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class="noprint"></div> <div id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading" lang="en">Integrated Services Digital Network</h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="mw-body-content"> <div id="siteSub">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> <div id="contentSub"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav" class="mw-jump"> Jump to: <a href="#mw-head">navigation</a>, <a href="#p-search">search</a> </div> <div id="mw-content-text" lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="hatnote">"ISDN" redirects here. For other uses, see <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN_(disambiguation)" title="ISDN (disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig">ISDN (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="hatnote">Not to be confused with <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software-defined_networking" title="Software-defined networking">SDN (Software-defined networking)</a>.</div> <p><b>Integrated Services for Digital Network</b> (<b>ISDN</b>) is a set of communication standards for simultaneous <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_data" title="Digital data">digital</a> <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_(telecommunications)" title="Transmission (telecommunications)">transmission</a> of voice, video, data, and other network services over the traditional circuits of the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a>. It was first defined in 1988 in the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCITT" title="CCITT" class="mw-redirect">CCITT</a> red book.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span>[</span>1<span>]</span></a></sup> Prior to ISDN, the telephone system was viewed as a way to transport voice, with some special services available for data. The key feature of ISDN is that it integrates speech and data on the same lines, adding features that were not available in the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">classic telephone system</a>. There are several kinds of access interfaces to ISDN defined as <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Rate_Interface" title="Basic Rate Interface">Basic Rate Interface</a> (BRI), <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Rate_Interface" title="Primary Rate Interface">Primary Rate Interface</a> (PRI), <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowband_ISDN" title="Narrowband ISDN">Narrowband ISDN</a> (N-ISDN), and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_ISDN" title="Broadband ISDN" class="mw-redirect">Broadband ISDN</a> (B-ISDN).</p> <p>ISDN is a <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit-switched</a> <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_network" title="Telephone network">telephone network</a> system, which also provides access to <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switched_network" title="Packet switched network" class="mw-redirect">packet switched networks</a>, designed to allow digital transmission of voice and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data" title="Data">data</a> over ordinary <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Twisted_pair" title="Twisted pair">telephone copper wires</a>, resulting in potentially better voice quality than an analog phone can provide. It offers circuit-switched connections (for either voice or data), and packet-switched connections (for data), in increments of 64 <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobit" title="Kilobit">kilobit</a>/s. A major market application for ISDN in some countries is <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a>, where ISDN typically provides a maximum of 128 kbit/s in both upstream and downstream directions. <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_bonding" title="Channel bonding">Channel bonding</a> can achieve a greater data rate; typically the ISDN B-channels of three or four BRIs (six to eight 64 kbit/s channels) are bonded.</p> <p>ISDN should not be mistaken for its use with a specific protocol, such as <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q.931" title="Q.931">Q.931</a> whereas ISDN is employed as the network, data-link and physical layers in the context of the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OSI_model" title="OSI model">OSI model</a>. In a broad sense ISDN can be considered a suite of digital services existing on layers 1, 2, and 3 of the OSI model. ISDN is designed to provide access to voice and data services simultaneously.</p> <p>However, common use reduced ISDN to be limited to Q.931 and related protocols, which are a set of <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protocol_(computing)" title="Protocol (computing)" class="mw-redirect">protocols</a> for <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signalling_(telecommunications)" title="Signalling (telecommunications)" class="mw-redirect">establishing and breaking circuit switched connections</a>, and for advanced <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_feature" title="Calling feature" class="mw-redirect">calling features</a> for the user. They were introduced in 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span>[</span>2<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>In a <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconference" title="Videoconference" class="mw-redirect">videoconference</a>, ISDN provides simultaneous voice, video, and text transmission between individual desktop videoconferencing systems and group (room) videoconferencing systems.