CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"aaeea6e5-b756-43fa-addf-3baad8040ecd","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus","wgTitle":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","wgCurRevisionId":1260753381,"wgRevisionId":1260753381,"wgArticleId":192595,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention","CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024","All articles with dead external links","Articles with dead external links from December 2023","Articles with permanently dead external links","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata", "All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022","Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2020","United Kingdom-centric","Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages","Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs","Antibiotic-resistant bacteria","Bacterial diseases","Healthcare-associated infections","Staphylococcaceae","Staphylococcus","Infection-related cutaneous conditions","Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions","Cat diseases","Pathovars"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus","wgRelevantArticleId":192595,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status": {"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":100000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q595158","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready", "ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns", "ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.11"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg/1200px-Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1585"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg/800px-Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1056"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg/640px-Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="845"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus rootpage-Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" title="Main menu" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/?wmf_source=donate&wmf_medium=sidebar&wmf_campaign=en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Signs_and_symptoms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Signs and symptoms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Signs_and_symptoms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Risk_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Risk_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Risk factors </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Risk factors subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Risk_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hospitalized_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospitalized_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Hospitalized people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospitalized_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prison_inmates_and_military_personnel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prison_inmates_and_military_personnel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Prison inmates and military personnel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prison_inmates_and_military_personnel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Animals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Athletes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Athletes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Athletes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Athletes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intravenous_drug_users" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intravenous_drug_users"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 Intravenous drug users </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intravenous_drug_users-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mechanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mechanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Mechanism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Mechanism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Mechanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-SCCmec" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#SCCmec"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 SCCmec </div> </a> <ul id="toc-SCCmec-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-mecA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#mecA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 mecA </div> </a> <ul id="toc-mecA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arginine_catabolic_mobile_element" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arginine_catabolic_mobile_element"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Arginine catabolic mobile element </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arginine_catabolic_mobile_element-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Strains </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Diagnosis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Diagnosis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Diagnosis </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Diagnosis subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Diagnosis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Microbiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microbiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Microbiology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microbiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prevention" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prevention"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Prevention </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Prevention subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Prevention-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Screening" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Screening"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Screening </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Screening-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Handwashing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Handwashing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Handwashing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Handwashing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Isolation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Isolation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Isolation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Isolation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Restricting_antibiotic_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Restricting_antibiotic_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Restricting antibiotic use </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Restricting_antibiotic_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_health_considerations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_health_considerations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Public health considerations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_health_considerations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decolonization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decolonization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Decolonization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decolonization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Community_settings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Community_settings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Community settings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Community_settings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Agriculture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Treatment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Treatment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Treatment </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Treatment subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Treatment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Antibiotics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Antibiotics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Antibiotics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Antibiotics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Skin_and_soft-tissue_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Skin_and_soft-tissue_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Skin and soft-tissue infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Skin_and_soft-tissue_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Children_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Children_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Children </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Children_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Endocarditis_and_bacteremia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Endocarditis_and_bacteremia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Endocarditis and bacteremia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Endocarditis_and_bacteremia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Respiratory_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Respiratory_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Respiratory infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Respiratory_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bone_and_joint_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bone_and_joint_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.6 Bone and joint infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bone_and_joint_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infected_implants" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infected_implants"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.7 Infected implants </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Infected_implants-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Central_nervous_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Central_nervous_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.8 Central nervous system </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Central_nervous_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_infections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_infections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.9 Other infections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_infections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Epidemiology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Epidemiology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Epidemiology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Epidemiology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Epidemiology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-HA-MRSA_(healthcare_associated)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#HA-MRSA_(healthcare_associated)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 HA-MRSA (healthcare associated) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-HA-MRSA_(healthcare_associated)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-CA-MRSA_(community_associated)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#CA-MRSA_(community_associated)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 CA-MRSA (community associated) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-CA-MRSA_(community_associated)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-LA-MRSA_(livestock_associated)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#LA-MRSA_(livestock_associated)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 LA-MRSA (livestock associated) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-LA-MRSA_(livestock_associated)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_the_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_the_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 In the media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_the_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Research" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Research </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 39 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-39" aria-hidden="true" > 39 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%83%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%B9%D9%86%D9%82%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%B0%D9%87%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85%D8%A9_%D9%84%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AB%D9%8A%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%84%D9%8A%D9%86" title="مكورات عنقودية ذهبية مقاومة للميثيسيلين – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="مكورات عنقودية ذهبية مقاومة للميثيسيلين" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD-%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA" title="Метицилин-резистентен стафилокок – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Метицилин-резистентен стафилокок" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_resistent_a_la_meticil%C2%B7lina" title="Staphylococcus aureus resistent a la meticil·lina – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Staphylococcus aureus resistent a la meticil·lina" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meticilin-rezistentn%C3%AD_zlat%C3%BD_stafylokok" title="Meticilin-rezistentní zlatý stafylokok – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Meticilin-rezistentní zlatý stafylokok" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_ymwrthiol_i_fethisilin" title="Staphylococcus aureus ymwrthiol i fethisilin – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Staphylococcus aureus ymwrthiol i fethisilin" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA" title="MRSA – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="MRSA" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metitsilliinile_resistentne_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Metitsilliinile resistentne Staphylococcus aureus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Metitsilliinile resistentne Staphylococcus aureus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_resistente_a_la_meticilina" title="Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Staphylococcus aureus resistente a la meticilina" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%B3_%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A6%D9%88%D8%B3_%D9%85%D9%82%D8%A7%D9%88%D9%85_%D8%A8%D9%87_%D9%85%D8%AA%DB%8C%E2%80%8C%D8%B3%DB%8C%D9%84%DB%8C%D9%86" title="استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس مقاوم به متی‌سیلین – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استافیلوکوکوس اورئوس مقاوم به متی‌سیلین" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_r%C3%A9sistant_%C3%A0_la_m%C3%A9ticilline" title="Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méticilline – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Staphylococcus aureus résistant à la méticilline" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_frithsheasmhach_in_aghaidh_meiticilline" title="Staphylococcus aureus frithsheasmhach in aghaidh meiticilline – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Staphylococcus aureus frithsheasmhach in aghaidh meiticilline" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/SARM" title="SARM – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="SARM" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A9%94%ED%8B%B0%EC%8B%A4%EB%A6%B0_%EB%82%B4%EC%84%B1_%ED%99%A9%EC%83%89%ED%8F%AC%EB%8F%84%EC%83%81%EA%B5%AC%EA%B7%A0" title="메티실린 내성 황색포도상구균 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="메티실린 내성 황색포도상구균" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA" title="MRSA – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="MRSA" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_resisten-metisilin" title="Staphylococcus aureus resisten-metisilin – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Staphylococcus aureus resisten-metisilin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%93SA" title="MÓSA – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="MÓSA" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_resistente_alla_meticillina" title="Staphylococcus aureus resistente alla meticillina – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Staphylococcus aureus resistente alla meticillina" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA" title="MRSA – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="MRSA" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bergir%C3%AE_dij%C3%AE_ent%C3%AEbayot%C3%AEk" title="Bergirî dijî entîbayotîk – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Bergirî dijî entîbayotîk" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_methicillino_resistens" title="Staphylococcus aureus methicillino resistens – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Staphylococcus aureus methicillino resistens" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%90" title="МРСА – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="МРСА" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_tahan_metisilin" title="Staphylococcus aureus tahan metisilin – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Staphylococcus aureus tahan metisilin" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meticilline-resistente_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Meticilline-resistente Staphylococcus aureus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Meticilline-resistente Staphylococcus aureus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A1%E3%83%81%E3%82%B7%E3%83%AA%E3%83%B3%E8%80%90%E6%80%A7%E9%BB%84%E8%89%B2%E3%83%96%E3%83%89%E3%82%A6%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C" title="メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="メチシリン耐性黄色ブドウ球菌" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meticillinresistente_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Meticillinresistente Staphylococcus aureus – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Meticillinresistente Staphylococcus aureus" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methicillin-resistente_gule_stafylokokkar" title="Methicillin-resistente gule stafylokokkar – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Methicillin-resistente gule stafylokokkar" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA" title="MRSA – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="MRSA" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_resistente_%C3%A0_meticilina" title="Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Staphylococcus aureus resistente à meticilina" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stafilococ_auriu_meticilino-rezistent" title="Stafilococ auriu meticilino-rezistent – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Stafilococ auriu meticilino-rezistent" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BA" title="Метициллинрезистентный золотистый стафилококк – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Метициллинрезистентный золотистый стафилококк" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA" title="MRSA – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="MRSA" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proti_meticilinu_odporni_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Proti meticilinu odporni Staphylococcus aureus – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Proti meticilinu odporni Staphylococcus aureus" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%84%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%B0%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%83%D1%81" title="Метицилин резистентни стафилококус ауреус – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Метицилин резистентни стафилококус ауреус" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meticilin_rezistentni_stafilokokus_aureus" title="Meticilin rezistentni stafilokokus aureus – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Meticilin rezistentni stafilokokus aureus" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA" title="MRSA – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="MRSA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA" title="MRSA – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="MRSA" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/MRSA" title="MRSA – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="MRSA" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus_%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99" title="Staphylococcus aureus ชนิดต้านทานต่อเมธิซิลลิน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="Staphylococcus aureus ชนิดต้านทานต่อเมธิซิลลิน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%80%90%E7%94%B2%E6%B0%A7%E8%A5%BF%E6%9E%97%E9%87%91%E9%BB%84%E8%89%B2%E8%91%A1%E8%90%84%E7%90%83%E8%8F%8C" title="耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q595158#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=1260753381" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&id=1260753381&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMethicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMethicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q595158" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Bacterium responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"MRSA" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/MRSA_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="MRSA (disambiguation)">MRSA (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Colorized scanning electron micrograph of a human neutrophil ingesting MRSA" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg/220px-Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="291" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg/330px-Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg/440px-Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1894" data-file-height="2501" /></a><figcaption>Colorized <a href="/wiki/Scanning_electron_micrograph" class="mw-redirect" title="Scanning electron micrograph">scanning electron micrograph</a> of a human <a href="/wiki/Neutrophil_granulocyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Neutrophil granulocyte">neutrophil</a> ingesting MRSA</figcaption></figure> Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) is a group of <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacteria" title="Gram-positive bacteria">gram-positive bacteria</a> that are genetically distinct from other <a href="/wiki/Strain_(biology)" title="Strain (biology)">strains</a> of <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">Staphylococcus aureus</a>. MRSA is responsible for several difficult-to-treat <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">infections</a> in humans. It caused more than 100,000 deaths worldwide attributable to <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">antimicrobial resistance</a> in 2019. MRSA is any strain of S. aureus that has developed (through <a href="/wiki/Evolution#Natural_selection" title="Evolution">natural selection</a>) or acquired (through <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>) a <a href="/wiki/Multiple_drug_resistance" title="Multiple drug resistance">multiple drug resistance</a> to <a href="/wiki/Beta-lactam_antibiotics" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-lactam antibiotics">beta-lactam antibiotics</a>. Beta-lactam (β-lactam) antibiotics are a <a href="/wiki/Broad-spectrum_antibiotic" title="Broad-spectrum antibiotic">broad-spectrum group</a> that include some <a href="/wiki/Penam" title="Penam">penams</a> (<a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a> derivatives such as <a href="/wiki/Methicillin" title="Methicillin">methicillin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Oxacillin" title="Oxacillin">oxacillin</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Cephem" title="Cephem">cephems</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporins</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a> Strains unable to resist these antibiotics are classified as methicillin-susceptible S. aureus, or MSSA. MRSA infection is common in hospitals, prisons, and nursing homes, where people with open <a href="/wiki/Wound" title="Wound">wounds</a>, invasive devices such as <a href="/wiki/Catheter" title="Catheter">catheters</a>, and weakened <a href="/wiki/Immune_system" title="Immune system">immune systems</a> are at greater risk of <a href="/wiki/Hospital-acquired_infection" title="Hospital-acquired infection">healthcare-associated infection</a>. MRSA began as a hospital-acquired infection but has become community-acquired, as well as livestock-acquired. The terms HA-MRSA (healthcare-associated or hospital-acquired MRSA), CA-MRSA (community-associated MRSA), and LA-MRSA (livestock-associated MRSA) reflect this.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Signs_and_symptoms">Signs and symptoms</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Signs and symptoms">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mrsa2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Mrsa2.jpg/220px-Mrsa2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fb/Mrsa2.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="237" data-file-height="190" /></a><figcaption>Although usually carried without symptoms, MRSA often presents as small red pustular skin infections</figcaption></figure> In humans, Staphylococcus aureus is part of the normal <a href="/wiki/Microbiota" title="Microbiota">microbiota</a> present in the upper respiratory tract,<a href="#cite_note-URTmicribiome2016rev-2">[2]</a> and on skin and in the gut mucosa.<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> However, along with similar bacterial species that can colonize and act symbiotically, they can cause disease if they begin to take over the tissues they have colonized or invade other tissues; the resultant infection has been called a "pathobiont".<a href="#cite_note-URTmicribiome2016rev-2">[2]</a> After 72 hours, MRSA can take hold in human tissues and eventually become resistant to treatment. The initial presentation of MRSA is small red bumps that resemble pimples, spider bites, or boils; they may be accompanied by fever and, occasionally, rashes. Within a few days, the bumps become larger and more painful; they eventually open into deep, pus-filled boils. About 75 percent of CA-MRSA infections are localized to skin and soft tissue and usually can be treated effectively.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Risk_factors">Risk factors</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Risk factors">edit</a>]</div> A select few of the populations at risk include: <ul><li>People with indwelling implants, prostheses, drains, and catheters<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sga2016-5">[5]</a></li> <li>People who are frequently in crowded places, especially with shared equipment and skin-to-skin contact<a href="#cite_note-riskfactors-6">[6]</a></li> <li>People with weak immune systems (<a href="/wiki/HIV" title="HIV">HIV</a>/<a href="/wiki/AIDS" class="mw-redirect" title="AIDS">AIDS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lupus" title="Lupus">lupus</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Cancer" title="Cancer">cancer</a> patients; <a href="/wiki/Organ_transplantation" title="Organ transplantation">transplant</a> recipients; severe <a href="/wiki/Asthma" title="Asthma">asthmatics</a>; primary immune deficiencies , etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diabetes" title="Diabetes">Diabetics</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intravenous_drug" class="mw-redirect" title="Intravenous drug">Intravenous drug</a> users<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a></li> <li>Regular contact with someone who has injected drugs in the past year<a href="#cite_note-Loewen_512–520-11">[11]</a></li> <li>Users of <a href="/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic" title="Quinolone antibiotic">quinolone antibiotics</a><a href="#cite_note-Sga2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-tacconelli2008-12">[12]</a></li> <li>Elderly people<a href="#cite_note-Sga2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-Dumyati2017-13">[13]</a></li> <li>School children sharing sports and other equipment</li> <li>College students living in dormitories<a href="#cite_note-riskfactors-6">[6]</a></li> <li>People staying or working in a health-care facility for an extended period of time<a href="#cite_note-Sga2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-riskfactors-6">[6]</a></li> <li>People who spend time in coastal waters where MRSA is present, such as some beaches in <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a> and the <a href="/wiki/West_Coast_of_the_United_States" title="West Coast of the United States">West Coast of the United States</a><a href="#cite_note-florida-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-AP1-15">[15]</a></li> <li>People who spend time in confined spaces with other people, including occupants of homeless shelters, <a href="/wiki/Prison" title="Prison">prison</a> inmates, and military recruits in <a href="/wiki/Recruit_training" class="mw-redirect" title="Recruit training">basic training</a><a href="#cite_note-soldiers-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center-17">[17]</a></li> <li>Veterinarians, livestock handlers, and pet owners<a href="#cite_note-cmr-18">[18]</a></li> <li>People who ingest unpasteurized milk<a href="#cite_note-Gopal2017-19">[19]</a></li> <li>People who are immunocompromised and also colonized<a href="#cite_note-Ficalora-20">[20]</a>: 249 </li> <li>People with <a href="/wiki/Chronic_obstructive_pulmonary_disease" title="Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease">chronic obstructive pulmonary disease</a><a href="#cite_note-Sga2016-5">[5]</a></li> <li>People who have had thoracic surgery<a href="#cite_note-Sga2016-5">[5]</a></li></ul> As many as 22% of people infected with MRSA do not have any discernable risk factors.<a href="#cite_note-Winn-21">[21]</a>: 637  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospitalized_people">Hospitalized people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hospitalized people">edit</a>]</div> People who are hospitalized, including the elderly, are often <a href="/wiki/Immunocompromised" class="mw-redirect" title="Immunocompromised">immunocompromised</a> and susceptible to infection of all kinds, including MRSA; an infection by MRSA is called healthcare-associated or hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant S. aureus (HA-MRSA).<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sga2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneNonSurg2013-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> Generally, those infected by MRSA stay infected for just under 10 days, if treated by a doctor, although effects may vary from person to person.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Both surgical and nonsurgical wounds can be infected with HA-MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Sga2016-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneNonSurg2013-22">[22]</a> Surgical site infections occur on the skin surface, but can spread to internal organs and blood to cause <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">sepsis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a> Transmission can occur between healthcare providers and patients because some providers may neglect to perform preventative hand-washing between examinations.<a href="#cite_note-tacconelli2008-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-muto2003-25">[25]</a> People in <a href="/wiki/Nursing_home" title="Nursing home">nursing homes</a> are at risk for all the reasons above, further complicated by their generally weaker immune systems.<a href="#cite_note-Dumyati2017-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneNursHomeStop2013-26">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prison_inmates_and_military_personnel">Prison inmates and military personnel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Prison inmates and military personnel">edit</a>]</div> Prisons and military barracks<a href="#cite_note-Gopal2017-19">[19]</a> can be crowded and confined, and poor hygiene conditions may proliferate, thus putting inhabitants at increased risk of contracting MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-cmr-18">[18]</a> Cases of MRSA in such populations were first reported in the United States and later in Canada. The earliest reports were made by the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> in US state prisons. In the news media, hundreds of reports of MRSA outbreaks in prisons appeared between 2000 and 2008. For example, in February 2008, the <a href="/wiki/Tulsa_County,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa County, Oklahoma">Tulsa County</a> jail in <a href="/wiki/Oklahoma" title="Oklahoma">Oklahoma</a> started treating an average of 12 S. aureus cases per month.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animals">Animals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Animals">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a> increases the risk that MRSA will develop among the livestock and other animals that may reside near them; strains <a href="/wiki/MRSA_ST398" title="MRSA ST398">MRSA ST398</a> and <a href="/wiki/CC398" title="CC398">CC398</a> are transmissible to humans.<a href="#cite_note-Gopal2017-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mehn2014-28">[28]</a> Generally, animals are asymptomatic.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a> Domestic pets are susceptible to MRSA infection by transmission from their owners; conversely, MRSA-infected pets can also transmit MRSA to humans.<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Athletes">Athletes</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Athletes">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Changing_room" title="Changing room">Locker rooms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gym" title="Gym">gyms</a>, and related athletic facilities offer potential sites for MRSA contamination and infection.<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> Athletes have been identified as a high-risk group.<a href="#cite_note-Gopal2017-19">[19]</a> A study linked MRSA to the abrasions caused by <a href="/wiki/Artificial_turf" title="Artificial turf">artificial turf</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> Three studies by the Texas State Department of Health found the infection rate among football players was 16 times the national average. In October 2006, a high-school football player was temporarily paralyzed from MRSA-infected turf burns. His infection returned in January 2007 and required three surgeries to remove infected tissue, and three weeks of hospital stay.<a href="#cite_note-epstein1-32">[32]</a> In 2013, <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Tynes" title="Lawrence Tynes">Lawrence Tynes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Nicks_(American_football)" title="Carl Nicks (American football)">Carl Nicks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Johnthan_Banks" title="Johnthan Banks">Johnthan Banks</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Tampa_Bay_Buccaneers" title="Tampa Bay Buccaneers">Tampa Bay Buccaneers</a> were diagnosed with MRSA. Tynes and Nicks apparently did not contract the infection from each other, but whether Banks contracted it from either individual is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> In 2015, <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Dodgers" title="Los Angeles Dodgers">Los Angeles Dodgers</a> infielder <a href="/wiki/Justin_Turner" title="Justin Turner">Justin Turner</a> was infected while the team visited the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Mets" title="New York Mets">New York Mets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> In October 2015, <a href="/wiki/New_York_Giants" title="New York Giants">New York Giants</a> tight end <a href="/wiki/Daniel_Fells" title="Daniel Fells">Daniel Fells</a> was hospitalized with a serious MRSA infection.