.183.16 1.148 1.148 0 0 0-.218.301 2.19 2.19 0 0 0-.164.514c-.049.225-.073.49-.073.798a.939.939 0 0 1-.036.266 1.154 1.154 0 0 1-.073.195l-.037.036c-.146.141-.34.212-.583.212h-1.166a4.34 4.34 0 0 1-1.548-.141 5.719 5.719 0 0 1-1.367-.55c-.389-.225-.74-.45-1.057-.674a6.361 6.361 0 0 1-.729-.585l-.255-.248a1.58 1.58 0 0 1-.291-.284c-.122-.141-.37-.449-.747-.922a23.006 23.006 0 0 1-1.111-1.524A29.008 29.008 0 0 1 3.42 9.957 34.16 34.16 0 0 1 2.073 7.21.8.8 0 0 1 2 6.926c0-.071.012-.13.036-.177l.037-.036c.097-.142.291-.213.583-.213h2.879a.49.49 0 0 1 .218.054l.182.088.037.036c.121.07.206.177.255.319.146.33.31.68.492 1.046s.322.644.419.833l.146.284c.218.402.419.75.6 1.046.183.295.347.526.493.691.146.166.291.296.437.39.146.095.267.142.365.142.097 0 .194-.012.291-.036l.036-.053.128-.23.146-.461.09-.816V8.557a6.15 6.15 0 0 0-.108-.727 2.135 2.135 0 0 0-.146-.479l-.037-.106c-.17-.236-.473-.39-.91-.461-.074 0-.05-.083.072-.248a1.55 1.55 0 0 1 .401-.284c.364-.189 1.19-.272 2.478-.248.559 0 1.032.047 1.421.142.121.023.23.065.328.124.097.059.17.142.219.248.048.106.085.213.109.32.024.106.036.26.036.46v.55a5.784 5.784 0 0 0-.036.709v.85c0 .072-.006.214-.018.426a9.251 9.251 0 0 0-.018.497c0 .118.012.254.036.408.024.153.067.283.128.39a.55.55 0 0 0 .4.283c.061.012.152-.023.274-.106a2.55 2.55 0 0 0 .4-.355c.146-.153.328-.384.547-.691.219-.307.45-.662.692-1.064a18.64 18.64 0 0 0 1.13-2.305c.024-.047.055-.1.091-.16.037-.058.08-.1.128-.123h.036l.037-.036.145-.035h.219l2.988-.036c.267-.023.492-.011.674.036.182.047.286.106.31.177l.073.106Z"/> </svg> </span><!----></a></li><li class="bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="https://dzen.ru/bigenc" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-4 tw-transition-colors tw-duration-200 hover:tw-text-primary-black _no-icon-margin" title="Дзен"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <defs> <mask id="inner-star"> <circle cx="12" cy="12" r="9" fill="#fff"/> <path d="M21 12.0964V11.9036C17.0143 11.775 15.195 11.6786 13.7357 10.2643C12.3214 8.805 12.2186 6.98571 12.0964 3H11.9036C11.775 6.98571 11.6786 8.805 10.2643 10.2643C8.805 11.6786 6.98571 11.7814 3 11.9036V12.0964C6.98571 12.225 8.805 12.3214 10.2643 13.7357C11.6786 15.195 11.7814 17.0143 11.9036 21H12.0964C12.225 17.0143 12.3214 15.195 13.7357 13.7357C15.195 12.3214 17.0143 12.2186 21 12.0964Z" fill="#000"/> </mask> </defs> <circle cx="12" cy="12" r="9" fill="currentColor" mask="url(#inner-star)"/> </svg> </span><!----></a></li><li class="bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="https://ok.ru/group/70000000707835" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-4 tw-transition-colors tw-duration-200 hover:tw-text-primary-black _no-icon-margin" title="Одноклассники"><svg viewBox="0 0 200 200" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path d="M100.1 99.2C109.8 99.2 118.6 95.2 124.9 88.9C131.2 82.6 135.2 73.8 135.2 64.1C135.2 54.4 131.2 45.6 124.9 39.3C118.6 33 109.8 29 100.1 29C90.4 29 81.6 33 75.3 39.3C69 45.5 65 54.3 65 64.1C65 73.9 69 82.6 75.3 88.9C81.6 95.2 90.5 99.2 100.1 99.2ZM88.9 52.7C91.8 49.8 95.8 48 100.2 48C104.7 48 108.6 49.8 111.5 52.7C114.4 55.6 116.2 59.6 116.2 64C116.2 68.5 114.4 72.4 111.5 75.3C108.6 78.2 104.6 80 100.2 80C95.7 80 91.8 78.2 88.9 75.3C86 72.4 84.2 68.4 84.2 64C84.2 59.6 86.1 55.6 88.9 52.7Z" fill="currentColor"/> <path d="M147.5 113.4L137.2 99.3C136.6 98.5 135.4 98.4 134.7 99.1C125 107.4 113 112.8 100.1 112.8C87.2 112.8 75.3 107.4 65.5 99.1C64.8 98.5 63.6 98.6 63 99.3L52.7 113.4C52.2 114.1 52.3 115 52.9 115.6C61.6 122.6 71.7 127.4 82.2 129.9L60.4 168.3C59.8 169.4 60.6 170.8 61.8 170.8H83.1C83.8 170.8 84.4 170.4 84.6 169.7L99.8 135.7L115 169.7C115.2 170.3 115.8 170.8 116.5 170.8H137.8C139.1 170.8 139.8 169.5 139.2 168.3L117.4 129.9C127.9 127.4 138 122.8 146.7 115.6C148 115 148.1 114.1 147.5 113.4Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><!----></a></li><li class="bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCY4SUgcT8rBt4EgK9CAg6Ng" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-4 tw-transition-colors tw-duration-200 hover:tw-text-primary-black _no-icon-margin" title="YouTube"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M21.1623 4.21363C22.1781 4.48683 22.9706 5.28671 23.2453 6.30818C23.9638 9.22233 23.917 14.7319 23.2604 17.6916C22.9887 18.713 22.1932 19.5099 21.1774 19.7861C18.3094 20.4995 5.46414 20.4114 2.76226 19.7861C1.74641 19.5129 0.953955 18.713 0.679238 17.6916C0.0015019 14.914 0.0482943 9.04019 0.664143 6.32335C0.935842 5.30188 1.73131 4.50505 2.74716 4.22881C6.58112 3.42438 19.7977 3.68392 21.1623 4.21363ZM9.69057 8.44824L15.8491 11.9999L9.69057 15.5515V8.44824Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><!----></a></li><li class="bre-inline-menu__item"><a href="https://rutube.ru/channel/29677486/" rel="noopener noreferrer nofollow" target="_blank"><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-2xl tw-text-gray-4 tw-transition-colors tw-duration-200 hover:tw-text-primary-black _no-icon-margin" title="RUTUBE"><svg viewBox="0 0 24 24" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"> <path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M3 6.45205C3 4.54554 4.54554 3 6.45205 3H17.5479C19.4545 3 21 4.54554 21 6.45205V17.5479C21 19.4545 19.4545 21 17.5479 21H6.45205C4.54554 21 3 19.4545 3 17.5479V6.45205ZM14.8657 7.43835H6.20547V16.8082H8.6159V13.7598H13.2346L15.342 16.8082H18.0411L15.7173 13.7458C16.439 13.6335 16.9586 13.3665 17.2761 12.9451C17.5936 12.5237 17.7524 11.8494 17.7524 10.9503V10.2479C17.7524 9.71409 17.6947 9.29268 17.5936 8.96955C17.4926 8.64646 17.3194 8.3655 17.0741 8.11265C16.8142 7.87383 16.5256 7.70526 16.1792 7.59288C15.8328 7.49454 15.3997 7.43835 14.8657 7.43835ZM14.476 11.6948H8.6159V9.50336H14.476C14.808 9.50336 15.0389 9.55957 15.1544 9.65789C15.2698 9.75622 15.342 9.93886 15.342 10.2058V10.9925C15.342 11.2734 15.2698 11.456 15.1544 11.5543C15.0389 11.6527 14.808 11.6948 14.476 11.6948ZM19.274 6.57535C19.274 7.18816 18.7771 7.68494 18.1646 7.68494C17.5516 7.68494 17.0548 7.18816 17.0548 6.57535C17.0548 5.96254 17.5516 5.46576 18.1646 5.46576C18.7771 5.46576 19.274 5.96254 19.274 6.57535Z" fill="currentColor"/> </svg> </span><!----></a></li><!--]--></ul></li><!--]--></ul></div><div class="_border bre-footer-section"><ul class="bre-inline-menu"><!--[--><li class="_footer-text bre-inline-menu__item"><span><!----><span>Научно-образовательный портал «Большая российская энциклопедия»<br />Создан при финансовой поддержке Министерства цифрового развития, связи и массовых коммуникаций Российской Федерации.<br />Свидетельство о регистрации СМИ ЭЛ № ФС77-84198, выдано Федеральной службой по надзору в сфере связи, информационных технологий и массовых коммуникаций (Роскомнадзор) 15 ноября 2022 года.<br>ISSN: 2949-2076</span></span></li><li class="_footer-text bre-inline-menu__item"><span><!----><span>Учредитель: Автономная некоммерческая организация «Национальный научно-образовательный центр «Большая российская энциклопедия» <br /> Главный редактор: Кравец С. Л. <br />Телефон редакции: <a href="tel:+74959179000">+7 (495) 917 90 00</a> <br />Эл. почта редакции: <a href="mailto:secretar@greatbook.ru">secretar@greatbook.ru</a></span></span></li><li class="_half-width bre-inline-menu__item"><ul class="bre-inline-menu"><!--[--><li class="tw-h-12 tw-mt-3 bre-inline-menu__item"><span><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-gray-2 tw-text-[60px] _no-icon-margin" title="АНО «БРЭ»"><svg viewBox="0 0 60 48" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M25.577.226C14.027 1.426 4.087 8.42.903 17.586c-1.187 3.417-1.206 8.83-.045 12.525 4.42 14.064 24.29 21.772 41.012 15.91 4.81-1.686 7.426-3.253 11.082-6.64 9.507-8.81 9.383-22.047-.29-31.086C45.986 2.058 36.151-.872 25.576.226zm12.902 3.345c1.283.355 3.172 1.009 4.198 1.452l1.866.806-2.498.863c-2.472.855-2.529.854-5.365-.107-3.749-1.27-9.587-1.36-14.153-.22-2.764.692-3.65.744-5.015.298-.91-.298-1.657-.717-1.657-.93 0-.435 4.797-2.101 7.962-2.765 2.75-.577 11.74-.207 14.662.603zM16.498 7.354c1.654.685 1.69.756 1.736 3.35.051 2.917.542 5.21.962 4.494.147-.251.406-1.213.574-2.138.169-.924.839-2.208 1.49-2.854 1.145-1.134 2.687-1.289 5.207-.523.928.282.818 10.774-.116 11.128-.385.147-.7.475-.7.73 0 .284 1.353.395 3.494.288 3.904-.195 5.13-.936 5.627-3.4.42-2.078-1.08-3.728-3.748-4.125l-2.108-.313v-2.05c0-2.032.015-2.051 1.617-2.051 1.196 0 1.764.27 2.187 1.04l.57 1.039.28-1.155c.768-3.16 5.399-.393 7.647 4.569 1.253 2.765 2.241 6.748 1.786 7.198-.136.136-5.723.237-12.415.226-9.379-.016-12.595-.173-14.033-.686-1.026-.366-1.918-.67-1.982-.673-.065-.004-.117.409-.117.917 0 .877-.311.924-6.085.924H2.285l.316-1.733c.84-4.62 3.604-9.246 7.303-12.224 3.61-2.905 4.04-3.034 6.594-1.978zm31.704.637c4.444 3.03 8.238 8.665 8.977 13.334l.311 1.964H48.171l-.258-2.821c-.33-3.602-2.508-8.06-5.049-10.334-1.046-.936-1.816-1.789-1.71-1.894.31-.306 3.796-1.516 4.471-1.552.339-.018 1.498.568 2.577 1.303zm-15.32.018c.815.318.741.406-.584.697-1.994.438-8.188-.192-6.88-.7 1.21-.47 6.259-.468 7.463.003zm-1.45 8.003c1.79 1.593 1.82 3.79.064 4.582-1.793.81-2.58-.147-2.58-3.137 0-2.827.585-3.163 2.516-1.445zm-17.73 10.05c-.164 1.016-.152 1.848.026 1.848s1.017-.728 1.864-1.618l1.54-1.617H43.459l-.306 1.964c-.824 5.29-2.498 8.885-4.907 10.53-.976.667-1.813.75-5.132.505l-3.964-.292-.132-5.43c-.129-5.327-.112-5.429.897-5.429 1.575 0 2.733 1.32 2.733 3.115 0 1.338-.219 1.668-1.4 2.11-1.494.558-1.867 1.244-.676 1.244 2.64 0 4.921-3.225 3.992-5.646-.584-1.52-1.303-1.747-5.542-1.747-2.972 0-3.418.095-2.744.583.696.504.787 1.301.672 5.882l-.133 5.298-2.262.374c-2.662.442-3.293.074-4.047-2.355-1.024-3.302-.923-3.132-1.405-2.376-.239.374-.438 1.837-.442 3.252l-.007 2.572-2.547 1.046c-1.475.605-2.943.921-3.486.75-1.374-.431-6.27-5.358-7.66-7.707-1.317-2.227-2.856-7.512-2.4-8.243.166-.266 2.655-.462 5.864-.462H14l-.299 1.848zm43.493.335c-.525 3.8-2.78 7.8-6.359 11.283-1.79 1.742-3.553 3.167-3.916 3.167-.364 0-1.837-.446-3.273-.99l-2.612-.99 2.245-2.36c2.681-2.82 4.187-5.74 4.564-8.85.438-3.62.174-3.444 5.144-3.444h4.51l-.303 2.184zM34.867 39.034c-1.24.715-5.09 1.044-8.004.684-4.526-.56-2.874-1.182 3.103-1.168 4.098.01 5.484.147 4.9.484zm7.727 1.625c1.2.405 2.182.91 2.182 1.122 0 .54-4.773 2.26-8.396 3.028-3.871.82-9.19.82-13.061 0-3.535-.749-8.397-2.485-8.397-2.997 0-.195.81-.62 1.801-.944 1.592-.52 1.955-.489 3.13.273 1.141.74 2.277.86 8.11.86 5.997 0 7.028-.116 8.883-1 2.592-1.235 3.025-1.26 5.748-.342z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> </span><!