</p> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks hlist" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;background:#f9f9f9;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"> <tr> <th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_protocol_suite" title="Internet protocol suite">Internet protocol suite</a></th> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_layer" title="Application layer">Application layer</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Border_Gateway_Protocol" title="Border Gateway Protocol">BGP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_Host_Configuration_Protocol" title="Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol">DHCP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain_Name_System" title="Domain Name System">DNS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File_Transfer_Protocol" title="File Transfer Protocol">FTP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext_Transfer_Protocol" title="Hypertext Transfer Protocol">HTTP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Message_Access_Protocol" title="Internet Message Access Protocol">IMAP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lightweight_Directory_Access_Protocol" title="Lightweight Directory Access Protocol">LDAP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_Gateway_Control_Protocol" title="Media Gateway Control Protocol">MGCP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_News_Transfer_Protocol" title="Network News Transfer Protocol">NNTP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Time_Protocol" title="Network Time Protocol">NTP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Post_Office_Protocol" title="Post Office Protocol">POP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Network_Computing_Remote_Procedure_Call" title="Open Network Computing Remote Procedure Call">ONC/RPC</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real-time_Transport_Protocol" title="Real-time Transport Protocol">RTP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Real_Time_Streaming_Protocol" title="Real Time Streaming Protocol">RTSP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Routing_Information_Protocol" title="Routing Information Protocol">RIP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Session_Initiation_Protocol" title="Session Initiation Protocol">SIP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Mail_Transfer_Protocol" title="Simple Mail Transfer Protocol">SMTP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simple_Network_Management_Protocol" title="Simple Network Management Protocol">SNMP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secure_Shell" title="Secure Shell">SSH</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telnet" title="Telnet">Telnet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_Layer_Security" title="Transport Layer Security">TLS/SSL</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/XMPP" title="XMPP">XMPP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Application_layer_protocols" title="Category:Application layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport_layer" title="Transport layer">Transport layer</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_Control_Protocol" title="Transmission Control Protocol">TCP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/User_Datagram_Protocol" title="User Datagram Protocol">UDP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datagram_Congestion_Control_Protocol" title="Datagram Congestion Control Protocol">DCCP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stream_Control_Transmission_Protocol" title="Stream Control Transmission Protocol">SCTP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resource_Reservation_Protocol" title="Resource Reservation Protocol">RSVP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Transport_layer_protocols" title="Category:Transport layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_layer" title="Internet layer">Internet layer</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Protocol" title="Internet Protocol">IP</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv4" title="IPv4">IPv4</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPv6" title="IPv6">IPv6</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Control_Message_Protocol" title="Internet Control Message Protocol">ICMP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICMPv6" title="ICMPv6" class="mw-redirect">ICMPv6</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Explicit_Congestion_Notification" title="Explicit Congestion Notification">ECN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_Group_Management_Protocol" title="Internet Group Management Protocol">IGMP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IPsec" title="IPsec">IPsec</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Internet_layer_protocols" title="Category:Internet layer protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <th style="padding:0.1em"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_layer" title="Link layer">Link layer</a></th> </tr> <tr> <td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Address_Resolution_Protocol" title="Address Resolution Protocol">ARP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neighbor_Discovery_Protocol" title="Neighbor Discovery Protocol">NDP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Open_Shortest_Path_First" title="Open Shortest Path First">OSPF</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tunneling_protocol" title="Tunneling protocol">Tunnels</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Layer_2_Tunneling_Protocol" title="Layer 2 Tunneling Protocol">L2TP</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-to-Point_Protocol" title="Point-to-Point Protocol">PPP</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_access_control" title="Media access control">MAC</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">ISDN</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_Distributed_Data_Interface" title="Fiber Distributed Data Interface">FDDI</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Link_protocols" title="Category:Link protocols"><i>more...