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children">Children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Children">edit</a>]</div> MRSA is becoming a critical problem in children;<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> studies found 4.6% of patients in U.S. health-care facilities, (presumably) including hospital nurseries,<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> were infected or colonized with MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-APIC-38">[38]</a> Children and adults who come in contact with day-care centers,<a href="#cite_note-Gopal2017-19">[19]</a> playgrounds, locker rooms, camps, dormitories, classrooms and other school settings, and gyms and workout facilities are at higher risk of contracting MRSA. Parents should be especially cautious of children who participate in activities where sports equipment is shared, such as football helmets and uniforms.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intravenous_drug_users">Intravenous drug users</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Intravenous drug users">edit</a>]</div> Needle-required drugs have caused an increase of MRSA,<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> with injection drug use (IDU) making up 24.1% (1,839 individuals) of Tennessee Hospital's Discharge System. The unsanitary methods of injection causes an access point for the MRSA to enter the blood stream and begin infecting the host. Furthermore, with MRSA's high contagion rate,<a href="#cite_note-Loewen_512–520-11">[11]</a> a common risk factor is individuals who are in constant contact with someone who has injected drugs in the past year. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mechanism">Mechanism</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Mechanism">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_resistance" title="Antimicrobial resistance">Antimicrobial resistance</a> is genetically based; resistance is mediated by the acquisition of extrachromosomal genetic elements containing genes that confer resistance to certain antibiotics. Examples of such elements include <a href="/wiki/Plasmid" title="Plasmid">plasmids</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transposable_element" title="Transposable element">transposable genetic elements</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Genomic_islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Genomic islands">genomic islands</a>, which can be transferred between bacteria through <a href="/wiki/Horizontal_gene_transfer" title="Horizontal gene transfer">horizontal gene transfer</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jenson1-41">[41]</a> A defining characteristic of MRSA is its ability to thrive in the presence of <a href="/wiki/Penicillin" title="Penicillin">penicillin</a>-like antibiotics, which normally prevent bacterial growth by inhibiting synthesis of <a href="/wiki/Cell_wall" title="Cell wall">cell wall</a> material. This is due to a resistance gene, mecA, which stops β-lactam antibiotics from inactivating the enzymes (transpeptidases) critical for cell wall synthesis.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="SCCmec">SCCmec</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: SCCmec">edit</a>]</div> Staphylococcal <a href="/wiki/Gene_cassette" title="Gene cassette">cassette chromosome</a> mec (<a href="/wiki/SCCmec" title="SCCmec">SCCmec</a>) is a genomic island of unknown origin containing the antibiotic resistance gene mecA.<a href="#cite_note-lowy1-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-monaco1-44">[44]</a> SCCmec contains additional genes beyond mecA, including the <a href="/wiki/Cytolysin" title="Cytolysin">cytolysin</a> gene psm-mec, which may suppress virulence in HA-acquired MRSA strains.<a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> In addition, this locus encodes strain-dependent gene regulatory RNAs known as psm-mecRNA.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> SCCmec also contains ccrA and ccrB; both genes encode recombinases that mediate the site-specific integration and excision of the SCCmec element from the S. aureus chromosome.<a href="#cite_note-lowy1-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-monaco1-44">[44]</a> Currently, six unique SCCmec types ranging in size from 21 to 67 kb have been identified;<a href="#cite_note-lowy1-43">[43]</a> they are designated types I–VI and are distinguished by variation in mec and ccr gene complexes.<a href="#cite_note-jenson1-41">[41]</a> Owing to the size of the SCCmec element and the constraints of horizontal gene transfer, a minimum of five clones are thought to be responsible for the spread of MRSA infections, with clonal complex (CC) 8 most prevalent.<a href="#cite_note-lowy1-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> SCCmec is thought to have originated in the closely related <a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_sciuri" class="mw-redirect" title="Staphylococcus sciuri">Staphylococcus sciuri</a> species and transferred horizontally to S. aureus.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Different SCCmec genotypes confer different microbiological characteristics, such as different antimicrobial resistance rates.<a href="#cite_note-kuo1-49">[49]</a> Different genotypes are also associated with different types of infections. Types I–III SCCmec are large elements that typically contain additional resistance genes and are characteristically isolated from HA-MRSA strains.<a href="#cite_note-monaco1-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuo1-49">[49]</a> Conversely, CA-MRSA is associated with types IV and V, which are smaller and lack resistance genes other than mecA.<a href="#cite_note-monaco1-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-kuo1-49">[49]</a> These distinctions were thoroughly investigated by Collins et al. in 2001, and can be explained by the fitness differences associated with carriage of a large or small SCCmec plasmid. Carriage of large plasmids, such as SCCmecI–III, is costly to the bacteria, resulting in a compensatory decrease in <a href="/wiki/Virulence" title="Virulence">virulence</a> expression.<a href="#cite_note-:0-50">[50]</a> MRSA is able to thrive in hospital settings with increased antibiotic resistance but decreased virulence – HA-MRSA targets immunocompromised, hospitalized hosts, thus a decrease in virulence is not maladaptive.<a href="#cite_note-:0-50">[50]</a> In contrast, CA-MRSA tends to carry lower-fitness cost SCCmec elements to offset the increased virulence and toxicity expression required to infect healthy hosts.<a href="#cite_note-:0-50">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="mecA">mecA</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: mecA">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/MecA_(gene)" class="mw-redirect" title="MecA (gene)">mecA</a> is a <a href="/wiki/Biomarker" title="Biomarker">biomarker</a> gene responsible for resistance to methicillin and other β-lactam antibiotics. After acquisition of mecA, the gene must be integrated and localized in the S. aureus chromosome.<a href="#cite_note-lowy1-43">[43]</a> mecA encodes penicillin-binding protein 2a (PBP2a), which differs from other penicillin-binding proteins as its active site does not bind methicillin or other β-lactam antibiotics.<a href="#cite_note-lowy1-43">[43]</a> As such, PBP2a can continue to catalyze the transpeptidation reaction required for <a href="/wiki/Peptidoglycan" title="Peptidoglycan">peptidoglycan</a> cross-linking, enabling cell wall synthesis even in the presence of antibiotics. As a consequence of the inability of PBP2a to interact with β-lactam moieties, acquisition of mecA confers resistance to all β-lactam antibiotics in addition to methicillin.<a href="#cite_note-lowy1-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> mecA is under the control of two <a href="/wiki/Regulatory_genes" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulatory genes">regulatory genes</a>, mecI and mecR1. MecI is usually bound to the mecA promoter and functions as a <a href="/wiki/Repressor" title="Repressor">repressor</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jenson1-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-monaco1-44">[44]</a> In the presence of a β-lactam antibiotic, MecR1 initiates a <a href="/wiki/Signal_transduction_cascade" class="mw-redirect" title="Signal transduction cascade">signal transduction cascade</a> that leads to transcriptional activation of mecA.<a href="#cite_note-jenson1-41">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-monaco1-44">[44]</a> This is achieved by MecR1-mediated cleavage of MecI, which alleviates MecI repression.<a href="#cite_note-jenson1-41">[41]</a> mecA is further controlled by two co-repressors, blaI and blaR1. blaI and blaR1 are homologous to mecI and mecR1, respectively, and normally function as regulators of blaZ, which is responsible for penicillin resistance.<a href="#cite_note-lowy1-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-berger-bachi-52">[52]</a> The DNA sequences bound by mecI and blaI are identical;<a href="#cite_note-lowy1-43">[43]</a> therefore, blaI can also bind the mecA operator to repress transcription of mecA.<a href="#cite_note-berger-bachi-52">[52]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arginine_catabolic_mobile_element">Arginine catabolic mobile element</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Arginine catabolic mobile element">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Arginine_catabolic_mobile_element" title="Arginine catabolic mobile element">arginine catabolic mobile element</a> (ACME) is a virulence factor present in many MRSA strains but not prevalent in MSSA.<a href="#cite_note-PMID17409207-53">[53]</a> SpeG-positive ACME compensates for the <a href="/wiki/Polyamine" title="Polyamine">polyamine</a> hypersensitivity of S. aureus and facilitates stable skin colonization, wound infection, and person-to-person transmission.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strains">Strains</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Strains">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MecA_Resistance.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MecA_Resistance.svg/220px-MecA_Resistance.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MecA_Resistance.svg/330px-MecA_Resistance.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/MecA_Resistance.svg/440px-MecA_Resistance.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1549" data-file-height="647" /></a><figcaption>Diagram depicting antibiotic resistance through alteration of the antibiotic's target site, modeled after MRSA's resistance to penicillin. Beta-lactam antibiotics permanently inactivate <a href="/wiki/Penicillin_binding_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillin binding protein">PBP enzymes</a>, which are essential for cell wall synthesis and thus for bacterial life, by permanently binding to their active sites. Some forms of MRSA, however, express a different PBP that will not allow the antibiotic into its active site.</figcaption></figure> Acquisition of SCCmec in methicillin-sensitive S. aureus (MSSA) gives rise to a number of genetically different MRSA lineages. These genetic variations within different MRSA strains possibly explain the variability in virulence and associated MRSA infections.<a href="#cite_note-GordonLowy2008-55">[55]</a> The first MRSA strain, ST250 MRSA-1, originated from SCCmec and ST250-MSSA integration.<a href="#cite_note-GordonLowy2008-55">[55]</a> Historically, major MRSA clones ST2470-MRSA-I, ST239-MRSA-III, ST5-MRSA-II, and ST5-MRSA-IV were responsible for causing hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA) infections.<a href="#cite_note-GordonLowy2008-55">[55]</a> ST239-MRSA-III, known as the Brazilian clone, was highly transmissible compared to others and distributed in Argentina, Czech Republic, and Portugal.<a href="#cite_note-GordonLowy2008-55">[55]</a> In the UK, the most common strains of MRSA are EMRSA15 and EMRSA16.<a href="#cite_note-JAntimicrobChemother2001-Johnson-56">[56]</a> EMRSA16 has been found to be identical to the <a href="/wiki/MLST" class="mw-redirect" title="MLST">ST</a>36:USA200 strain, which circulates in the United States, and to carry the SCCmec type II, <a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin" title="Enterotoxin">enterotoxin</a> A and <a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">toxic shock syndrome</a> toxin 1 genes.<a href="#cite_note-diep2006-57">[57]</a> Under the new international typing system, this strain is now called MRSA252. EMRSA 15 is also found to be one of the common MRSA strains in Asia. Other common strains include ST5:USA100 and EMRSA 1.<a href="#cite_note-StefaniChung2012-58">[58]</a> These strains are genetic characteristics of HA-MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-calfee2011-59">[59]</a> Community-acquired MRSA (CA-MRSA) strains emerged in late 1990 to 2000, infecting healthy people who had not been in contact with healthcare facilities.<a href="#cite_note-calfee2011-59">[59]</a> Researchers suggest that CA-MRSA did not evolve from HA-MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-calfee2011-59">[59]</a> This is further proven by molecular typing of CA-MRSA strains<a href="#cite_note-daum2007-60">[60]</a> and genome comparison between CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA, which indicate that novel MRSA strains integrated SCCmec into MSSA separately on its own.<a href="#cite_note-calfee2011-59">[59]</a> By mid-2000, CA-MRSA was introduced into healthcare systems and distinguishing CA-MRSA from HA-MRSA became a difficult process.<a href="#cite_note-calfee2011-59">[59]</a> Community-acquired MRSA is more easily treated and more virulent than hospital-acquired MRSA (HA-MRSA).<a href="#cite_note-calfee2011-59">[59]</a> The genetic mechanism for the enhanced virulence in CA-MRSA remains an active area of research. The <a href="/wiki/Panton%E2%80%93Valentine_leukocidin" title="Panton–Valentine leukocidin">Panton–Valentine leukocidin</a> (PVL) genes are of particular interest because they are a unique feature of CA-MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-GordonLowy2008-55">[55]</a> In the United States, most cases of CA-MRSA are caused by a CC8 strain designated <a href="/wiki/ST8:USA300" title="ST8:USA300">ST8:USA300</a>, which carries SCCmec type IV, <a href="/wiki/Panton%E2%80%93Valentine_leukocidin" title="Panton–Valentine leukocidin">Panton–Valentine leukocidin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Phenol-soluble_modulin" title="Phenol-soluble modulin">PSM-alpha</a> and <a href="/wiki/Enterotoxin" title="Enterotoxin">enterotoxins</a> Q and K,<a href="#cite_note-diep2006-57">[57]</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=ST1:USA400&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="ST1:USA400 (page does not exist)">ST1:USA400</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a> The ST8:USA300 strain results in skin infections, <a href="/wiki/Necrotizing_fasciitis" title="Necrotizing fasciitis">necrotizing fasciitis</a>, and toxic shock syndrome, whereas the ST1:USA400 strain results in necrotizing pneumonia and pulmonary sepsis.<a href="#cite_note-GordonLowy2008-55">[55]</a> Other community-acquired strains of MRSA are ST8:USA500 and ST59:USA1000. In many nations of the world, MRSA strains with different genetic background types have come to predominate among CA-MRSA strains; USA300 easily tops the list in the U.S. and is becoming more common in Canada after its first appearance there in 2004. For example, in Australia, ST93 strains are common, while in continental Europe ST80 strains, which carry SCCmec type IV, predominate.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-GouldDavid2012-63">[63]</a> In Taiwan, ST59 strains, some of which are resistant to many non-beta-lactam antibiotics, have arisen as common causes of skin and soft tissue infections in the community. In a remote region of Alaska, unlike most of the continental U.S., USA300 was found only rarely in a study of MRSA strains from outbreaks in 1996 and 2000 as well as in surveillance from 2004 to 2006.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18976551-64">[64]</a> A MRSA strain, <a href="/wiki/CC398" title="CC398">CC398</a>, is found in <a href="/wiki/Intensive_animal_farming" title="Intensive animal farming">intensively reared</a> production animals (primarily pigs, but also cattle and poultry), where it can be transmitted to humans as LA-MRSA (livestock-associated MRSA).<a href="#cite_note-StefaniChung2012-58">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-GravelandDuim2011-66">[66]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Diagnosis">Diagnosis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Diagnosis">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRSA_on_a_selective_choromogenic_media_plate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MRSA_on_a_selective_choromogenic_media_plate.jpg/220px-MRSA_on_a_selective_choromogenic_media_plate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MRSA_on_a_selective_choromogenic_media_plate.jpg/330px-MRSA_on_a_selective_choromogenic_media_plate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/MRSA_on_a_selective_choromogenic_media_plate.jpg/440px-MRSA_on_a_selective_choromogenic_media_plate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1836" data-file-height="2052" /></a><figcaption>A selective and differential chromogenic medium for the qualitative direct detection of MRSA</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MRSA_on_MHA_media_resistant_to_oxacillin_antibiotic_strip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/MRSA_on_MHA_media_resistant_to_oxacillin_antibiotic_strip.jpg/220px-MRSA_on_MHA_media_resistant_to_oxacillin_antibiotic_strip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="219" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/MRSA_on_MHA_media_resistant_to_oxacillin_antibiotic_strip.jpg/330px-MRSA_on_MHA_media_resistant_to_oxacillin_antibiotic_strip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/MRSA_on_MHA_media_resistant_to_oxacillin_antibiotic_strip.jpg/440px-MRSA_on_MHA_media_resistant_to_oxacillin_antibiotic_strip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1776" data-file-height="1764" /></a><figcaption>MRSA resistance to oxacillin being tested. The top S. aureus isolate is a control that is not resistant to oxacillin; the other three isolates are MRSA-positive.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Muller_Hinton_agar_with_MRSA.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Muller_Hinton_agar_with_MRSA.jpg/220px-Muller_Hinton_agar_with_MRSA.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Muller_Hinton_agar_with_MRSA.jpg/330px-Muller_Hinton_agar_with_MRSA.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Muller_Hinton_agar_with_MRSA.jpg/440px-Muller_Hinton_agar_with_MRSA.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mueller%E2%80%93Hinton_agar" title="Mueller–Hinton agar">Mueller–Hinton agar</a> showing MRSA resistant to an oxacillin disk</figcaption></figure> Diagnostic microbiology laboratories and reference laboratories are key for identifying outbreaks of MRSA. Normally, a bacterium must be cultured from blood, urine, <a href="/wiki/Sputum" title="Sputum">sputum</a>, or other body-fluid samples, and in sufficient quantities to perform confirmatory tests early-on. Still, because no quick and easy method exists to diagnose MRSA, initial treatment of the infection is often based upon "strong suspicion" and techniques by the treating physician; these include <a href="/wiki/Quantitative_PCR" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantitative PCR">quantitative PCR</a> procedures, which are employed in clinical laboratories for quickly detecting and identifying MRSA strains.<a href="#cite_note-FrancoisP-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-Mackay-68">[68]</a> Another common laboratory test is a rapid latex <a href="/wiki/Agglutination_(biology)" title="Agglutination (biology)">agglutination</a> test that detects the PBP2a protein. PBP2a is a variant <a href="/wiki/Penicillin-binding_protein" class="mw-redirect" title="Penicillin-binding protein">penicillin-binding protein</a> that imparts the ability of S. aureus to be resistant to oxacillin.<a href="#cite_note-Hardy-69">[69]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microbiology">Microbiology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Microbiology">edit</a>]</div> Like all S. aureus (also abbreviated SA at times), methicillin-resistant S. aureus is a gram-positive, spherical (<a href="/wiki/Coccus" class="mw-redirect" title="Coccus">coccus</a>) <a href="/wiki/Bacterium" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacterium">bacterium</a> about 1 <a href="/wiki/Micron" class="mw-redirect" title="Micron">micron</a> in <a href="/wiki/Diameter" title="Diameter">diameter</a>. It does not form <a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spores</a> and it is not <a href="/wiki/Motility" title="Motility">motile</a>. It is frequently found in grape-like clusters or chains.<a href="#cite_note-Murray-70">[70]</a>: 390  Unlike methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA), MRSA is slow-growing on a variety of media and has been found to exist in mixed colonies of MSSA. The mecA gene, which confers resistance to a number of antibiotics, is always present in MRSA and usually absent in MSSA; however, in some instances, the mecA gene is present in MSSA but is not <a href="/wiki/Gene_expression" title="Gene expression">expressed</a>. <a href="/wiki/Polymerase_chain_reaction" title="Polymerase chain reaction">Polymerase chain reaction</a> (PCR) testing is the most precise method for identifying MRSA strains. Specialized culture media have been developed to better differentiate between MSSA and MRSA and, in some cases, such media can be used to identify specific strains that are resistant to different antibiotics.<a href="#cite_note-Murray-70">[70]</a>: 402  Other strains of S. aureus have emerged that are resistant to <a href="/wiki/Oxacillin" title="Oxacillin">oxacillin</a>, clindamycin, teicoplanin, and <a href="/wiki/Erythromycin" title="Erythromycin">erythromycin</a>. These resistant strains may or may not possess the mecA gene. S. aureus has also developed resistance to <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin" title="Vancomycin">vancomycin</a> (VRSA). One strain is only partially susceptible to vancomycin and is called vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA). GISA, a strain of resistant S. aureus, is glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus and is less suspectible to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Resistance to antibiotics in S. aureus can be quantified by determining the amount of the antibiotic that must be used to inhibit growth. If S. aureus is inhibited at a concentration of vancomycin less than or equal to 4 μg/ml, it is said to be susceptible. If a concentration greater than 32 μg/ml is necessary to inhibit growth, it is said to be resistant.<a href="#cite_note-Winn-21">[21]</a>: 637  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prevention">Prevention</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Prevention">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Screening">Screening</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Screening">edit</a>]</div> In health-care settings, isolating those with MRSA from those without the infection is one method to prevent transmission. Rapid culture and sensitivity testing and molecular testing identifies carriers and reduces infection rates.<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a> It is especially important to test patients in these settings since 2% of people are <a href="/wiki/Asymptomatic_carrier" title="Asymptomatic carrier">carriers</a> of MRSA, even though in many of these cases the bacteria reside in the nostril and the patient will not present any symptoms.<a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> MRSA can be identified by swabbing the nostrils and isolating the bacteria found there. Combined with extra sanitary measures for those in contact with infected people, swab screening people admitted to hospitals has been found to be effective in minimizing the spread of MRSA in hospitals in the United States, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>.<a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Handwashing">Handwashing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Handwashing">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> offers suggestions for preventing the contraction and spread of MRSA infection which are applicable to those in community settings, including incarcerated populations, childcare center employees, and athletes. To prevent the spread of MRSA, the recommendations are to <a href="/wiki/Handwashing" class="mw-redirect" title="Handwashing">wash hands</a> thoroughly and regularly using soap and water or an alcohol-based sanitizer. Additional recommendations are to keep wounds clean and covered, avoid contact with other people's wounds, avoid sharing personal items such as razors or towels, shower after exercising at athletic facilities, and shower before using swimming pools or whirlpools.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Isolation">Isolation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Isolation">edit</a>]</div> Excluding <a href="/wiki/Medical_facility" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical facility">medical facilities</a>, current US guidance does not require workers with MRSA infections to be routinely excluded from the general workplace.<a href="#cite_note-NIOSH_MRSA-75">[75]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Institutes_of_Health" title="National Institutes of Health">National Institutes of Health</a> recommend that those with wound drainage that cannot be covered and contained with a clean, dry bandage and those who cannot maintain good hygiene practices be reassigned,<a href="#cite_note-NIOSH_MRSA-75">[75]</a> and patients with wound drainage should also automatically be put on "<a href="/wiki/Transmission-based_precaution" class="mw-redirect" title="Transmission-based precaution">Contact Precaution</a>," regardless of whether or not they have a known infection.<a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-76">[76]</a> Workers with active infections are excluded from activities where skin-to-skin contact is likely to occur.<a href="#cite_note-CDC1998-77">[77]</a> To prevent the spread of staphylococci or MRSA in the workplace, employers are encouraged to make available adequate facilities that support good hygiene. In addition, surface and equipment sanitizing should conform to <a href="/wiki/Environmental_Protection_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Environmental Protection Agency">Environmental Protection Agency</a>-registered disinfectants.<a href="#cite_note-NIOSH_MRSA-75">[75]</a> In hospital settings, contact isolation can be stopped after one to three cultures come back negative.<a href="#cite_note-Ban2018-78">[78]</a> Before the patient is cleared from isolation, it is advised that there is dedicated patient-care or single-use equipment for that particular patient. If this is not possible, the equipment must be properly disinfected before it is used on another patient.<a href="#cite_note-cdc.gov-76">[76]</a> To prevent the spread of MRSA in the home, health departments recommend laundering materials that have come into contact with infected persons separately and with a dilute bleach solution; to reduce the bacterial load in one's nose and skin; and to clean and disinfect those things in the house that people regularly touch, such as sinks, tubs, kitchen counters, cell phones, light switches, doorknobs, phones, toilets, and computer keyboards.<a href="#cite_note-tpchd-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Restricting_antibiotic_use">Restricting antibiotic use</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Restricting antibiotic use">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Glycopeptide_antibiotic" title="Glycopeptide antibiotic">Glycopeptides</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cephalosporin" title="Cephalosporin">cephalosporins</a>, and in particular, <a href="/wiki/Quinolone_antibiotic" title="Quinolone antibiotic">quinolones</a> are associated with an increased risk of colonisation of MRSA. Reducing use of antibiotic classes that promote MRSA colonisation, especially fluoroquinolones, is recommended in current guidelines.<a href="#cite_note-tacconelli2008-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-muto2003-25">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_health_considerations">Public health considerations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Public health considerations">edit</a>]</div> Mathematical models describe one way in which a loss of infection control can occur after measures for screening and isolation seem to be effective for years, as happened in the UK. In the "search and destroy" strategy that was employed by all UK hospitals until the mid-1990s, all hospitalized people with MRSA were immediately isolated, and all staff were screened for MRSA and were prevented from working until they had completed a course of eradication therapy that was proven to work. Loss of control occurs because colonised people are discharged back into the community and then readmitted; when the number of colonised people in the community reaches a certain threshold, the "search and destroy" strategy is overwhelmed.<a href="#cite_note-80">[80]</a> One of the few countries not to have been overwhelmed by MRSA is the Netherlands: an important part of the success of the Dutch strategy may have been to attempt eradication of carriage upon discharge from hospital.<a href="#cite_note-bootsma2006-81">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decolonization">Decolonization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Decolonization">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Decolonization_(medicine)" title="Decolonization (medicine)">Decolonization (medicine)</a></div> As of 2013, no randomized clinical trials had been conducted to understand how to treat nonsurgical wounds that had been colonized, but not infected, with MRSA,<a href="#cite_note-CochraneNonSurg2013-22">[22]</a> and insufficient studies had been conducted to understand how to treat surgical wounds that had been colonized with MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a> As of 2013, whether strategies to eradicate MRSA colonization of people in nursing homes reduced infection rates was not known.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneNursHomeStop2013-26">[26]</a> Care should be taken when trying to drain boils, as disruption of surrounding tissue can lead to larger infections, including <a href="/wiki/Sepsis" title="Sepsis">infection of the blood stream</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NIH-82">[82]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mupirocin" title="Mupirocin">Mupirocin</a> 2% ointment can be effective at reducing the size of lesions. A secondary covering of clothing is preferred.<a href="#cite_note-tpchd-79">[79]</a> As shown in an animal study with diabetic mice, the topical application of a mixture of sugar (70%) and 3% povidone-iodine paste is an effective agent for the treatment of diabetic ulcers with MRSA infection.<a href="#cite_note-83">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Community_settings">Community settings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Community settings">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Globalize plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-globalize" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="Globe icon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/48px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png" decoding="async" width="48" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/73px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Ambox_globe_content.svg/97px-Ambox_globe_content.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="350" data-file-height="290" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United Kingdom and do not represent a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Countering_systemic_bias" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Countering systemic bias">worldwide view</a> of the subject. You may <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit">improve this section</a>, discuss the issue on the <a href="/wiki/Talk:Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Talk:Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">talk page</a>, or create a new section, as appropriate. (August 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> Maintaining the necessary cleanliness may be difficult for people if they do not have access to facilities such as public toilets with handwashing facilities. In the United Kingdom, the <a href="/wiki/Workplace_(Health,_Safety_and_Welfare)_Regulations_1992" title="Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992">Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> require businesses to provide toilets for their employees, along with washing facilities including soap or other suitable means of cleaning. Guidance on how many toilets to provide and what sort of washing facilities should be provided alongside them is given in the Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Approved Code of Practice and Guidance L24, available from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150512005700/http://www.hsebooks.co.uk/">Health and Safety Executive Books</a>, but no legal obligations exist on local authorities in the United Kingdom to provide <a href="/wiki/Public_toilet" title="Public toilet">public toilets</a>, and although in 2008, the House of Commons <a href="/wiki/Communities_and_Local_Government_Committee" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities and Local Government Committee">Communities and Local Government Committee</a> called for a duty on local authorities to develop a public toilet strategy,<a href="#cite_note-85">[85]</a> this was rejected by the Government.<a href="#cite_note-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture">Agriculture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Agriculture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Antibiotic_use_in_livestock" title="Antibiotic use in livestock">Antibiotic use in livestock</a></div> The <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> advocates regulations on the use of antibiotics in animal feed to prevent the emergence of drug-resistant strains of MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-Mehn2014-28">[28]</a> MRSA is established in animals and birds.<a href="#cite_note-Gopal2017-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Treatment">Treatment</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Treatment">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Antibiotics">Antibiotics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Antibiotics">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Medications_used_to_treat_MRSA" class="mw-redirect" title="Medications used to treat MRSA">Medications used to treat MRSA</a></div> Treatment of MRSA infection is urgent and delays can be fatal.<a href="#cite_note-Ficalora-20">[20]</a>: 328  The location and history related to the infection determines the treatment. The route of administration of an antibiotic varies. Antibiotics effective against MRSA can be given by IV, oral, or a combination of both, and depend on the specific circumstances and patient characteristics.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> The use of concurrent treatment with <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin" title="Vancomycin">vancomycin</a> or other <a href="/wiki/Beta-lactam" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-lactam">beta-lactam</a> agents may have a synergistic effect.