----></span></li><li class="tw-h-12 tw-mt-3 bre-inline-menu__item"><span><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-gray-2 tw-text-5xl _no-icon-margin" title="Министерство цифрового развития, связи и массовых коммуникаций Российской Федерации"><svg viewBox="0 0 48 48" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path fill-rule="evenodd" clip-rule="evenodd" d="M23.723.258c.06.157 0 .258-.15.258a.254.254 0 0 0-.248.258c0 .142.118.258.263.258.144 0 .216.078.159.172-.058.095.056.172.253.172.196 0 .31-.077.253-.172-.058-.094.014-.172.159-.172.149 0 .263-.146.263-.338 0-.232-.08-.308-.255-.24-.183.072-.226.022-.151-.177.077-.203.005-.277-.27-.277-.262 0-.344.077-.276.258zm-.11 1.57c-.21.214-.128.712.134.815.414.162.781-.076.726-.471-.05-.362-.62-.59-.86-.344zm-.086 1.303c-.277.283-.254 1.342.058 2.608.405 1.644.432 1.654.764.283.508-2.103.396-3.097-.35-3.097a.767.767 0 0 0-.472.206zm-1.65.296c-.984.45-1.211 1.079-.825 2.284.161.502.398 1.124.526 1.382.218.44.284.463 1.032.363.44-.059.823-.127.853-.152.08-.067-.675-3.928-.796-4.07-.056-.066-.412.02-.79.193zm3.392-.113c-.143.439-.788 3.943-.734 3.989.03.025.415.094.855.153.747.1.814.076 1.032-.363.127-.258.364-.88.525-1.382.432-1.348.155-1.927-1.17-2.44-.323-.125-.457-.114-.509.043zM10.175 4.2c-.473.491-.977.824-1.428.944-.977.26-1.39.573-.612.463.325-.046.932-.13 1.35-.186.418-.056 1.193-.33 1.723-.611.53-.28 1.214-.511 1.519-.514.552-.006.55-.008-.288-.429-.464-.233-1-.424-1.189-.425-.19 0-.673.34-1.075.758zm25.301-.313c-.741.39-.747.4-.25.407.28.004.963.233 1.519.508.974.484 1.306.572 2.95.783.912.117.64-.153-.443-.44-.45-.12-.954-.454-1.427-.945-.842-.874-1.193-.921-2.349-.313zm-18.727.71c-.182.21-.193.3-.04.352.112.038.161.14.109.227-.053.086.015.157.15.157.293 0 .477-.415.342-.774-.123-.326-.251-.317-.56.038zm13.94-.038c-.095.254.023.774.176.774.043 0 .193-.116.332-.258.225-.23.225-.287 0-.516-.14-.142-.289-.258-.332-.258-.043 0-.122.116-.175.258zm-18.352.043c-.01.071-.006.361.008.645.015.284-.092.855-.236 1.27-.665 1.913-.131 2.904 1.849 3.431l.675.18-.498-.376c-.83-.627-1.274-1.18-1.274-1.584 0-.21.19-.82.421-1.356.548-1.26.563-2.088.043-2.23-.524-.143-.967-.134-.988.02zm22.253-.014c-.43.12-.378 1.028.127 2.191.232.535.422 1.153.422 1.373 0 .42-.442.973-1.275 1.597l-.497.372.59-.13c1.968-.433 2.597-1.564 1.933-3.475-.144-.414-.239-1.024-.211-1.355.045-.535.004-.605-.372-.629a2.652 2.652 0 0 0-.717.056zM3.422 5.958c-.489.633-.737 1.705-.609 2.632.205 1.48.872 2.56 2.75 4.454.968.977 1.799 1.737 1.845 1.69.212-.216-.4-1.476-1.08-2.223-.728-.8-1.653-2.533-1.539-2.882.031-.095.54.524 1.13 1.377.59.852 1.132 1.512 1.204 1.467.072-.046.177-.272.234-.504.08-.325-.126-.783-.912-2.023-.56-.88-1.327-2.24-1.706-3.021-.38-.78-.753-1.42-.83-1.42-.075 0-.295.204-.487.453zm13.32-.109c0 .26.088.352.296.312.162-.032.295-.172.295-.312 0-.139-.133-.279-.295-.31-.208-.042-.296.051-.296.31zm13.924-.172c-.141.233.05.517.348.517.134 0 .243-.155.243-.345 0-.356-.407-.474-.59-.172zm12.595 1.248c-.38.78-1.147 2.14-1.706 3.021-.787 1.24-.993 1.697-.913 2.023.057.232.163.459.235.504.072.045.613-.615 1.204-1.467.59-.853 1.098-1.472 1.13-1.377.113.349-.812 2.082-1.54 2.882-.68.747-1.292 2.007-1.08 2.222.047.048.877-.712 1.846-1.689 2.38-2.4 3.154-4.12 2.674-5.937-.185-.698-.761-1.602-1.022-1.602-.076 0-.449.64-.828 1.42zM7.924 5.877c-.552.206-.574.402-.127 1.09.395.609.425 1.246.08 1.711-.137.184-.248.449-.248.59 0 .19.097.16.39-.12.528-.505.622-.474.622.21 0 .343.143.749.35.989l.349.406-.1-.475c-.06-.286.009-.688.173-1.011.312-.615.256-1.332-.209-2.684-.324-.943-.453-1.014-1.28-.706zm30.871.706c-.465 1.352-.52 2.069-.208 2.684.164.323.232.725.172 1.011l-.1.475.35-.406c.206-.24.35-.646.35-.99 0-.683.093-.714.621-.209.293.28.39.31.39.12 0-.141-.11-.406-.247-.59-.345-.465-.316-1.102.079-1.71.457-.704.426-.882-.194-1.102-.814-.289-.88-.25-1.213.717zm-22.156.03c-.112.296.049 1.64.265 2.227.117.315.162.264.334-.378.273-1.02.178-1.991-.2-2.065a.365.365 0 0 0-.4.216zm14.005.009c-.132.35.036 1.882.25 2.27.122.224.203.069.356-.688.11-.537.175-1.15.145-1.363-.064-.461-.601-.618-.752-.22zm-15.213.127c-.54.266-.614.788-.251 1.775.3.819.336.85.895.793.32-.032.595-.07.61-.086.014-.014-.091-.627-.235-1.36-.266-1.36-.348-1.451-1.02-1.122zm2.414.004c-.114.362-.428 2.024-.428 2.268 0 .127.237.266.527.31.48.07.554.016.84-.627.172-.387.316-.878.318-1.091.006-.703-1.073-1.442-1.257-.86zm11.397.118c-.435.444-.442 1.04-.021 1.882.29.58.385.644.844.576.587-.088.6-.162.292-1.672-.235-1.153-.542-1.37-1.115-.786zm2.307 1c-.144.733-.249 1.346-.234 1.36.014.015.285.054.602.086.544.056.593.015.905-.754.189-.465.288-.986.23-1.217-.087-.355-.707-.808-1.105-.808-.075 0-.255.6-.398 1.333zm-9.406.066c-.41.168-.413.18-.094.419.457.343 3.443.344 3.902.001.316-.237.31-.252-.148-.43-.591-.23-3.09-.223-3.66.01zm-.928.947c-.186.15-.793.495-1.35.769-1.002.492-1.007.497-.41.497.784 0 2.113-.412 2.857-.887l.59-.377-.421-.125c-.656-.194-.902-.17-1.266.123zm4.304-.123l-.422.125.59.377c.746.476 2.075.888 2.858.886l.602-.002-.9-.427c-.496-.236-1.116-.583-1.377-.773-.501-.364-.67-.387-1.351-.186zm-9.283.805c-.14.053-.365.132-.502.177-.218.072-.218.101 0 .242.531.342 3.034.11 2.683-.25-.138-.14-1.898-.276-2.181-.17zm13.797.01c-.255.045-.464.145-.464.223 0 .238.486.352 1.49.349.986-.003 1.572-.2 1.233-.414-.25-.157-1.688-.257-2.259-.158zm-14.81.807c0 .49.798 1.74 1.55 2.43.904.828 1.277.996.988.446-.264-.503-.213-.575.2-.28.551.394.865.356.638-.076-.212-.403-.049-.435.412-.08.458.353.643.314.512-.106-.11-.354-.106-.355.356-.047.462.309.466.308.374-.052-.092-.357-.082-.356.5.047.623.43 2.109.584 2.318.238.06-.098-.093-.172-.358-.172-.255 0-.798-.165-1.208-.367l-.744-.368.48-.4.48-.4-.588-.007-.588-.006.58-.317c.632-.346.96-.861.41-.646-.54.211-4.146.31-5.257.145-.705-.105-1.055-.1-1.055.018zm10.999-.06c.04.124.335.37.653.543l.58.317-.589.006-.588.006.48.4.48.401-.744.368c-.41.202-.953.367-1.207.367-.266 0-.419.074-.36.172.21.346 1.696.193 2.32-.238.582-.403.591-.404.5-.046-.093.36-.088.36.374.051.461-.308.466-.307.356.047-.131.42.054.459.511.106.46-.355.624-.323.412.08-.226.432.087.47.638.076.413-.295.465-.223.2.28-.289.55.085.382.987-.446.753-.69 1.55-1.94 1.55-2.43 0-.117-.35-.123-1.054-.018-1.11.166-4.716.066-5.256-.145-.224-.088-.295-.057-.243.103zm-11.42.515c-.153.251.405 1.128 1.001 1.576l.517.389-.294-.423a12.588 12.588 0 0 1-.637-1.068c-.366-.691-.426-.74-.587-.474zm17.818.453c-.193.367-.484.856-.646 1.089l-.295.423.517-.389c.673-.505 1.184-1.373.95-1.611-.12-.122-.285.032-.526.488zM.61 11.206c-.159.262.61 1.77 1.246 2.445.734.778 2.12 1.771 3.374 2.417.813.42.915.436 1.159.188.147-.15.239-.293.205-.318a74.556 74.556 0 0 0-.906-.584 9.907 9.907 0 0 1-1.52-1.248c-.65-.683-.657-.702-.188-.521.589.227 1.262.691 2.383 1.644.746.635 1.772 1.09 1.772.785 0-.171-2-2.117-3.088-3.004-.539-.439-1.365-.997-1.836-1.24-.912-.471-2.454-.806-2.6-.564zm45.728-.016c-1.464.295-3.226 1.487-5.419 3.666-.58.576-1.054 1.098-1.054 1.158 0 .304 1.026-.15 1.772-.785 1.12-.953 1.794-1.417 2.383-1.644.469-.18.462-.162-.19.521-.37.39-1.054.95-1.518 1.248-.464.296-.872.56-.906.584-.035.025.057.168.204.318.244.248.346.232 1.16-.188 1.253-.646 2.64-1.64 3.373-2.417.926-.982 1.595-2.716 1.011-2.621-.064.01-.431.082-.816.16zm-32.82.184c-.8.3-.994 1.35-.38 2.064.219.254.295.249.911-.062.645-.325.708-.327 1.535-.051 1.27.424 1.602.2.622-.422-.43-.273-.988-.772-1.24-1.108-.474-.634-.702-.7-1.448-.42zm3.818.077c-.378.292-.784.267-.889-.053-.048-.148.133-.213.577-.21.61.005.628.02.312.263zm14.216-.053c-.104.32-.51.345-.889.053-.316-.243-.299-.258.313-.263.444-.004.625.062.576.21zm1.481.397c-.252.336-.81.835-1.24 1.108-.98.621-.649.845.623.422.827-.276.89-.274 1.534.051.616.31.693.316.91.062.638-.741.418-1.768-.445-2.075-.763-.27-.884-.233-1.382.432zm-25.399.065c-.297.567-.205 2.075.178 2.88.31.655 2.21 2.636 2.526 2.636.215 0-.294-1.246-.574-1.406-.298-.17-1.123-1.516-1.123-1.83 0-.109.318.154.706.584.697.77.709.775.908.396.181-.345.112-.492-.68-1.442-.484-.582-1.022-1.305-1.196-1.605-.367-.633-.504-.672-.745-.213zm31.987.213c-.174.3-.713 1.023-1.198 1.605-.79.95-.86 1.097-.678 1.442.199.38.21.374.907-.396.389-.43.706-.693.706-.585 0 .316-.825 1.661-1.122 1.83-.28.16-.79 1.407-.575 1.407.317 0 2.215-1.98 2.526-2.636.383-.805.476-2.313.178-2.88-.241-.46-.377-.42-.744.213zm-25.41.486c0 .095-.114.172-.253.172-.14 0-.254-.077-.254-.172 0-.095.114-.172.254-.172.139 0 .253.077.253.172zm20 0c.057.095-.015.172-.16.172-.144 0-.262-.077-.262-.172 0-.095.071-.172.158-.172.088 0 .206.077.264.172zm-14.43.497c0 .091.322.48.717.863l.717.698.054-.635c.04-.454-.03-.698-.243-.857-.212-.158-.33-.167-.413-.032-.083.138-.213.136-.474-.006-.208-.114-.359-.127-.359-.03zm7.193.069c-.214.159-.283.402-.244.857l.054.635.718-.698c.752-.732.953-1.157.405-.858-.198.108-.37.11-.473.005-.103-.104-.27-.083-.46.058zm-8.038.304c0 .293-.052.318-.337.162-.525-.286-.4.055.285.773.561.59.634.621.747.327.264-.686.163-1.21-.273-1.412-.374-.174-.422-.157-.422.15zm9.663-.132c-.397.183-.485.739-.222 1.413.124.318.18.293.747-.335.676-.747.791-1.065.288-.79-.264.144-.336.117-.38-.142-.044-.266-.119-.29-.433-.146zm-7.097 1.126c-.04.796.019 1.088.285 1.419.331.412.336.413.593.072.4-.533.33-1.362-.168-1.965-.24-.291-.487-.53-.548-.53-.062.001-.134.452-.162 1.004zm4.285-.474c-.498.603-.569 1.432-.168 1.965.257.341.262.34.594-.072.265-.33.324-.623.284-1.42-.027-.55-.1-1.002-.162-1.002-.061 0-.308.238-.548.529zm-11.354.155c-.573.173-1.067.294-1.097.269-.03-.025-.26-.096-.513-.157-.586-.144-.484.267.14.557.77.358 1.725.244 2.184-.26.34-.374.55-.792.372-.736l-1.086.327zm1.244.142c-.25.265-.454.619-.454.786 0 .283.03.282.464-.026.6-.425 1.474-.725 2.135-.732.497-.005.507-.018.196-.258-.18-.139-.678-.253-1.108-.253-.634 0-.864.09-1.233.483zm14.304-.23c-.31.24-.3.253.196.258.662.007 1.536.307 2.135.732.452.32.464.321.464.006 0-.178-.213-.532-.474-.786-.37-.362-.638-.463-1.233-.463-.418 0-.908.114-1.088.253zm2.457-.093c0 .074.187.34.414.59.459.504 1.414.618 2.185.26.623-.29.726-.7.14-.557-.253.061-.485.133-.515.158-.03.025-.543-.096-1.14-.27-.596-.174-1.084-.256-1.084-.181zm-12.489.748c0 .77.366 1.501.751 1.501.259 0 .43-.37.43-.928 0-.348-.78-1.309-1.064-1.309-.064 0-.117.332-.117.736zm7.373-.253c-.444.473-.555.94-.35 1.482.145.386.508.337.816-.11.27-.394.37-1.854.125-1.854-.075 0-.341.217-.59.482zm-16.74.488c-.643 1 .008 2.858 1.268 3.617.577.348.664.584.167.452-.186-.05-.338-.144-.338-.209 0-.164-2.158-1.804-2.825-2.148-.57-.293-1.965-.438-2.173-.226-.215.22.51 1.366 1.183 1.868.361.27 1.074.692 1.583.938.746.36.955.402 1.07.216.227-.364.19-.419-.496-.734a6.155 6.155 0 0 1-1.14-.708c-.82-.683-.074-.502 1.09.265.575.378 1.175.689 1.334.69.206.002.169.065-.13.22-.56.288-.62.744-.178 1.353l.363.5-.39-.087a45.326 45.326 0 0 0-1.393-.264c-1.17-.206-1.775-.622-.683-.469.372.052.917.148 1.213.213.48.106.528.082.45-.226-.096-.372-1.576-.899-2.518-.897-.763.001-1.76.333-1.76.586 0 .325 1.216 1.138 1.971 1.317.9.213 2.54.197 2.952-.028.25-.136.396-.136.529 0s.062.188-.256.188c-.287 0-.597.189-.886.54l-.445.539.375.407c.252.274.564.407.951.407h.577l-.456.552c-.464.562-1.676 1.232-2.008 1.11-.1-.036.27-.29.822-.563 1.03-.51 1.392-.927.803-.927-.447 0-1.705.463-2.227.82-.233.159-.614.299-.846.31-.232.012-.875.15-1.428.306-.553.156-1.199.278-1.435.27-.777-.026.93-.689 2.388-.927.732-.12 1.367-.255 1.413-.302.045-.046-.343-.129-.862-.183-1.34-.142-3.548.262-4.717.862-.57.292-1.435 1.07-1.435 1.289 0 .262.913.51 1.89.512 1.32.003 3.558-.763 3.933-1.347.154-.24.318-.397.364-.35.047.047-.046.29-.205.537-.369.574-.252.68.73.663 1.12-.02 2.23-.502 2.244-.974.01-.364.012-.363.163.02.119.3.288.386.76.386.334 0 .75-.077.923-.172.286-.156.307-.118.224.407-.114.712.179 1.314.638 1.314.19 0 .561-.221.826-.491l.482-.49.11.447c.129.53.553 1.05.856 1.05.298 0 .914-.836.914-1.24 0-.272.106-.218.582.296.991 1.071 1.163.852 