</i></a></li> </ul> </td> </tr> <tr> <td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:IPstack" title="Template:IPstack"><span title="View this template">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:IPstack" title="Template talk:IPstack"><span title="Discuss this template">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:IPstack&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <p></p> <div id="toc" class="toc"> <div id="toctitle"> <h2>Contents</h2> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#ISDN_elements"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">ISDN elements</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Basic_Rate_Interface"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Basic Rate Interface</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="#Primary_Rate_Interface"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Primary Rate Interface</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Bearer_channels"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Bearer channels</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="#Signaling_channel"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Signaling channel</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-6"><a href="#X.25"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">X.25</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-7"><a href="#Frame_Relay"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Frame Relay</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Consumer_and_industry_perspectives"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Consumer and industry perspectives</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-9"><a href="#ISDN_and_broadcast_industry"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">ISDN and broadcast industry</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Countries"><span class="tocnumber">8.2</span> <span class="toctext">Countries</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-11"><a href="#United_States_and_Canada"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.1</span> <span class="toctext">United States and Canada</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-12"><a href="#India"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.2</span> <span class="toctext">India</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-13"><a href="#Japan"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.3</span> <span class="toctext">Japan</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-14"><a href="#United_Kingdom"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.4</span> <span class="toctext">United Kingdom</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-15"><a href="#France"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.5</span> <span class="toctext">France</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-16"><a href="#Germany"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.6</span> <span class="toctext">Germany</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-3 tocsection-17"><a href="#Greece"><span class="tocnumber">8.2.7</span> <span class="toctext">Greece</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-18"><a href="#International_deployment"><span class="tocnumber">8.3</span> <span class="toctext">International deployment</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Configurations"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Configurations</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-20"><a href="#Reference_points"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Reference points</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-21"><a href="#Types_of_communications"><span class="tocnumber">11</span> <span class="toctext">Types of communications</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-22"><a href="#Sample_call"><span class="tocnumber">12</span> <span class="toctext">Sample call</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-23"><a href="#See_also"><span class="tocnumber">13</span> <span class="toctext">See also</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-24"><a href="#Protocols"><span class="tocnumber">13.1</span> <span class="toctext">Protocols</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-25"><a href="#Other"><span class="tocnumber">13.2</span> <span class="toctext">Other</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-26"><a href="#Notes"><span class="tocnumber">14</span> <span class="toctext">Notes</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-27"><a href="#References"><span class="tocnumber">15</span> <span class="toctext">References</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-28"><a href="#External_links"><span class="tocnumber">16</span> <span class="toctext">External links</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <p></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="ISDN_elements">ISDN elements</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: ISDN elements">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><i>Integrated services</i> refers to ISDN's ability to deliver at minimum two simultaneous connections, in any combination of data, voice, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videotelephony" title="Videotelephony">video</a>, and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax" title="Fax">fax</a>, over a <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_loop" title="Local loop">single line</a>. Multiple devices can be attached to the line, and used as needed. That means an ISDN line can take care of most people's complete communications needs (apart from <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access" title="Broadband Internet access" class="mw-redirect">broadband Internet access</a> and entertainment <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a>) at a much higher transmission rate, without forcing the purchase of multiple analog phone lines. It also refers to integrated switching and transmission<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span>[</span>3<span>]</span></a></sup> in that <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_switch" title="Telephone switch" class="mw-redirect">telephone switching</a> and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrier_wave" title="Carrier wave" class="mw-redirect">carrier wave</a> transmission are integrated rather than separate as in earlier technology.