<a href="#cite_note-Winn-21">[21]</a>: 637  Both CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA are resistant to traditional anti-staphylococcal <a href="/wiki/Beta-lactam_antibiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-lactam antibiotic">beta-lactam antibiotics</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Cephalexin" class="mw-redirect" title="Cephalexin">cephalexin</a>. CA-MRSA has a greater spectrum of antimicrobial susceptibility to <a href="/wiki/Sulfonamide_(medicine)" title="Sulfonamide (medicine)">sulfa drugs</a> (like co-trimoxazole (<a href="/wiki/Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole" title="Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole">trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tetracycline_antibiotics" title="Tetracycline antibiotics">tetracyclines</a> (like <a href="/wiki/Doxycycline" title="Doxycycline">doxycycline</a> and <a href="/wiki/Minocycline" title="Minocycline">minocycline</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Clindamycin" title="Clindamycin">clindamycin</a> (for <a href="/wiki/Osteomyelitis" title="Osteomyelitis">osteomyelitis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> MRSA can be eradicated with a regimen of <a href="/wiki/Linezolid" title="Linezolid">linezolid</a>,<a href="#cite_note-GurusamyWilson2013-87">[87]</a> though treatment protocols vary and serum levels of antibiotics vary widely from person to person and may affect outcomes.<a href="#cite_note-ChooChambers2016-88">[88]</a> The effective treatment of MRSA with <a href="/wiki/Linezolid" title="Linezolid">linezolid</a> has been successful<a href="#cite_note-GurusamyWilson2013-87">[87]</a> in 87% of people. Linezolid is more effective in soft tissue infections than vancomycin.<a href="#cite_note-YueDong2016-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a> This is compared to eradication of infection in those with MRSA treated with vancomycin. Treatment with vancomycin is successful in approximately 49% of people.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a> Linezolid belongs to the newer <a href="/wiki/Oxazolidinone" title="Oxazolidinone">oxazolidinone</a> class of antibiotics which has been shown to be effective against both CA-MRSA and HA-MRSA. The <a href="/wiki/Infectious_Disease_Society_of_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Infectious Disease Society of America">Infectious Disease Society of America</a> recommends vancomycin, linezolid, or clindamycin (if susceptible) for treating those with MRSA pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ceftaroline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceftaroline">Ceftaroline</a>, a fifth-generation cephalosporin, is the first beta-lactam antibiotic approved in the US to treat MRSA infections in skin and soft tissue or community-acquired pneumonia.<a href="#cite_note-90">[90]</a> Vancomycin and <a href="/wiki/Teicoplanin" title="Teicoplanin">teicoplanin</a> are <a href="/wiki/Glycopeptide_antibiotic" title="Glycopeptide antibiotic">glycopeptide antibiotics</a> used to treat MRSA infections.<a href="#cite_note-91">[91]</a> Teicoplanin is a structural <a href="/wiki/Congener_(chemistry)" title="Congener (chemistry)">congener</a> of vancomycin that has a similar activity spectrum but a longer <a href="/wiki/Biological_half-life" title="Biological half-life">half-life</a>.<a href="#cite_note-92">[92]</a> Because the oral absorption of vancomycin and teicoplanin is very low, these agents can be administered intravenously to control systemic infections.<a href="#cite_note-93">[93]</a> Treatment of MRSA infection with vancomycin can be complicated, due to its inconvenient route of administration. Moreover, the efficacy of vancomycin against MRSA is inferior to that of anti-staphylococcal <a href="/wiki/Beta-lactam_antibiotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-lactam antibiotic">beta-lactam antibiotics</a> against methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA).<a href="#cite_note-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[95]</a> Several newly discovered strains of MRSA show antibiotic resistance even to vancomycin and teicoplanin. Strains with intermediate (4–8 μg/ml) levels of resistance, termed glycopeptide-intermediate S. aureus (GISA) or <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus#Vancomycin-intermediate_S._aureus_(VISA)" title="Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">vancomycin-intermediate S. aureus (VISA)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-96">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[97]</a> began appearing in the late 1990s. The first identified case was in Japan in 1996, and strains have since been found in hospitals in England, France, and the US. The first documented strain with complete (>16 μg/ml) resistance to vancomycin, termed <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">vancomycin-resistant S. aureus (VRSA)</a>, appeared in the United States in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-98">[98]</a> In 2011, a variant of vancomycin was tested that binds to the lactate variation and also binds well to the original target, thus reinstating potent antimicrobial activity.<a href="#cite_note-99">[99]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linezolid" title="Linezolid">Linezolid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quinupristin/dalfopristin" title="Quinupristin/dalfopristin">quinupristin/dalfopristin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daptomycin" title="Daptomycin">daptomycin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ceftaroline" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceftaroline">ceftaroline</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tigecycline" title="Tigecycline">tigecycline</a> are used to treat more severe infections that do not respond to glycopeptides such as vancomycin.<a href="#cite_note-100">[100]</a> Current guidelines recommend daptomycin for VISA bloodstream infections and endocarditis.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> <a href="/wiki/Linezolid" title="Linezolid">Oxazolidinones</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Linezolid" title="Linezolid">linezolid</a> became available in the 1990s and are comparable to vancomycin in effectiveness against MRSA. Linezolid resistance in S. aureus was reported in 2001,<a href="#cite_note-101">[101]</a> but infection rates have been at consistently low levels. In the United Kingdom and Ireland, no linezolid resistance was found in staphylococci collected from <a href="/wiki/Bacteremia" class="mw-redirect" title="Bacteremia">bacteremia</a> cases between 2001 and 2006.<a href="#cite_note-102">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Skin_and_soft-tissue_infections">Skin and soft-tissue infections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Skin and soft-tissue infections">edit</a>]</div> In skin abscesses, the primary treatment recommended is removal of dead tissue, incision, and drainage. More information is needed to determine the effectiveness of specific antibiotics therapy in surgical site infections (SSIs).<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> Examples of soft-tissue infections from MRSA include ulcers, <a href="/wiki/Impetigo" title="Impetigo">impetigo</a>, abscesses, and SSIs.<a href="#cite_note-YueDong2016-89">[89]</a> In surgical wounds, evidence is weak (high risk of <a href="/wiki/Bias" title="Bias">bias</a>) that <a href="/wiki/Linezolid" title="Linezolid">linezolid</a> may be better than <a href="/wiki/Vancomycin" title="Vancomycin">vancomycin</a> to eradicate MRSA SSIs.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a> MRSA colonization is also found in nonsurgical wounds such as traumatic wounds, <a href="/wiki/Burn" title="Burn">burns</a>, and chronic <a href="/wiki/Ulcer" title="Ulcer">ulcers</a> (i.e.: <a href="/wiki/Diabetic_ulcer" class="mw-redirect" title="Diabetic ulcer">diabetic ulcer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pressure_ulcer" title="Pressure ulcer">pressure ulcer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arterial_insufficiency_ulcer" title="Arterial insufficiency ulcer">arterial insufficiency ulcer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venous_ulcer" title="Venous ulcer">venous ulcer</a>). No conclusive evidence has been found about the best antibiotic regimen to treat MRSA colonization.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneNonSurg2013-22">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Children_2">Children</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Children">edit</a>]</div> In skin infections and secondary infection sites, topical <a href="/wiki/Mupirocin" title="Mupirocin">mupirocin</a> is used successfully. For bacteremia and endocarditis, vancomycin or daptomycin is considered. For children with MRSA-infected bone or joints, treatment is individualized and long-term. Neonates can develop neonatal pustulosis as a result of topical infection with MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> Clindamycin is not approved for the treatment of MRSA infection, but it is still used in children for soft-tissue infections.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Endocarditis_and_bacteremia">Endocarditis and bacteremia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Endocarditis and bacteremia">edit</a>]</div> Evaluation for the replacement of a prosthetic valve is considered. Appropriate antibiotic therapy may be administered for up to six weeks. Four to six weeks of antibiotic treatment is often recommended, and is dependent upon the extent of MRSA infection.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Respiratory_infections">Respiratory infections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Respiratory infections">edit</a>]</div> CA-MRSA in hospitalized patients pneumonia treatment begins before culture results. After the susceptibility to antibiotics is performed, the infection may be treated with vancomycin or linezolid for up to 21 days. If the pneumonia is complicated by the accumulation of pus in the pleural cavity surrounding the lungs, drainage may be done along with antibiotic therapy.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> People with cystic fibrosis may develop respiratory complications related to MRSA infection. The incidence of MRSA in those with cystic fibrosis increased during 2000 to 2015 by five times. Most of these infections were HA-MRSA. MRSA accounts for 26% of lung infections in those with cystic fibrosis.<a href="#cite_note-MaselliKeyt2017-103">[103]</a> There is insufficient evidence to support the use of topical or systematic antibiotics for nasal or extra-nasal MRSA infection.<a href="#cite_note-104">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bone_and_joint_infections">Bone and joint infections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bone and joint infections">edit</a>]</div> Cleaning the wound of dead tissue and draining abscesses is the first action to treat the MRSA infection. Administration of antibiotics is not standardized and is adapted by a case-by-case basis. Antibiotic therapy can last up to 3 months and sometimes even longer.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Infected_implants">Infected implants</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Infected implants">edit</a>]</div> MRSA infection can occur associated with implants and joint replacements. Recommendations on treatment are based upon the length of time the implant has been in place. In cases of a recent placement of a surgical implant or artificial joint, the device may be retained while antibiotic therapy continues. If the placement of the device has occurred over 3 weeks ago, the device may be removed. Antibiotic therapy is used in each instance sometimes long-term.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Central_nervous_system">Central nervous system</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Central nervous system">edit</a>]</div> MRSA can infect the central nervous system and form brain abscess, subdural empyema, and spinal epidural abscess. Excision and drainage can be done along with antibiotic treatment. Septic thrombosis of cavernous or <a href="/wiki/Dural_venous_sinus" class="mw-redirect" title="Dural venous sinus">dural venous sinus</a> can sometimes be a complication.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_infections">Other infections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Other infections">edit</a>]</div> Treatment is not standardized for other instances of MRSA infection in a wide range of tissues. Treatment varies for MRSA infections related to: subperiosteal abscesses, necrotizing pneumonia, cellulitis, pyomyositis, necrotizing fasciitis, mediastinitis, myocardial, perinephric, hepatic, and splenic abscesses, septic thrombophlebitis, and severe ocular infections, including endophthalmitis.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> Pets can be reservoirs and pass on MRSA to people. In some cases, the infection can be symptomatic and the pet can develop a MRSA infection. Health departments recommend that the pet be taken to the veterinarian if MRSA infections keep occurring in the people who have contact with the pet.<a href="#cite_note-tpchd-79">[79]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Epidemiology">Epidemiology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Epidemiology">edit</a>]</div> Worldwide, an estimated 2 billion people carry some form of S. aureus; of these, up to 53 million (2.7% of carriers) are thought to carry MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> S. aureus was identified as one of the six leading pathogens for deaths associated with resistance in 2019 and 100,000 deaths caused by MRSA were attributable to antimicrobial resistance.<a href="#cite_note-106">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="HA-MRSA_(healthcare_associated)">HA-MRSA (healthcare associated)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: HA-MRSA (healthcare associated)">edit</a>]</div> In a US cohort study of 1,300 healthy children, 2.4% carried MRSA in their nose.<a href="#cite_note-auto-107">[107]</a> Bacterial sepsis occurs with most (75%) of cases of invasive MRSA infection.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> In 2009, there were an estimated 463,017 hospitalizations due to MRSA, or a rate of 11.74 per 1,000 hospitalizations.<a href="#cite_note-klein2013-108">[108]</a> Many of these infections are less serious, but the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimate that there are 80,461 invasive MRSA infections and 11,285 deaths due to MRSA annually.<a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> In 2003, the cost for a hospitalization due to MRSA infection was US$92,363; a hospital stay for MSSA was $52,791.<a href="#cite_note-YueDong2016-89">[89]</a> Infection after surgery is relatively uncommon, but occurs as much as 33% in specific types of surgeries. Infections of surgical sites range from 1% to 33%. MRSA sepsis that occurs within 30 days following a surgical infection has a 15–38% mortality rate; MRSA sepsis that occurs within one year has a mortality rate of around 55%. There may be increased mortality associated with cardiac surgery. There is a rate of 12.9% in those infected with MRSA while only 3% infected with other organisms. SSIs infected with MRSA had longer hospital stays than those who did not.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a> Globally, MRSA infection rates are dynamic and vary year to year.<a href="#cite_note-110">[110]</a> According to the 2006 SENTRY Antimicrobial Surveillance Program report, the incidence of MRSA bloodstream infections was 35.9% in North America. MRSA blood infections in Latin America was 29%. European incidence was 22.8%. The rate of all MRSA infections in Europe ranged from 50% in Portugal down to 0.8% in Sweden. Overall MRSA infection rates varied in Latin America: Colombia and Venezuela combined had 3%, Mexico had 50%, Chile 38%, Brazil 29%, and Argentina 28%.<a href="#cite_note-YueDong2016-89">[89]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> (CDC) estimated that about 1.7 million nosocomial infections occurred in the United States in 2002, with 99,000 associated deaths.<a href="#cite_note-111">[111]</a> The estimated incidence is 4.5 nosocomial infections per 100 admissions, with direct costs (at 2004 prices) ranging from $10,500 (£5300, €8000 at 2006 rates) per case (for bloodstream, urinary tract, or respiratory infections in immunocompetent people) to $111,000 (£57,000, €85,000) per case for antibiotic-resistant infections in the bloodstream in people with transplants. With these numbers, conservative estimates of the total direct costs of nosocomial infections are above $17 billion. The reduction of such infections forms an important component of efforts to improve healthcare safety. (BMJ 2007)[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] MRSA alone was associated with 8% of nosocomial infections reported to the CDC National Healthcare Safety Network from January 2006 to October 2007.<a href="#cite_note-pmid18947320-112">[112]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_National_Audit_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="British National Audit Office">British National Audit Office</a> estimated that the incidence of nosocomial infections in Europe ranges from 4% to 10% of all hospital admissions. As of early 2005, the number of deaths in the United Kingdom attributed to MRSA has been estimated by various sources to lie in the area of 3,000 per year.<a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In the United States, an estimated 95 million people carry S. aureus in their noses; of these, 2.5 million (2.6% of carriers) carry MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-114">[114]</a> A population review conducted in three U.S. communities showed the annual incidence of CA-MRSA during 2001–2002 to be 18–25.7/100,000; most CA-MRSA isolates were associated with clinically relevant infections, and 23% of people required hospitalization.<a href="#cite_note-115">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="CA-MRSA_(community_associated)">CA-MRSA (community associated)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: CA-MRSA (community associated)">edit</a>]</div> In a US cohort study of 1,300 healthy children, 2.4% carried MRSA in their noses.<a href="#cite_note-auto-107">[107]</a> There are concerns that the presence of MRSA in the environment may allow resistance to be transferred to other bacteria through <a href="/wiki/Bacteriophage" title="Bacteriophage">phages</a> (viruses that infect bacteria). The source of MRSA could come from hospital waste, farm sewage, or other waste water.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> MRSA is also common in infections of dogs and cats and transmission to humans can occur, since pet owners hug and kiss their pets or let them sleep in their beds.<a href="#cite_note-Feuer2024-116">[116]</a> While sharing of isolates can occur, infections in humans seem to originate from HA-MRSA rather than from pet-acquired CA-MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="LA-MRSA_(livestock_associated)">LA-MRSA (livestock associated)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: LA-MRSA (livestock associated)">edit</a>]</div> In 2004, MRSA was first isolated on a Dutch pig farm leading to further investigations of livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA).<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> Livestock associated MRSA (LA-MRSA) has been observed in Korea, Brazil, Switzerland, Malaysia, India, Great Britain, Denmark, and China.<a href="#cite_note-Gopal2017-19">[19]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EARS-Net_CAESAR_MRSA_2017-en.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/EARS-Net_CAESAR_MRSA_2017-en.svg/220px-EARS-Net_CAESAR_MRSA_2017-en.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/EARS-Net_CAESAR_MRSA_2017-en.svg/330px-EARS-Net_CAESAR_MRSA_2017-en.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9c/EARS-Net_CAESAR_MRSA_2017-en.svg/440px-EARS-Net_CAESAR_MRSA_2017-en.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="533" data-file-height="465" /></a><figcaption>Incidence of MRSA in human blood samples in countries which took part in the study in 2017</figcaption></figure> In 1961, the first known MRSA isolates were reported in a British study, and from 1961 to 1967, infrequent hospital outbreaks occurred in Western Europe and Australia,<a href="#cite_note-The_University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center-17">[17]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Methicillin" title="Methicillin">methicillin</a> then being licensed in England to treat resistant infections. Other reports of MRSA began to be described in the 1970s.<a href="#cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">[1]</a> Resistance to other antibiotics was documented in some strains of S. aureus. In 1996, vancomycin resistance was reported in Japan.<a href="#cite_note-Winn-21">[21]</a>: 637  In many countries, outbreaks of MRSA infection were reported to be transmitted between hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-Murray-70">[70]</a>: 402  The rate had increased to 22% by 1995, and by 1997 the level of hospital S. aureus infections attributable to MRSA had reached 50%. The first report of community-associated MRSA (CA-MRSA) occurred in 1981, and in 1982, a large outbreak of CA-MRSA occurred among intravenous drug users in Detroit, Michigan.<a href="#cite_note-The_University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center-17">[17]</a> Additional outbreaks of CA-MRSA were reported through the 1980s and 1990s, including outbreaks among Australian Aboriginal populations that had never been exposed to hospitals. In the mid-1990s, scattered reports of CA-MRSA outbreaks among US children were made. While HA-MRSA rates stabilized between 1998 and 2008, CA-MRSA rates continued to rise. A report released by the University of Chicago Children's Hospital comparing two periods (1993–1995 and 1995–1997) found a 25-fold increase in the rate of hospitalizations due to MRSA among children in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> In 1999, the University of Chicago reported the first deaths from invasive MRSA among otherwise healthy children in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-The_University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center-17">[17]</a> By 2004, the genome for various strains of MRSA were described.<a href="#cite_note-120">[120]</a> The observed increased mortality among MRSA-infected people arguably may be the result of the increased underlying <a href="/wiki/Morbidity" class="mw-redirect" title="Morbidity">morbidity</a> of these people. Several studies, however, including one by Blot and colleagues, that have adjusted for underlying disease still found MRSA bacteremia to have a higher attributable mortality than methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) bacteremia.<a href="#cite_note-121">[121]</a> A population-based study of the incidence of MRSA infections in <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco" title="San Francisco">San Francisco</a> during 2004–05 demonstrated that nearly one in 300 residents had such an infection in the course of a year and that greater than 85% of these infections occurred outside of the healthcare setting.<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> A 2004 study showed that people in the United States with S. aureus infection had, on average, three times the length of hospital stay (14.3 vs. 4.5 days), incurred three times the total cost ($48,824 vs. $14,141), and experienced five times the risk of in-hospital death (11.2% vs 2.3%) than people without this infection.<a href="#cite_note-123">[123]</a> In a meta-analysis of 31 studies, Cosgrove et al.,<a href="#cite_note-124">[124]</a> concluded that MRSA bacteremia is associated with increased mortality as compared with MSSA bacteremia (odds ratio= 1.93; 95% CI = 1.93 ± 0.39).<a href="#cite_note-125">[125]</a> In addition, Wyllie et al. report a death rate of 34% within 30 days among people infected with MRSA, a rate similar to the death rate of 27% seen among MSSA-infected people.<a href="#cite_note-126">[126]</a> In the US, the CDC issued guidelines on October 19, 2006, citing the need for additional research, but declined to recommend such screening.<a href="#cite_note-127">[127]</a> According to the CDC, the most recent estimates of the incidence of healthcare-associated infections that are attributable to MRSA in the United States indicate a decline in such infection rates. Incidence of MRSA central line-associated blood-stream infections as reported by hundreds of intensive care units decreased 50–70% from 2001 to 2007.<a href="#cite_note-mrsa-surveillance-128">[128]</a> A separate system tracking all hospital MRSA bloodstream infections found an overall 34% decrease between 2005 and 2008.<a href="#cite_note-mrsa-surveillance-128">[128]</a> In 2010, vancomycin was the drug of choice.<a href="#cite_note-IDSA2011-4">[4]</a> Across Europe, based mostly on data from 2013, seven countries (Iceland, Norway, Sweden, the Netherlands, Denmark, Finland, and Estonia, from lowest to highest) had low levels of hospital-acquired MRSA infections compared to the others,<a href="#cite_note-EHCI2015-129">[129]</a>: 92–93  and among countries with higher levels, significant improvements had been made only in Bulgaria, Poland, and the British Isles.<a href="#cite_note-EHCI2015-129">[129]</a>: 40  A 1,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Collyrium" title="Collyrium">eye salve</a> recipe found in the medieval <a href="/wiki/Bald%27s_Leechbook" title="Bald's Leechbook">Bald's Leechbook</a> at the <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a>, one of the earliest known medical textbooks, was found to have activity against MRSA in vitro and in skin wounds in mice.<a href="#cite_note-130">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[132]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_the_media">In the media</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: In the media">edit</a>]</div> MRSA is frequently a media topic, especially if well-known personalities have announced that they have or have had the infection.<a href="#cite_note-133">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a> Word of outbreaks of infection appears regularly in newspapers and television news programs. A report on skin and soft-tissue infections in the <a href="/wiki/Cook_County,_Illinois" title="Cook County, Illinois">Cook County</a> jail in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a> in 2004–05 demonstrated MRSA was the most common cause of these infections among those incarcerated there.<a href="#cite_note-:2-136">[136]</a> Lawsuits filed against those who are accused of infecting others with MRSA are also popular stories in the media.<a href="#cite_note-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-138">[138]</a> MRSA is the topic of radio programs,<a href="#cite_note-139">[139]</a> television shows,<a href="#cite_note-140">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-141">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[142]</a> books,<a href="#cite_note-143">[143]</a> and movies.<a href="#cite_note-144">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Research">Research</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Research">edit</a>]</div> Various antibacterial chemical extracts from various species of the sweetgum tree (genus <a href="/wiki/Liquidambar" title="Liquidambar">Liquidambar</a>) have been investigated for their activity in inhibiting MRSA. Specifically, these are: <a href="/wiki/Cinnamic_acid" title="Cinnamic acid">cinnamic acid</a>, cinnamyl cinnamate, <a href="/wiki/Ethyl_cinnamate" title="Ethyl cinnamate">ethyl cinnamate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Benzyl_cinnamate" title="Benzyl cinnamate">benzyl cinnamate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Styrene" title="Styrene">styrene</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vanillin" title="Vanillin">vanillin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamyl_alcohol" title="Cinnamyl alcohol">cinnamyl alcohol</a>, 2-phenylpropyl alcohol, and 3-phenylpropyl cinnamate.<a href="#cite_note-CrandallLingbeck2015-145">[145]</a> The delivery of inhaled antibiotics along with systematic administration to treat MRSA are being developed. This may improve the outcomes of those with <a href="/wiki/Cystic_fibrosis" title="Cystic fibrosis">cystic fibrosis</a> and other respiratory infections.<a href="#cite_note-MaselliKeyt2017-103">[103]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phage_therapy" title="Phage therapy">Phage therapy</a> has been used for years in MRSA in eastern countries, and studies are ongoing in western countries.<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-147">[147]</a> <a href="/wiki/Host-directed_therapeutics" title="Host-directed therapeutics">Host-directed therapeutics</a>, including host kinase inhibitors, as well as <a href="/wiki/Antimicrobial_peptides" title="Antimicrobial peptides">antimicrobial peptides</a> are under study as adjunctive or alternative treatment for MRSA.<a href="#cite_note-148">[148]</a><a href="#cite_note-149">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[150]</a> A 2015 <a href="/wiki/Cochrane_(organisation)" title="Cochrane (organisation)">Cochrane</a> <a href="/wiki/Systematic_review" title="Systematic review">systematic review</a> aimed to assess the effectiveness of wearing gloves, gowns and masks to help stop the spread of MRSA in hospitals, however no eligible studies were identified for inclusion. The review authors concluded that there is a need for <a href="/wiki/Randomized_controlled_trial" title="Randomized controlled trial">randomized controlled trials</a> to be conducted to help determine if the use of gloves, gowns, and masks reduces the transmission of MRSA in hospitals.<a href="#cite_note-151">[151]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MRSA_ST398" title="MRSA ST398">MRSA ST398</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-CochraneSurg2013-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneSurg2013_1-12">m</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGurusamyKotiToonWilson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gurusamy KS, Koti R, Toon CD, Wilson P, Davidson BR (August 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11301404">"Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infections in surgical wounds"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (8): CD009726. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD009726.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD009726.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11301404">11301404</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23963687">23963687</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antibiotic+therapy+for+the+treatment+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29+infections+in+surgical+wounds&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=CD009726&rft.date=2013-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11301404%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23963687&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD009726.pub2&rft.aulast=Gurusamy&rft.aufirst=KS&rft.au=Koti%2C+R&rft.au=Toon%2C+CD&rft.au=Wilson%2C+P&rft.au=Davidson%2C+BR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11301404&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-URTmicribiome2016rev-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-URTmicribiome2016rev_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-URTmicribiome2016rev_2-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchenckSuretteBowdish2016" class="citation journal cs1">Schenck LP, Surette MG, Bowdish DM (November 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164007">"Composition and immunological significance of the upper respiratory tract microbiota"</a>. FEBS Letters. 590 (21): 3705–3720. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F1873-3468.12455">10.1002/1873-3468.12455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7164007">7164007</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27730630">27730630</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&rft.atitle=Composition+and+immunological+significance+of+the+upper+respiratory+tract+microbiota&rft.volume=590&rft.issue=21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3705-%3C%2Fspan%3E3720&rft.date=2016-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7164007%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27730630&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F1873-3468.12455&rft.aulast=Schenck&rft.aufirst=LP&rft.au=Surette%2C+MG&rft.au=Bowdish%2C+DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7164007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWollina2017" class="citation journal cs1">Wollina U (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327846">"Microbiome in atopic dermatitis"</a>. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dermatology. 10: 51–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2147%2FCCID.S130013">10.2147/CCID.S130013</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5327846">5327846</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28260936">28260936</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical%2C+Cosmetic+and+Investigational+Dermatology&rft.atitle=Microbiome+in+atopic+dermatitis&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E51-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5327846%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28260936&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2147%2FCCID.S130013&rft.aulast=Wollina&rft.aufirst=U&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5327846&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IDSA2011-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IDSA2011_4-16">q</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuBayerCosgroveDaum2011" class="citation journal cs1">Liu C, Bayer A, Cosgrove SE, Daum RS, Fridkin SK, Gorwitz RJ, et al. (February 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciq146">"Clinical practice guidelines by the infectious diseases society of america for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infections in adults and children"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 52 (3): e18-55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciq146">10.1093/cid/ciq146</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21208910">21208910</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Clinical+practice+guidelines+by+the+infectious+diseases+society+of+america+for+the+treatment+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+infections+in+adults+and+children&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=e18-55&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fcid%2Fciq146&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21208910&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Bayer%2C+A&rft.au=Cosgrove%2C+SE&rft.au=Daum%2C+RS&rft.au=Fridkin%2C+SK&rft.au=Gorwitz%2C+RJ&rft.au=Kaplan%2C+SL&rft.au=Karchmer%2C+AW&rft.au=Levine%2C+DP&rft.au=Murray%2C+BE&rft.au=J+Rybak%2C+M&rft.au=Talan%2C+DA&rft.au=Chambers%2C+HF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fcid%252Fciq146&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sga2016-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sga2016_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sga2016_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sga2016_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sga2016_5-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sga2016_5-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sga2016_5-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sga2016_5-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sga2016_5-7">h</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSgangaTasciniSozioCarlini2016" class="citation journal cs1">Sganga G, Tascini C, Sozio E, Carlini M, Chirletti P, Cortese F, et al. (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908758">"Focus on the prophylaxis, epidemiology and therapy of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus surgical site infections and a position paper on associated risk factors: the perspective of an Italian group of surgeons"</a>. World Journal of Emergency Surgery. 