1.182-1.508.01-1.199-.05-2.021-.148-2.021-.09 0-.374.206-.632.458-.36.352-.688.477-1.401.538-1.114.094-1.79-.156-2.39-.883-.378-.458-.425-.641-.344-1.342a5.43 5.43 0 0 1 .441-1.505c.673-1.344.393-2.112-1.216-3.342-.596-.456-1.297-1.172-1.557-1.592-.26-.42-.491-.762-.513-.762-.023 0-.172.204-.333.454zm7.926.019c.156.644.644 1.477.85 1.45.364-.045.262-.855-.175-1.383-.555-.673-.828-.7-.675-.067zm10.308.067c-.433.524-.537 1.317-.184 1.4.194.047.703-.822.86-1.467.152-.633-.121-.606-.676.067zm7.763.21c-.264.426-.966 1.148-1.559 1.604-.592.455-1.188 1-1.323 1.21-.344.532-.306 1.318.1 2.132.192.38.39 1.058.442 1.505.082.7.035.884-.343 1.342-.6.727-1.276.977-2.39.883-.731-.062-1.04-.184-1.433-.568-.275-.27-.553-.435-.619-.369-.064.067-.129 1.01-.143 2.095-.024 1.86-.006 1.975.308 1.975.183 0 .588-.277.9-.615.468-.505.57-.555.57-.28 0 .403.616 1.239.914 1.239.302 0 .727-.52.856-1.05l.11-.448.481.491c.265.27.636.49.826.49.456 0 .752-.6.64-1.299l-.089-.564.536.218c.294.12.725.166.957.103.35-.095.418-.212.396-.677a1.759 1.759 0 0 0-.41-.978l-.382-.415h.526c.322 0 .71-.167 1-.43l.474-.43-.552-.516c-.303-.284-.663-.517-.801-.517s-.25-.085-.25-.19c0-.119.11-.14.295-.053.515.239 2.24.283 3.054.078.919-.233 2.051-.94 2.051-1.283 0-.296-.863-.616-1.66-.616-1.031 0-2.518.51-2.618.898-.08.308-.031.332.45.226.295-.065.84-.161 1.212-.213 1.163-.163.442.282-.773.477-.596.095-1.224.217-1.397.27-.282.088-.277.047.06-.415.45-.62.393-1.075-.17-1.365-.3-.155-.337-.218-.13-.22.158-.001.759-.312 1.333-.69 1.164-.767 1.91-.948 1.09-.265a6.155 6.155 0 0 1-1.14.708c-.683.314-.722.371-.5.727.17.275 1.581-.323 2.64-1.119.703-.529 1.428-1.663 1.207-1.888-.234-.24-1.62-.067-2.298.285-.574.298-2.453 1.734-2.707 2.068-.135.177-.675.345-.674.21 0-.069.217-.25.48-.402 1.28-.742 1.969-2.81 1.246-3.735l-.312-.4-.48.776zm-13.945.848c-.297.856-.255 1.26.192 1.842l.33.43.334-.43c.397-.512.429-1.048.099-1.698-.461-.909-.678-.941-.955-.144zm2.172-.436c-.71.83-.812 1.614-.296 2.278l.333.43.334-.43c.39-.502.443-1.482.113-2.13-.214-.42-.243-.43-.484-.148zm-24.734.003c-.348.243.62 1.431 1.618 1.983 1.108.615 3.585 1.253 5.432 1.4l1.435.116-.417-.34c-.23-.187-1.076-.497-1.88-.688-1.466-.349-3.02-.979-3.02-1.225 0-.194 1.282.087 2.574.565 2.08.77 1.095-.396-1.064-1.26-1.145-.457-1.724-.582-2.944-.635-.836-.036-1.616.002-1.734.084zm43.865.307c-.683.238-1.48.554-1.772.703-.49.251-1.107.867-1.115 1.115-.002.06.509-.082 1.135-.314 1.295-.48 2.574-.76 2.574-.564 0 .261-1.449.855-2.948 1.208-.842.198-1.719.512-1.95.698l-.418.338 1.434-.113c1.85-.146 4.327-.781 5.433-1.395.988-.547 1.97-1.744 1.617-1.972-.477-.31-2.727-.142-3.99.296zm-24.21.342c-.104.654.19 1.814.473 1.858.091.015.27-.192.395-.46.258-.547.07-1.246-.47-1.743-.28-.259-.305-.237-.398.345zm8.132-.325c-.568.663-.685 1.074-.481 1.702.224.692.375.741.633.206.309-.64.368-1.045.241-1.65-.115-.549-.133-.56-.393-.258zm-6.714.204c-.275.523-.22 1.258.135 1.806l.316.489.274-.398c.405-.59.347-1.396-.135-1.856-.405-.388-.408-.389-.59-.041zm5.087.072c-.444.482-.488 1.263-.102 1.825l.273.398.316-.489c.366-.566.413-1.409.103-1.841-.2-.28-.24-.274-.59.107zm-4.148 1.864c-.324.47-.364 1.497-.082 2.126.258.578.381.554.816-.163.407-.672.361-1.276-.15-1.959l-.306-.41-.278.405zm1.498.147c-.142.28-.257.712-.257.963 0 .434.473 1.454.675 1.454.201 0 .675-1.02.675-1.454 0-.52-.436-1.47-.675-1.47-.088 0-.276.228-.418.507zm1.724-.116c-.494.768-.527 1.268-.128 1.926.438.723.56.748.82.169.293-.656.24-1.705-.11-2.144l-.304-.384-.278.433zm-4.762.12c-.368.414-.407 1.208-.1 1.983l.206.516.41-.483c.49-.579.538-1.465.109-2.006l-.3-.377-.325.367zm6.261.026c-.401.585-.344 1.424.135 1.99l.41.483.205-.516c.32-.806.27-1.596-.125-2l-.35-.356-.274.4zm-25.371.503c-.784.158-1.4.447-1.4.656 0 .264.774.872 1.566 1.23.754.34 3.358.677 5.269.683l.675.002-.506-.416c-.35-.288-.818-.45-1.52-.527-.556-.061-1.268-.193-1.58-.292-.837-.265-.323-.493.834-.37.61.065 1.082.025 1.336-.113.543-.296.271-.419-1.674-.757-1.734-.301-1.946-.308-3-.096zm42.159.073c-.688.131-1.447.29-1.688.351-.428.11-.43.117-.1.37.253.194.594.234 1.35.161 1.221-.118 1.763.11.907.381-.313.1-1.025.23-1.581.292-.702.077-1.169.24-1.52.527l-.506.416.675-.002c3.165-.01 5.53-.526 6.454-1.411.51-.488.483-.625-.174-.904-.867-.37-2.442-.444-3.817-.181zm-22.524 1.74c-.624.936-.58 1.103.287 1.103.402 0 .77-.04.82-.09.15-.154-.044-.845-.36-1.272l-.302-.408-.445.667zm1.701-.117c-.159.274-.29.662-.29.86 0 .306.103.36.676.36.573 0 .675-.054.675-.36 0-.362-.495-1.36-.675-1.36-.053 0-.226.225-.386.5zm1.688 0c-.16.274-.29.662-.29.86 0 .306.103.36.675.36.573 0 .676-.054.676-.36 0-.362-.496-1.36-.675-1.36-.053 0-.227.225-.386.5zm1.67-.074c-.151.234-.293.602-.315.817-.037.352.04.397.76.444.579.038.802-.011.802-.175 0-.213-.786-1.512-.915-1.512-.032 0-.182.192-.333.426zm-6.104.14c-.265.702-1.728 1.048-2.363.558-.477-.368-.581-.324-.581.246 0 .582.494 1.135 1.124 1.258.45.088.672-.198.502-.65-.078-.207.066-.258.739-.258.743 0 .846-.046.938-.417.056-.23.025-.559-.07-.732-.165-.299-.178-.3-.289-.005zm7.613.094c-.235.755.026 1.06.907 1.06.774 0 .808.02.79.474-.015.409.039.465.404.414.615-.085 1.181-.692 1.181-1.266 0-.488-.002-.49-.497-.228-.879.463-1.806.28-2.394-.475l-.275-.352-.116.373zM2.312 21.689c-.75.227-1.603.729-1.603.942 0 .103.323.376.717.606.64.374.916.419 2.574.419 1.021 0 2.082-.064 2.358-.142l.503-.142-.418-.33c-.277-.219-.57-.298-.868-.234-.585.123-1.73-.095-1.536-.293.081-.083.685-.181 1.341-.218.748-.042 1.36-.178 1.637-.363.243-.163.443-.326.443-.362 0-.137-4.662-.03-5.148.117zm5.883-.02c-.6.147-1.748.826-1.748 1.035 0 .379 1.308.78 2.48.759 1.504-.026 1.86-.139 1.569-.497-.138-.17-.52-.256-1.126-.256-.569 0-.878-.066-.813-.172.057-.095.332-.172.612-.172.632 0 1.16-.277 1.16-.609 0-.278-1.155-.325-2.134-.088zm29.475.064c0 .354.512.633 1.16.633.28 0 .555.077.613.172.064.106-.245.172-.814.172-.606 0-.988.087-1.126.256-.291.358.065.47 1.57.497 1.18.02 2.48-.38 2.48-.766 0-.08-.337-.346-.748-.591-.952-.569-3.135-.829-3.135-.373zm2.87-.177c0 .313 1.036.682 2.079.74.656.038 1.26.136 1.342.22.194.198-.952.415-1.537.292-.299-.064-.59.015-.868.234l-.417.33.502.142c.276.078 1.337.142 2.358.142 1.658 0 1.934-.045 2.574-.419.395-.23.718-.507.718-.614 0-.108-.361-.384-.802-.614-.725-.378-1.047-.423-3.376-.476-1.415-.032-2.573-.022-2.573.023zm-19.747 1.41c0 .07.165.426.367.792.253.46.426.615.559.502.16-.135.978.276 1.594.802.04.034-.008.145-.108.247-.13.132-.303.104-.606-.098-.316-.21-.456-.231-.548-.08-.07.116-.004.273.153.363.396.226.347.368-.256.731-.475.286-.503.343-.253.53.154.114.28.257.28.318 0 .24-.655.09-1.075-.247-.404-.323-.445-.466-.445-1.545 0-1.114-.025-1.195-.408-1.293-.85-.218-1.022-.06-1.076.989-.099 1.905.66 2.827 2.204 2.68.486-.047 1.004-.137 1.151-.201.156-.068.43.018.656.204l.387.32-.866.648c-.476.357-.865.7-.863.763.002.063.381.367.844.675.462.308.84.618.84.688-.003.265-1.423 1.054-1.61.895-.127-.106-.313.069-.571.538-.212.383-.35.73-.31.771.04.042.43.026.865-.035.621-.087.773-.17.708-.388-.055-.188.184-.46.741-.847l.824-.57.853.57c.587.392.828.657.77.847-.065.218.085.3.708.388.435.06.82.081.854.045.053-.053-.522-1.188-.749-1.48-.035-.044-.124.021-.2.145-.105.174-.293.114-.828-.263-.38-.269-.694-.54-.698-.603-.003-.063.374-.398.838-.746.465-.348.806-.696.76-.774-.048-.077-.428-.36-.845-.63-.417-.268-.759-.544-.759-.613 0-.069.18-.245.399-.392.307-.205.504-.226.855-.09.665.258 1.823.216 2.238-.08.52-.372.926-1.589.864-2.592L28.98 24h-1.351l-.084 1.263c-.071 1.061-.148 1.315-.483 1.591-.424.35-1.036.443-1.036.157a.17.17 0 0 1 .169-.172c.193 0 .235-.513.042-.522-.07-.003-.273-.118-.45-.255-.309-.238-.31-.266-.032-.58.387-.436.034-.681-.403-.28-.22.204-.398.244-.592.133-.232-.132-.143-.25.53-.696.57-.377.847-.476.933-.335.067.111.15.166.185.121.227-.291.802-1.426.75-1.48-.035-.035-.42-.015-.855.046-.623.087-.773.17-.708.388.058.19-.18.453-.755.837l-.84.56-.838-.56c-.614-.41-.815-.64-.748-.861.064-.215-.003-.301-.238-.301-.18 0-.565-.049-.855-.108-.29-.059-.527-.05-.527.02zm15.733.647c.035.118.517.439 1.069.712.552.273.914.53.804.57-.11.04-.429-.049-.709-.196-.663-.35-.695-.343-.695.14 0 .44.432.698 1.621.971.68.157 1.586.048 1.586-.191 0-.372-1.187-1.459-1.988-1.82-.98-.441-1.792-.531-1.688-.186zm3 .116c-.868.135-.702.21 1.132.51 1.244.203 2.77.841 2.069.865-.373.012-1.082-.15-2.676-.61l-.404-.117.39.538c.75 1.033 4.062 1.797 5.44 1.255.254-.1.463-.248.463-.327 0-.22-.866-.998-1.442-1.293-1.213-.624-3.648-1.025-4.971-.82zm-28.929 2.195c-.236.364-.479.913-.539 1.218-.096.49-.065.557.257.557.955 0 2.619-1.371 2.518-2.076-.054-.374-.094-.358-.869.326-1.077.952-1.282.9-.4-.1.189-.212.26-.387.158-.387-.101 0-.3-.044-.44-.1-.17-.066-.4.122-.685.562zm24.542-.243c0 .704 1.656 2.018 2.544 2.018.324 0 .354-.066.258-.557-.159-.81-.91-1.902-1.224-1.78-.14.056-.339.1-.44.1-.101 0-.03.175.157.387.189.213.4.492.472.62.191.341-.415-.013-.839-.49-.184-.207-.468-.45-.631-.539-.244-.133-.297-.09-.297.24zm-10.962.211c-.013.256-.39.209-.478-.06-.047-.144.03-.208.206-.171.155.033.277.137.272.231zm-18.005.424c-.884.517-2.088 1.778-2.088 2.188 0 .158.258.227.844.227.612 0 .935.093 1.173.335.348.355 2.61 5.897 2.796 6.848.06.307.178.56.264.56.085 0 .155.204.155.453 0 .25.168.796.372 1.213.367.75.367.766.057 1.354-.277.524-.287.653-.084 1.067.273.56 1.271 1.543 1.708 1.684.17.056.31.243.31.418 0 .398.925 1.208 1.379 1.208.306 0 .333-.09.271-.903-.038-.497-.12-1.02-.184-1.162-.083-.185.157-.436.855-.894 1.577-1.034 2.164-1.226 3.789-1.242 1.786-.017 2.015-.172 1.502-1.019-.332-.547-.337-.593-.058-.518.343.091 1.222-.534 1.222-.868 0-.144-.175-.19-.525-.138-.594.09-.818-.145-.822-.86-.003-.568.546-.998 1.274-.998.304 0 .65-.139.818-.328.282-.318.262-.33-.69-.397-.832-.059-1.03-.015-1.29.285l-.306.354.176-.369c.131-.273.113-.498-.072-.875-.202-.413-.364-.512-.882-.539-.349-.018-.78-.05-.96-.071-.205-.025-.468.176-.717.546-.215.322-.392.506-.392.41 0-.096.16-.382.357-.637.347-.45.348-.47.043-.71-.64-.503-1.744.153-2.098 1.245-.3.926-.131 1.123.627.728.873-.453 1.042-.419 1.103.227.08.837.535.815 1.298-.06l.64-.736.108.55c.066.333.21.549.37.549.233 0 .232.044-.009.419-.148.23-.245.637-.215.903.036.315-.044.544-.228.656-3.535 2.149-4.644 2.385-5.283 1.126-.229-.451-.36-.523-.942-.523-.496 0-.7-.08-.767-.302-.133-.438-1.1-2.484-1.275-2.699-.186-.227-1.999-4.03-1.999-4.193 0-.065.337-.3.748-.523.646-.35 1.748-1.473 2.2-2.244.22-.375-.725-.079-1.387.434-.677.526-.712.268-.066-.489.264-.31.52-.78.568-1.044.085-.47.08-.474-.27-.178-.917.773-1.675 1.565-1.986 2.077-.378.62-.57.61-.691-.04-.067-.359.034-.498.613-.844.381-.228 1.149-.78 1.706-1.227l1.013-.813-.652.118c-.359.065-1.093.354-1.632.642-1.22.652-1.722.553-.598-.118.7-.418.775-.511.502-.62-.547-.219-.799-.166-1.693.357zm33.962-.357c-.272.109-.197.202.503.62 1.123.671.622.77-.599.118-.539-.288-1.273-.577-1.631-.641l-.652-.118 1.097.883c1.657 1.334 2.887 1.91 4.077 1.91.704 0 .986-.065.986-.227 0-.41-1.204-1.671-2.087-2.188-.895-.523-1.146-.576-1.694-.357zm-16.736.346c.051.084-.026.2-.173.258-.464.181-.63.119-.407-.154.238-.293.443-.33.58-.104zm1.783.104c.175.215.152.258-.138.258-.37 0-.6-.223-.42-.407.17-.173.331-.13.558.149zm-12.566.47c-.28.686-.335 1.467-.125 1.803.27.435 1.886-1.041 1.889-1.726 