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Basic_Rate_Interface">Basic Rate Interface</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basic Rate Interface">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basic_Rate_Interface" title="Basic Rate Interface">Basic Rate Interface</a></div> <p>The entry level interface to ISDN is the Basic(s) Rate Interface (BRI), a 128 <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kilobits_per_second" title="Kilobits per second" class="mw-redirect">kbit/s</a> service delivered over a pair of standard telephone copper wires.<sup id="cite_ref-Talkers_2013-03-28_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talkers_2013-03-28-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> The 144 kbit/s payload rate is broken down into two 64 kbit/s <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bearer_channel" title="Bearer channel">bearer channels</a> ('B' channels) and one 16 kbit/s signaling channel ('D' channel or data channel). This is sometimes referred to as 2B+D.<sup id="cite_ref-SW_Bell_ISDN_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SW_Bell_ISDN-5"><span>[</span>5<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>The interface specifies the following network interfaces:</p> <ul> <li>The <i><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/U_interface" title="U interface">U interface</a></i> is a two-wire interface between the exchange and a <i>network terminating unit</i>, which is usually the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demarcation_point" title="Demarcation point">demarcation point</a> in non-North American networks.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T_interface" title="T interface">T interface</a></i> is a serial interface between a computing device and a <i><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_adapter" title="Terminal adapter">terminal adapter</a></i>, which is the digital equivalent of a modem.</li> <li>The <i><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_interface" title="S interface">S interface</a></i> is a four-wire bus that ISDN consumer devices plug into; the S & T reference points are commonly implemented as a single interface labeled 'S/T' on an <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_termination_1" title="Network termination 1">Network termination 1</a> (NT1).</li> <li>The <i><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_interface" title="R interface">R interface</a></i> defines the point between a non-ISDN device and a terminal adapter (TA) which provides translation to and from such a device.</li> </ul> <p>BRI-ISDN is very popular in Europe but is much less common in North America. It is also common in Japan — where it is known as INS64.<sup id="cite_ref-Wisegeek_BRI_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wisegeek_BRI-6"><span>[</span>6<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ISDN_SwitchType_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ISDN_SwitchType-7"><span>[</span>7<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Primary_Rate_Interface">Primary Rate Interface</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Primary Rate Interface">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="hatnote relarticle mainarticle">Main article: <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary_Rate_Interface" title="Primary Rate Interface">Primary Rate Interface</a></div> <p>The other ISDN access available is the Primary Rate Interface (PRI), which is carried over an <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-carrier" title="E-carrier">E1</a> (2048 kbit/s) in most parts of the world. An E1 is 30 'B' channels of 64 kbit/s, one 'D' channel of 64 kbit/s and a timing and alarm channel of 64 kbit/s.</p> <p>In North America PRI service is delivered on one or more <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrier" title="T-carrier">T1 carriers</a> (often referred to as 23B+D) of 1544 kbit/s (24 channels). A PRI has 23 'B' channels and 1 'D' channel for signalling (Japan uses a circuit called a J1, which is similar to a T1). Inter-changeably but incorrectly, a PRI is referred to as T1 because it uses the T1 carrier format. A true T1 (commonly called "Analog T1" to avoid confusion) uses 24 channels of 64 kbit/s of <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-band_signaling" title="In-band signaling">in-band signaling</a>. Each channel uses 56 kb for data and voice and 8 kb for signaling and messaging. PRI uses out of band signaling which provides the 23 B channels with clear 64 kb for voice and data and one 64 kb 'D' channel for signaling and messaging. In North America, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-Facility_Associated_Signalling" title="Non-Facility Associated Signalling">Non-Facility Associated Signalling</a> allows two or more PRIs to be controlled by a single <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/D_channel" title="D channel">D channel</a>, and is sometimes called "23B+D + n*24B". D-channel backup allows for a second D channel in case the primary fails. NFAS is commonly used on a <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_3" title="Digital Signal 3">T3</a>.</p> <p>PRI-ISDN is popular throughout the world, especially for connecting <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_branch_exchange" title="Private branch exchange" class="mw-redirect">private branch exchanges</a> to <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTN" title="PSTN" class="mw-redirect">the public network</a>.</p> <p>Even though many network professionals use the term "ISDN" to refer to the lower-bandwidth BRI circuit, in North America BRI is relatively uncommon whilst PRI circuits serving PBXs are commonplace.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Bearer_channels">Bearer channels</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Bearer channels">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The bearer channel (B) is a standard 64 kbit/s voice channel of 8 bits sampled at 8 kHz with <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.711" title="G.711">G.711</a> encoding. B-Channels can also be used to carry data, since they are nothing more than digital channels.</p> <p>Each one of these channels is known as a <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DS0" title="DS0" class="mw-redirect">DS0</a>.