11 (1): 26. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13017-016-0086-1">10.1186/s13017-016-0086-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4908758">4908758</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27307786">27307786</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=World+Journal+of+Emergency+Surgery&rft.atitle=Focus+on+the+prophylaxis%2C+epidemiology+and+therapy+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+surgical+site+infections+and+a+position+paper+on+associated+risk+factors%3A+the+perspective+of+an+Italian+group+of+surgeons&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=26&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4908758%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27307786&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13017-016-0086-1&rft.aulast=Sganga&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Tascini%2C+C&rft.au=Sozio%2C+E&rft.au=Carlini%2C+M&rft.au=Chirletti%2C+P&rft.au=Cortese%2C+F&rft.au=Gattuso%2C+R&rft.au=Granone%2C+P&rft.au=Pempinello%2C+C&rft.au=Sartelli%2C+M&rft.au=Colizza%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4908758&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-riskfactors-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-riskfactors_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riskfactors_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-riskfactors_6-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/community/index.html">"General Information About MRSA in the Community"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. 10 September 2013. Retrieved 9 October 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=General+Information+About+MRSA+in+the+Community&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmrsa%2Fcommunity%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLipskyTabakJohannesVo2010" class="citation journal cs1">Lipsky BA, Tabak YP, Johannes RS, Vo L, Hyde L, Weigelt JA (May 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-010-1672-5">"Skin and soft tissue infections in hospitalised patients with diabetes: culture isolates and risk factors associated with mortality, length of stay and cost"</a>. Diabetologia. 53 (5): 914–23. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00125-010-1672-5">10.1007/s00125-010-1672-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20146051">20146051</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:5660826">5660826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Diabetologia&rft.atitle=Skin+and+soft+tissue+infections+in+hospitalised+patients+with+diabetes%3A+culture+isolates+and+risk+factors+associated+with+mortality%2C+length+of+stay+and+cost&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E914-%3C%2Fspan%3E23&rft.date=2010-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A5660826%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20146051&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00125-010-1672-5&rft.aulast=Lipsky&rft.aufirst=BA&rft.au=Tabak%2C+YP&rft.au=Johannes%2C+RS&rft.au=Vo%2C+L&rft.au=Hyde%2C+L&rft.au=Weigelt%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1007%252Fs00125-010-1672-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOtterFrench2011" class="citation journal cs1">Otter JA, French GL (November 2011). "Community-associated meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains as a cause of healthcare-associated infection". The Journal of Hospital Infection. 79 (3): 189–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jhin.2011.04.028">10.1016/j.jhin.2011.04.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21741111">21741111</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Hospital+Infection&rft.atitle=Community-associated+meticillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+strains+as+a+cause+of+healthcare-associated+infection&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E189-%3C%2Fspan%3E93&rft.date=2011-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.jhin.2011.04.028&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21741111&rft.aulast=Otter&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=French%2C+GL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKluytmans-VandenberghKluytmans2006" class="citation journal cs1">Kluytmans-Vandenbergh MF, Kluytmans JA (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-0691.2006.01341.x">"Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: current perspectives"</a>. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 12 (Suppl 1): 9–15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-0691.2006.01341.x">10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01341.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16445719">16445719</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+and+Infection&rft.atitle=Community-acquired+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus%3A+current+perspectives&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E15&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-0691.2006.01341.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16445719&rft.aulast=Kluytmans-Vandenbergh&rft.aufirst=MF&rft.au=Kluytmans%2C+JA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1469-0691.2006.01341.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoldingQuinnBergstromStockdale2012" class="citation journal cs1">Golding GR, Quinn B, Bergstrom K, Stockdale D, Woods S, Nsungu M, et al. (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3287965">"Community-based educational intervention to limit the dissemination of community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Northern Saskatchewan, Canada"</a>. BMC Public Health. 12 (1): 15. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2F1471-2458-12-15">10.1186/1471-2458-12-15</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3287965">3287965</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22225643">22225643</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMC+Public+Health&rft.atitle=Community-based+educational+intervention+to+limit+the+dissemination+of+community-associated+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+in+Northern+Saskatchewan%2C+Canada&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=15&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3287965%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22225643&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2F1471-2458-12-15&rft.aulast=Golding&rft.aufirst=GR&rft.au=Quinn%2C+B&rft.au=Bergstrom%2C+K&rft.au=Stockdale%2C+D&rft.au=Woods%2C+S&rft.au=Nsungu%2C+M&rft.au=Brooke%2C+B&rft.au=Levett%2C+PN&rft.au=Horsman%2C+G&rft.au=McDonald%2C+R&rft.au=Szklarczuk%2C+B&rft.au=Silcox%2C+S&rft.au=Paton%2C+S&rft.au=Carson%2C+M&rft.au=Mulvey%2C+MR&rft.au=Irvine%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3287965&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Loewen_512–520-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Loewen_512–520_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Loewen_512–520_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoewenSchreiberKirlewBocking2017" class="citation journal cs1">Loewen K, Schreiber Y, Kirlew M, Bocking N, Kelly L (July 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507223">"Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection: Literature review and clinical update"</a>. Canadian Family Physician. 63 (7): 512–520. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5507223">5507223</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28701438">28701438</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Family+Physician&rft.atitle=Community-associated+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+infection%3A+Literature+review+and+clinical+update&rft.volume=63&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E512-%3C%2Fspan%3E520&rft.date=2017-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5507223%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28701438&rft.aulast=Loewen&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Schreiber%2C+Y&rft.au=Kirlew%2C+M&rft.au=Bocking%2C+N&rft.au=Kelly%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5507223&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tacconelli2008-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tacconelli2008_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tacconelli2008_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tacconelli2008_12-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacconelliDe_AngelisCataldoPozzi2008" class="citation journal cs1">Tacconelli E, De Angelis G, Cataldo MA, Pozzi E, Cauda R (January 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm416">"Does antibiotic exposure increase the risk of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolation? A systematic review and meta-analysis"</a>. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 61 (1): 26–38. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm416">10.1093/jac/dkm416</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17986491">17986491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Does+antibiotic+exposure+increase+the+risk+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29+isolation%3F+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E26-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=2008-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkm416&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17986491&rft.aulast=Tacconelli&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=De+Angelis%2C+G&rft.au=Cataldo%2C+MA&rft.au=Pozzi%2C+E&rft.au=Cauda%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjac%252Fdkm416&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dumyati2017-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dumyati2017_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dumyati2017_13-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDumyatiStoneNaceCrnich2017" class="citation journal cs1">Dumyati G, Stone ND, Nace DA, Crnich CJ, Jump RL (April 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382184">"Challenges and Strategies for Prevention of Multidrug-Resistant Organism Transmission in Nursing Homes"</a>. Current Infectious Disease Reports. 19 (4): 18. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs11908-017-0576-7">10.1007/s11908-017-0576-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5382184">5382184</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28382547">28382547</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Current+Infectious+Disease+Reports&rft.atitle=Challenges+and+Strategies+for+Prevention+of+Multidrug-Resistant+Organism+Transmission+in+Nursing+Homes&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=18&rft.date=2017-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5382184%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28382547&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs11908-017-0576-7&rft.aulast=Dumyati&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Stone%2C+ND&rft.au=Nace%2C+DA&rft.au=Crnich%2C+CJ&rft.au=Jump%2C+RL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5382184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-florida-14"><a href="#cite_ref-florida_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/study-beachgoers-more-likely-to-catch-mrsa">"Study: Beachgoers More Likely to Catch MRSA"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fox_Entertainment_Group" title="Fox Entertainment Group">FoxNews.com</a>. Reuters. 2009-02-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Study%3A+Beachgoers+More+Likely+to+Catch+MRSA&rft.date=2009-02-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fstudy-beachgoers-more-likely-to-catch-mrsa&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-AP1-15"><a href="#cite_ref-AP1_15-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarchione2009" class="citation news cs1">Marchione M (2009-09-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.foxnews.com/story/dangerous-staph-germs-found-at-west-coast-beaches">"Dangerous staph germs found at West Coast beaches"</a>. Associated Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Dangerous+staph+germs+found+at+West+Coast+beaches&rft.date=2009-09-12&rft.aulast=Marchione&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.foxnews.com%2Fstory%2Fdangerous-staph-germs-found-at-west-coast-beaches&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-soldiers-16"><a href="#cite_ref-soldiers_16-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZindermanConnerMalakootiLaMar2004" class="citation journal cs1">Zinderman CE, Conner B, Malakooti MA, LaMar JE, Armstrong A, Bohnker BK (May 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/474843">"Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among military recruits"</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 10 (5): 941–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1005.030604">10.3201/eid1005.030604</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3323224">3323224</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15200838">15200838</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Community-acquired+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+among+military+recruits&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E941-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2004-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3323224%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15200838&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1005.030604&rft.aulast=Zinderman&rft.aufirst=CE&rft.au=Conner%2C+B&rft.au=Malakooti%2C+MA&rft.au=LaMar%2C+JE&rft.au=Armstrong%2C+A&rft.au=Bohnker%2C+BK&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medscape.com%2Fviewarticle%2F474843&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center-17">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center_17-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center_17-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center_17-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_University_of_Chicago_Medical_Center_17-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218151301/http://mrsa-research-center.bsd.uchicago.edu/timeline.html">"MRSA History Timeline: The First Half-Century, 1959–2009"</a>. The University of Chicago Medical Center. 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrsa-research-center.bsd.uchicago.edu/timeline.html">the original</a> on 2020-02-18. Retrieved 2012-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MRSA+History+Timeline%3A+The+First+Half-Century%2C+1959%E2%80%932009&rft.pub=The+University+of+Chicago+Medical+Center&rft.date=2010&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrsa-research-center.bsd.uchicago.edu%2Ftimeline.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cmr-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cmr_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cmr_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidDaum2010" class="citation journal cs1">David MZ, Daum RS (July 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901661">"Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: epidemiology and clinical consequences of an emerging epidemic"</a>. Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 23 (3): 616–87. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FCMR.00081-09">10.1128/CMR.00081-09</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2901661">2901661</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20610826">20610826</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+Reviews&rft.atitle=Community-associated+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus%3A+epidemiology+and+clinical+consequences+of+an+emerging+epidemic&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E616-%3C%2Fspan%3E87&rft.date=2010-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2901661%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20610826&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FCMR.00081-09&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=MZ&rft.au=Daum%2C+RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2901661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gopal2017-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gopal2017_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gopal2017_19-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gopal2017_19-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gopal2017_19-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gopal2017_19-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gopal2017_19-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gopal2017_19-6">g</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGopalDivya2017" class="citation journal cs1">Gopal S, Divya KC (March 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387658">"Staphylococcus aureus prevalence from dairy cows in India act as potential risk for community-associated infections?: A review"</a>. Veterinary World. 10 (3): 311–318. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.14202%2Fvetworld.2017.311-318">10.14202/vetworld.2017.311-318</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5387658">5387658</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28435193">28435193</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Veterinary+World&rft.atitle=Staphylococcus+aureus+prevalence+from+dairy+cows+in+India+act+as+potential+risk+for+community-associated+infections%3F%3A+A+review&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E311-%3C%2Fspan%3E318&rft.date=2017-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5387658%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28435193&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.14202%2Fvetworld.2017.311-318&rft.aulast=Gopal&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Divya%2C+KC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5387658&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ficalora-20">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ficalora_20-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ficalora_20-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFicalora2013" class="citation book cs1">Ficalora R (2013). Mayo Clinic internal medicine board review. Oxford: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994894-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-994894-9"><bdi>978-0-19-994894-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mayo+Clinic+internal+medicine+board+review&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-19-994894-9&rft.aulast=Ficalora&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Winn-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Winn_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winn_21-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winn_21-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Winn_21-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWinn2006" class="citation book cs1">Winn W (2006). Koneman's color atlas and textbook of diagnostic microbiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-3014-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7817-3014-3"><bdi>978-0-7817-3014-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Koneman%27s+color+atlas+and+textbook+of+diagnostic+microbiology&rft.place=Philadelphia&rft.pub=Lippincott+Williams+%26+Wilkins&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7817-3014-3&rft.aulast=Winn&rft.aufirst=W&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CochraneNonSurg2013-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneNonSurg2013_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneNonSurg2013_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneNonSurg2013_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneNonSurg2013_22-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurusamyKotiToonWilson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gurusamy KS, Koti R, Toon CD, Wilson P, Davidson BR (November 2013). Gurusamy KS (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cochranelibrary-wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD010427/pdf">"Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in non surgical wounds"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD010427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010427.pub2">10.1002/14651858.CD010427.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11299151">11299151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24242704">24242704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antibiotic+therapy+for+the+treatment+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29+in+non+surgical+wounds&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=CD010427&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11299151%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24242704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010427.pub2&rft.aulast=Gurusamy&rft.aufirst=KS&rft.au=Koti%2C+R&rft.au=Toon%2C+CD&rft.au=Wilson%2C+P&rft.au=Davidson%2C+BR&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcochranelibrary-wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010427%2Fpdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2014" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobs A (2014). "Hospital-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: status and trends". Radiologic Technology. 85 (6): 623–48, quiz 649–52. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25002642">25002642</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Radiologic+Technology&rft.atitle=Hospital-acquired+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus%3A+status+and+trends&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E623-%3C%2Fspan%3E48%2C+quiz+649-52&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25002642&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=A&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavis" class="citation web cs1">Davis C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.medicinenet.com/is_mrsa_contagious/article.htm.">"Is MRSA Contagious?"</a>. Medicinenet.com. Retrieved 24 October 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Medicinenet.com&rft.atitle=Is+MRSA+Contagious%3F&rft.aulast=Davis&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.medicinenet.com%2Fis_mrsa_contagious%2Farticle.htm.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-muto2003-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-muto2003_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-muto2003_25-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMutoJerniganOstrowskyRichet2003" class="citation journal cs1">Muto CA, Jernigan JA, Ostrowsky BE, Richet HM, Jarvis WR, Boyce JM, et al. (May 2003). "SHEA guideline for preventing nosocomial transmission of multidrug-resistant strains of Staphylococcus aureus and enterococcus". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 24 (5): 362–86. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.575.8929">10.1.1.575.8929</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F502213">10.1086/502213</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12785411">12785411</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:19544705">19544705</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+Control+and+Hospital+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=SHEA+guideline+for+preventing+nosocomial+transmission+of+multidrug-resistant+strains+of+Staphylococcus+aureus+and+enterococcus&rft.volume=24&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E362-%3C%2Fspan%3E86&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.575.8929%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A19544705%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12785411&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F502213&rft.aulast=Muto&rft.aufirst=CA&rft.au=Jernigan%2C+JA&rft.au=Ostrowsky%2C+BE&rft.au=Richet%2C+HM&rft.au=Jarvis%2C+WR&rft.au=Boyce%2C+JM&rft.au=Farr%2C+BM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CochraneNursHomeStop2013-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneNursHomeStop2013_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-CochraneNursHomeStop2013_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHughesTunneyBradley2013" class="citation journal cs1">Hughes C, Tunney M, Bradley MC (November 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7000924">"Infection control strategies for preventing the transmission of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in nursing homes for older people"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2013 (11): CD006354. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD006354.pub4">10.1002/14651858.CD006354.pub4</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7000924">7000924</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24254890">24254890</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Infection+control+strategies+for+preventing+the+transmission+of+meticillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29+in+nursing+homes+for+older+people&rft.volume=2013&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=CD006354&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7000924%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24254890&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD006354.pub4&rft.aulast=Hughes&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Tunney%2C+M&rft.au=Bradley%2C+MC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7000924&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224131952/http://purebio.com/about/article/48">"PURE Bioscience"</a>. purebio.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.purebio.com/about/article/48">the original</a> on 2009-02-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=purebio.com&rft.atitle=PURE+Bioscience&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.purebio.com%2Fabout%2Farticle%2F48&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mehn2014-28">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mehn2014_28-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mehn2014_28-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehndirattaBhalla2014" class="citation journal cs1">Mehndiratta PL, Bhalla P (September 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248379">"Use of antibiotics in animal agriculture & emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) clones: need to assess the impact on public health"</a>. The Indian Journal of Medical Research. 140 (3): 339–44. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4248379">4248379</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25366200">25366200</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Medical+Research&rft.atitle=Use+of+antibiotics+in+animal+agriculture+%26+emergence+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29+clones%3A+need+to+assess+the+impact+on+public+health&rft.volume=140&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2014-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4248379%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25366200&rft.aulast=Mehndiratta&rft.aufirst=PL&rft.au=Bhalla%2C+P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4248379&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVitaleGrossWeese2006" class="citation journal cs1">Vitale CB, Gross TL, Weese JS (December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291366">"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in cat and owner"</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 12 (12): 1998–2000. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1212.060725">10.3201/eid1212.060725</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3291366">3291366</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17354344">17354344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+in+cat+and+owner&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1998-%3C%2Fspan%3E2000&rft.date=2006-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3291366%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17354344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1212.060725&rft.aulast=Vitale&rft.aufirst=CB&rft.au=Gross%2C+TL&rft.au=Weese%2C+JS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3291366&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> <img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSalgadoFarrCalfee2003" class="citation journal cs1">Salgado CD, Farr BM, Calfee DP (January 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F345436">"Community-acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: a meta-analysis of prevalence and risk factors"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 36 (2): 131–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F345436">10.1086/345436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12522744">12522744</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Community-acquired+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus%3A+a+meta-analysis+of+prevalence+and+risk+factors&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E131-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2003-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F345436&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12522744&rft.aulast=Salgado&rft.aufirst=CD&rft.au=Farr%2C+BM&rft.au=Calfee%2C+DP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F345436&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKazakovaHagemanMatavaSrinivasan2005" class="citation journal cs1">Kazakova SV, Hageman JC, Matava M, Srinivasan A, Phelan L, Garfinkel B, et al. (February 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa042859">"A clone of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus among professional football players"</a>. The New England Journal of Medicine. 352 (5): 468–75. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMoa042859">10.1056/NEJMoa042859</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15689585">15689585</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+clone+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+among+professional+football+players&rft.volume=352&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E468-%3C%2Fspan%3E75&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMoa042859&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15689585&rft.aulast=Kazakova&rft.aufirst=SV&rft.au=Hageman%2C+JC&rft.au=Matava%2C+M&rft.au=Srinivasan%2C+A&rft.au=Phelan%2C+L&rft.au=Garfinkel%2C+B&rft.au=Boo%2C+T&rft.au=McAllister%2C+S&rft.au=Anderson%2C+J&rft.au=Jensen%2C+B&rft.au=Dodson%2C+D&rft.au=Lonsway%2C+D&rft.au=McDougal%2C+LK&rft.au=Arduino%2C+M&rft.au=Fraser%2C+VJ&rft.au=Killgore%2C+G&rft.au=Tenover%2C+FC&rft.au=Cody%2C+S&rft.au=Jernigan%2C+DB&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1056%252FNEJMoa042859&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-epstein1-32"><a href="#cite_ref-epstein1_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEpstein2007" class="citation news cs1">Epstein V (21 December 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/apps/news?pid=newsarchive&sid=alxhrJDn.cdc">"Texas Football Succumbs to Virulent Staph Infection From Turf"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bloomberg_L.P." title="Bloomberg L.P.">Bloomberg</a>. Retrieved 10 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Texas+Football+Succumbs+to+Virulent+Staph+Infection+From+Turf&rft.date=2007-12-21&rft.aulast=Epstein&rft.aufirst=V&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fapps%2Fnews%3Fpid%3Dnewsarchive%26sid%3DalxhrJDn.cdc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYasinskas2013" class="citation web cs1">Yasinskas P (11 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.espn.com/nfl/story/_/id/9808469/third-tampa-bay-buccaneers-player-tests-positive-mrsa-staph-infection">"Third Tampa Bay Buccaneers player tests positive for MRSA staph infection"</a>. ESPN. ESPN Internet Ventures. Retrieved 11 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPN&rft.atitle=Third+Tampa+Bay+Buccaneers+player+tests+positive+for+MRSA+staph+infection&rft.date=2013-10-11&rft.aulast=Yasinskas&rft.aufirst=P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.espn.com%2Fnfl%2Fstory%2F_%2Fid%2F9808469%2Fthird-tampa-bay-buccaneers-player-tests-positive-mrsa-staph-infection&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHernandez2015" class="citation news cs1">Hernandez D (August 12, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.latimes.com/sports/dodgers/dodgersnow/la-sp-dn-dodgers-justin-turner-nears-return-20150812-story.html">"Dodgers' Justin Turner nears return from MRSA infection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_Times" title="Los Angeles Times">Los Angeles Times</a>. Retrieved August 13, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Dodgers%27+Justin+Turner+nears+return+from+MRSA+infection&rft.date=2015-08-12&rft.aulast=Hernandez&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Fsports%2Fdodgers%2Fdodgersnow%2Fla-sp-dn-dodgers-justin-turner-nears-return-20150812-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRappoport2015" class="citation news cs1">Rappoport I (October 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151011201636/http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000553694/article/mrsa-infection-leaves-giants-daniel-fells-in-dire-situation">"MRSA infection leaves Giants' Daniel Fells in dire situation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NFL.com" class="mw-redirect" title="NFL.com">NFL.com</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nfl.com/news/story/0ap3000000553694/article/mrsa-infection-leaves-giants-daniel-fells-in-dire-situation">the original</a> on October 11, 2015. Retrieved October 12, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NFL.com&rft.atitle=MRSA+infection+leaves+Giants%27+Daniel+Fells+in+dire+situation&rft.date=2015-10-11&rft.aulast=Rappoport&rft.aufirst=I&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfl.com%2Fnews%2Fstory%2F0ap3000000553694%2Farticle%2Fmrsa-infection-leaves-giants-daniel-fells-in-dire-situation&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGray2004" class="citation journal cs1">Gray JW (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1719885">"MRSA: the problem reaches paediatrics"</a>. Archives of Disease in Childhood. 89 (4): 297–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fadc.2003.045534">10.1136/adc.2003.045534</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1719885">1719885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15033832">15033832</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Disease+in+Childhood&rft.atitle=MRSA%3A+the+problem+reaches+paediatrics&rft.volume=89&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E297-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2004-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1719885%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15033832&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fadc.2003.045534&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=JW&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1719885&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBratuEramoKopecCoughlin2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bratu S, Eramo A, Kopec R, Coughlin E, Ghitan M, Yost R, et al. (June 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367583">"Community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospital nursery and maternity units"</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (6): 808–13. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1106.040885">10.3201/eid1106.040885</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367583">3367583</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15963273">15963273</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Community-associated+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+in+hospital+nursery+and+maternity+units&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E808-%3C%2Fspan%3E13&rft.date=2005-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367583%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15963273&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1106.040885&rft.aulast=Bratu&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Eramo%2C+A&rft.au=Kopec%2C+R&rft.au=Coughlin%2C+E&rft.au=Ghitan%2C+M&rft.au=Yost%2C+R&rft.au=Chapnick%2C+EK&rft.au=Landman%2C+D&rft.au=Quale%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367583&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-APIC-38"><a href="#cite_ref-APIC_38-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070907201425/http://www.apic.org/Content/NavigationMenu/ResearchFoundation/NationalMRSAPrevalenceStudy/MRSA_Study_Results.htm">"National Prevalence Study of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in U.S. Healthcare Facilities"</a>. Association for Professionals in Infection Control & Epidemiology. June 25, 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apic.org/Content/NavigationMenu/ResearchFoundation/NationalMRSAPrevalenceStudy/MRSA_Study_Results.htm">the original</a> on September 7, 2007. Retrieved 2007-07-14.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Association+for+Professionals+in+Infection+Control+%26+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=National+Prevalence+Study+of+Methicillin-Resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29+in+U.S.+Healthcare+Facilities&rft.date=2007-06-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.apic.org%2FContent%2FNavigationMenu%2FResearchFoundation%2FNationalMRSAPrevalenceStudy%2FMRSA_Study_Results.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.webmd.com/parenting/mrsa-and-staph-infections-in-children">"Staph Infections and MRSA in Children: Prevention, Symptoms, and Treatment"</a>. webmd.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=webmd.com&rft.atitle=Staph+Infections+and+MRSA+in+Children%3A+Prevention%2C+Symptoms%2C+and+Treatment&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.webmd.com%2Fparenting%2Fmrsa-and-staph-infections-in-children&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParikhOctariaKainer2020" class="citation journal cs1">Parikh MP, Octaria R, Kainer MA (March 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7045815">"Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections and Injection Drug Use, Tennessee, USA, 2015-2017"</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 26 (3): 446–453. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid2603.191408">10.3201/eid2603.191408</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7045815">7045815</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32091385">32091385</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:211098414">211098414</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Methicillin-Resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+Bloodstream+Infections+and+Injection+Drug+Use%2C+Tennessee%2C+USA%2C+2015-2017&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E446-%3C%2Fspan%3E453&rft.date=2020-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7045815%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A211098414%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F32091385&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid2603.191408&rft.aulast=Parikh&rft.aufirst=MP&rft.au=Octaria%2C+R&rft.au=Kainer%2C+MA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7045815&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jenson1-41">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jenson1_41-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenson1_41-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenson1_41-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenson1_41-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jenson1_41-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJensenLyon2009" class="citation journal cs1">Jensen SO, Lyon BR (June 2009). "Genetics of antimicrobial resistance in Staphylococcus aureus". Future Microbiology. 4 (5): 565–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2217%2Ffmb.09.30">10.2217/fmb.09.30</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19492967">19492967</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Genetics+of+antimicrobial+resistance+in+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E565-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2009-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2217%2Ffmb.09.30&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19492967&rft.aulast=Jensen&rft.aufirst=SO&rft.au=Lyon%2C+BR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChambers2001" class="citation journal cs1">Chambers HF (February 2001). "Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Mechanisms of resistance and implications for treatment". Postgraduate Medicine. 109 (2 Suppl): 43–50. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3810%2Fpgm.02.2001.suppl12.65">10.3810/pgm.02.2001.suppl12.65</a> (inactive 1 November 2024). <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19667557">19667557</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Postgraduate+Medicine&rft.atitle=Methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus.+Mechanisms+of+resistance+and+implications+for+treatment&rft.volume=109&rft.issue=2+Suppl&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E43-%3C%2Fspan%3E50&rft.date=2001-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3810%2Fpgm.02.2001.suppl12.65&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19667557&rft.aulast=Chambers&rft.aufirst=HF&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024 (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-lowy1-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-lowy1_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowy1_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowy1_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowy1_43-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowy1_43-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowy1_43-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowy1_43-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowy1_43-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-lowy1_43-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLowy2003" class="citation journal cs1">Lowy FD (May 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC154455">"Antimicrobial resistance: the example of Staphylococcus aureus"</a>. The Journal of Clinical Investigation. 111 (9): 1265–73. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1172%2FJCI18535">10.1172/JCI18535</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC154455">154455</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12727914">12727914</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Clinical+Investigation&rft.atitle=Antimicrobial+resistance%3A+the+example+of+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=111&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1265-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2003-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC154455%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12727914&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1172%2FJCI18535&rft.aulast=Lowy&rft.aufirst=FD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC154455&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-monaco1-44">^ <a href="#cite_ref-monaco1_44-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monaco1_44-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monaco1_44-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monaco1_44-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monaco1_44-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-monaco1_44-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPantostiSanchiniMonaco2007" class="citation journal cs1">Pantosti A, Sanchini A, Monaco M (June 2007). "Mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus". Future Microbiology. 2 (3): 323–34. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2217%2F17460913.2.3.323">10.2217/17460913.2.3.323</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17661706">17661706</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Future+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Mechanisms+of+antibiotic+resistance+in+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=2&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E323-%3C%2Fspan%3E34&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2217%2F17460913.2.3.323&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17661706&rft.aulast=Pantosti&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Sanchini%2C+A&rft.au=Monaco%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaitoSaitoNaganoIkuo2011" class="citation journal cs1">Kaito C, Saito Y, Nagano G, Ikuo M, Omae Y, Hanada Y, et al. (February 2011). Cheung A (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033363">"Transcription and translation products of the cytolysin gene psm-mec on the mobile genetic element SCCmec regulate Staphylococcus aureus virulence"</a>. PLOS Pathogens. 7 (2): e1001267. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1001267">10.1371/journal.ppat.1001267</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3033363">3033363</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21304931">21304931</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=PLOS+Pathogens&rft.atitle=Transcription+and+translation+products+of+the+cytolysin+gene+psm-mec+on+the+mobile+genetic+element+SCCmec+regulate+Staphylococcus+aureus+virulence&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=e1001267&rft.date=2011-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3033363%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21304931&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.ppat.1001267&rft.aulast=Kaito&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Saito%2C+Y&rft.au=Nagano%2C+G&rft.au=Ikuo%2C+M&rft.au=Omae%2C+Y&rft.au=Hanada%2C+Y&rft.au=Han%2C+X&rft.au=Kuwahara-Arai%2C+K&rft.au=Hishinuma%2C+T&rft.au=Baba%2C+T&rft.au=Ito%2C+T&rft.au=Hiramatsu%2C+K&rft.au=Sekimizu%2C+K&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3033363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCheungVillaruzJooDuong2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cheung GY, Villaruz AE, Joo HS, Duong AC, Yeh AJ, Nguyen TH, et al. (July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4087065">"Genome-wide analysis of the regulatory function mediated by the small regulatory psm-mec RNA of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus"</a>. International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 304 (5–6): 637–44. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijmm.2014.04.008">10.1016/j.ijmm.2014.04.008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4087065">4087065</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24877726">24877726</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Medical+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Genome-wide+analysis+of+the+regulatory+function+mediated+by+the+small+regulatory+psm-mec+RNA+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=304&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E637-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=2014-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4087065%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24877726&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijmm.2014.04.008&rft.aulast=Cheung&rft.aufirst=GY&rft.au=Villaruz%2C+AE&rft.au=Joo%2C+HS&rft.au=Duong%2C+AC&rft.au=Yeh%2C+AJ&rft.au=Nguyen%2C+TH&rft.au=Sturdevant%2C+DE&rft.au=Queck%2C+SY&rft.au=Otto%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4087065&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEnrightRobinsonRandleFeil2002" class="citation journal cs1">Enright MC, Robinson DA, Randle G, Feil EJ, Grundmann H, Spratt BG (May 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC124322">"The evolutionary history of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 99 (11): 7687–92. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2002PNAS...99.7687E">2002PNAS...99.7687E</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.122108599">10.1073/pnas.122108599</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC124322">124322</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12032344">12032344</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=The+evolutionary+history+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29&rft.volume=99&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E7687-%3C%2Fspan%3E92&rft.date=2002-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC124322%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12032344&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.122108599&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2002PNAS...99.7687E&rft.aulast=Enright&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Robinson%2C+DA&rft.au=Randle%2C+G&rft.au=Feil%2C+EJ&rft.au=Grundmann%2C+H&rft.au=Spratt%2C+BG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC124322&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWude_LencastreTomasz2001" class="citation journal cs1">Wu SW, de Lencastre H, Tomasz A (April 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC95156">"Recruitment of the mecA gene homologue of Staphylococcus sciuri into a resistance determinant and expression of the resistant phenotype in Staphylococcus aureus"</a>. Journal of Bacteriology. 183 (8): 2417–24. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJB.183.8.2417-2424.2001">10.1128/JB.183.8.2417-2424.2001</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC95156">95156</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11274099">11274099</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Recruitment+of+the+mecA+gene+homologue+of+Staphylococcus+sciuri+into+a+resistance+determinant+and+expression+of+the+resistant+phenotype+in+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=183&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2417-%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.date=2001-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC95156%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11274099&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJB.183.8.2417-2424.2001&rft.aulast=Wu&rft.aufirst=SW&rft.au=de+Lencastre%2C+H&rft.au=Tomasz%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC95156&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-kuo1-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-kuo1_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuo1_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-kuo1_49-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuoChiangLeeChen2012" class="citation journal cs1">Kuo SC, Chiang MC, Lee WS, Chen LY, Wu HS, Yu KW, et al. (January 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ir.nhri.org.tw/bitstream/3990099045/6059/1/SCP80053518786.pdf">"Comparison of microbiological and clinical characteristics based on SCCmec typing in patients with community-onset meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) bacteraemia"</a> (PDF). International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 39 (1): 22–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijantimicag.2011.08.014">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.08.014</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21982834">21982834</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Agents&rft.atitle=Comparison+of+microbiological+and+clinical+characteristics+based+on+SCCmec+typing+in+patients+with+community-onset+meticillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29+bacteraemia&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E22-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2012-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijantimicag.2011.08.014&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21982834&rft.aulast=Kuo&rft.aufirst=SC&rft.au=Chiang%2C+MC&rft.au=Lee%2C+WS&rft.au=Chen%2C+LY&rft.au=Wu%2C+HS&rft.au=Yu%2C+KW&rft.au=Fung%2C+CP&rft.au=Wang%2C+FD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fir.nhri.org.tw%2Fbitstream%2F3990099045%2F6059%2F1%2FSCP80053518786.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_50-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollinsRudkinReckerPozzi2010" class="citation journal cs1">Collins J, Rudkin J, Recker M, Pozzi C, O'Gara JP, Massey RC (April 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fismej.2009.151">"Offsetting virulence and antibiotic resistance costs by MRSA"</a>. The ISME Journal. 4 (4): 577–84. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010ISMEJ...4..577C">2010ISMEJ...4..577C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fismej.2009.151">10.1038/ismej.2009.151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20072161">20072161</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38231565">38231565</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+ISME+Journal&rft.atitle=Offsetting+virulence+and+antibiotic+resistance+costs+by+MRSA&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E577-%3C%2Fspan%3E84&rft.date=2010-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fismej.2009.151&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38231565%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20072161&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010ISMEJ...4..577C&rft.aulast=Collins&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Rudkin%2C+J&rft.au=Recker%2C+M&rft.au=Pozzi%2C+C&rft.au=O%27Gara%2C+JP&rft.au=Massey%2C+RC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252Fismej.2009.151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Sahebnasagh R, Saderi H, Owlia P. Detection of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains from clinical samples in Tehran by detection of the mecA and nuc genes. The First Iranian International Congress of Medical Bacteriology; 4–7 September; Tabriz, Iran. 2011. 195 pp. </li> <li id="cite_note-berger-bachi-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-berger-bachi_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-berger-bachi_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBerger-Bächi1999" class="citation journal cs1">Berger-Bächi B (November 1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130212050521/http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00018/bibs/90569-10/90560764.htm">"Genetic basis of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus"</a>. Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences. 56 (9–10): 764–70. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs000180050023">10.1007/s000180050023</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11146767">11146767</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11212336">11212336</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:40019841">40019841</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://link.springer.de/link/service/journals/00018/bibs/90569-10/90560764.htm">the original</a> on 2013-02-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cellular+and+Molecular+Life+Sciences&rft.atitle=Genetic+basis+of+methicillin+resistance+in+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E764-%3C%2Fspan%3E70&rft.date=1999-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11146767%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A40019841%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11212336&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs000180050023&rft.aulast=Berger-B%C3%A4chi&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flink.springer.de%2Flink%2Fservice%2Fjournals%2F00018%2Fbibs%2F90569-10%2F90560764.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PMID17409207-53"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID17409207_53-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGoeringMcDougalFosheimBonnstetter2007" class="citation journal cs1">Goering RV, McDougal LK, Fosheim GE, Bonnstetter KK, Wolter DJ, Tenover FC (June 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1933090">"Epidemiologic distribution of the arginine catabolic mobile element among selected methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus isolates"</a>. Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 45 (6): 1981–1984. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FJCM.00273-07">10.1128/JCM.00273-07</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1933090">1933090</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17409207">17409207</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Clinical+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Epidemiologic+distribution+of+the+arginine+catabolic+mobile+element+among+selected+methicillin-resistant+and+methicillin-susceptible+Staphylococcus+aureus+isolates&rft.volume=45&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1981-%3C%2Fspan%3E1984&rft.date=2007-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1933090%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17409207&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FJCM.00273-07&rft.aulast=Goering&rft.aufirst=RV&rft.au=McDougal%2C+LK&rft.au=Fosheim%2C+GE&rft.au=Bonnstetter%2C+KK&rft.au=Wolter%2C+DJ&rft.au=Tenover%2C+FC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1933090&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoshiSpontakKlapperRichardson2011" class="citation journal cs1">Joshi GS, Spontak JS, Klapper DG, Richardson AR (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183340">"Arginine catabolic mobile element encoded speG abrogates the unique hypersensitivity of Staphylococcus aureus to exogenous polyamines"</a>. Molecular Microbiology. 82 (1). Wiley: 9–20. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2011.07809.x">10.1111/j.1365-2958.2011.07809.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3183340">3183340</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21902734">21902734</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Molecular+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Arginine+catabolic+mobile+element+encoded+speG+abrogates+the+unique+hypersensitivity+of+Staphylococcus+aureus+to+exogenous+polyamines&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E20&rft.date=2011-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3183340%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21902734&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1365-2958.2011.07809.x&rft.aulast=Joshi&rft.aufirst=GS&rft.au=Spontak%2C+JS&rft.au=Klapper%2C+DG&rft.au=Richardson%2C+AR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3183340&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GordonLowy2008-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GordonLowy2008_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GordonLowy2008_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GordonLowy2008_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GordonLowy2008_55-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GordonLowy2008_55-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GordonLowy2008_55-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonLowy2008" class="citation journal cs1">Gordon RJ, Lowy FD (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2474459">"Pathogenesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 46 (Suppl 5): S350–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F533591">10.1086/533591</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2474459">2474459</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18462090">18462090</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Pathogenesis+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+infection&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=Suppl+5&rft.pages=S350-9&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2474459%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18462090&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F533591&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=RJ&rft.au=Lowy%2C+FD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2474459&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-JAntimicrobChemother2001-Johnson-56"><a href="#cite_ref-JAntimicrobChemother2001-Johnson_56-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonAuckenCavendishGanner2001" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson AP, Aucken HM, Cavendish S, Ganner M, Wale MC, Warner M, et al. (July 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2F48.1.143">"Dominance of EMRSA-15 and -16 among MRSA causing nosocomial bacteraemia in the UK: analysis of isolates from the European Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance System (EARSS)"</a>. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 48 (1): 143–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2F48.1.143">10.1093/jac/48.1.143</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11418528">11418528</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Dominance+of+EMRSA-15+and+-16+among+MRSA+causing+nosocomial+bacteraemia+in+the+UK%3A+analysis+of+isolates+from+the+European+Antimicrobial+Resistance+Surveillance+System+%28EARSS%29&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E143-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjac%2F48.1.143&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11418528&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=AP&rft.au=Aucken%2C+HM&rft.au=Cavendish%2C+S&rft.au=Ganner%2C+M&rft.au=Wale%2C+MC&rft.au=Warner%2C+M&rft.au=Livermore%2C+DM&rft.au=Cookson%2C+BD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjac%252F48.1.143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-diep2006-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-diep2006_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-diep2006_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiepCarletonChangSensabaugh2006" class="citation journal cs1">Diep BA, Carleton HA, Chang RF, Sensabaugh GF, Perdreau-Remington F (June 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F503777">"Roles of 34 virulence genes in the evolution of hospital- and community-associated strains of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus"</a>. The Journal of Infectious Diseases. 193 (11): 1495–503. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F503777">10.1086/503777</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16652276">16652276</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Roles+of+34+virulence+genes+in+the+evolution+of+hospital-+and+community-associated+strains+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=193&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1495-%3C%2Fspan%3E503&rft.date=2006-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F503777&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16652276&rft.aulast=Diep&rft.aufirst=BA&rft.au=Carleton%2C+HA&rft.au=Chang%2C+RF&rft.au=Sensabaugh%2C+GF&rft.au=Perdreau-Remington%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F503777&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-StefaniChung2012-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-StefaniChung2012_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-StefaniChung2012_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStefaniChungLindsayFriedrich2012" class="citation journal cs1">Stefani S, Chung DR, Lindsay JA, Friedrich AW, Kearns AM, Westh H, et al. (April 2012). "Meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA): global epidemiology and harmonisation of typing methods". International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 39 (4): 273–82. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijantimicag.2011.09.030">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.030</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22230333">22230333</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Agents&rft.atitle=Meticillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29%3A+global+epidemiology+and+harmonisation+of+typing+methods&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E273-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2012-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijantimicag.2011.09.030&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22230333&rft.aulast=Stefani&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Chung%2C+DR&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+JA&rft.au=Friedrich%2C+AW&rft.au=Kearns%2C+AM&rft.au=Westh%2C+H&rft.au=Mackenzie%2C+FM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-calfee2011-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-calfee2011_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-calfee2011_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-calfee2011_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-calfee2011_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-calfee2011_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-calfee2011_59-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCalfee2011" class="citation journal cs1">Calfee DP (2011). "The epidemiology, treatment, and prevention of transmission of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". Journal of Infusion Nursing. 34 (6): 359–64. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2FNAN.0b013e31823061d6">10.1097/NAN.0b013e31823061d6</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22101629">22101629</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:11490852">11490852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Infusion+Nursing&rft.atitle=The+epidemiology%2C+treatment%2C+and+prevention+of+transmission+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E359-%3C%2Fspan%3E64&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A11490852%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22101629&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2FNAN.0b013e31823061d6&rft.aulast=Calfee&rft.aufirst=DP&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-daum2007-60"><a href="#cite_ref-daum2007_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaum2007" class="citation journal cs1">Daum RS (July 2007). "Clinical practice. Skin and soft-tissue infections caused by methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus". The New England Journal of Medicine. 357 (4): 380–90. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1056%2FNEJMcp070747">10.1056/NEJMcp070747</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17652653">17652653</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+England+Journal+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=Clinical+practice.+Skin+and+soft-tissue+infections+caused+by+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=357&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E380-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2007-07&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1056%2FNEJMcp070747&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17652653&rft.aulast=Daum&rft.aufirst=RS&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWangBraughtonKretschmerBach2007" class="citation journal cs1">Wang R, Braughton KR, Kretschmer D, Bach TH, Queck SY, Li M, et al. (December 2007). "Identification of novel cytolytic peptides as key virulence determinants for community-associated MRSA". Nature Medicine. 13 (12): 1510–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnm1656">10.1038/nm1656</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17994102">17994102</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:8465052">8465052</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature+Medicine&rft.atitle=Identification+of+novel+cytolytic+peptides+as+key+virulence+determinants+for+community-associated+MRSA&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1510-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2007-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A8465052%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17994102&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnm1656&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Braughton%2C+KR&rft.au=Kretschmer%2C+D&rft.au=Bach%2C+TH&rft.au=Queck%2C+SY&rft.au=Li%2C+M&rft.au=Kennedy%2C+AD&rft.au=Dorward%2C+DW&rft.au=Klebanoff%2C+SJ&rft.au=Peschel%2C+A&rft.au=DeLeo%2C+FR&rft.au=Otto%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTristanBesMeugnierLina2007" class="citation journal cs1">Tristan A, Bes M, Meugnier H, Lina G, Bozdogan B, Courvalin P, et al. (April 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2725977">"Global distribution of Panton-Valentine leukocidin--positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2006"</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 13 (4): 594–600. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1304.061316">10.3201/eid1304.061316</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2725977">2725977</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17553275">17553275</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Global+distribution+of+Panton-Valentine+leukocidin--positive+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus%2C+2006&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E594-%3C%2Fspan%3E600&rft.date=2007-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2725977%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17553275&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1304.061316&rft.aulast=Tristan&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Bes%2C+M&rft.au=Meugnier%2C+H&rft.au=Lina%2C+G&rft.au=Bozdogan%2C+B&rft.au=Courvalin%2C+P&rft.au=Reverdy%2C+ME&rft.au=Enright%2C+MC&rft.au=Vandenesch%2C+F&rft.au=Etienne%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2725977&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GouldDavid2012-63"><a href="#cite_ref-GouldDavid2012_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGouldDavidEspositoGarau2012" class="citation journal cs1">Gould IM, David MZ, Esposito S, Garau J, Lina G, Mazzei T, et al. (February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zenodo.org/record/3443333">"New insights into meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) pathogenesis, treatment and resistance"</a>. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents. 39 (2): 96–104. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijantimicag.2011.09.028">10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2011.09.028</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/22196394">22196394</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Agents&rft.atitle=New+insights+into+meticillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29+pathogenesis%2C+treatment+and+resistance&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E96-%3C%2Fspan%3E104&rft.date=2012-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijantimicag.2011.09.028&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F22196394&rft.aulast=Gould&rft.aufirst=IM&rft.au=David%2C+MZ&rft.au=Esposito%2C+S&rft.au=Garau%2C+J&rft.au=Lina%2C+G&rft.au=Mazzei%2C+T&rft.au=Peters%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzenodo.org%2Frecord%2F3443333&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18976551-64"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18976551_64-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidRudolphHennessyBoyle-Vavra2008" class="citation journal cs1">David MZ, Rudolph KM, Hennessy TW, Boyle-Vavra S, Daum RS (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630737">"Molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, rural southwestern Alaska"</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 14 (11): 1693–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1411.080381">10.3201/eid1411.080381</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2630737">2630737</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18976551">18976551</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Molecular+epidemiology+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus%2C+rural+southwestern+Alaska&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1693-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2630737%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18976551&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1411.080381&rft.aulast=David&rft.aufirst=MZ&rft.au=Rudolph%2C+KM&rft.au=Hennessy%2C+TW&rft.au=Boyle-Vavra%2C+S&rft.au=Daum%2C+RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2630737&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPanel_on_Biological_Hazards2009" class="citation journal cs1">Panel on Biological Hazards (16 June 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2009.301r">"Joint scientific report of ECDC, EFSA and EMEA on meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in livestock, companion animals and food"</a>. EFSA Journal. 