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Available in 30 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-30" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">30 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A3%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="أسكانيو سوبريرو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="أسكانيو سوبريرو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%88" title="آسکانیو سوبررو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="آسکانیو سوبررو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A2%D8%B3%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%B1%D9%88" title="آسکانیو سوبررو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="آسکانیو سوبررو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanius_Sobrero" title="Ascanius Sobrero – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Ascanius Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%88_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88" title="اسكانيو سوبريرو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="اسكانيو سوبريرو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A2%E3%82%B9%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8B%E3%82%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%BD%E3%83%96%E3%83%AC%E3%83%AD" title="アスカニオ・ソブレロ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="アスカニオ・ソブレロ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE,_%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BE" title="Собреро, Асканио – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Собреро, Асканио" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ascanio_Sobrero" title="Ascanio Sobrero – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Ascanio Sobrero" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%96%D0%BE_%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BE" title="Асканіо Собреро – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Асканіо Собреро" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E6%96%AF%E5%8D%A1%E5%B0%BC%E5%A5%A5%C2%B7%E7%B4%A2%E5%B8%83%E9%9B%B7%E6%B4%9B" title="阿斯卡尼奥·索布雷洛 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿斯卡尼奥·索布雷洛" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q351377#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Ascanio Sobrero</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Ascanio_Sobrero.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ascanio_Sobrero.jpg/220px-Ascanio_Sobrero.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="272" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Ascanio_Sobrero.jpg/330px-Ascanio_Sobrero.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Ascanio_Sobrero.jpg 2x" data-file-width="368" data-file-height="455" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Ascanio Sobrero</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">12 October 1812<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Casale_Monferrato" title="Casale Monferrato">Casale Monferrato</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">26 May 1888<span style="display:none">(1888-05-26)</span> (aged 75)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>, Italy</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Italian</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gie%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Gießen">University of Gießen</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data">discovery of <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroglycerine">nitroglycerine</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Organic_chemistry" title="Organic chemistry">Organic chemistry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Gie%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Gießen">University of Gießen</a>, <br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Justus_Liebig" class="mw-redirect" title="Justus Liebig">Justus Liebig</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Ascanio Sobrero</b> (12 October 1812 – 26 May 1888) was an Italian <a href="/wiki/Chemist" title="Chemist">chemist</a>, born in <a href="/wiki/Casale_Monferrato" title="Casale Monferrato">Casale Monferrato</a>. He studied under <a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile-Jules_Pelouze" title="Théophile-Jules Pelouze">Théophile-Jules Pelouze</a> at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a>, who had worked with the explosive material <a href="/wiki/Guncotton" class="mw-redirect" title="Guncotton">guncotton</a>. </p><p>He studied medicine in Turin and Paris and then chemistry at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Gie%C3%9Fen" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Gießen">University of Gießen</a> with <a href="/wiki/Justus_Liebig" class="mw-redirect" title="Justus Liebig">Justus Liebig</a>, and earned his doctorate in 1832. In 1845 he became a professor at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Turin" title="University of Turin">University of Turin</a>. </p><p>During his research he discovered, in 1847, <a href="/wiki/Nitroglycerine" class="mw-redirect" title="Nitroglycerine">nitroglycerine</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He initially called it "pyroglycerine", and warned vigorously against its use in his private letters and in a journal article, stating that it was extremely dangerous and impossible to handle. In fact, he was so frightened by what he created that he kept it a secret for over a year. </p><p>Another of Pelouze's students was the young <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Nobel" title="Alfred Nobel">Alfred Nobel</a>, who returned to the Nobel family's defunct armaments factory and began experimenting with the material around 1860; it did, indeed prove to be very difficult to discover how to handle it safely. In the 1860s Nobel received several patents around the world for mixtures, devices and manufacturing methods based on the explosive power of nitroglycerine, eventually leading to the invention of <a href="/wiki/Dynamite" title="Dynamite">dynamite</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ballistite" title="Ballistite">ballistite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gelignite" title="Gelignite">gelignite</a> from which he made a fortune. </p><p>Although Nobel always acknowledged and honoured Sobrero as the man who had discovered nitroglycerine, Sobrero was dismayed by the uses to which the explosive had been put and claimed he was almost ashamed by his discovery.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Works">Works</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascanio_Sobrero&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Works"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sobrero,_Ascanio_%E2%80%93_Sulla_preparazione_dei_legnami_col_bitume_residuo_della_raffinazione_del_petrolio,_1868_%E2%80%93_BEIC_692651.