0-.218-.733.072-.964.38-.18.242-.207.222-.214-.153-.004-.237-.08-.545-.167-.686-.125-.201-.213-.12-.419.382zm2.12-.158c-.353.915-.204 2.354.245 2.354.243 0 1.087-1.033 1.087-1.33 0-.324-.493-.384-.665-.082-.14.244-.171.206-.185-.222-.01-.284-.08-.671-.156-.86-.128-.32-.151-.31-.325.14zm2.024.213c-.403.697-.438 1.077-.158 1.703.257.576.414.553.822-.12.502-.83.587-1.32.28-1.632-.238-.244-.28-.215-.442.316l-.179.584.067-.731c.037-.402.044-.731.016-.731-.029 0-.211.275-.406.611zm14.091.12l.067.73-.179-.583c-.162-.53-.203-.56-.442-.316a.694.694 0 0 0-.161.67c.14.55.743 1.52.944 1.52.09 0 .255-.31.367-.688.175-.598.16-.768-.12-1.304-.451-.864-.553-.87-.476-.03zm2.035-.356c-.057.22-.108.592-.112.829-.006.369-.031.388-.176.136-.172-.302-.665-.242-.665.081 0 .308.848 1.331 1.103 1.331.32 0 .478-.7.372-1.66-.103-.93-.37-1.296-.522-.717zm2.028-.128a2.39 2.39 0 0 0-.117.67c-.005.33-.03.341-.212.097-.23-.31-.965-.6-.964-.38.002.346.721 1.292 1.218 1.6.485.3.561.308.693.068.186-.338.003-1.64-.288-2.045-.206-.287-.225-.288-.33-.01zm3.228.403c.047.257.302.722.567 1.033.615.722.628 1.102.017.517-.517-.495-1.706-.864-1.466-.455.756 1.29 2.592 2.728 3.482 2.728.94 0-.377-2.428-2.05-3.779l-.634-.512.084.468zm-13.538.058c.05.083-.101.24-.336.348-.33.154-.485.149-.686-.022-.233-.197-.23-.241.024-.431.292-.218.836-.16.997.105zm-12.79.304c-1.026.671-1.99 2.449-1.99 3.67 0 .798.021.84.38.729.652-.202 1.45-.919 1.905-1.709.402-.698.417-.795.193-1.23l-.243-.473-.263.518c-.144.285-.384.621-.532.747-.242.204-.251.178-.091-.25.098-.264.326-.69.507-.95.282-.404.742-1.401.629-1.364-.021.007-.244.147-.495.312zm6.2.463c-.241.59-.238.679.045 1.173.427.744.625.536.625-.656 0-1.216-.29-1.441-.67-.517zM29.3 27.42c-.14.375-.001 2 .175 2.045.088.022.298-.2.466-.494.282-.492.285-.585.05-1.162-.267-.649-.536-.8-.69-.389zm6.514-.015c0 .118.19.5.423.85.431.646.814 1.508.67 1.508-.043 0-.296-.306-.562-.68l-.484-.68-.197.441c-.17.38-.136.549.24 1.204.436.758 1.61 1.78 2.045 1.78.313 0 .3-1.381-.02-2.162-.368-.899-1.243-2.07-1.707-2.286-.313-.146-.408-.14-.408.025zm-21.648.982c-.054.142-.186.547-.292.9-.207.686-.507 1.021-.507.567 0-.15.111-.545.247-.876l.247-.603-.506.304c-.79.476-1.214 2.475-.713 3.367.168.301 1.135-.683 1.526-1.553.36-.803.398-1.04.259-1.65-.1-.435-.2-.613-.261-.456zm1.825.467c-.064.388-.229.848-.366 1.023-.228.29-.24.267-.136-.278.114-.593.113-.594-.287-.324-.463.312-.625 1.468-.319 2.288l.182.487.433-.412c.882-.84 1.27-2.204.858-3.007l-.248-.483-.117.706zm15.621-.167c-.35.863.034 2.136.89 2.951l.432.412.182-.487c.309-.828.145-1.975-.327-2.293l-.409-.276.117.594c.178.908-.207.396-.459-.61l-.207-.828-.219.537zm1.935.13c-.162.876.223 1.96.96 2.712.355.36.707.616.785.567.289-.182.346-1.434.103-2.267-.177-.61-.387-.93-.751-1.15l-.506-.304.247.603c.136.331.245.74.242.909-.005.283-.024.281-.25-.024-.136-.183-.294-.59-.352-.906-.146-.794-.347-.853-.478-.14zm-8.869.023c.37.25.672.48.672.514 0 .033-.304.265-.675.516l-.675.455-.675-.455c-.372-.25-.675-.49-.675-.533 0-.074 1.206-.95 1.308-.95.027 0 .351.204.72.453zm-6.74 1.946c-.116.657-.3 1.27-.41 1.364-.11.093-.502.194-.872.224l-.673.056.573.318c.315.175.92.33 1.343.345l.77.025.052-.645c.041-.51-.007-.645-.23-.645-.262 0-.263-.022-.003-.315.465-.522.294-1.922-.233-1.922-.06 0-.203.538-.318 1.195zm11.496-.988c-.295.3-.248 1.35.077 1.715.26.293.26.315 0 .315-.375 0-.396 1.17-.023 1.315.312.122 1.756-.23 2.09-.51.195-.164.098-.22-.504-.289l-.745-.086-.229-1.333c-.233-1.36-.31-1.49-.666-1.127zm2.034 3.1c-.467.23-.473.34-.042.736.185.172.337.412.337.535 0 .123.361.397.802.61.441.212.859.416.928.452.232.121.13-1.004-.138-1.533-.206-.406-1.174-1.068-1.46-.998a6.313 6.313 0 0 0-.427.198zm6.609.07c.08.213.026.257-.235.187-.273-.073-.34-.007-.34.335 0 .341.064.405.323.32.262-.084.307-.037.234.247-.071.277-.01.352.287.352.296 0 .357-.075.286-.352-.073-.284-.028-.33.234-.246.26.084.323.02.323-.32 0-.343-.066-.409-.34-.336-.261.07-.316.026-.235-.188.078-.205.007-.279-.268-.279-.276 0-.346.074-.27.28zm-8.087.36c-.549.052-.738.168-1.001.615-.179.303-.305.629-.282.724.023.094-.054.075-.172-.043-.24-.241-2.341-.304-2.341-.07 0 .36.723.773 1.375.787.552.01.767.111 1.04.482.294.4.314.534.14.922-.168.377-.289.44-.71.378-.644-.096-.746.069-.352.565.204.257.493.39.843.39.581 0 .65.181.337.882-.108.242-.148.489-.088.55.06.06.622.168 1.25.238 1.997.224 4.315.816 5.43 1.386.96.492 1.136.53 1.615.354.295-.109.707-.198.916-.198.85 0 2.018-.971 2.914-2.426l.28-.454-.871-.107c-1.123-.137-2.498-.137-3.787 0-.93.099-1.007.137-.836.416.295.481-.121.852-.952.847-1.3-.006-3.481-.98-3.481-1.554 0-.135.627-.076 1.06.1.27.11.29.044.194-.63-.058-.413-.24-.945-.402-1.182-.162-.237-.333-.84-.38-1.339-.06-.628-.207-1.039-.477-1.332-.215-.234-.435-.411-.488-.395a9.238 9.238 0 0 1-.774.094zm.93 2.294c0 .076.106.163.236.193.195.046.197.093.016.263-.177.166-.275.093-.487-.363-.146-.314-.372-.661-.502-.771-.192-.162-.262-.108-.365.277-.07.263-.112.788-.095 1.166.033.68.155.858 1.037 1.51.412.304.412.304-.094.046-.897-.458-1.097-.703-1.097-1.347 0-.411-.15-.8-.458-1.185-.366-.457-.38-.504-.074-.235.328.288.407.3.54.086.086-.138.157-.44.158-.672.003-.402.03-.391.594.237.325.361.59.72.59.795zm-6.372-.871c-.301.187-.548.434-.548.547 0 .114-.213 0-.474-.255-.547-.535-1.214-.622-1.214-.158 0 .166.133.544.295.837.41.743 1.393 1.907 1.393 1.651 0-.116.272-.518.606-.895.41-.462.635-.908.697-1.376.104-.787.014-.829-.755-.351zm.97.119c0 .253-.09.718-.203 1.034-.176.497-.163.612.105.872.22.213.33.24.384.09.042-.115.262-.489.49-.83l.412-.62-.383-.494c-.485-.627-.804-.648-.804-.052zm-4.108.025c-.366.412-.356.49.142 1.093.233.281.422.622.422.756 0 .322.242.312.513-.021.179-.219.167-.373-.063-.866-.155-.33-.28-.752-.28-.938 0-.425-.368-.437-.734-.024zm-6.358.179c-.408.222-.614.473-.673.817-.06.35-.198.512-.465.551-.5.073-.479.3.06.66.363.242.529.26.95.097l.51-.196-.097.61c-.084.529-.059.594.19.485.158-.069.579-.143.936-.165.986-.061 1.522-.562 1.662-1.55.078-.555.045-.97-.1-1.251l-.217-.422-.363.52c-.2.285-.434.701-.522.924-.117.298-.162.326-.17.104-.02-.55-.798-.348-1.16.301-.152.274-.192.287-.196.064-.002-.154.11-.376.248-.494.257-.217.361-1.376.124-1.376-.07 0-.394.144-.717.32zm16.981-.195c-.346.353.355 1.96 1.02 2.34.367.21 1.035-.007 1.243-.404.149-.283.127-.342-.13-.342a.719.719 0 0 1-.715-.703c0-.404-1.173-1.141-1.418-.89zm5.026.12c-.565.252-1.298 1.131-1.497 1.798-.122.41-.12.41.933.306.58-.058 1.074-.127 1.096-.153.128-.146.258-2.196.138-2.19-.078.003-.38.111-.67.24zm.949.012c0 .143.15.258.337.258.188 0 .338-.115.338-.258 0-.144-.15-.258-.337-.258-.188 0-.338.114-.338.258zm.881.859c.026.614.123 1.12.216 1.125.093.005.613.052 1.156.105.975.096.986.092.867-.308-.204-.682-.94-1.547-1.534-1.8-.31-.131-.605-.24-.657-.24-.052 0-.073.503-.047 1.118zm-.881.001c0 .143.15.258.337.258.188 0 .338-.115.338-.258 0-.143-.15-.258-.337-.258-.188 0-.338.115-.338.258zm.032.903c.031.166.169.301.306.301.136 0 .274-.135.305-.3.04-.212-.051-.302-.306-.302-.254 0-.345.09-.305.301zm-15.732.307c-.23.24-.564.569-.743.731-.865.787-1.11 1.074-1.11 1.303 0 .21.128.2.795-.058 1.187-.459 1.568-.875 1.568-1.71 0-.386-.02-.702-.046-.702-.025 0-.234.196-.464.436zm2.648-.321c-.23.235-.101 1.058.234 1.492.196.254.655.533 1.055.642.39.107.803.273.92.37.155.13.21.089.21-.156 0-.19-.461-.755-1.078-1.321a121.956 121.956 0 0 1-1.154-1.066c-.04-.042-.125-.024-.187.039zm-1.795.625c-.005.655.388 1.669.648 1.669.331 0 .703-.692.792-1.475l.097-.848-.45.516c-.249.287-.482.431-.523.326a3.04 3.04 0 0 0-.317-.516c-.223-.301-.242-.277-.247.328zm13.096.213a.276.276 0 0 0 .158.365c.33.13.48-.026.353-.364-.128-.34-.383-.341-.511-.001zm.936.02c.071.377.562.43.562.062 0-.14-.14-.283-.31-.317-.226-.044-.295.026-.252.256zm.89-.098c-.174.287.217.616.45.379.195-.199.073-.566-.188-.566-.081 0-.2.084-.262.187zm.853-.015c-.141.233.05.517.348.517.133 0 .243-.155.243-.345 0-.356-.407-.474-.59-.172zm1.041-.057c-.205.21-.116.574.14.574.141 0 .254-.153.254-.345 0-.342-.18-.447-.394-.229zm-4.594.244c-.063.103-.036.267.06.364.213.217.54.034.54-.303 0-.29-.435-.334-.6-.06zm5.354.099c.033.174.173.317.311.317.362 0 .31-.5-.06-.573-.225-.044-.294.026-.25.256zm-18.173.733c-.185.187-.965.612-1.733.946-.768.334-1.752.883-2.186 1.22-.888.692-1.489.744-1.467.127.009-.26-.084-.387-.284-.387-.664 0-1.177 1.053-.833 1.71.157.298.13.446-.154.813-.438.568-.442 1.264-.008 1.825.185.24.337.56.337.712 0 .408.293.33.61-.163l.28-.436.306.511c.168.281.456.594.64.694.407.223 1.199.235 1.525.024.168-.108.38-.01.717.333.561.572 1.258.769 1.875.53.388-.15.513-.099 1.025.423.32.327.652.594.736.594.084 0 .405-.265.713-.59.48-.505.62-.566.978-.428.587.228 1.64-.096 2.053-.632.279-.36.396-.405.673-.254.792.432 1.866-.045 2.254-1 .165-.408.19-.418.259-.107.141.64.715 1.074.715.54 0-.13.151-.432.337-.673.44-.569.442-1.523.006-1.926-.251-.231-.293-.383-.17-.618.381-.724.02-1.745-.683-1.933-.258-.068-.344-.017-.323.194.088.92-.458.968-1.489.132-.395-.32-1.478-.909-2.408-1.308-.929-.4-1.768-.854-1.865-1.008-.136-.218-.197-.23-.268-.055-.051.125-.264.43-.472.677-.414.49-.442.476-1.144-.52-.204-.29-.231-.29-.552.033zm.602 2.714c-.192.644-.438 1.904-.548 2.8-.191 1.554-.21 1.606-.418 1.119-.281-.66-.164-1.408.548-3.484.315-.92.584-1.828.598-2.017.022-.308.032-.305.096.034.04.208-.084.905-.276 1.548zm2.528 2.03c.23.732.2 1.688-.064 2.057-.199.277-.24.149-.333-1.042-.059-.747-.298-2.055-.531-2.907-.234-.851-.422-1.664-.42-1.806.005-.22.82 2.015 1.348 3.698zm-4.029-2.759c-.282.328-.714.947-.962 1.377-.436.76-.758.887-.75.297.005-.379.414-.89 1.32-1.653.923-.776 1.049-.783.392-.02zm5.668.683c.37.343.549.667.549.992 0 .582-.29.634-.493.09-.08-.216-.405-.739-.72-1.161-1.087-1.456-.97-1.442.664.079zM19.78 44.17c0 .12-.07.217-.157.217-.248 0-.7-.528-.596-.698.123-.203.753.2.753.481zm8.86-.018c-.297.22-.59.174-.59-.093 0-.075.171-.214.38-.31.482-.224.64.081.21.403z" fill="currentColor"/></svg> </span><!----></span></li><!--]--></ul></li><li class="_half-width _align-end tw-h-12 tw-mt-3 bre-inline-menu__item"><span><span class="nuxt-icon tw-text-gray-2 tw-text-5xl _no-icon-margin" title="16+"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 48 48" fill="none"><circle cx="24" cy="24" r="23" stroke="currentColor" stroke-width="2"/><path fill="currentColor" d="M10.11 21.188v-1.516c.703-.031 1.195-.078 1.476-.14.448-.1.812-.298 1.094-.595.192-.203.338-.474.437-.812.057-.203.086-.354.086-.453h1.852V29h-2.282v-7.813H10.11Zm10.77 4.226c0 .61.165 1.107.493 1.492a1.57 1.57 0 0 0 1.25.578c.495 0 .883-.185 1.164-.554.286-.375.43-.86.43-1.453 0-.662-.162-1.167-.485-1.516a1.545 1.545 0 0 0-1.187-.531c-.38 0-.717.114-1.008.343-.438.339-.656.886-.656 1.641Zm3.133-4.89c0-.183-.07-.383-.21-.602-.24-.354-.602-.531-1.086-.531-.724 0-1.24.406-1.547 1.218-.167.448-.282 1.11-.344 1.985.276-.328.596-.568.96-.719a3.243 3.243 0 0 1 1.25-.227c1.006 0 1.829.342 2.47 1.024.645.682.968 1.555.968 2.617 0 1.057-.315 1.99-.945 2.797-.63.807-1.61 1.21-2.937 1.21-1.427 0-2.48-.595-3.157-1.788-.526-.932-.789-2.136-.789-3.61 0-.864.037-1.567.11-2.109.13-.963.382-1.766.757-2.406a3.89 3.89 0 0 1 1.266-1.32c.526-.334 1.154-.5 1.883-.5 1.052 0 1.89.27 2.515.812.625.537.977 1.253 1.055 2.148h-2.219Zm3.85 5.257v-2.039h3.203V20.54h2.055v3.203h3.203v2.04H33.12V29h-2.055v-3.219h-3.203Z"/></svg> </span><!