</p> <p>Most B channels can carry a 64 kbit/s signal, but some were limited to 56K because they traveled over <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbed-bit_signaling" title="Robbed-bit signaling">RBS</a> lines. This was commonplace in the 20th century, but has since become less so.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Signaling_channel">Signaling channel</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Signaling channel">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The signaling channel (D) uses <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q.931" title="Q.931">Q.931</a> for <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_(telecommunications)" title="Signaling (telecommunications)">signaling</a> with the other side of the link.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="X.25">X.25</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: X.25">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> can be carried over the B or D channels of a BRI line, and over the B channels of a PRI line. X.25 over the D channel is used at many point-of-sale (credit card) terminals because it eliminates the modem setup, and because it connects to the central system over a B channel, thereby eliminating the need for modems and making much better use of the central system's telephone lines.</p> <p><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> was also part of an ISDN protocol called "Always On/Dynamic ISDN", or AO/DI. This allowed a user to have a constant multi-link PPP connection to the internet over X.25 on the D channel, and brought up one or two B channels as needed.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Frame_Relay">Frame Relay</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Frame Relay">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In theory, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frame_Relay" title="Frame Relay">Frame Relay</a> can operate over the D channel of BRIs and PRIs, but it is seldom, if ever, used.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Consumer_and_industry_perspectives">Consumer and industry perspectives</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Consumer and industry perspectives">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>There is a second viewpoint: that of the telephone industry, where ISDN is a core technology. A <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_network" title="Telephone network">telephone network</a> can be thought of as a collection of wires strung between switching systems. The common electrical specification for the signals on these wires is <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_1" title="Digital Signal 1">T1</a> or <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-carrier" title="E-carrier">E1</a>. Between telephone company switches, the signaling is performed via <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Signaling_System_No_7" title="Signaling System No 7" class="mw-redirect">SS7</a>. Normally, a PBX is connected via a T1 with <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbed_bit_signaling" title="Robbed bit signaling" class="mw-redirect">robbed bit signaling</a> to indicate on-hook or off-hook conditions and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-frequency" title="Multi-frequency" class="mw-redirect">MF</a> and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dual-tone_multi-frequency" title="Dual-tone multi-frequency" class="mw-redirect">DTMF</a> tones to encode the destination number. ISDN is much better because messages can be sent much more quickly than by trying to <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encoder" title="Encoder">encode</a> numbers as long (100 <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millisecond" title="Millisecond">ms</a> per digit) tone sequences. This results in faster call setup times. Also, a greater number of features are available and fraud is reduced.</p> <p>ISDN is also used as a smart-network technology intended to add new services to the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">public switched telephone network</a> (PSTN) by giving users direct access to end-to-end circuit-switched digital services and as a backup or failsafe circuit solution for critical use data circuits.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="ISDN_and_broadcast_industry">ISDN and broadcast industry</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ISDN and broadcast industry">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>ISDN is used heavily by the broadcast industry as a reliable way of switching low-latency, high-quality, long-distance audio circuits. In conjunction with an appropriate <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Codec" title="Codec">codec</a> using MPEG or various manufacturers proprietary algorithms, an ISDN BRI can be used to send stereo bi-directional audio coded at 128 kbit/s with 20 Hz – 20 kHz audio bandwidth, although commonly the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.722" title="G.722">G.722</a> algorithm is used with a single 64 kbit/s B channel to send much lower latency mono audio at the expense of audio quality. Where very high quality audio is required multiple ISDN BRIs can be used in parallel to provide a higher bandwidth circuit switched connection. <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BBC_Radio_3" title="BBC Radio 3">BBC Radio 3</a> commonly makes use of three ISDN BRIs to carry 320 kbit/s audio stream for live outside broadcasts. ISDN BRI services are used to link remote studios, sports grounds and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_broadcast" title="Remote broadcast">outside broadcasts</a> into the main <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">broadcast studio</a>. ISDN via satellite is used by field reporters around the world. It is also common to use ISDN for the return audio links to remote satellite broadcast vehicles.