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sobrero%2C_Ascanio_%E2%80%93_Sulla_preparazione_dei_legnami_col_bitume_residuo_della_raffinazione_del_petrolio%2C_1868_%E2%80%93_BEIC_692651.jpg/220px-Sobrero%2C_Ascanio_%E2%80%93_Sulla_preparazione_dei_legnami_col_bitume_residuo_della_raffinazione_del_petrolio%2C_1868_%E2%80%93_BEIC_692651.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="350" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sobrero%2C_Ascanio_%E2%80%93_Sulla_preparazione_dei_legnami_col_bitume_residuo_della_raffinazione_del_petrolio%2C_1868_%E2%80%93_BEIC_692651.jpg/330px-Sobrero%2C_Ascanio_%E2%80%93_Sulla_preparazione_dei_legnami_col_bitume_residuo_della_raffinazione_del_petrolio%2C_1868_%E2%80%93_BEIC_692651.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Sobrero%2C_Ascanio_%E2%80%93_Sulla_preparazione_dei_legnami_col_bitume_residuo_della_raffinazione_del_petrolio%2C_1868_%E2%80%93_BEIC_692651.jpg/440px-Sobrero%2C_Ascanio_%E2%80%93_Sulla_preparazione_dei_legnami_col_bitume_residuo_della_raffinazione_del_petrolio%2C_1868_%E2%80%93_BEIC_692651.jpg 2x" data-file-width="567" data-file-height="901" /></a><figcaption><i>Sulla preparazione dei legnami col bitume residuo della raffinazione del petrolio</i>, 1868</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output 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Vol. 1. Torino: Pomba. 1851.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuale+di+chimica+applicata+alle+arti&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Pomba&rft.date=1851&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D609994&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=611201"><i>Manuale di chimica applicata alle arti</i></a> (in Italian). Vol. 2. Torino: Pomba. 1853.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuale+di+chimica+applicata+alle+arti&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Pomba&rft.date=1853&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D611201&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=613108"><i>Manuale di chimica applicata alle arti</i></a> (in Italian). Vol. 3. Torino: UTET. 1856.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuale+di+chimica+applicata+alle+arti&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=UTET&rft.date=1856&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D613108&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=682209"><i>Baroscopio o prenunziatore del tempo</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Camilla & Bertolero. 1864.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Baroscopio+o+prenunziatore+del+tempo&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Camilla+%26+Bertolero&rft.date=1864&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D682209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=682287"><i>Vetri e cristalli</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Dalmazzo. 1865.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vetri+e+cristalli&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Dalmazzo&rft.date=1865&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D682287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=802614"><i>Manuale di chimica applicata alle arti</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: UTET. 1866.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manuale+di+chimica+applicata+alle+arti&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=UTET&rft.date=1866&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D802614&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=692449"><i>Della cagione della malattia della vite e dei mezzi da usarsi per debellarla</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Stamperia reale. 1867.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Della+cagione+della+malattia+della+vite+e+dei+mezzi+da+usarsi+per+debellarla&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Stamperia+reale&rft.date=1867&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D692449&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=692651"><i>Sulla preparazione dei legnami col bitume residuo della raffinazione del petrolio</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Stamperia reale. 1868.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sulla+preparazione+dei+legnami+col+bitume+residuo+della+raffinazione+del+petrolio&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Stamperia+reale&rft.date=1868&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D692651&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=630934"><i>Dei cementi magnesiaci</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Favale. 1869.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dei+cementi+magnesiaci&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Favale&rft.date=1869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D630934&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=692597"><i>Sul calcare bituminoso di Manopello</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Favale. 1869.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sul+calcare+bituminoso+di+Manopello&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Favale&rft.date=1869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D692597&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=692379"><i>Esame della foglia del gelso</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Stamperia reale. 1871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Esame+della+foglia+del+gelso&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Stamperia+reale&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D692379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=692422"><i>Della cagione della malattia del baco da seta</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Stamperia reale. 1871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Della+cagione+della+malattia+del+baco+da+seta&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Stamperia+reale&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D692422&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=692527"><i>Analisi delle calamine</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Stamperia reale. 1871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Analisi+delle+calamine&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Stamperia+reale&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D692527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=692694"><i>Conservazione dei legnami col mezzo del bitume residuo della raffinazione del petrolio</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Stamperia reale. 1871.