----></span></li><!--]--></ul></div><div class="bre-footer-section"><ul class="bre-inline-menu _min-gap-x _no-gap-y"><!--[--><li class="_footer-copyright bre-inline-menu__item"><span><!----><span>© АНО БРЭ, 2022 — 2024. Все права защищены.</span></span></li><li class="-hide-on-tablet _stretch-width -text-caption-1 text-decoration-underline tw-text-gray-2 tw-cursor-pointer bre-inline-menu__item"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[-->Условия использования информации.<!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Вся информация, размещенная на данном портале, предназначена только для использования в личных целях и не подлежит дальнейшему воспроизведению.<br />Медиаконтент (иллюстрации, фотографии, видео, аудиоматериалы, карты, скан образы) может быть использован только с разрешения правообладателей.</span></span></span></li><li class="-show-on-tablet _stretch-width -text-caption-1 text-decoration-underline tw-text-gray-2 tw-cursor-pointer bre-inline-menu__item"><span data-v-tippy><!--[--><!--[-->Условия использования информации.<!--]--><!--]--><span style="display:none;" class=""><span>Вся информация, размещенная на данном портале, предназначена только для использования в личных целях и не подлежит дальнейшему воспроизведению.<br />Медиаконтент (иллюстрации, фотографии, видео, аудиоматериалы, карты, скан образы) может быть использован только с разрешения правообладателей.</span></span></span></li><!--]--></ul></div><!--]--></div></footer><span></span></div></div><!----><!--]--></div><script type="application/json" id="__NUXT_DATA__" data-ssr="true">[["Reactive",1],{"data":2,"state":3,"once":4,"_errors":5,"serverRendered":6,"path":7,"pinia":8},{},{"$sreferer":-1},["Set"],{},true,"/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3",{"preview":9,"auth-token":11,"search":14,"page-loading":19,"search-suggestions":20,"filters":23,"component-header":25,"collection":26,"article":27,"article-media-slider":761,"modal":775,"article-notes":776,"article-loc":777,"article-sidebar":778,"author":779,"article-metrics":780,"collection-articles-favorite":781,"article-collections":782,"article-versions":783,"error-form":792,"text-selection":793},{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6},null,{"post_":10,"postError":10,"postPending":6,"savedRoutePath":10,"isAuthorized":12,"firstNameLetter":13,"fullName":13,"userId":13,"processingRefresh":12,"showAuthModal":10},false,"",{"searchQuery":13,"savedList":15,"limit":16,"offset":17,"loading":12,"isSearchOpened":12,"page":18},[],10,0,1,{"loading":12},{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6,"headerSearchQuery":13,"pageSearchQuery":13,"selectedSuggestionIndex":21,"focusOn":22},-1,"header",{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6,"loading":12,"isExtendedSearchOpened":12,"chosenFilters":24},{},{"showCategories":12,"isFixed":12},{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6,"put_":-1,"putError":10,"putPending":6,"delete_":-1,"deleteError":10,"deletePending":6},{"get_":28,"getError":10,"getPending":12,"headers":754,"timeline":759,"isFullScreen":12,"getCache":760},{"article":29,"components":748},{"content":30,"createdAt":722,"id":723,"lastVersionId":724,"meta":725,"sections":10,"slug":739,"tags":740,"updatedAt":722},{"article":31,"biblioRecord":687,"category":688,"sidebar":689,"title":721},[32],{"content":33,"type":686},[34],{"attrs":35,"content":37,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":686},{"section_id":36},"f26abb78-9428-4702-951e-5e47e1fec07b",[38,86,152,270,325,335,368,402,408,444,452,458,534,563,614,627,633,678],{"attrs":39,"content":40,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[41,49,51,64,66,75,77,83],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":42,"text":47,"type":48},[43],{"attrs":44,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":46},{"version":45},"1","bold","А́льфа-распа́д ","text",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":50,"type":48},"(α-распад), испускание ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":52,"text":63,"type":48},[53],{"attrs":54,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":55,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":58,"link_type":61,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"53bc8058-73e4-4dcf-9c20-635f96ded1b5","#","2",{"slug":59,"type":60},"atomnoe-iadro-53bc80","article","51","a","атомным ядром",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":65,"type":48}," ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":67,"text":74,"type":48},[68],{"attrs":69,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":70,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":71,"link_type":73,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"befe5f1b-2b5e-440c-b23f-13ddb26704fb",{"slug":72,"type":60},"al-fa-chastitsa-befe5f","13","альфа-частицы",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":76,"type":48}," (ядра ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":78,"text":82,"type":48},[79],{"attrs":80,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":81},{"version":45},"sup","4",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":84,"type":48},"He). Альфа-распад из основного (невозбуждённого) состояния ядра называют также альфа-радиоактивностью.","paragraph",{"attrs":87,"content":88,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[89,91,96,98,107,109,117,119,125,127,135,137,139,141,150],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":90,"type":48},"Термин «",{"attrs":92,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},"inline","α","formula",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":97,"type":48},"-лучи» был введён вскоре после открытия ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":99,"text":106,"type":48},[100],{"attrs":101,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":102,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":103,"link_type":105,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"104f0faa-2e31-4f7e-a553-11799ff9a509",{"slug":104,"type":60},"bekkerel-antuan-anri-104f0f","25","А. А. Беккерелем",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":108,"type":48}," в 1896 г. ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":110,"text":116,"type":48},[111],{"attrs":112,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":113,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":114,"link_type":61,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"56b3d456-bdcf-46e8-86d4-808503c013e7",{"slug":115,"type":60},"radioaktivnost-56b3d4","радиоактивности",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":118,"type":48}," для обозначения наименее проникающего вида излучения, испускаемого ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":120,"text":124,"type":48},[121],{"attrs":122,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":113,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":123,"link_type":73,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},{"slug":115,"type":60},"радиоактивными",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":126,"type":48}," веществами. В 1909 г. ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":128,"text":134,"type":48},[129],{"attrs":130,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":131,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":132,"link_type":105,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"263d7d1d-31dd-45af-9338-00dd6298b67b",{"slug":133,"type":60},"rezerford-ernest-263d7d","Э. Резерфорд",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":136,"type":48}," и Т. Ройдс доказали, что ",{"attrs":138,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":140,"type":48},"-частицы являются дважды ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":142,"text":149,"type":48},[143],{"attrs":144,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":145,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":146,"link_type":148,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"03bfece8-c529-4d4c-870e-b48c55c2ed20",{"slug":147,"type":60},"ionizatsiia-03bfec","114","ионизованными",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":151,"type":48}," атомами гелия.",{"attrs":153,"content":154,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[155,157,160,162,165,167,172,174,177,179,181,183,186,188,190,192,197,199,204,206,211,213,218,220,225,227,236,238,241,243,251,252,254,256,261,263,268],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":156,"type":48},"При альфа-распаде массовое число ",{"attrs":158,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":159,"title":13},"А",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":161,"type":48}," материнского ядра уменьшается на 4 единицы, а заряд (число протонов) ",{"attrs":163,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":164,"title":13},"Z",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":166,"type":48}," – на 2: ",{"attrs":168,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":169,"displayMode":170,"src":171,"title":13},"block","displayMode","{^AZ→\\ ^{A-4}(Z–2) +\\ ^4_2He+Q} \\tag 1.",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":173,"type":48},"Энергия ",{"attrs":175,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":176,"title":13},"Q",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":178,"type":48},", выделяющаяся при альфа-распаде, определяется разностью масс материнского ядра и обоих продуктов распада. Альфа-распад энергетически возможен, если величина ",{"attrs":180,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":176,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":182,"type":48}," положительна. Это условие выполняется почти для всех ядер с ",{"attrs":184,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":185,"title":13},"А >150",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":187,"type":48},". Наблюдаемые времена жизни ",{"attrs":189,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":191,"type":48},"-радиоактивных ядер лежат в пределах от 10",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":193,"text":196,"type":48},[194],{"attrs":195,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":81},{"version":45},"17",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":198,"type":48}," лет (",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":200,"text":203,"type":48},[201],{"attrs":202,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":81},{"version":45},"204",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":205,"type":48},"Pb) до 3 ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":207,"text":210,"type":48},[208],{"attrs":209,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":46},{"version":45},"· ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":212,"type":48},"10",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":214,"text":217,"type":48},[215],{"attrs":216,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":81},{"version":45},"–7",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":219,"type":48}," с (",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":221,"text":224,"type":48},[222],{"attrs":223,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":81},{"version":45},"212",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":226,"type":48},"Po). Однако во многих случаях времена жизни ядер (",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":228,"text":235,"type":48},[229],{"attrs":230,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":231,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":232,"link_type":234,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"baa39e27-0373-4508-93f8-29ea17ef8c69",{"slug":233,"type":60},"period-poluraspada-baa39e","107","периоды полураспада",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":237,"type":48},"), для которых ",{"attrs":239,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":240,"title":13},"Q >0",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":242,"type":48},", оказываются слишком большими и альфа-радиоактивность наблюдать не удаётся. ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":244,"text":250,"type":48},[245],{"attrs":246,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":247,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":248,"link_type":148,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"06ee5a9c-f63b-4da6-a617-65764cf0dfaf",{"slug":249,"type":60},"kineticheskaia-energiia-06ee5a","Кинетическая энергия",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":65,"type":48},{"attrs":253,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":255,"type":48},"-частиц изменяется от 1,83 МэВ (",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":257,"text":260,"type":48},[258],{"attrs":259,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":81},{"version":45},"144",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":262,"type":48},"Nd) до 11,65 МэВ (изомер ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":264,"text":267,"type":48},[265],{"attrs":266,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":81},{"version":45},"212m",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":269,"type":48},"Po).",{"attrs":271,"content":272,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[273,290,292,294,296,299,301,309,311,314,316,318,320,323],{"attrs":274,"content":10,"marks":284,"text":13,"type":289},{"alt":13,"caption":275,"copyright":276,"copyrightLink":13,"display":277,"ref_id":278,"src":279,"srcset":280,"storage_link":13,"text":275,"title":281,"ts_expire":282,"width":283},"Кулоновский потенциал ядра.","БРЭ. Т. 1","left","08c260e5-28bb-4722-9e2f-046b2348acf1","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4ZBulqexYtMu6gBtDNAogQ&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4ZBulqexYtMu6gBtDNAogQ&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=mwDzqdAv-4oqKaZCss7s3Q&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ZOUhwbn-MMX6OlJqVNJy5Q&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=J2HlOlqMM8_kM3jrYJsUNw&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=tSjTHuLLvxTZEcR7xqvogA&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=4H1fNTtKydTMQEOF9ItFtw&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=5RwasINVZFtnIZE_1aRBEg&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=jmOxNgM8yFx-EW3ZHF7e2w&filename=vault/5421f9359d49cc16324c4c2f53adf00e.webp&width=1920 1920w","Кулоновский потенциал ядра","31.12.2099","33%",[285],{"attrs":286,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":288},{"caption":275,"display":277,"style":287,"version":45},"width:33%;","wrapper-inline","image",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":291,"type":48},"Известно свыше 300 ",{"attrs":293,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":295,"type":48},"-радиоактивных нуклидов, полученных в основном искусственно. Подавляющее большинство их относится к элементам, расположенным в периодической системе за свинцом (",{"attrs":297,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":298,"title":13},"Z>82",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":300,"type":48},"). Имеется группа α-радиоактивных нуклидов в области ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":302,"text":308,"type":48},[303],{"attrs":304,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":305,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":306,"link_type":148,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"393a6580-2722-4017-9d63-2c7b14432c9b",{"slug":307,"type":60},"lantanoidy-393a65","лантаноидов",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":310,"type":48}," (",{"attrs":312,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":313,"title":13},"А=140–160",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":315,"type":48},"), а также небольшая группа между лантаноидами и свинцом. В ядерных реакциях с тяжёлыми ионами синтезировано несколько короткоживущих ",{"attrs":317,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":319,"type":48},"-излучающих нуклидов с ",{"attrs":321,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":322,"title":13},"А=106–116",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":324,"type":48},".",{"attrs":326,"content":328,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":334},{"textAlign":10,"version":45,"id":327},"h2_al'fa-spektroskopiya",[329],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":330,"text":333,"type":48},[331],{"attrs":332,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":46},{"version":45},"Альфа-спектроскопия","h2",{"attrs":336,"content":337,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[338,340,342,344,346,348,356,358,366],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":339,"type":48},"Альфа-частицы, вылетающие из материнских ядер при их распаде, обычно образуют несколько групп с различной энергией. Распределение этих групп по энергиям называется энергетическим спектром, а область экспериментальной физики, занимающаяся изучением спектров ",{"attrs":341,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":343,"type":48},"-частиц, – альфа-спектроскопией. Каждая из линий спектра соответствует определённому состоянию (уровню энергии) дочернего ядра. Задачей альфа-спектроскопии является измерение энергии и интенсивности каждой из групп ",{"attrs":345,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":347,"type":48},"-частиц, а также времён жизни распадающихся ядер. Эти данные позволяют определять характеристики отдельных уровней дочернего ядра – их энергии возбуждения, ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":349,"text":355,"type":48},[350],{"attrs":351,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":352,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":353,"link_type":148,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"ca4f35cf-af53-43cf-90f3-4a3eb0ace842",{"slug":354,"type":60},"spin-ca4f35","спины",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":357,"type":48},", ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":359,"text":365,"type":48},[360],{"attrs":361,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":362,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":363,"link_type":148,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"01abee20-2404-4471-ab91-ac9b32c0c142",{"slug":364,"type":60},"chiotnost-v-kvantovoi-fizike-01abee","чётности",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":367,"type":48},", а также вероятности их образования. Полученная спектроскопическая информация оказывается важным, а иногда и единственным источником сведений о структуре как дочернего, так и материнского ядра. В последнее время альфа-спектроскопия стала одним из важнейших методов исследования, используемых при синтезе сверхтяжёлых элементов.",{"attrs":369,"content":370,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[371,373,375,377,385,387,396,398,400],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":372,"type":48},"Измерение энергии и интенсивности ",{"attrs":374,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":376,"type":48},"-частиц, испускаемых распадающимися ядрами, производят ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":378,"text":384,"type":48},[379],{"attrs":380,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":381,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":382,"link_type":105,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"763c78e6-666c-48a6-9f66-15e8d9c0f6f5",{"slug":383,"type":60},"al-fa-spektrometr-763c78","альфа-спектрометрами",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":386,"type":48},". Чаще всего используют кремниевые ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":388,"text":395,"type":48},[389],{"attrs":390,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":391,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":392,"link_type":394,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"83f1ffb0-3c45-432a-9a59-368c46869e62",{"slug":393,"type":60},"poluprovodnikovyi-detektor-83f1ff","27","полупроводниковые детекторы",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":397,"type":48}," различных типов, позволяющие получить энергетическое разрешение до 12 кэВ (для ",{"attrs":399,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":401,"type":48},"-частиц с энергией 6 МэВ) при светосиле порядка 0,1 %. Более высокое разрешение может быть получено с помощью магнитных спектрометров, имеющих, однако, значительно меньшую светосилу и отличающихся сложной и громоздкой конструкцией.",{"attrs":403,"content":405,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":334},{"textAlign":10,"version":45,"id":404},"h2_periodы_poluraspada",[406],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":407,"type":48},"Периоды полураспада",{"attrs":409,"content":410,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[411,413,415,417,419,421,423,425,433,435,438,440,442],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":412,"type":48},"Одна из особенностей ",{"attrs":414,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":416,"type":48},"-радиоактивности состоит в том, что при сравнительно небольшом различии в энергии ",{"attrs":418,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":420,"type":48},"-частиц времена жизни материнских ядер различаются на много порядков. Ещё задолго до создания теории ",{"attrs":422,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":424,"type":48},"-радиоактивности было установлено эмпирическое соотношение (",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":426,"text":432,"type":48},[427],{"attrs":428,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":429,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":430,"link_type":394,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"9ab3226f-8e5c-40c7-a263-012035eba3f6",{"slug":431,"type":60},"zakon-geigera-nettolla-9ab322","закон Гейгера – Неттолла",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":434,"type":48},"), связывающее период полураспада ",{"attrs":436,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":437,"title":13},"Т_{1/2}",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":439,"type":48}," с энергией распада ",{"attrs":441,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":176,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":443,"type":48},":",{"attrs":445,"content":446,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[447,450],{"attrs":448,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":169,"displayMode":170,"src":449,"title":13},"\\lg T_{1/2} \\propto1/\\sqrt Q\\tag 2.",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":451,"type":48},"Это соотношение лучше всего выполняется для переходов между основными состояниями ядер с чётным числом нейтронов и протонов.",{"attrs":453,"content":455,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":334},{"textAlign":10,"version":45,"id":454},"h2_teoriya_al'fa-raspada",[456],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":457,"type":48},"Теория альфа-распада",{"attrs":459,"content":460,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[461,463,471,473,481,483,485,487,495,497,505,507,509,511,520,522,524,526,528,530,532],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":462,"type":48},"Простейшая теория альфа-распада предложена ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":464,"text":470,"type":48},[465],{"attrs":466,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":467,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":468,"link_type":105,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"b60d9c9e-34cc-4509-8f1a-3d591e2c2159",{"slug":469,"type":60},"gamov-georgii-antonovich-b60d9c","Г. А. Гамовым",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":472,"type":48}," в 1928 г., она явилась первым приложением только что созданной ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":474,"text":480,"type":48},[475],{"attrs":476,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":477,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":478,"link_type":105,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"6d0792f0-a9d7-4abc-bcbb-52a7d3e0914b",{"slug":479,"type":60},"kvantovaia-mekhanika-6d0792","квантовой механики",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":482,"type":48}," к описанию ядерных явлений. Эта теория рассматривала движение ",{"attrs":484,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":486,"type":48},"-частицы в ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":488,"text":494,"type":48},[489],{"attrs":490,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":491,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":492,"link_type":148,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"2a178be5-521d-4415-9967-b314072dbfcd",{"slug":493,"type":60},"potentsial-naia-iama-2a178b","потенциальной яме",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":496,"type":48}," с ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":498,"text":504,"type":48},[499],{"attrs":500,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":501,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":502,"link_type":148,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"c780103f-3ac9-4860-91d8-641d25c6d3b5",{"slug":503,"type":60},"kulonovskii-bar-er-iadra-c78010","кулоновским барьером",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":506,"type":48}," (см. рисунок). Так как высота кулоновского барьера у тяжёлых ядер составляет 25–30 МэВ, а энергия ",{"attrs":508,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":510,"type":48},"-частиц всего лишь 5–10 МэВ, то их вылет из ядра запрещён законами классической механики и может происходить только за счёт квантово-механического ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":512,"text":519,"type":48},[513],{"attrs":514,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":515,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":516,"link_type":518,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"a69c650d-99d2-4148-973f-e0b8aec96031",{"slug":517,"type":60},"tunnel-nyi-effekt-a69c65","14","туннельного эффекта",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":521,"type":48},". Используя упрощённую форму барьера и предполагая, что ",{"attrs":523,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":525,"type":48},"-частица находится внутри ядра, можно получить для вероятности альфа-распада выражение, экспоненциально зависящее от энергии ",{"attrs":527,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":529,"type":48},"-частицы, т. е. выражение типа (2). Теория Гамова установила, что основным фактором, определяющим вероятность альфа-распада и её зависимость от энергии ",{"attrs":531,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":533,"type":48},"-частицы и заряда ядра, является кулоновский барьер.",{"attrs":535,"content":536,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[537,539,547,549,552,554,556,558,561],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":538,"type":48},"Современный подход к описанию альфа-распада опирается на методы, используемые в теории ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":540,"text":546,"type":48},[541],{"attrs":542,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":543,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":544,"link_type":45,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"36f86668-64ad-4588-a9f9-5c136c1fbf22",{"slug":545,"type":60},"iadernye-reaktsii-36f866","ядерных реакций",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":548,"type":48},". Вероятность альфа-распада ",{"attrs":550,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":551,"title":13},"λ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":553,"type":48}," (величину, обратную периоду полураспада ",{"attrs":555,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":437,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":557,"type":48}," с точностью до множителя ",{"attrs":559,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":560,"title":13},"ln2=0,693",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":562,"type":48},") можно представить как произведение трёх сомножителей:",{"attrs":564,"content":565,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[566,569,571,574,576,578,580,583,585,587,589,592,594,596,598,600,602,604,606,608,610,612],{"attrs":567,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":169,"displayMode":170,"src":568,"title":13},"λ =0,693/Т_{1/2}=SPν\\tag 3.",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":570,"type":48},"Множитель ",{"attrs":572,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":573,"title":13},"S",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":575,"type":48},", называемый спектроскопическим фактором, определяет вероятность того, что ",{"attrs":577,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":579,"type":48},"-частица может сформироваться в данном материнском ядре из двух протонов и двух нейтронов. Эта вероятность зависит от внутренней структуры как начального, так и конечного ядра. Фактор ",{"attrs":581,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":582,"title":13},"Р",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":584,"type":48}," есть вероятность прохождения кулоновского барьера (его проницаемость) ",{"attrs":586,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":588,"type":48},"-частицей заданной энергии. Третий множитель ",{"attrs":590,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":591,"title":13},"ν",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":593,"type":48}," – это число попыток в единицу времени проникнуть через барьер. Если бы в ядре существовала реальная ",{"attrs":595,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":597,"type":48},"-частица, то величина ",{"attrs":599,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":591,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":601,"type":48}," была бы близка к частоте соударений ",{"attrs":603,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":605,"type":48},"-частицы с барьером, т. е. единице, делённой на время пролёта ",{"attrs":607,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":609,"type":48},"-частицей диаметра ядра. Истинная величина ",{"attrs":611,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":591,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":613,"type":48}," не сильно отличается от такой оценки.",{"attrs":615,"content":616,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[617,619,621,623,625],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":618,"type":48},"Таким образом, альфа-распад является двухстадийным процессом: вначале ",{"attrs":620,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":622,"type":48},"-частица должна возникнуть и появиться на поверхности распадающегося ядра, а затем пройти сквозь потенциальный барьер. Рассмотренная выше теория хорошо воспроизводит экспериментальные данные и позволяет извлекать из них важную информацию о структуре ядра. В частности, было показано, что, хотя ",{"attrs":624,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":626,"type":48},"-частицы и не существуют внутри тяжёлых ядер постоянно, в поверхностном слое ядер нуклоны проводят значительную долю времени в составе альфа-частичных группировок, называемых альфа-кластерами.",{"attrs":628,"content":630,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":334},{"textAlign":10,"version":45,"id":629},"h2_al'fa-raspad_vozбuzhdyonnыh_yader",[631],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":632,"type":48},"Альфа-распад возбуждённых ядер",{"attrs":634,"content":635,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":85},{"textAlign":10},[636,638,640,642,644,646,648,650,652,654,659,661,666,668,676],{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":637,"type":48},"Отдельные случаи распада из нижних возбуждённых состояний тяжёлых ядер, приводящих к испусканию т. н. длиннопробежных ",{"attrs":639,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":641,"type":48},"-частиц, известны давно и причисляются к явлению ",{"attrs":643,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":645,"type":48},"-радиоактивности. Длиннопробежные ",{"attrs":647,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":94,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":649,"type":48},"-частицы получают дополнительную энергию за счёт энергии возбуждения уровня, которая добавляется к энергии распада ",{"attrs":651,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":95},{"display":93,"displayMode":13,"src":176,"title":13},{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":653,"type":48},". Как правило, альфа-распад возбуждённых ядер изучается с помощью ядерных реакций, и рассмотренная выше теория полностью применима и к этим процессам. Наблюдаемые времена жизни возбуждённых состояний ядер лежат в диапазоне от 10",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":655,"text":658,"type":48},[656],{"attrs":657,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":81},{"version":45},"–11",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":660,"type":48}," с до 