</p> <p>In many countries, such as the UK and Australia, ISDN has displaced the older technology of equalised analogue landlines, with these circuits being phased out by telecommunications providers. IP-based streaming codecs are starting to gain a foothold in the broadcast sector, using broadband internet to connect remote studios.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span>[</span>8<span>]</span></a></sup> However, reliability and latency is crucially important for broadcasters and the quality of service offered by ISDN has not yet been matched by packet switched alternatives.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Countries">Countries</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Countries">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="United_States_and_Canada">United States and Canada</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: United States and Canada">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>ISDN-BRI never gained popularity as a general use telephone access technology in Canada and the US, and remains a <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Niche_market" title="Niche market">niche product</a>. The service was seen as <i>a solution in search of a problem</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span>[</span>9<span>]</span></a></sup> and the extensive array of options and features were difficult for customers to understand and use. ISDN has long been known by derogatory <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Backronym" title="Backronym">backronyms</a> highlighting these issues, such as <i><b>I</b>t <b>S</b>till <b>D</b>oes <b>N</b>othing, <b>I</b>nnovations <b>S</b>ubscribers <b>D</b>on't <b>N</b>eed,</i> and <i><b>I</b> <b>S</b>till <b>D</b>on't k<b>N</b>ow.</i><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span>[</span>10<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span>[</span>11<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Once the concept of <i><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access" title="Broadband Internet access" class="mw-redirect">broadband Internet access</a></i> came to be associated with data rates incoming to the customer at 256 kbit/s or more,<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span>[</span>a<span>]</span></a></sup> and alternatives like <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL" class="mw-redirect">ADSL</a> grew in popularity, the consumer market for BRI did not develop. Its only remaining advantage is that while ADSL has a functional distance limitation and can use <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSL_loop_extender" title="ADSL loop extender">ADSL loop extenders</a>, BRI has a greater limit and can use repeaters. As such, BRI may be acceptable for customers who are too remote for ADSL. Widespread use of BRI is further stymied by some small North American <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CLEC" title="CLEC" class="mw-redirect">CLECs</a> such as <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CenturyTel" title="CenturyTel" class="mw-redirect">CenturyTel</a> having given up on it and not providing Internet access using it.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span>[</span>15<span>]</span></a></sup> However, AT&T in most states (especially the former SBC/SWB territory) will still install an ISDN BRI line anywhere a normal analog line can be placed and the monthly charge is roughly $55.</p> <p>ISDN-BRI is currently primarily used in industries with specialized and very specific needs. High-end <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing" title="Videoconferencing">videoconferencing</a> hardware made by companies such as <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sony" title="Sony">Sony</a>, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polycom" title="Polycom">Polycom</a>, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tandberg" title="Tandberg">Tandberg</a>, and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LifeSize" title="LifeSize" class="mw-redirect">LifeSize</a> via the LifeSize Networker<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span>[</span>16<span>]</span></a></sup> can bond up to 8 B-channels together (using a BRI circuit for every 2 channels) to provide digital, circuit-switched video connections to almost anywhere in the world. This is very expensive, and is being replaced by IP-based conferencing, but where cost concern is less of an issue than predictable quality and where a <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quality_of_service" title="Quality of service">QoS</a>-enabled IP does not exist, BRI is the preferred choice.</p> <p>Most modern non-<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VoIP" title="VoIP" class="mw-redirect">VoIP</a> PBXs use ISDN-PRI circuits. These are connected via <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-carrier" title="T-carrier">T1 lines</a> with the central office switch, replacing older analog two-way and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Direct_inward_dialing" title="Direct inward dialing" class="mw-redirect">direct inward dialing</a> (DID) trunks. PRI is capable of delivering <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Calling_Line_Identification" title="Calling Line Identification" class="mw-redirect">Calling Line Identification</a> (CLID) in both directions so that the telephone number of an extension, rather than a company's main number, can be sent. It is still commonly used in <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Recording_studio" title="Recording studio">recording studios</a>, when a <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voice-over" title="Voice-over">voice-over</a> actor is in one studio, but the director and producer are in a studio at another location.<sup id="cite_ref-Talkers_2013-03-28_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talkers_2013-03-28-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup> The ISDN protocol delivers channelized, not-over-the-Internet service, powerful call setup and routing features, faster setup and tear down, superior audio fidelity as compared to <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plain_old_telephone_service" title="Plain old telephone service">POTS</a> (plain old telephone service), lower delay and, at higher densities, lower cost.