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conservazione+dei+legnami+col+mezzo+del+bitume+residuo+della+raffinazione+del+petrolio&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Stamperia+reale&rft.date=1871&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D692694&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=692492"><i>Intorno alla malattia dominante del baco da seta</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Foa. 1872.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Intorno+alla+malattia+dominante+del+baco+da+seta&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Foa&rft.date=1872&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D692492&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=682244"><i>Pensieri agronomici</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Camilla & Bertolero. 1873.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pensieri+agronomici&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Camilla+%26+Bertolero&rft.date=1873&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D682244&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=692624"><i>Sopra un caso di fermentazione alcoolica</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Camilla & Bertolero. 1874.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sopra+un+caso+di+fermentazione+alcoolica&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Camilla+%26+Bertolero&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D692624&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=734899"><i>In un caso speciale di fermentazione alcoolica</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Paravia. 1874.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=In+un+caso+speciale+di+fermentazione+alcoolica&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Paravia&rft.date=1874&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D734899&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=800683"><i>Lezioni di chimica docimastica</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Loescher. 1877.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lezioni+di+chimica+docimastica&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Loescher&rft.date=1877&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D800683&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gutenberg.beic.it/webclient/DeliveryManager?pid=692554"><i>Chimica orticola</i></a> (in Italian). Torino: Stabilimento Artistico Letterario. 1883.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chimica+orticola&rft.place=Torino&rft.pub=Stabilimento+Artistico+Letterario&rft.date=1883&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgutenberg.beic.it%2Fwebclient%2FDeliveryManager%3Fpid%3D692554&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ascanio_Sobrero&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sobrero, Ascagne (1847) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015035450777;view=1up;seq=259">"Sur plusieur composés détonants produits avec l'acide nitrique et le sucre, la dextrine, la lactine, la mannite et la glycérine"</a> (On several detonating compounds produced with nitric acid and sugar, dextrin, lactose, mannitol, and glycerine), <i>Comptes rendus</i>, <b>24</b> : 247–248.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sobrero, Ascanio (1849) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=iau.31858045931643;view=1up;seq=283">"Sopra alcuni nuovi composti fulminanti ottenuti col mezzo dell’azione dell’acido nitrico sulle sostante organiche vegetali"</a> (On some new explosive products obtained by the action of nitric acid on some vegetable organic substances), <i>Memorie della Reale Accademia delle Scienze di Torino</i>, 2nd series, <b>10</b> : 195–201. On p. 197, Sobrero names nitroglycerine "pyroglycerine": <i>"Quelle gocciole costituiscono il corpo nuovo di cui descriverò ora le proprietà, e che chiamerò </i>Piroglicerina<i>."</i> (Those drops constitute the new substance whose properties I will now describe, and which I will call "pyroglycerine".) This paper is translated into English (in part) in: MacDonald, George William, <i>Historical Papers on Modern Explosives</i> (London, England: Whittaker & Co., 1912), Chapter XXII: Sobrero's discovery of nitroglycerin (1847), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.162636/page/n167">pp. 160–163.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIcilio_Guareschi1913" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Icilio_Guareschi" title="Icilio Guareschi">Icilio Guareschi</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F357777">"Ascanio Sobrero nel centenario della sua nascita"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">Isis</a></i>. <b>1</b> (3): 61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F357777">10.1086/357777</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/224137">224137</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Isis&rft.atitle=Ascanio+Sobrero+nel+centenario+della+sua+nascita&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=61&rft.date=1913&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F357777&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F224137%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Icilio+Guareschi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F357777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAscanio+Sobrero" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIcilio_Guareschi1913" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Icilio_Guareschi" title="Icilio Guareschi">Icilio Guareschi</a> (1913). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F357777">"Ascanio Sobrero nel centenario della sua nascita"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Isis_(journal)" title="Isis (journal)">Isis</a></i>. <b>1</b> (3): 351–58. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F357777">10.1086/357777</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/224137">224137</a>.</cite><span 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navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000032738326">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/17336444">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/389520/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJf49TkvWgCT9KfVDdj3cP">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119409690">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n97032535">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125521917">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb125521917">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Sobrero, Ascanio"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://opac.sbn.it/nome/TO0V010617">Italy</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1510564">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p133290948">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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