10",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":662,"text":665,"type":48},[663],{"attrs":664,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":81},{"version":45},"–22",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":667,"type":48}," с. Некоторые распадающиеся состояния лёгких ядер имеют спектроскопические факторы, близкие к единице, что позволяет говорить об альфа-частичной структуре таких ядер (см. ",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":669,"text":675,"type":48},[670],{"attrs":671,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":62},{"content_id":672,"external":12,"graph_link":6,"href":56,"kind_id":57,"link":673,"link_type":148,"navigation_value":10,"target":13,"version":45},"007d51c6-5a54-424e-a1a3-fbf605e0f6bb",{"slug":674,"type":60},"klasternaia-model-iadra-007d51","Кластерная модель ядра",{"attrs":10,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":677,"type":48},"). Изучение альфа-распада высоковозбуждённых состояний ядер – один из важных методов исследования ядерной структуры при больших энергиях возбуждения.",{"attrs":679,"content":10,"marks":10,"text":13,"type":685},{"list":680},[681],{"slug":682,"type":683,"value":684},"aa-ogloblin-42595f","portal_author","Оглоблин Алексей Алексеевич","author","doc","Оглоблин А. А. Альфа-распад // Большая российская энциклопедия: научно-образовательный портал – URL: https://bigenc.ru/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3/?v=7823496. – Дата публикации: 13.07.2023","Физические процессы, явления",{"descriptionList":690,"image":697},[691,694],{"kind":48,"label":692,"value":693},"Области знаний","Радиоактивный распад. Радиометрия",{"kind":48,"label":695,"value":696},"Другие наименования","α-распад",{"caption":698,"element":701},{"text":699,"title":700},"Физика. Научно-образовательный портал «Большая российская энциклопедия»","Физика",{"alt":700,"areaViews":702,"height":717,"placeholder":6,"src":718,"srcset":719,"title":700,"width":720},[703,707,712],{"alias":704,"height":705,"srcset":706,"width":705},"1/1",228,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=c9Nd2bcHNIcBGUDDFoB4bw&filename=vault/0b3987180b1d0c81b0cdfb4a1cd52476.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7096IM8aEKErJTY2j52KIQ&filename=vault/0b3987180b1d0c81b0cdfb4a1cd52476.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=WhtTw6iPRA8XGftLH-N5oQ&filename=vault/0b3987180b1d0c81b0cdfb4a1cd52476.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=IhLiYkKd0wANEWJocBcc4A&filename=vault/0b3987180b1d0c81b0cdfb4a1cd52476.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Z-77oV4lExygf2LaDfv2Qg&filename=vault/0b3987180b1d0c81b0cdfb4a1cd52476.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=aNcBsUzrP9G51Ce6GUXjrA&filename=vault/0b3987180b1d0c81b0cdfb4a1cd52476.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=EE63Vo2oDiWIVVs4KnDydg&filename=vault/0b3987180b1d0c81b0cdfb4a1cd52476.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9pJcSguiuXdEmyNyZwhkyQ&filename=vault/0b3987180b1d0c81b0cdfb4a1cd52476.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=ImKWJht9_tEg7ELt976lYw&filename=vault/0b3987180b1d0c81b0cdfb4a1cd52476.webp&width=3840 3840w",{"alias":708,"height":709,"srcset":710,"width":711},"3/4",752,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qUoTUBWv7V0zJQsB97HS3g&filename=vault/c5c74a105abaef47ccf99436086e9089.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=eZjwfnRSt4F00M3PgYcLtw&filename=vault/c5c74a105abaef47ccf99436086e9089.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Kiktsvq6W3Un8eYZ2o3u-A&filename=vault/c5c74a105abaef47ccf99436086e9089.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=82VktcLfheVxqPhoTRbrwg&filename=vault/c5c74a105abaef47ccf99436086e9089.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=_Lu2HKDnjjxdeswxDcWniA&filename=vault/c5c74a105abaef47ccf99436086e9089.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Ym1FzzUIYehSsuSO5AgL2g&filename=vault/c5c74a105abaef47ccf99436086e9089.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=gTr_RmOEaFyDZ_lIL30Zow&filename=vault/c5c74a105abaef47ccf99436086e9089.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=qO_kluTGLr79oeniPQaF6A&filename=vault/c5c74a105abaef47ccf99436086e9089.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=dZk1Cmo8cXTrnKowfpLcUA&filename=vault/c5c74a105abaef47ccf99436086e9089.webp&width=3840 3840w",564,{"alias":713,"height":714,"srcset":715,"width":716},"16/9",394,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=fbrJL5DBtXzyuD39zuzLng&filename=vault/66a85678c523ad1457cf6ed7f695a7cc.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=QQmcmYSPahUOPaI2cBiJJw&filename=vault/66a85678c523ad1457cf6ed7f695a7cc.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=q6_COIpLGvskzib5PBFlPA&filename=vault/66a85678c523ad1457cf6ed7f695a7cc.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=6LCR5nPbEWe_60e6VQ6jtg&filename=vault/66a85678c523ad1457cf6ed7f695a7cc.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=wCDGPe_MW8FlERMjuk8k8g&filename=vault/66a85678c523ad1457cf6ed7f695a7cc.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=D30keLkS0kJpWcFpPuLaEg&filename=vault/66a85678c523ad1457cf6ed7f695a7cc.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=gg19Uiskf4XuV2ps-bnBXA&filename=vault/66a85678c523ad1457cf6ed7f695a7cc.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=vDmDJKA_LeVaGTULVBfqDA&filename=vault/66a85678c523ad1457cf6ed7f695a7cc.webp&width=1920 1920w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7ikIK_fY-di6ts4e41gTrw&filename=vault/66a85678c523ad1457cf6ed7f695a7cc.webp&width=3840 3840w",700,1008,"https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7JK17_fgqWlQEFIk2cRkfA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=120","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=7JK17_fgqWlQEFIk2cRkfA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=120 120w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=Jf8Ovt6NK1CJRMEXmLmu9w&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=320 320w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=9FmjZNIS1_JG-eBy3nkCow&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=480 480w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=W0YAxakNej-ihBYTmKOUhA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=640 640w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=bU5vxPnJKBxMhvgLEjl-uA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=768 768w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=CO7eqX0CglCAJmsuCYDJxQ&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=1024 1024w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=SNrDJXfJeDUaOjs9TGABPA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=1280 1280w,https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=A65s2m2zZF6hgTDDppMoDA&filename=vault/2a7425e2f5716d70117aeb7f30155e04.webp&width=1920 1920w",1528,"Альфа-распад","2023-07-13T13:04:44.000Z","3f01c37c-4a15-4ef0-83a9-8b2999fd095c",7823496,{"article:modified_time":722,"article:section":688,"article:tag":726,"description":729,"keywords":730,"og:description":729,"og:image":731,"og:image:alt":732,"og:image:height":733,"og:image:type":734,"og:image:width":735,"og:title":736,"og:type":60,"og:url":737,"title":736,"twitter:card":738},[727,728],"Физические процессы","Физика атомного ядра","А́льфа-распа́д (α-распад), испускание атомным ядром альфа-частицы (ядра 4He). Альфа-распад из основного (невозбуждённого) состояния ядра называют...","α-распад, Физические процессы, Физика атомного ядра","https://i.bigenc.ru/resizer/resize?sign=K2mwjNK87zofppSZEffyIw&filename=vault/3cf067030012eb10bb78b0ddf25f3b6b.webp&width=1200","«Большая российская энциклопедия»","792","webp&width=1200","1200","Альфа-распад. Большая российская энциклопедия","https://bigenc.ru/c/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3","summary_large_image","al-fa-raspad-3f01c3",[741,745],{"label":727,"link":742},{"slug":743,"type":744},"fizicheskie-protsessy-f00c77","tag",{"label":728,"link":746},{"slug":747,"type":744},"fizika-atomnogo-iadra-2eabb0",{"createdAt":722,"tabs":749,"title":721,"updatedAt":722},[60,750,751,752,753],"annotation","media","references","versions",[755,756,757,758],{"id":327,"title":333,"type":334},{"id":404,"title":407,"type":334},{"id":454,"title":457,"type":334},{"id":629,"title":632,"type":334},{},"/content/articles/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3",{"get_":762,"getError":10,"getPending":12,"slideNumber":17,"getCache":774},{"components":763,"media":765,"meta":772},{"createdAt":722,"tabs":764,"title":721,"updatedAt":722},[60,750,751,752,753],{"images":766},[767],{"caption":768,"element":769},{"copyright":276,"text":275,"title":281},{"alt":281,"height":770,"src":279,"srcset":280,"title":281,"width":771},1060,1412,{"article:modified_time":722,"article:section":688,"article:tag":773,"description":729,"keywords":730,"og:description":729,"og:image":731,"og:image:alt":732,"og:image:height":733,"og:image:type":734,"og:image:width":735,"og:title":736,"og:type":60,"og:url":737,"title":736,"twitter:card":738},[727,728],"/content/articles/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3/media?slider=true",{"isOpened":12},{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6,"post_":-1,"postError":10,"postPending":6,"count":17,"noteActive":12,"allVersions":12,"rendered":12,"loading":12},{"isOpened":12},{"isOpened":12},{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6},{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6},{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6},{"get_":10,"getError":10,"getPending":6,"post_":-1,"postError":10,"postPending":6},{"get_":784,"getError":10,"getPending":12,"getCache":791},{"components":785,"title":721,"versions":787},{"createdAt":722,"tabs":786,"title":721,"updatedAt":722},[60,750,751,752,753],[788],{"createdAt":722,"id":789,"isCurrent":6,"title":790},"7823496","Версия №1 (актуальная)","/content/articles/al-fa-raspad-3f01c3/versions",{"show":12},{"text":13}]</script> <script>window.__NUXT__={};window.__NUXT__.config={public:{apiPrefix:"https://api.bigenc.ru",sVault:"",iVault:"",apiContentSubPrefix:"c.",apiUserSubPrefix:"u.",domain:"bigenc.ru",sentryDns:"https://be4279c4bfa0caa49440eefadf8abb1c@sentry.bigenc.ru/2",googleAnalytics:{id:"G-B0B7W0RKMV",allowedEnv:"production",url:"https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-B0B7W0RKMV"},mailRuCounter:{id:3400444,allowedEnv:"production",url:"https://top-fwz1.mail.ru/js/code.js"},version:"1.40.12",gnezdo:{id:2904018441,allowedEnv:"production",url:"https://news.gnezdo2.ru/gnezdo_news_tracker_new.js"},clickcloud:{id:"https://r.ccsyncuuid.net/match/1000511/",allowedEnv:"production"},yandexMetrika:{id:88885444,allowedEnv:"production",url:"https://mc.yandex.ru/metrika/tag.js",options:{defer:true,webvisor:true,clickmap:true,trackLinks:true,childIframe:true,accurateTrackBounce:true}},device:{enabled:true,defaultUserAgent:"Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_13_2) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/64.0.3282.39 Safari/537.36",refreshOnResize:false},persistedState:{storage:"cookies",debug:false,cookieOptions:{}}},app:{baseURL:"/",buildAssetsDir:"/_nuxt/",cdnURL:"https://s.bigenc.ru/"}}</script></body></html>