</p> <p>In 2013, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon" class="mw-redirect">Verizon</a> announced it would no longer take orders for ISDN service in the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Northeastern_United_States" title="Northeastern United States">Northeastern United States</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talkers_2013-03-28_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talkers_2013-03-28-4"><span>[</span>4<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="India">India</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharat_Sanchar_Nigam_Limited" title="Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited">Bharat Sanchar Nigam Limited</a>, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reliance_Communications" title="Reliance Communications">Reliance Communications</a> and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bharti_Airtel" title="Bharti Airtel">Bharti Airtel</a> are the largest communication service providers, and offer both ISDN BRI and PRI services across the country. Reliance Communications and Bharti Airtel uses the DLC technology for providing these services. With the introduction of broadband technology, the load on bandwidth is being absorbed by ADSL. ISDN continues to be an important backup network for point-to-point leased line customers such as banks, Eseva Centers,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span>[</span>17<span>]</span></a></sup> <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Life_Insurance_Corporation_of_India" title="Life Insurance Corporation of India">Life Insurance Corporation of India</a>, and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_Bank_of_India" title="State Bank of India">SBI</a> ATMs.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Japan">Japan</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Japan">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>On April 19, 1988, Japanese telecommunications company <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a> began offering nationwide ISDN services trademarked INS Net 64, and INS Net 1500, a fruition of NTT's independent research and trial from the 1970s of what it referred to the INS (Information Network System).<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span>[</span>18<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Previously, on April 1985, Japanese digital telephone exchange hardware made by Fujitsu was used to experimentally deploy the world's first I interface ISDN. The I interface, unlike the older and incompatible Y interface, is what modern ISDN services use today.</p> <p>Since 2000, NTT's ISDN offering have been known as <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLET%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FLET's (page does not exist)">FLET's</a> ISDN, incorporating the "<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=FLET%27s&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="FLET's (page does not exist)">FLET's</a>" brand that NTT uses for all of its ISP offerings.</p> <p>In Japan, the number of ISDN subscribers dwindled as alternative technologies such as <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL" class="mw-redirect">ADSL</a>, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Internet_access" title="Cable Internet access">cable Internet access</a>, and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_home" title="Fiber to the home" class="mw-redirect">fiber to the home</a> gained greater popularity. On November 2, 2010, NTT announced plans to migrate their backend from <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTN" title="PSTN" class="mw-redirect">PSTN</a> to the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IP_network" title="IP network" class="mw-redirect">IP network</a> from around 2020 to around 2025. For this migration, ISDN services will be retired, and fiber optic services are recommended as an alternative.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span>[</span>19<span>]</span></a></sup></p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United Kingdom">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p>In the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Group" title="BT Group">British Telecom</a> (BT) provides ISDN2e (BRI) as well as ISDN30 (PRI). Until April 2006, they also offered services named <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BT_Highway" title="BT Highway">Home Highway and Business Highway</a>, which were BRI ISDN-based services that offered integrated analogue connectivity as well as ISDN. Later versions of the Highway products also included built-in <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Universal_serial_bus" title="Universal serial bus" class="mw-redirect">universal serial bus</a> (USB) sockets for direct computer access. Home Highway was bought by many home users, usually for Internet connection, although not as fast as ADSL, because it was available before ADSL and in places where ADSL does not reach.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="France">France</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France_Telecom" title="France Telecom" class="mw-redirect">France Telecom</a> offers ISDN services under their product name Numeris (2 B+D), of which a professional Duo and home Itoo version is available. ISDN is generally known as RNIS in France and has widespread availability. The introduction of ADSL is reducing ISDN use<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (April 2013)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> for data transfer and Internet access, although it is still common in more rural and outlying areas, and for applications such as <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_branch_exchange" title="Private branch exchange" class="mw-redirect">business voice</a> and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point_of_sale" title="Point of sale">point-of-sale terminals</a>.