7 (6). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2009.301r">10.2903/j.efsa.2009.301r</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=EFSA+Journal&rft.atitle=Joint+scientific+report+of+ECDC%2C+EFSA+and+EMEA+on+meticillin+resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29+in+livestock%2C+companion+animals+and+food.&rft.volume=7&rft.issue=6&rft.date=2009-06-16&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2903%2Fj.efsa.2009.301r&rft.au=Panel+on+Biological+Hazards&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.2903%252Fj.efsa.2009.301r&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GravelandDuim2011-66"><a href="#cite_ref-GravelandDuim2011_66-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGravelandDuimvan_DuijkerenHeederik2011" class="citation journal cs1">Graveland H, Duim B, van Duijkeren E, Heederik D, Wagenaar JA (December 2011). "Livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in animals and humans". International Journal of Medical Microbiology. 301 (8): 630–4. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijmm.2011.09.004">10.1016/j.ijmm.2011.09.004</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1874%2F407042">1874/407042</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21983338">21983338</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:381926">381926</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Medical+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Livestock-associated+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+in+animals+and+humans&rft.volume=301&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E630-%3C%2Fspan%3E4&rft.date=2011-12&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1874%2F407042&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A381926%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21983338&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijmm.2011.09.004&rft.aulast=Graveland&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Duim%2C+B&rft.au=van+Duijkeren%2C+E&rft.au=Heederik%2C+D&rft.au=Wagenaar%2C+JA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FrancoisP-67"><a href="#cite_ref-FrancoisP_67-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrancoisSchrenzel2008" class="citation book cs1">Francois P, Schrenzel J (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/staph">"Rapid Diagnosis and Typing of Staphylococcus aureus"</a>. Staphylococcus: Molecular Genetics. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-29-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-29-5"><bdi>978-1-904455-29-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Rapid+Diagnosis+and+Typing+of+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.btitle=Staphylococcus%3A+Molecular+Genetics&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-29-5&rft.aulast=Francois&rft.aufirst=P&rft.au=Schrenzel%2C+J&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Fstaph&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackay-68"><a href="#cite_ref-Mackay_68-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMackay2007" class="citation book cs1">Mackay IM, ed. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.horizonpress.com/rtmic">Real-Time PCR in Microbiology: From Diagnosis to Characterization</a>. Caister Academic Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-18-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-904455-18-9"><bdi>978-1-904455-18-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Real-Time+PCR+in+Microbiology%3A+From+Diagnosis+to+Characterization&rft.pub=Caister+Academic+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-904455-18-9&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.horizonpress.com%2Frtmic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hardy-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Hardy_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSeiken" class="citation web cs1">Seiken D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090310034548/http://www.hardydiagnostics.com/catalog2/hugo/MRSALatexTest.htm">"MRSA latex test for PBP2"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hardydiagnostics.com/catalog2/hugo/MRSALatexTest.htm">the original</a> on 2009-03-10. Retrieved 2009-01-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MRSA+latex+test+for+PBP2&rft.aulast=Seiken&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hardydiagnostics.com%2Fcatalog2%2Fhugo%2FMRSALatexTest.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray-70">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_70-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_70-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Murray_70-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2007" class="citation book cs1">Murray P (2007). Manual of clinical microbiology. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/ASM_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="ASM Press">ASM Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-371-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55581-371-0"><bdi>978-1-55581-371-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+clinical+microbiology&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=ASM+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-55581-371-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTacconelliDe_Angelisde_WaureCataldo2009" class="citation journal cs1">Tacconelli E, De Angelis G, de Waure C, Cataldo MA, La Torre G, Cauda R (September 2009). "Rapid screening tests for meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus at hospital admission: systematic review and meta-analysis". The Lancet. Infectious Diseases. 9 (9): 546–54. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2809%2970150-1">10.1016/S1473-3099(09)70150-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19695491">19695491</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Lancet.+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Rapid+screening+tests+for+meticillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+at+hospital+admission%3A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E546-%3C%2Fspan%3E54&rft.date=2009-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS1473-3099%2809%2970150-1&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19695491&rft.aulast=Tacconelli&rft.aufirst=E&rft.au=De+Angelis%2C+G&rft.au=de+Waure%2C+C&rft.au=Cataldo%2C+MA&rft.au=La+Torre%2C+G&rft.au=Cauda%2C+R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Healthcare Settings. (2019, February 28). Retrieved March 19, 2021, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/healthcare/index.html">https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/healthcare/index.html</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCaughey" class="citation web cs1">McCaughey B. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070711030535/http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/Patients/ridbooklet.pdf">"Unnecessary Deaths: The Human and Financial Costs of Hospital Infections"</a> (PDF) (2nd ed.). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tufts.edu/med/apua/Patients/ridbooklet.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on July 11, 2007. Retrieved 2007-08-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Unnecessary+Deaths%3A+The+Human+and+Financial+Costs+of+Hospital+Infections&rft.edition=2nd&rft.aulast=McCaughey&rft.aufirst=B&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tufts.edu%2Fmed%2Fapua%2FPatients%2Fridbooklet.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/infectioncontrol/guidelines/mdro/index.html">"Personal Prevention of MRSA Skin Infections"</a>. CDC. 9 August 2010. Retrieved 25 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Personal+Prevention+of+MRSA+Skin+Infections&rft.pub=CDC&rft.date=2010-08-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Finfectioncontrol%2Fguidelines%2Fmdro%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-NIOSH_MRSA-75">^ <a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_MRSA_75-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_MRSA_75-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-NIOSH_MRSA_75-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/mrsa/">"NIOSH MRSA and the Workplace"</a>. United States National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. Retrieved 2017-05-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NIOSH+MRSA+and+the+Workplace&rft.pub=United+States+National+Institute+for+Occupational+Safety+and+Health&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fniosh%2Ftopics%2Fmrsa%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-cdc.gov-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-cdc.gov_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-cdc.gov_76-1">b</a> Strategies to Prevent Hospital-onset Staphylococcus aureus Bloodstream Infections in Acute Care Facilities. (2019, December 16). Retrieved March 19, 2021, from <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.cdc.gov/hai/prevent/staph-prevention-strategies.html#anchor_1565005744">https://www.cdc.gov/hai/prevent/staph-prevention-strategies.html#anchor_1565005744</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CDC1998-77"><a href="#cite_ref-CDC1998_77-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCDC1998" class="citation web cs1">CDC (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/gl_hcpersonnel.html">"Guidelines for Infection Control in Health Care Personnel, 1998"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. Retrieved December 18, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Guidelines+for+Infection+Control+in+Health+Care+Personnel%2C+1998&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=1998&rft.au=CDC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncidod%2Fdhqp%2Fgl_hcpersonnel.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ban2018-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Ban2018_78-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBanachBearmanBarndenHanrahan2018" class="citation journal cs1">Banach DB, Bearman G, Barnden M, Hanrahan JA, Leekha S, Morgan DJ, et al. (February 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fice.2017.245">"Duration of Contact Precautions for Acute-Care Settings"</a>. Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 39 (2): 127–144. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2Fice.2017.245">10.1017/ice.2017.245</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29321078">29321078</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+Control+and+Hospital+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=Duration+of+Contact+Precautions+for+Acute-Care+Settings&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E127-%3C%2Fspan%3E144&rft.date=2018-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2Fice.2017.245&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F29321078&rft.aulast=Banach&rft.aufirst=DB&rft.au=Bearman%2C+G&rft.au=Barnden%2C+M&rft.au=Hanrahan%2C+JA&rft.au=Leekha%2C+S&rft.au=Morgan%2C+DJ&rft.au=Murthy%2C+R&rft.au=Munoz-Price%2C+LS&rft.au=Sullivan%2C+KV&rft.au=Popovich%2C+KJ&rft.au=Wiemken%2C+TL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252Fice.2017.245&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-tpchd-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-tpchd_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tpchd_79-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-tpchd_79-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111027062639/http://www.tpchd.org/files/library/2357adf2a147d1aa.pdf">"Living With MRSA"</a> (PDF). Group Health Cooperative/Tacoma-Pierce County Health Dept./Washington State Dept. of Health. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tpchd.org/files/library/2357adf2a147d1aa.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 October 2011. Retrieved 20 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Living+With+MRSA&rft.pub=Group+Health+Cooperative%2FTacoma-Pierce+County+Health+Dept.%2FWashington+State+Dept.+of+Health&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tpchd.org%2Ffiles%2Flibrary%2F2357adf2a147d1aa.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooperMedleyStoneKibbler2004" class="citation journal cs1">Cooper BS, Medley GF, Stone SP, Kibbler CC, Cookson BD, Roberts JA, et al. (July 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC454191">"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in hospitals and the community: stealth dynamics and control catastrophes"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (27): 10223–8. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..10110223C">2004PNAS..10110223C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0401324101">10.1073/pnas.0401324101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC454191">454191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15220470">15220470</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+in+hospitals+and+the+community%3A+stealth+dynamics+and+control+catastrophes&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=27&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E10223-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2004-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC454191%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15220470&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0401324101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..10110223C&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=BS&rft.au=Medley%2C+GF&rft.au=Stone%2C+SP&rft.au=Kibbler%2C+CC&rft.au=Cookson%2C+BD&rft.au=Roberts%2C+JA&rft.au=Duckworth%2C+G&rft.au=Lai%2C+R&rft.au=Ebrahim%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC454191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-bootsma2006-81"><a href="#cite_ref-bootsma2006_81-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBootsmaDiekmannBonten2006" class="citation journal cs1">Bootsma MC, Diekmann O, Bonten MJ (April 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459403">"Controlling methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus: quantifying the effects of interventions and rapid diagnostic testing"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 103 (14): 5620–5. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2006PNAS..103.5620B">2006PNAS..103.5620B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0510077103">10.1073/pnas.0510077103</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1459403">1459403</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16565219">16565219</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Controlling+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus%3A+quantifying+the+effects+of+interventions+and+rapid+diagnostic+testing&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E5620-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=2006-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1459403%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16565219&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0510077103&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2006PNAS..103.5620B&rft.aulast=Bootsma&rft.aufirst=MC&rft.au=Diekmann%2C+O&rft.au=Bonten%2C+MJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1459403&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-NIH-82"><a href="#cite_ref-NIH_82-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110204185926/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004520/">"MRSA (Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_Medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of Medicine">National Library of Medicine</a>. <a href="/wiki/US_National_Institutes_of_Health" class="mw-redirect" title="US National Institutes of Health">US National Institutes of Health</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0004520/">the original</a> on 2011-02-04. Retrieved 20 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Library+of+Medicine&rft.atitle=MRSA+%28Methicillin-Resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpubmedhealth%2FPMH0004520%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShiNakaoYamazakiTsuboi2007" class="citation journal cs1">Shi CM, Nakao H, Yamazaki M, Tsuboi R, Ogawa H (November 2007). "Mixture of sugar and povidone-iodine stimulates healing of MRSA-infected skin ulcers on db/db mice". Archives of Dermatological Research. 299 (9): 449–56. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2Fs00403-007-0776-3">10.1007/s00403-007-0776-3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17680256">17680256</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:28807435">28807435</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Dermatological+Research&rft.atitle=Mixture+of+sugar+and+povidone-iodine+stimulates+healing+of+MRSA-infected+skin+ulcers+on+db%2Fdb+mice&rft.volume=299&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E449-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.date=2007-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A28807435%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17680256&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2Fs00403-007-0776-3&rft.aulast=Shi&rft.aufirst=CM&rft.au=Nakao%2C+H&rft.au=Yamazaki%2C+M&rft.au=Tsuboi%2C+R&rft.au=Ogawa%2C+H&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/1992/3004/contents/made">"The Workplace (Health, Safety and Welfare) Regulations 1992"</a>. <a href="/wiki/UK_legislation" class="mw-redirect" title="UK legislation">UK legislation</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>/<a href="/wiki/Her_Majesty%27s_Stationery_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Her Majesty's Stationery Office">Her Majesty's Stationery Office</a>. Retrieved January 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UK+legislation&rft.atitle=The+Workplace+%28Health%2C+Safety+and+Welfare%29+Regulations+1992&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.legislation.gov.uk%2Fuksi%2F1992%2F3004%2Fcontents%2Fmade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/localgovernment/publictoiletsresponse">"[ARCHIVED CONTENT] UK Government Web Archive – The National Archives"</a>. Archived from the original on 2012-09-19 – via Internet Memory Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%5BARCHIVED+CONTENT%5D+UK+Government+Web+Archive+%E2%80%93+The+National+Archives&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communities.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Flocalgovernment%2Fpublictoiletsresponse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20120919132719/http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/localgovernment/publictoiletsresponse">"Government Response to the Communities and Local Government Committee Report on the Provision of Public Toilets"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.communities.gov.uk/publications/localgovernment/publictoiletsresponse">the original</a> on 2012-09-19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Government+Response+to+the+Communities+and+Local+Government+Committee+Report+on+the+Provision+of+Public+Toilets&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.communities.gov.uk%2Fpublications%2Flocalgovernment%2Fpublictoiletsresponse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-GurusamyWilson2013-87">^ <a href="#cite_ref-GurusamyWilson2013_87-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-GurusamyWilson2013_87-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGurusamyKotiToonWilson2013" class="citation journal cs1">Gurusamy KS, Koti R, Toon CD, Wilson P, Davidson BR (November 2013). Gurusamy KS (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11299151">"Antibiotic therapy for the treatment of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in non surgical wounds"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (11): CD010427. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD010427">10.1002/14651858.CD010427</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11299151">11299151</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24242704">24242704</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antibiotic+therapy+for+the+treatment+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29+in+non+surgical+wounds&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=CD010427&rft.date=2013-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11299151%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24242704&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD010427&rft.aulast=Gurusamy&rft.aufirst=KS&rft.au=Koti%2C+R&rft.au=Toon%2C+CD&rft.au=Wilson%2C+P&rft.au=Davidson%2C+BR&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11299151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ChooChambers2016-88"><a href="#cite_ref-ChooChambers2016_88-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChooChambers2016" class="citation journal cs1">Choo EJ, Chambers HF (December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5204005">"Treatment of Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus Bacteremia"</a>. Infection & Chemotherapy. 48 (4): 267–273. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3947%2Fic.2016.48.4.267">10.3947/ic.2016.48.4.267</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5204005">5204005</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28032484">28032484</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+%26+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Treatment+of+Methicillin-Resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+Bacteremia&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E267-%3C%2Fspan%3E273&rft.date=2016-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5204005%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28032484&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3947%2Fic.2016.48.4.267&rft.aulast=Choo&rft.aufirst=EJ&rft.au=Chambers%2C+HF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5204005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-YueDong2016-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-YueDong2016_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YueDong2016_89-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YueDong2016_89-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-YueDong2016_89-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYueDongYangChen2016" class="citation journal cs1">Yue J, Dong BR, Yang M, Chen X, Wu T, Liu GJ (January 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10435313">"Linezolid versus vancomycin for skin and soft tissue infections"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2016 (1): CD008056. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD008056.pub3">10.1002/14651858.CD008056.pub3</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10435313">10435313</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26758498">26758498</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Linezolid+versus+vancomycin+for+skin+and+soft+tissue+infections&rft.volume=2016&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=CD008056&rft.date=2016-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10435313%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26758498&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD008056.pub3&rft.aulast=Yue&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Dong%2C+BR&rft.au=Yang%2C+M&rft.au=Chen%2C+X&rft.au=Wu%2C+T&rft.au=Liu%2C+GJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10435313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fda.gov/newsevents/newsroom/pressannouncements/ucm231594.htm">"FDA Approves Teflaro for Bacterial Infections"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Food_and_Drug_Administration" title="Food and Drug Administration">Food and Drug Administration</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Food+and+Drug+Administration&rft.atitle=FDA+Approves+Teflaro+for+Bacterial+Infections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fda.gov%2Fnewsevents%2Fnewsroom%2Fpressannouncements%2Fucm231594.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchentagHyattCarrPaladino1998" class="citation journal cs1">Schentag JJ, Hyatt JM, Carr JR, Paladino JA, Birmingham MC, Zimmer GS, et al. (May 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F520287">"Genesis of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), how treatment of MRSA infections has selected for vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium, and the importance of antibiotic management and infection control"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 26 (5): 1204–14. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F520287">10.1086/520287</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9597254">9597254</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Genesis+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29%2C+how+treatment+of+MRSA+infections+has+selected+for+vancomycin-resistant+Enterococcus+faecium%2C+and+the+importance+of+antibiotic+management+and+infection+control&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1204-%3C%2Fspan%3E14&rft.date=1998-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F520287&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9597254&rft.aulast=Schentag&rft.aufirst=JJ&rft.au=Hyatt%2C+JM&rft.au=Carr%2C+JR&rft.au=Paladino%2C+JA&rft.au=Birmingham%2C+MC&rft.au=Zimmer%2C+GS&rft.au=Cumbo%2C+TJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F520287&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRybakLernerLevineAlbrecht1991" class="citation journal cs1">Rybak MJ, Lerner SA, Levine DP, Albrecht LM, McNeil PL, Thompson GA, et al. (April 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC245081">"Teicoplanin pharmacokinetics in intravenous drug abusers being treated for bacterial endocarditis"</a>. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 35 (4): 696–700. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FAAC.35.4.696">10.1128/AAC.35.4.696</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC245081">245081</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1829880">1829880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antimicrobial+Agents+and+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Teicoplanin+pharmacokinetics+in+intravenous+drug+abusers+being+treated+for+bacterial+endocarditis&rft.volume=35&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E696-%3C%2Fspan%3E700&rft.date=1991-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC245081%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F1829880&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FAAC.35.4.696&rft.aulast=Rybak&rft.aufirst=MJ&rft.au=Lerner%2C+SA&rft.au=Levine%2C+DP&rft.au=Albrecht%2C+LM&rft.au=McNeil%2C+PL&rft.au=Thompson%2C+GA&rft.au=Kenny%2C+MT&rft.au=Yuh%2C+L&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC245081&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJanknegt1997" class="citation journal cs1">Janknegt R (June 1997). "The treatment of staphylococcal infections with special reference to pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamic and pharmacoeconomic considerations". Pharmacy World & Science. 19 (3): 133–41. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1008609718457">10.1023/A:1008609718457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9259029">9259029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:10413339">10413339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacy+World+%26+Science&rft.atitle=The+treatment+of+staphylococcal+infections+with+special+reference+to+pharmacokinetic%2C+pharmacodynamic+and+pharmacoeconomic+considerations&rft.volume=19&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E133-%3C%2Fspan%3E41&rft.date=1997-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A10413339%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9259029&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1008609718457&rft.aulast=Janknegt&rft.aufirst=R&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChangPeacockMusherTriplett2003" class="citation journal cs1">Chang FY, Peacock JE, Musher DM, Triplett P, MacDonald BB, Mylotte JM, et al. (September 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.md.0000091184.93122.09">"Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia: recurrence and the impact of antibiotic treatment in a prospective multicenter study"</a>. Medicine. 82 (5): 333–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1097%2F01.md.0000091184.93122.09">10.1097/01.md.0000091184.93122.09</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14530782">14530782</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:15917805">15917805</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Medicine&rft.atitle=Staphylococcus+aureus+bacteremia%3A+recurrence+and+the+impact+of+antibiotic+treatment+in+a+prospective+multicenter+study&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E333-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2003-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A15917805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14530782&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1097%2F01.md.0000091184.93122.09&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=FY&rft.au=Peacock%2C+JE&rft.au=Musher%2C+DM&rft.au=Triplett%2C+P&rft.au=MacDonald%2C+BB&rft.au=Mylotte%2C+JM&rft.au=O%27Donnell%2C+A&rft.au=Wagener%2C+MM&rft.au=Yu%2C+VL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1097%252F01.md.0000091184.93122.09&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSiegman-IgraReichOrni-WasserlaufSchwartz2005" class="citation journal cs1">Siegman-Igra Y, Reich P, Orni-Wasserlauf R, Schwartz D, Giladi M (2005). "The role of vancomycin in the persistence or recurrence of Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia". Scandinavian Journal of Infectious Diseases. 37 (8): 572–578. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F00365540510038488">10.1080/00365540510038488</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16138425">16138425</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:24390948">24390948</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scandinavian+Journal+of+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=The+role+of+vancomycin+in+the+persistence+or+recurrence+of+Staphylococcus+aureus+bacteraemia&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E572-%3C%2Fspan%3E578&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A24390948%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16138425&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F00365540510038488&rft.aulast=Siegman-Igra&rft.aufirst=Y&rft.au=Reich%2C+P&rft.au=Orni-Wasserlauf%2C+R&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+D&rft.au=Giladi%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSieradzkiTomasz1997" class="citation journal cs1">Sieradzki K, Tomasz A (April 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC179004">"Inhibition of cell wall turnover and autolysis by vancomycin in a highly vancomycin-resistant mutant of Staphylococcus aureus"</a>. Journal of Bacteriology. 179 (8): 2557–66. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2Fjb.179.8.2557-2566.1997">10.1128/jb.179.8.2557-2566.1997</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC179004">179004</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9098053">9098053</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Bacteriology&rft.atitle=Inhibition+of+cell+wall+turnover+and+autolysis+by+vancomycin+in+a+highly+vancomycin-resistant+mutant+of+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=179&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2557-%3C%2Fspan%3E66&rft.date=1997-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC179004%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F9098053&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2Fjb.179.8.2557-2566.1997&rft.aulast=Sieradzki&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Tomasz%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC179004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchito2006" class="citation journal cs1">Schito GC (March 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-0691.2006.01343.x">"The importance of the development of antibiotic resistance in Staphylococcus aureus"</a>. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. 12 (Suppl 1): 3–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1469-0691.2006.01343.x">10.1111/j.1469-0691.2006.01343.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16445718">16445718</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Microbiology+and+Infection&rft.atitle=The+importance+of+the+development+of+antibiotic+resistance+in+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=Suppl+1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E3-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1469-0691.2006.01343.x&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16445718&rft.aulast=Schito&rft.aufirst=GC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1111%252Fj.1469-0691.2006.01343.x&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBozdoganEselWhitenerBrowne2003" class="citation journal cs1">Bozdogan B, Esel D, Whitener C, Browne FA, Appelbaum PC (November 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkg457">"Antibacterial susceptibility of a vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strain isolated at the Hershey Medical Center"</a>. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 52 (5): 864–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkg457">10.1093/jac/dkg457</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14563898">14563898</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Antibacterial+susceptibility+of+a+vancomycin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+strain+isolated+at+the+Hershey+Medical+Center&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E864-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2003-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkg457&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14563898&rft.aulast=Bozdogan&rft.aufirst=B&rft.au=Esel%2C+D&rft.au=Whitener%2C+C&rft.au=Browne%2C+FA&rft.au=Appelbaum%2C+PC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjac%252Fdkg457&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFXiePierceJamesOkano2011" class="citation journal cs1">Xie J, Pierce JG, James RC, Okano A, Boger DL (September 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3164945">"A redesigned vancomycin engineered for dual D-Ala-D-ala And D-Ala-D-Lac binding exhibits potent antimicrobial activity against vancomycin-resistant bacteria"</a>. Journal of the American Chemical Society. 133 (35): 13946–9. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1021%2Fja207142h">10.1021/ja207142h</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3164945">3164945</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21823662">21823662</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+American+Chemical+Society&rft.atitle=A+redesigned+vancomycin+engineered+for+dual+D-Ala-D-ala+And+D-Ala-D-Lac+binding+exhibits+potent+antimicrobial+activity+against+vancomycin-resistant+bacteria&rft.volume=133&rft.issue=35&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E13946-%3C%2Fspan%3E9&rft.date=2011-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3164945%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F21823662&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1021%2Fja207142h&rft.aulast=Xie&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Pierce%2C+JG&rft.au=James%2C+RC&rft.au=Okano%2C+A&rft.au=Boger%2C+DL&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3164945&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMongkolrattanothaiBoyleKahanaDaum2003" class="citation journal cs1">Mongkolrattanothai K, Boyle S, Kahana MD, Daum RS (October 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F378277">"Severe Staphylococcus aureus infections caused by clonally related community-acquired methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant isolates"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 37 (8): 1050–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F378277">10.1086/378277</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14523769">14523769</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Severe+Staphylococcus+aureus+infections+caused+by+clonally+related+community-acquired+methicillin-susceptible+and+methicillin-resistant+isolates&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1050-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2003-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F378277&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14523769&rft.aulast=Mongkolrattanothai&rft.aufirst=K&rft.au=Boyle%2C+S&rft.au=Kahana%2C+MD&rft.au=Daum%2C+RS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F378277&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTsiodrasGoldSakoulasEliopoulos2001" class="citation journal cs1">Tsiodras S, Gold HS, Sakoulas G, Eliopoulos GM, Wennersten C, Venkataraman L, et al. (July 2001). "Linezolid resistance in a clinical isolate of Staphylococcus aureus". Lancet. 358 (9277): 207–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2801%2905410-1">10.1016/S0140-6736(01)05410-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/11476839">11476839</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:27426801">27426801</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Linezolid+resistance+in+a+clinical+isolate+of+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=358&rft.issue=9277&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E207-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2001-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A27426801%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F11476839&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2801%2905410-1&rft.aulast=Tsiodras&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Gold%2C+HS&rft.au=Sakoulas%2C+G&rft.au=Eliopoulos%2C+GM&rft.au=Wennersten%2C+C&rft.au=Venkataraman%2C+L&rft.au=Moellering%2C+RC&rft.au=Ferraro%2C+MJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHopeLivermoreBrickLillie2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hope R, Livermore DM, Brick G, Lillie M, Reynolds R (November 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jac.oxfordjournals.org/content/62/suppl_2/ii65.full.pdf">"Non-susceptibility trends among staphylococci from bacteraemias in the UK and Ireland, 2001-06"</a> (PDF). The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 62 (Suppl 2): ii65-74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkn353">10.1093/jac/dkn353</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18819981">18819981</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Non-susceptibility+trends+among+staphylococci+from+bacteraemias+in+the+UK+and+Ireland%2C+2001-06&rft.volume=62&rft.issue=Suppl+2&rft.pages=ii65-74&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkn353&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18819981&rft.aulast=Hope&rft.aufirst=R&rft.au=Livermore%2C+DM&rft.au=Brick%2C+G&rft.au=Lillie%2C+M&rft.au=Reynolds%2C+R&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjac.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F62%2Fsuppl_2%2Fii65.full.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MaselliKeyt2017-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MaselliKeyt2017_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MaselliKeyt2017_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaselliKeytRestrepo2017" class="citation journal cs1">Maselli DJ, Keyt H, Restrepo MI (May 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5454974">"Inhaled Antibiotic Therapy in Chronic Respiratory Diseases"</a>. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 18 (5): 1062. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390%2Fijms18051062">10.3390/ijms18051062</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5454974">5454974</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28509852">28509852</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Molecular+Sciences&rft.atitle=Inhaled+Antibiotic+Therapy+in+Chronic+Respiratory+Diseases&rft.volume=18&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1062&rft.date=2017-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5454974%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F28509852&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3390%2Fijms18051062&rft.aulast=Maselli&rft.aufirst=DJ&rft.au=Keyt%2C+H&rft.au=Restrepo%2C+MI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5454974&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLoebMainEadyWalker-Dilks2003" class="citation journal cs1">Loeb MB, Main C, Eady A, Walker-Dilks C, et al. (Cochrane Wounds Group) (2003-10-20). "Antimicrobial drugs for treating methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus colonization". The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (4): CD003340. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.CD003340">10.1002/14651858.CD003340</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14583969">14583969</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Antimicrobial+drugs+for+treating+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+colonization&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=CD003340&rft.date=2003-10-20&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.CD003340&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14583969&rft.aulast=Loeb&rft.aufirst=MB&rft.au=Main%2C+C&rft.au=Eady%2C+A&rft.au=Walker-Dilks%2C+C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071209022625/https://keepkidshealthy.com/welcome/infectionsguide/mrsa.html">"MRSA Infections"</a>. Keep Kids Healthy. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keepkidshealthy.com/welcome/infectionsguide/mrsa.html">the original</a> on December 9, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MRSA+Infections&rft.pub=Keep+Kids+Healthy&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.keepkidshealthy.com%2Fwelcome%2Finfectionsguide%2Fmrsa.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurrayIkutaShararaSwetschinski2022" class="citation journal cs1">Murray CJ, Ikuta KS, Sharara F, Swetschinski L, Robles Aguilar G, Gray A, et al. (Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators) (February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8841637">"Global burden of bacterial antimicrobial resistance in 2019: a systematic analysis"</a>. Lancet. 399 (10325): 629–655. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2821%2902724-0">10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8841637">8841637</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35065702">35065702</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lancet&rft.atitle=Global+burden+of+bacterial+antimicrobial+resistance+in+2019%3A+a+systematic+analysis&rft.volume=399&rft.issue=10325&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E629-%3C%2Fspan%3E655&rft.date=2022-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8841637%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F35065702&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0140-6736%2821%2902724-0&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=CJ&rft.au=Ikuta%2C+KS&rft.au=Sharara%2C+F&rft.au=Swetschinski%2C+L&rft.au=Robles+Aguilar%2C+G&rft.au=Gray%2C+A&rft.au=Han%2C+C&rft.au=Bisignano%2C+C&rft.au=Rao%2C+P&rft.au=Wool%2C+E&rft.au=Johnson%2C+SC&rft.au=Browne%2C+AJ&rft.au=Chipeta%2C+MG&rft.au=Fell%2C+F&rft.au=Hackett%2C+S&rft.au=Haines-Woodhouse%2C+G&rft.au=Kashef+Hamadani%2C+BH&rft.au=Kumaran%2C+EA&rft.au=McManigal%2C+B&rft.au=Achalapong%2C+S&rft.au=Agarwal%2C+R&rft.au=Akech%2C+S&rft.au=Albertson%2C+S&rft.au=Amuasi%2C+J&rft.au=Andrews%2C+J&rft.au=Aravkin%2C+A&rft.au=Ashley%2C+E&rft.au=Babin%2C+F&rft.au=Bailey%2C+F&rft.au=Baker%2C+S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC8841637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-107">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_107-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_107-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFritzGarbuttElwardShannon2008" class="citation journal cs1">Fritz SA, Garbutt J, Elward A, Shannon W, Storch GA (June 2008). "Prevalence of and risk factors for community-acquired methicillin-resistant and methicillin-sensitive staphylococcus aureus colonization in children seen in a practice-based research network". Pediatrics. 121 (6): 1090–8. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1542%2Fpeds.2007-2104">10.1542/peds.2007-2104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18519477">18519477</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:23112235">23112235</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pediatrics&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+and+risk+factors+for+community-acquired+methicillin-resistant+and+methicillin-sensitive+staphylococcus+aureus+colonization+in+children+seen+in+a+practice-based+research+network&rft.volume=121&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1090-%3C%2Fspan%3E8&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A23112235%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18519477&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1542%2Fpeds.2007-2104&rft.aulast=Fritz&rft.aufirst=SA&rft.au=Garbutt%2C+J&rft.au=Elward%2C+A&rft.au=Shannon%2C+W&rft.au=Storch%2C+GA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-klein2013-108"><a href="#cite_ref-klein2013_108-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKleinSunSmithLaxminarayan2013" class="citation journal cs1">Klein EY, Sun L, Smith DL, Laxminarayan R (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkws273">"The changing epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the United States: a national observational study"</a>. American Journal of Epidemiology. 177 (7): 666–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Faje%2Fkws273">10.1093/aje/kws273</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23449778">23449778</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=The+changing+epidemiology+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+in+the+United+States%3A+a+national+observational+study&rft.volume=177&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E666-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2013-04&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Faje%2Fkws273&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F23449778&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=EY&rft.au=Sun%2C+L&rft.au=Smith%2C+DL&rft.au=Laxminarayan%2C+R&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Faje%252Fkws273&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/drugresistance/threat-report-2013/">"Antibiotic Resistance Threats in the United States, 2013 – Antibiotic/Antimicrobial Resistance – CDC"</a>. 2019-05-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Antibiotic+Resistance+Threats+in+the+United+States%2C+2013+%E2%80%93+Antibiotic%2FAntimicrobial+Resistance+%E2%80%93+CDC&rft.date=2019-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fdrugresistance%2Fthreat-report-2013%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"><img alt="Public Domain" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates <a href="/wiki/Copyright_status_of_works_by_the_federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright status of works by the federal government of the United States">public domain material</a> from websites or documents of the <a href="/wiki/Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resistancemap.cddep.org/AntibioticResistance.php">"ResistanceMap – Antibiotic Resistance"</a>. resistancemap.cddep.org. Center for Disease Dynamics, Economics & Policy. 2017. Retrieved 27 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=resistancemap.cddep.org&rft.atitle=ResistanceMap+%E2%80%93+Antibiotic+Resistance&rft.date=2017&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresistancemap.cddep.org%2FAntibioticResistance.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> note: a search must be performed on the website; it is interactive and the statistics are based upon the most current information, </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlevensEdwardsRichardsHoran2007" class="citation journal cs1">Klevens RM, Edwards JR, Richards CL, Horan TC, Gaynes RP, Pollock DA, et al. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1820440">"Estimating health care-associated infections and deaths in U.S. hospitals, 2002"</a>. Public Health Reports. 122 (2): 160–6. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F003335490712200205">10.1177/003335490712200205</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1820440">1820440</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17357358">17357358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Public+Health+Reports&rft.atitle=Estimating+health+care-associated+infections+and+deaths+in+U.S.+hospitals%2C+2002&rft.volume=122&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E160-%3C%2Fspan%3E6&rft.date=2007&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1820440%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17357358&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F003335490712200205&rft.aulast=Klevens&rft.aufirst=RM&rft.au=Edwards%2C+JR&rft.au=Richards%2C+CL&rft.au=Horan%2C+TC&rft.au=Gaynes%2C+RP&rft.au=Pollock%2C+DA&rft.au=Cardo%2C+DM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1820440&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid18947320-112"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid18947320_112-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHidronEdwardsPatelHoran2008" class="citation journal cs1">Hidron AI, Edwards JR, Patel J, Horan TC, Sievert DM, Pollock DA, et al. (November 2008). "NHSN annual update: antimicrobial-resistant pathogens associated with healthcare-associated infections: annual summary of data reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2006–2007". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 29 (11): 996–1011. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F591861">10.1086/591861</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18947320">18947320</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205988392">205988392</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+Control+and+Hospital+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=NHSN+annual+update%3A+antimicrobial-resistant+pathogens+associated+with+healthcare-associated+infections%3A+annual+summary+of+data+reported+to+the+National+Healthcare+Safety+Network+at+the+Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention%2C+2006%E2%80%932007&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E996-%3C%2Fspan%3E1011&rft.date=2008-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205988392%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18947320&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F591861&rft.aulast=Hidron&rft.aufirst=AI&rft.au=Edwards%2C+JR&rft.au=Patel%2C+J&rft.au=Horan%2C+TC&rft.au=Sievert%2C+DM&rft.au=Pollock%2C+DA&rft.au=Fridkin%2C+SK&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnsonPearsonDuckworth2005" class="citation journal cs1">Johnson AP, Pearson A, Duckworth G (September 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdki266">"Surveillance and epidemiology of MRSA bacteraemia in the UK"</a>. The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 56 (3): 455–62. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdki266">10.1093/jac/dki266</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16046464">16046464</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Surveillance+and+epidemiology+of+MRSA+bacteraemia+in+the+UK&rft.volume=56&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E455-%3C%2Fspan%3E62&rft.date=2005-09&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdki266&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16046464&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=AP&rft.au=Pearson%2C+A&rft.au=Duckworth%2C+G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fjac%252Fdki266&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrahamLinLarson2006" class="citation journal cs1">Graham PL, Lin SX, Larson EL (March 2006). "A U.S. population-based survey of Staphylococcus aureus colonization". Annals of Internal Medicine. 144 (5): 318–25. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7326%2F0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00006">10.7326/0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00006</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16520472">16520472</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:38816447">38816447</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=A+U.S.+population-based+survey+of+Staphylococcus+aureus+colonization&rft.volume=144&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E318-%3C%2Fspan%3E25&rft.date=2006-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A38816447%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16520472&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.7326%2F0003-4819-144-5-200603070-00006&rft.aulast=Graham&rft.aufirst=PL&rft.au=Lin%2C+SX&rft.au=Larson%2C+EL&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJerniganArnoldHeilpernKainer2006" class="citation conference cs1">Jernigan JA, Arnold K, Heilpern K, Kainer M, Woods C, Hughes JM (2006-05-12). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/EID/vol12no11/06-0911.htm">"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as community pathogen"</a>. Symposium on Community-Associated Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (Atlanta, Georgia, U.S.). Cited in Emerg Infect Dis. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Retrieved 2007-01-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=conference&rft.atitle=Methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+as+community+pathogen&rft.btitle=Symposium+on+Community-Associated+Methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28Atlanta%2C+Georgia%2C+U.S.%29.+Cited+in+Emerg+Infect+Dis&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2006-05-12&rft.aulast=Jernigan&rft.aufirst=JA&rft.au=Arnold%2C+K&rft.au=Heilpern%2C+K&rft.au=Kainer%2C+M&rft.au=Woods%2C+C&rft.au=Hughes%2C+JM&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncidod%2FEID%2Fvol12no11%2F06-0911.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Feuer2024-116"><a href="#cite_ref-Feuer2024_116-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeuerFrenzerMerleLeistner2024" class="citation journal cs1">Feuer L, Frenzer SK, Merle R, Leistner R, Bäumer W, Bethe A, et al. (2024-07-15). "Prevalence of MRSA in canine and feline clinical samples from one-third of veterinary practices in Germany from 2019-2021". The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. 79 (9): –225. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkae225">10.1093/jac/dkae225</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1460-2091">1460-2091</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39007221">39007221</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Antimicrobial+Chemotherapy&rft.atitle=Prevalence+of+MRSA+in+canine+and+feline+clinical+samples+from+one-third+of+veterinary+practices+in+Germany+from+2019-2021&rft.volume=79&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=-225&rft.date=2024-07-15&rft.issn=1460-2091&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39007221&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fjac%2Fdkae225&rft.aulast=Feuer&rft.aufirst=Leonie&rft.au=Frenzer%2C+Stefanie+Katharina&rft.au=Merle%2C+Roswitha&rft.au=Leistner%2C+Rasmus&rft.au=B%C3%A4umer%2C+Wolfgang&rft.au=Bethe%2C+Astrid&rft.au=L%C3%BCbke-Becker%2C+Antina&rft.au=Klein%2C+Babette&rft.au=Bartel%2C+Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGenathHackmannDenkelWeber2024" class="citation journal cs1">Genath A, Hackmann C, Denkel L, Weber A, Maechler F, Kola A, et al. (2024-09-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11416027">"The genetic relationship between human and pet isolates: a core genome multilocus sequence analysis of multidrug-resistant bacteria"</a>. Antimicrobial Resistance & Infection Control. 13 (1): 107. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13756-024-01457-7">10.1186/s13756-024-01457-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2047-2994">2047-2994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11416027">11416027</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39304920">39304920</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antimicrobial+Resistance+%26+Infection+Control&rft.atitle=The+genetic+relationship+between+human+and+pet+isolates%3A+a+core+genome+multilocus+sequence+analysis+of+multidrug-resistant+bacteria&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=107&rft.date=2024-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11416027%23id-name%3DPMC&rft.issn=2047-2994&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F39304920&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1186%2Fs13756-024-01457-7&rft.aulast=Genath&rft.aufirst=Antonia&rft.au=Hackmann%2C+Carolin&rft.au=Denkel%2C+Luisa&rft.au=Weber%2C+Anna&rft.au=Maechler%2C+Friederike&rft.au=Kola%2C+Axel&rft.au=Schwarz%2C+Stefan&rft.au=Gastmeier%2C+Petra&rft.au=Leistner%2C+Rasmus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC11416027&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVossLoeffenBakkerKlaassen2005" class="citation journal cs1">Voss A, Loeffen F, Bakker J, Klaassen C, Wulf M (December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367632">"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in pig farming"</a>. Emerging Infectious Diseases. 11 (12): 1965–1966. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3201%2Feid1112.050428">10.3201/eid1112.050428</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3367632">3367632</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16485492">16485492</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Emerging+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=Methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+in+pig+farming&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1965-%3C%2Fspan%3E1966&rft.date=2005-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367632%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16485492&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3201%2Feid1112.050428&rft.aulast=Voss&rft.aufirst=A&rft.au=Loeffen%2C+F&rft.au=Bakker%2C+J&rft.au=Klaassen%2C+C&rft.au=Wulf%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC3367632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209095638/http://mrsa-research-center.bsd.uchicago.edu/JAMA_02_25_1998_issue.pdf">"Community-acquired MRSA in Children with no predisposing risk"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mrsa-research-center.bsd.uchicago.edu/JAMA_02_25_1998_issue.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2017-12-09. Retrieved 2012-04-24.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Community-acquired+MRSA+in+Children+with+no+predisposing+risk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmrsa-research-center.bsd.uchicago.edu%2FJAMA_02_25_1998_issue.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHoldenFeilLindsayPeacock2004" class="citation journal cs1">Holden MT, Feil EJ, Lindsay JA, Peacock SJ, Day NP, Enright MC, et al. (June 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC470752">"Complete genomes of two clinical Staphylococcus aureus strains: evidence for the rapid evolution of virulence and drug resistance"</a>. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 101 (26): 9786–91. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004PNAS..101.9786H">2004PNAS..101.9786H</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1073%2Fpnas.0402521101">10.1073/pnas.0402521101</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC470752">470752</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15213324">15213324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Proceedings+of+the+National+Academy+of+Sciences+of+the+United+States+of+America&rft.atitle=Complete+genomes+of+two+clinical+Staphylococcus+aureus+strains%3A+evidence+for+the+rapid+evolution+of+virulence+and+drug+resistance&rft.volume=101&rft.issue=26&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9786-%3C%2Fspan%3E91&rft.date=2004-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC470752%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15213324&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1073%2Fpnas.0402521101&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2004PNAS..101.9786H&rft.aulast=Holden&rft.aufirst=MT&rft.au=Feil%2C+EJ&rft.au=Lindsay%2C+JA&rft.au=Peacock%2C+SJ&rft.au=Day%2C+NP&rft.au=Enright%2C+MC&rft.au=Foster%2C+TJ&rft.au=Moore%2C+CE&rft.au=Hurst%2C+L&rft.au=Atkin%2C+R&rft.au=Barron%2C+A&rft.au=Bason%2C+N&rft.au=Bentley%2C+SD&rft.au=Chillingworth%2C+C&rft.au=Chillingworth%2C+T&rft.au=Churcher%2C+C&rft.au=Clark%2C+L&rft.au=Corton%2C+C&rft.au=Cronin%2C+A&rft.au=Doggett%2C+J&rft.au=Dowd%2C+L&rft.au=Feltwell%2C+T&rft.au=Hance%2C+Z&rft.au=Harris%2C+B&rft.au=Hauser%2C+H&rft.au=Holroyd%2C+S&rft.au=Jagels%2C+K&rft.au=James%2C+KD&rft.au=Lennard%2C+N&rft.au=Line%2C+A&rft.au=Mayes%2C+R&rft.au=Moule%2C+S&rft.au=Mungall%2C+K&rft.au=Ormond%2C+D&rft.au=Quail%2C+MA&rft.au=Rabbinowitsch%2C+E&rft.au=Rutherford%2C+K&rft.au=Sanders%2C+M&rft.au=Sharp%2C+S&rft.au=Simmonds%2C+M&rft.au=Stevens%2C+K&rft.au=Whitehead%2C+S&rft.au=Barrell%2C+BG&rft.au=Spratt%2C+BG&rft.au=Parkhill%2C+J&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC470752&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlotVandewoudeHosteColardyn2002" class="citation journal cs1">Blot SI, Vandewoude KH, Hoste EA, Colardyn FA (October 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.162.19.2229">"Outcome and attributable mortality in critically Ill patients with bacteremia involving methicillin-susceptible and methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus"</a>. Archives of Internal Medicine. 162 (19): 2229–35. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.162.19.2229">10.1001/archinte.162.19.2229</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12390067">12390067</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=Outcome+and+attributable+mortality+in+critically+Ill+patients+with+bacteremia+involving+methicillin-susceptible+and+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=162&rft.issue=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E2229-%3C%2Fspan%3E35&rft.date=2002-10&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchinte.162.19.2229&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F12390067&rft.aulast=Blot&rft.aufirst=SI&rft.au=Vandewoude%2C+KH&rft.au=Hoste%2C+EA&rft.au=Colardyn%2C+FA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Farchinte.162.19.2229&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiuGraberKarrDiep2008" class="citation journal cs1">Liu C, Graber CJ, Karr M, Diep BA, Basuino L, Schwartz BS, et al. (June 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F587893">"A population-based study of the incidence and molecular epidemiology of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in San Francisco, 2004–2005"</a>. Clinical Infectious Diseases. 46 (11): 1637–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F587893">10.1086/587893</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18433335">18433335</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Clinical+Infectious+Diseases&rft.atitle=A+population-based+study+of+the+incidence+and+molecular+epidemiology+of+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+disease+in+San+Francisco%2C+2004%E2%80%932005&rft.volume=46&rft.issue=11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1637-%3C%2Fspan%3E46&rft.date=2008-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F587893&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18433335&rft.aulast=Liu&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Graber%2C+CJ&rft.au=Karr%2C+M&rft.au=Diep%2C+BA&rft.au=Basuino%2C+L&rft.au=Schwartz%2C+BS&rft.au=Enright%2C+MC&rft.au=O%27Hanlon%2C+SJ&rft.au=Thomas%2C+JC&rft.au=Perdreau-Remington%2C+F&rft.au=Gordon%2C+S&rft.au=Gunthorpe%2C+H&rft.au=Jacobs%2C+R&rft.au=Jensen%2C+P&rft.au=Leoung%2C+G&rft.au=Rumack%2C+JS&rft.au=Chambers%2C+HF&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1086%252F587893&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNoskinRubinSchentagKluytmans2005" class="citation journal cs1">Noskin GA, Rubin RJ, Schentag JJ, Kluytmans J, Hedblom EC, Smulders M, et al. (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.165.15.1756">"The burden of Staphylococcus aureus infections on hospitals in the United States: an analysis of the 2000 and 2001 Nationwide Inpatient Sample Database"</a>. Archives of Internal Medicine. 165 (15): 1756–61. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1001%2Farchinte.165.15.1756">10.1001/archinte.165.15.1756</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16087824">16087824</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Internal+Medicine&rft.atitle=The+burden+of+Staphylococcus+aureus+infections+on+hospitals+in+the+United+States%3A+an+analysis+of+the+2000+and+2001+Nationwide+Inpatient+Sample+Database&rft.volume=165&rft.issue=15&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1756-%3C%2Fspan%3E61&rft.date=2005&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1001%2Farchinte.165.15.1756&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16087824&rft.aulast=Noskin&rft.aufirst=GA&rft.au=Rubin%2C+RJ&rft.au=Schentag%2C+JJ&rft.au=Kluytmans%2C+J&rft.au=Hedblom%2C+EC&rft.au=Smulders%2C+M&rft.au=Lapetina%2C+E&rft.au=Gemmen%2C+E&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1001%252Farchinte.165.15.1756&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCosgroveQiKayeHarbarth2005" class="citation journal cs1">Cosgrove SE, Qi Y, Kaye KS, Harbarth S, Karchmer AW, Carmeli Y (February 2005). "The impact of methicillin resistance in Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia on patient outcomes: mortality, length of stay, and hospital charges". Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology. 26 (2): 166–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1086%2F502522">10.1086/502522</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15756888">15756888</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:22553908">22553908</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Infection+Control+and+Hospital+Epidemiology&rft.atitle=The+impact+of+methicillin+resistance+in+Staphylococcus+aureus+bacteremia+on+patient+outcomes%3A+mortality%2C+length+of+stay%2C+and+hospital+charges&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E166-%3C%2Fspan%3E74&rft.date=2005-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A22553908%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F15756888&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1086%2F502522&rft.aulast=Cosgrove&rft.aufirst=SE&rft.au=Qi%2C+Y&rft.au=Kaye%2C+KS&rft.au=Harbarth%2C+S&rft.au=Karchmer%2C+AW&rft.au=Carmeli%2C+Y&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHardyHawkeyGaoOppenheim2004" class="citation journal cs1">Hardy KJ, Hawkey PM, Gao F, Oppenheim BA (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbja%2Faeh008">"Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus in the critically ill"</a>. British Journal of Anaesthesia. 92 (1): 121–30. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fbja%2Faeh008">10.1093/bja/aeh008</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/14665563">14665563</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=British+Journal+of+Anaesthesia&rft.atitle=Methicillin+resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+in+the+critically+ill&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E121-%3C%2Fspan%3E30&rft.date=2004-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Fbja%2Faeh008&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F14665563&rft.aulast=Hardy&rft.aufirst=KJ&rft.au=Hawkey%2C+PM&rft.au=Gao%2C+F&rft.au=Oppenheim%2C+BA&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1093%252Fbja%252Faeh008&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyllieCrookPeto2006" class="citation journal cs1">Wyllie DH, Crook DW, Peto TE (August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1526943">"Mortality after Staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia in two hospitals in Oxfordshire, 1997–2003: cohort study"</a>. BMJ. 333 (7562): 281. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1136%2Fbmj.38834.421713.2F">10.1136/bmj.38834.421713.2F</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1526943">1526943</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16798756">16798756</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BMJ&rft.atitle=Mortality+after+Staphylococcus+aureus+bacteraemia+in+two+hospitals+in+Oxfordshire%2C+1997%E2%80%932003%3A+cohort+study&rft.volume=333&rft.issue=7562&rft.pages=281&rft.date=2006-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1526943%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16798756&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1136%2Fbmj.38834.421713.2F&rft.aulast=Wyllie&rft.aufirst=DH&rft.au=Crook%2C+DW&rft.au=Peto%2C+TE&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1526943&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/dhqp/pdf/ar/mdroGuideline2006.pdf">"Healthcare-associated infections—HAI—CDC"</a> (PDF). cdc.gov. 2019-06-03.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cdc.gov&rft.atitle=Healthcare-associated+infections%E2%80%94HAI%E2%80%94CDC&rft.date=2019-06-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fncidod%2Fdhqp%2Fpdf%2Far%2FmdroGuideline2006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mrsa-surveillance-128">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mrsa-surveillance_128-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mrsa-surveillance_128-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/statistics/MRSA-Surveillance-Summary.html">"MRSA Surveillance"</a>. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. April 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MRSA+Surveillance&rft.pub=Centers+for+Disease+Control+and+Prevention&rft.date=2011-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cdc.gov%2Fmrsa%2Fstatistics%2FMRSA-Surveillance-Summary.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-EHCI2015-129">^ <a href="#cite_ref-EHCI2015_129-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-EHCI2015_129-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170606082345/http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/files/EHCI_2015/EHCI_2015_report.pdf">"Outcomes in EHCI 2015"</a> (PDF). Health Consumer Powerhouse. 26 January 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.healthpowerhouse.com/files/EHCI_2015/EHCI_2015_report.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 6 June 2017. Retrieved 27 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Outcomes+in+EHCI+2015&rft.date=2016-01-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.healthpowerhouse.com%2Ffiles%2FEHCI_2015%2FEHCI_2015_report.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarrisonRobertsGabrilskaRumbaugh2015" class="citation journal cs1">Harrison F, Roberts AE, Gabrilska R, Rumbaugh KP, Lee C, Diggle SP (August 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542191">"A 1,000-Year-Old Antimicrobial Remedy with Antistaphylococcal Activity"</a>. mBio. 6 (4): e01129. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FmBio.01129-15">10.1128/mBio.01129-15</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4542191">4542191</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26265721">26265721</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mBio&rft.atitle=A+1%2C000-Year-Old+Antimicrobial+Remedy+with+Antistaphylococcal+Activity&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=e01129&rft.date=2015-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4542191%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26265721&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FmBio.01129-15&rft.aulast=Harrison&rft.aufirst=F&rft.au=Roberts%2C+AE&rft.au=Gabrilska%2C+R&rft.au=Rumbaugh%2C+KP&rft.au=Lee%2C+C&rft.au=Diggle%2C+SP&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4542191&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnonyeNwekeFurner-PardoeGabrilska2020" class="citation journal cs1">Anonye BO, Nweke V, Furner-Pardoe J, Gabrilska R, Rafiq A, Ukachukwu F, et al. (October 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7562736">"The safety profile of Bald's eyesalve for the treatment of bacterial infections"</a>. Scientific Reports. 10 (1): 17513. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2020NatSR..1017513A">2020NatSR..1017513A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-020-74242-2">10.1038/s41598-020-74242-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7562736">7562736</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33060666">33060666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=The+safety+profile+of+Bald%27s+eyesalve+for+the+treatment+of+bacterial+infections&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=17513&rft.date=2020-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7562736%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33060666&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-020-74242-2&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2020NatSR..1017513A&rft.aulast=Anonye&rft.aufirst=BO&rft.au=Nweke%2C+V&rft.au=Furner-Pardoe%2C+J&rft.au=Gabrilska%2C+R&rft.au=Rafiq%2C+A&rft.au=Ukachukwu%2C+F&rft.au=Bruce%2C+J&rft.au=Lee%2C+C&rft.au=Unnikrishnan%2C+M&rft.au=Rumbaugh%2C+KP&rft.au=Snyder%2C+LA&rft.au=Harrison%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7562736&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-132"><a href="#cite_ref-132">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThompsonSmith-Spark2015" class="citation web cs1">Thompson N, Smith-Spark L (31 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://edition.cnn.com/2015/03/31/health/anglo-saxon-potion-mrsa/index.html">"Thousand-year-old Anglo-Saxon potion kills MRSA superbug"</a>. CNN News. CNN/Time Warner. Retrieved 1 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN+News&rft.atitle=Thousand-year-old+Anglo-Saxon+potion+kills+MRSA+superbug&rft.date=2015-03-31&rft.aulast=Thompson&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=Smith-Spark%2C+L&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fedition.cnn.com%2F2015%2F03%2F31%2Fhealth%2Fanglo-saxon-potion-mrsa%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tampabay.com/sports/football/bucs/bucs-carl-nicks-lawrence-tynes-have-mrsa-infections/2137793/">"Bucs' Nicks, Tynes have MRSA infections"</a>. Tampa Bay Times. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tampa+Bay+Times&rft.atitle=Bucs%27+Nicks%2C+Tynes+have+MRSA+infections&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tampabay.com%2Fsports%2Ffootball%2Fbucs%2Fbucs-carl-nicks-lawrence-tynes-have-mrsa-infections%2F2137793%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2015" class="citation web cs1">Cohen E (12 October 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnn.com/2015/10/12/health/mrsa-bacteria/index.html">"MRSA: The tiny bacteria that can tackle giants"</a>. CNN. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=MRSA%3A+The+tiny+bacteria+that+can+tackle+giants&rft.date=2015-10-12&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=E&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2015%2F10%2F12%2Fhealth%2Fmrsa-bacteria%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBiddleCush" class="citation news cs1">Biddle S, Cush A. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://gizmodo.com/this-australian-says-he-and-his-dead-friend-invented-bi-1746958692">"This Australian Says He and His Dead Friend Invented Bitcoin"</a>. Gizmodo. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Gizmodo&rft.atitle=This+Australian+Says+He+and+His+Dead+Friend+Invented+Bitcoin&rft.aulast=Biddle&rft.aufirst=S&rft.au=Cush%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgizmodo.com%2Fthis-australian-says-he-and-his-dead-friend-invented-bi-1746958692&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-136"><a href="#cite_ref-:2_136-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinghJohnsonSchlettElassal2016" class="citation journal cs1">Singh J, Johnson RC, Schlett CD, Elassal EM, Crawford KB, Mor D, et al. (2016-10-26). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5064451">"Multi-Body-Site Microbiome and Culture Profiling of Military Trainees Suffering from Skin and Soft Tissue Infections at Fort Benning, Georgia"</a>. mSphere. 1 (5): e00232–16. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1128%2FmSphere.00232-16">10.1128/mSphere.00232-16</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5064451">5064451</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27747300">27747300</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=mSphere&rft.atitle=Multi-Body-Site+Microbiome+and+Culture+Profiling+of+Military+Trainees+Suffering+from+Skin+and+Soft+Tissue+Infections+at+Fort+Benning%2C+Georgia&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=e00232-16&rft.date=2016-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5064451%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F27747300&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1128%2FmSphere.00232-16&rft.aulast=Singh&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Johnson%2C+RC&rft.au=Schlett%2C+CD&rft.au=Elassal%2C+EM&rft.au=Crawford%2C+KB&rft.au=Mor%2C+D&rft.au=Lanier%2C+JB&rft.au=Law%2C+NN&rft.au=Walters%2C+WA&rft.au=Teneza-Mora%2C+N&rft.au=Bennett%2C+JW&rft.au=Hall%2C+ER&rft.au=Millar%2C+EV&rft.au=Ellis%2C+MW&rft.au=Merrell%2C+DS&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC5064451&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-137"><a href="#cite_ref-137">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aboutlawsuits.com/hospital-infection-lawsuits-are-on-the-rise-1914/">"Hospital Infection Lawsuits are on the Rise – AboutLawsuits.com"</a>. www.aboutlawsuits.com. 2 December 2008. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.aboutlawsuits.com&rft.atitle=Hospital+Infection+Lawsuits+are+on+the+Rise+%E2%80%93+AboutLawsuits.com&rft.date=2008-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aboutlawsuits.com%2Fhospital-infection-lawsuits-are-on-the-rise-1914%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLemire2007" class="citation web cs1">Lemire J (November 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nydailynews.com/news/mrsa-superbug-doctor-named-misdiagnosis-lawsuits-article-1.259477">"Doc who treated superbug vic was sued before"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_News" title="New York Daily News">New York Daily News</a>. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+News&rft.atitle=Doc+who+treated+superbug+vic+was+sued+before&rft.date=2007-11&rft.aulast=Lemire&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nydailynews.com%2Fnews%2Fmrsa-superbug-doctor-named-misdiagnosis-lawsuits-article-1.259477&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2010/03/23/124999740/mrsa-the-drug-resistant-superbug-that-wont-die">"MRSA: The Drug-Resistant 'Superbug' That Won't Die"</a>. NPR.org. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR.org&rft.atitle=MRSA%3A+The+Drug-Resistant+%27Superbug%27+That+Won%27t+Die&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2010%2F03%2F23%2F124999740%2Fmrsa-the-drug-resistant-superbug-that-wont-die&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0771556/?ref_=fn_al_tt_1">""Should I Worry About...?" MRSA (TV Episode 2004)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IMDb" title="IMDb">IMDb</a>. 23 September 2004. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=IMDb&rft.atitle=%22Should+I+Worry+About...%3F%22+MRSA+%28TV+Episode+2004%29&rft.date=2004-09-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imdb.com%2Ftitle%2Ftt0771556%2F%3Fref_%3Dfn_al_tt_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKenna" class="citation magazine cs1">McKenna M. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/2015/02/resistance-release/">"Resistance: The Movie That Will Make You Care About Antibiotic Misuse"</a>. Wired. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=Resistance%3A+The+Movie+That+Will+Make+You+Care+About+Antibiotic+Misuse&rft.aulast=McKenna&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2F2015%2F02%2Fresistance-release%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.digitalspy.com/tv/line-of-duty/feature/a805973/line-of-duty-series-4-release-date-cast-and-everything-you-need-to-know-as-it-moves-to-bbc-one/">"Line of Duty series 4: Everything you need to know"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digital_Spy" title="Digital Spy">Digital Spy</a>. 24 April 2017. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Digital+Spy&rft.atitle=Line+of+Duty+series+4%3A+Everything+you+need+to+know&rft.date=2017-04-24&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.digitalspy.com%2Ftv%2Fline-of-duty%2Ffeature%2Fa805973%2Fline-of-duty-series-4-release-date-cast-and-everything-you-need-to-know-as-it-moves-to-bbc-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/superbugfatalmen0000mcke">Superbug: The Fatal Menace of MRSA</a>. Free Press. 1 February 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-5728-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4165-5728-9"><bdi>978-1-4165-5728-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Superbug%3A+The+Fatal+Menace+of+MRSA&rft.pub=Free+Press&rft.date=2011-02-01&rft.isbn=978-1-4165-5728-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsuperbugfatalmen0000mcke&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/juliet-gellatley/facing-the-future-of-anti_b_10927382.html">"Facing the Future of Antibiotic Resistance – The Change Starts Here"</a>. HuffPost UK. 18 July 2016. Retrieved 3 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HuffPost+UK&rft.atitle=Facing+the+Future+of+Antibiotic+Resistance+%E2%80%93+The+Change+Starts+Here&rft.date=2016-07-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.huffingtonpost.co.uk%2Fjuliet-gellatley%2Ffacing-the-future-of-anti_b_10927382.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CrandallLingbeck2015-145"><a href="#cite_ref-CrandallLingbeck2015_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLingbeckO'BryanMartinAdams2015" class="citation journal cs1">Lingbeck JM, O'Bryan CA, Martin EM, Adams JP, Crandall PG (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4441155">"Sweetgum: An ancient source of beneficial compounds with modern benefits"</a>. Pharmacognosy Reviews. 9 (17): 1–11. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4103%2F0973-7847.156307">10.4103/0973-7847.156307</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4441155">4441155</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26009686">26009686</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pharmacognosy+Reviews&rft.atitle=Sweetgum%3A+An+ancient+source+of+beneficial+compounds+with+modern+benefits&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=17&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E11&rft.date=2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4441155%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26009686&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4103%2F0973-7847.156307&rft.aulast=Lingbeck&rft.aufirst=JM&rft.au=O%27Bryan%2C+CA&rft.au=Martin%2C+EM&rft.au=Adams%2C+JP&rft.au=Crandall%2C+PG&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4441155&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReardon2014" class="citation journal cs1">Reardon S (June 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F510015a">"Phage therapy gets revitalized"</a>. Nature. 510 (7503): 15–16. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014Natur.510...15R">2014Natur.510...15R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2F510015a">10.1038/510015a</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24899282">24899282</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:205081324">205081324</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=Phage+therapy+gets+revitalized&rft.volume=510&rft.issue=7503&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E16&rft.date=2014-06&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2F510015a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A205081324%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F24899282&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2014Natur.510...15R&rft.aulast=Reardon&rft.aufirst=S&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1038%252F510015a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobson" class="citation web cs1">Robson D. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/future/story/20161115-the-viruses-that-may-save-humanity">"The viruses that may save humanity"</a>. Retrieved 2018-09-25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+viruses+that+may+save+humanity&rft.aulast=Robson&rft.aufirst=D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Ffuture%2Fstory%2F20161115-the-viruses-that-may-save-humanity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvan_den_BiggelaarWalburgvan_den_Eedenvan_Doorn2024" class="citation journal cs1">van den Biggelaar RH, Walburg KV, van den Eeden SJ, van Doorn CL, Meiler E, de Ries AS, et al. (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10999543">"Identification of kinase modulators as host-directed therapeutics against intracellular methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus"</a>. Frontiers in Cellular and Infection Microbiology. 14: 1367938. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffcimb.2024.1367938">10.3389/fcimb.2024.1367938</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10999543">10999543</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38590439">38590439</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Cellular+and+Infection+Microbiology&rft.atitle=Identification+of+kinase+modulators+as+host-directed+therapeutics+against+intracellular+methicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=1367938&rft.date=2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10999543%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F38590439&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffcimb.2024.1367938&rft.aulast=van+den+Biggelaar&rft.aufirst=RH&rft.au=Walburg%2C+KV&rft.au=van+den+Eeden%2C+SJ&rft.au=van+Doorn%2C+CL&rft.au=Meiler%2C+E&rft.au=de+Ries%2C+AS&rft.au=Meijer%2C+AH&rft.au=Ottenhoff%2C+TH&rft.au=Saris%2C+A&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC10999543&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBravo-SantanoStöltingCooperBileckaja2019" class="citation journal cs1">Bravo-Santano N, Stölting H, Cooper F, Bileckaja N, Majstorovic A, Ihle N, et al. (March 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6425000">"Host-directed kinase inhibitors act as novel therapies against intracellular Staphylococcus aureus"</a>. Scientific Reports. 9 (1): 4876. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2019NatSR...9.4876B">2019NatSR...9.4876B</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fs41598-019-41260-8">10.1038/s41598-019-41260-8</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6425000">6425000</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30890742">30890742</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scientific+Reports&rft.atitle=Host-directed+kinase+inhibitors+act+as+novel+therapies+against+intracellular+Staphylococcus+aureus&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=4876&rft.date=2019-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6425000%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F30890742&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fs41598-019-41260-8&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2019NatSR...9.4876B&rft.aulast=Bravo-Santano&rft.aufirst=N&rft.au=St%C3%B6lting%2C+H&rft.au=Cooper%2C+F&rft.au=Bileckaja%2C+N&rft.au=Majstorovic%2C+A&rft.au=Ihle%2C+N&rft.au=Mateos%2C+LM&rft.au=Calle%2C+Y&rft.au=Behrends%2C+V&rft.au=Letek%2C+M&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC6425000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheperWubboltsVerhagende_Visser2021" class="citation journal cs1">Scheper H, Wubbolts JM, Verhagen JA, de Visser AW, van der Wal RJ, Visser LG, et al. (2021-01-29). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7879538">"SAAP-148 Eradicates MRSA Persisters Within Mature Biofilm Models Simulating Prosthetic Joint Infection"</a>. Frontiers in Microbiology. 12: 625952. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3389%2Ffmicb.2021.625952">10.3389/fmicb.2021.625952</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/1887%2F3196064">1887/3196064</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7879538">7879538</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33584628">33584628</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Frontiers+in+Microbiology&rft.atitle=SAAP-148+Eradicates+MRSA+Persisters+Within+Mature+Biofilm+Models+Simulating+Prosthetic+Joint+Infection&rft.volume=12&rft.pages=625952&rft.date=2021-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7879538%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F33584628&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F1887%2F3196064&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3389%2Ffmicb.2021.625952&rft.aulast=Scheper&rft.aufirst=H&rft.au=Wubbolts%2C+JM&rft.au=Verhagen%2C+JA&rft.au=de+Visser%2C+AW&rft.au=van+der+Wal%2C+RJ&rft.au=Visser%2C+LG&rft.au=de+Boer%2C+MG&rft.au=Nibbering%2C+PH&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7879538&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLópez-AlcaldeMateos-MazónGuevaraConterno2015" class="citation journal cs1">López-Alcalde J, Mateos-Mazón M, Guevara M, Conterno LO, Solà I, Cabir Nunes S, et al. (July 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7026606">"Gloves, gowns and masks for reducing the transmission of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in the hospital setting"</a>. The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2015 (7): CD007087. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2F14651858.cd007087.pub2">10.1002/14651858.cd007087.pub2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7026606">7026606</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26184396">26184396</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cochrane+Database+of+Systematic+Reviews&rft.atitle=Gloves%2C+gowns+and+masks+for+reducing+the+transmission+of+meticillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus+%28MRSA%29+in+the+hospital+setting&rft.volume=2015&rft.issue=7&rft.pages=CD007087&rft.date=2015-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7026606%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F26184396&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2F14651858.cd007087.pub2&rft.aulast=L%C3%B3pez-Alcalde&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Mateos-Maz%C3%B3n%2C+M&rft.au=Guevara%2C+M&rft.au=Conterno%2C+LO&rft.au=Sol%C3%A0%2C+I&rft.au=Cabir+Nunes%2C+S&rft.au=Bonfill+Cosp%2C+X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC7026606&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMethicillin-resistant+Staphylococcus+aureus" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus">MRSA</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/mrsa/">The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a> information, prevention, statistics, at risk groups, causes, educational resources, and environmental factors.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/mrsa/">National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health</a> information on the bacteria, exposure in the workplace, and reducing risks of being infected.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="*_Bacillota_(low-G+C)_Infectious_diseases_*_Bacterial_diseases:_G+" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Gram-positive_firmicutes_diseases" title="Template:Gram-positive firmicutes diseases"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Gram-positive_firmicutes_diseases" title="Template talk:Gram-positive firmicutes diseases"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-positive_firmicutes_diseases" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Gram-positive firmicutes diseases"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="*_Bacillota_(low-G+C)_Infectious_diseases_*_Bacterial_diseases:_G+" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillota" title="Bacillota">Bacillota</a> (low-<a href="/wiki/GC-content" title="GC-content">G+C</a>) <a href="/wiki/Infection" title="Infection">Infectious diseases</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathogenic_bacteria" title="Pathogenic bacteria">Bacterial diseases</a>: <a href="/wiki/Gram-positive_bacterial_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Gram-positive bacterial infection">G+</a></li></ul> </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacilli" title="Bacilli">Bacilli</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lactobacillales" class="mw-redirect" title="Lactobacillales">Lactobacillales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">Cat-</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus" title="Streptococcus">Streptococcus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alpha-hemolytic_streptococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpha-hemolytic streptococci">α</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Optochin" title="Optochin">optochin</a> susceptible</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pneumoniae" title="Streptococcus pneumoniae">S. pneumoniae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pneumococcal_infection" title="Pneumococcal infection">Pneumococcal infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">optochin resistant</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Viridans_streptococci" title="Viridans streptococci">Viridans streptococci</a>: <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mitis" title="Streptococcus mitis">S. mitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_mutans" title="Streptococcus mutans">S. mutans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_oralis" title="Streptococcus oralis">S. oralis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_sanguinis" title="Streptococcus sanguinis">S. sanguinis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_sobrinus" title="Streptococcus sobrinus">S. sobrinus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_anginosus_group" title="Streptococcus anginosus group">S. anginosus group</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Beta-hemolytic_streptococci" class="mw-redirect" title="Beta-hemolytic streptococci">β</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">A</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacitracin" title="Bacitracin">bacitracin</a> susceptible: <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_pyogenes" title="Streptococcus pyogenes">S. pyogenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_A_streptococcal_infection" title="Group A streptococcal infection">Group A streptococcal infection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcal_pharyngitis" title="Streptococcal pharyngitis">Streptococcal pharyngitis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_fever" title="Scarlet fever">Scarlet fever</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erysipelas" title="Erysipelas">Erysipelas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rheumatic_fever" title="Rheumatic fever">Rheumatic fever</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">B</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>bacitracin resistant, <a href="/wiki/CAMP_test" title="CAMP test">CAMP test</a>+: <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_agalactiae" title="Streptococcus agalactiae">S. agalactiae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Group_B_streptococcal_infection" title="Group B streptococcal infection">Group B streptococcal infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">ungrouped</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_iniae" title="Streptococcus iniae">Streptococcus iniae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cutaneous_Streptococcus_iniae_infection" title="Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection">Cutaneous Streptococcus iniae infection</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Hemolysis_(microbiology)#Gamma" title="Hemolysis (microbiology)">γ</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Streptococcus#Group_D_(enterococci)_*variable_in_hemolysis" title="Streptococcus">D</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bile_esculin_agar" title="Bile esculin agar">BEA</a>+: <a href="/wiki/Streptococcus_bovis" title="Streptococcus bovis">Streptococcus bovis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus" title="Enterococcus">Enterococcus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bile_esculin_agar" title="Bile esculin agar">BEA</a>+: <a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecalis" title="Enterococcus faecalis">Enterococcus faecalis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Urinary_tract_infection" title="Urinary tract infection">Urinary tract infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterococcus_faecium" title="Enterococcus faecium">Enterococcus faecium</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacillales" title="Bacillales">Bacillales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Catalase" title="Catalase">Cat+</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_infection" title="Staphylococcal infection">Staphylococcus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coagulase" title="Coagulase">Cg+</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_aureus" title="Staphylococcus aureus">S. aureus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcal_scalded_skin_syndrome" title="Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome">Staphylococcal scalded skin syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toxic_shock_syndrome" title="Toxic shock syndrome">Toxic shock syndrome</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">MRSA</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coagulase" title="Coagulase">Cg-</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Novobiocin" title="Novobiocin">novobiocin</a> susceptible <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_epidermidis" title="Staphylococcus epidermidis">S. epidermidis</a></li></ul></li> <li>novobiocin resistant <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Staphylococcus_saprophyticus" title="Staphylococcus saprophyticus">S. saprophyticus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bacillus" title="Bacillus">Bacillus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_anthracis" title="Bacillus anthracis">Bacillus anthracis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthrax" title="Anthrax">Anthrax</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacillus_cereus" title="Bacillus cereus">Bacillus cereus</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foodborne_illness" title="Foodborne illness">Food poisoning</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Listeria" title="Listeria">Listeria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Listeria_monocytogenes" title="Listeria monocytogenes">Listeria monocytogenes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Listeriosis" title="Listeriosis">Listeriosis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clostridia" title="Clostridia">Clostridia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clostridium" title="Clostridium">Clostridium</a> (<a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spore</a>-forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">motile:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_botulinum" title="Clostridium botulinum">Clostridium botulinum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botulism" title="Botulism">Botulism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_tetani" title="Clostridium tetani">Clostridium tetani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tetanus" title="Tetanus">Tetanus</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">nonmotile:</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridium_perfringens" title="Clostridium perfringens">Clostridium perfringens</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gas_gangrene" title="Gas gangrene">Gas gangrene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clostridial_necrotizing_enteritis" title="Clostridial necrotizing enteritis">Clostridial necrotizing enteritis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides" title="Clostridioides">Clostridioides</a> (<a href="/wiki/Endospore" title="Endospore">spore</a>-forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clostridioides_difficile" title="Clostridioides difficile">Clostridioides difficile</a> [Clostridium difficile] <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pseudomembranous_colitis" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudomembranous colitis">Pseudomembranous colitis</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Finegoldia" title="Finegoldia">Finegoldia</a> (non-spore forming)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Finegoldia" title="Finegoldia">Finegoldia magna</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mollicutes" title="Mollicutes">Mollicutes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasmataceae" title="Mycoplasmataceae">Mycoplasmataceae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_urealyticum" title="Ureaplasma urealyticum">Ureaplasma urealyticum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ureaplasma_infection" class="mw-redirect" title="Ureaplasma infection">Ureaplasma infection</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_genitalium" title="Mycoplasma genitalium">Mycoplasma genitalium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumoniae" title="Mycoplasma pneumoniae">Mycoplasma pneumoniae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mycoplasma_pneumonia" title="Mycoplasma pneumonia">Mycoplasma pneumonia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Anaeroplasmatales" class="mw-redirect" title="Anaeroplasmatales">Anaeroplasmatales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erysipelothrix_rhusiopathiae" title="Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae">Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erysipeloid" title="Erysipeloid">Erysipeloid</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q595158#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph1125396&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=1260753381">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&oldid=1260753381</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Antibiotic-resistant_bacteria" title="Category:Antibiotic-resistant bacteria">Antibiotic-resistant bacteria</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bacterial_diseases" title="Category:Bacterial diseases">Bacterial diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Healthcare-associated_infections" title="Category:Healthcare-associated infections">Healthcare-associated infections</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Staphylococcaceae" title="Category:Staphylococcaceae">Staphylococcaceae</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Staphylococcus" title="Category:Staphylococcus">Staphylococcus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Infection-related_cutaneous_conditions" title="Category:Infection-related cutaneous conditions">Infection-related cutaneous conditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Bacterium-related_cutaneous_conditions" title="Category:Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions">Bacterium-related cutaneous conditions</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cat_diseases" title="Category:Cat diseases">Cat diseases</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pathovars" title="Category:Pathovars">Pathovars</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_articles_incorporating_text_from_the_Centers_for_Disease_Control_and_Prevention" title="Category:Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention">Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_DOI_inactive_as_of_November_2024" title="Category:CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024">CS1 maint: DOI inactive as of November 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_dead_external_links" title="Category:All articles with dead external links">All articles with dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_December_2023" title="Category:Articles with dead external links from December 2023">Articles with dead external links from December 2023</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_permanently_dead_external_links" title="Category:Articles with permanently dead external links">Articles with permanently dead external links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_August_2022" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022">Articles with unsourced statements from August 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_limited_geographic_scope_from_August_2020" title="Category:Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2020">Articles with limited geographic scope from August 2020</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:United_Kingdom-centric" title="Category:United Kingdom-centric">United Kingdom-centric</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_February_2009" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009">Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_on_possible_non-taxon_pages" title="Category:Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages">Taxonbars on possible non-taxon pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Taxonbars_without_primary_Wikidata_taxon_IDs" title="Category:Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs">Taxonbars without primary Wikidata taxon IDs</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 2 December 2024, at 13:03 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b75595666-zz94j","wgBackendResponseTime":128,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.486","walltime":"1.658","ppvisitednodes":{"value":12288,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":491296,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":4882,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":18,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":12,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":644724,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1441.260 1 -total"," 61.00% 879.105 1 Template:Reflist"," 38.61% 556.525 99 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.93% 114.362 11 Template:Navbox"," 7.29% 105.082 33 Template:Cite_web"," 6.53% 94.182 1 Template:Short_description"," 5.99% 86.379 1 Template:Gram-positive_firmicutes_diseases"," 4.59% 66.213 11 Template:Rp"," 4.23% 61.004 11 Template:R/superscript"," 3.07% 44.215 9 Template:Main_other"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.899","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":7377800,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7b75595666-xchkq","timestamp":"20250109204317","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Methicillin-resistant_Staphylococcus_aureus","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q595158","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q595158","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-03-06T19:48:57Z","dateModified":"2024-12-02T13:03:50Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/0\/01\/Human_neutrophil_ingesting_MRSA.jpg","headline":"bacterium responsible for difficult-to-treat infections in humans"}</script> </body> </html>