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Germany">Germany</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Germany">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DBP_1988_1368_ISDN.jpg" class="image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/DBP_1988_1368_ISDN.jpg/220px-DBP_1988_1368_ISDN.jpg" width="220" height="138" class="thumbimage" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/DBP_1988_1368_ISDN.jpg/330px-DBP_1988_1368_ISDN.jpg 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/DBP_1988_1368_ISDN.jpg/440px-DBP_1988_1368_ISDN.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1070" data-file-height="670"/></a> <div class="thumbcaption"> <div class="magnify"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:DBP_1988_1368_ISDN.jpg" class="internal" title="Enlarge"></a></div> German stamp</div> </div> </div> <p>In <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, ISDN is very popular with an installed base of 25 million channels (29% of all subscriber lines in Germany as of 2003 and 20% of all ISDN channels worldwide). Due to the success of ISDN, the number of installed analog lines is decreasing. <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deutsche_Telekom" title="Deutsche Telekom">Deutsche Telekom</a> (DTAG) offers both BRI and PRI. Competing phone companies often offer ISDN only and no analog lines. However, these operators generally offer free hardware that also allows the use of POTS equipment, such as NTBAs<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span>[</span>b<span>]</span></a></sup> with integrated <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_adapter" title="Terminal adapter">terminal adapters</a>. Because of the widespread availability of ADSL services, ISDN is today primarily used for voice and fax traffic, but is still very popular thanks to the pricing policy of German telecommunication providers.</p> <p>Today ISDN (BRI) and ADSL/<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VDSL" title="VDSL" class="mw-redirect">VDSL</a> are often bundled on the same line, mainly because the combination of ADSL with an analog line has no cost advantage over a combined ISDN-ADSL line. Some German operators started to implement <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next_Generation_Networking" title="Next Generation Networking" class="mw-redirect">Next Generation Networking</a>, generally realized via DSL and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local-loop_unbundling" title="Local-loop unbundling">unbundled local loop</a>. However, a few operators offer the same services via the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Internet" title="Cable Internet" class="mw-redirect">cable television infrastructure</a> or, in selected areas, via <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTTH" title="FTTH" class="mw-redirect">FTTH</a>. Because of the popularity of ISDN, virtually all these telecommunication providers bundle their products with <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residential_gateway" title="Residential gateway">residential gateways</a> that include both integrated <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Analog_telephony_adapter" title="Analog telephony adapter" class="mw-redirect">analog telephony adapters</a> and ISDN-NGN adapters.</p> <h4><span class="mw-headline" id="Greece">Greece</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Greece">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h4> <p><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/OTE" title="OTE">OTE</a>, the incumbent telecommunications operator, offers ISDN BRI (BRA) services in <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greece" title="Greece">Greece</a>. Following the launch of ADSL in 2003, the importance of ISDN for data transfer began to decrease and is today limited to niche business applications with point-to-point requirements.</p> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="International_deployment">International deployment</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: International deployment">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <p>A study<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span>[</span>21<span>]</span></a></sup> of the German Department of Science shows the following spread of ISDN-channels per 1,000 inhabitants in the year 2005:</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norway" title="Norway">Norway</a> 401</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> 339</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a> 333</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Switzerland" title="Switzerland">Switzerland</a> 331</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a> 240</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UK" title="UK" class="mw-redirect">UK</a> 160</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a> 160</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a> 135</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> 105</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> 85</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a> 58</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> 47</li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Configurations">Configurations</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Configurations">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>In ISDN, there are two types of channels, <i>B</i> (for "bearer") and <i>D</i> (for "data"). <i>B channels</i> are used for data (which may include voice), and <i>D channels</i> are intended for signaling and control (but can also be used for data).</p> <p>There are two ISDN implementations. Basic Rate Interface (BRI), also called basic rate access (BRA) — consists of two B channels, each with bandwidth of 64 <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kbit/s" title="Kbit/s" class="mw-redirect">kbit/s</a>, and one D channel with a bandwidth of 16 kbit/s. Together these three channels can be designated as 2B+D. Primary Rate Interface (PRI), also called primary rate access (PRA) in Europe — contains a greater number of B channels and a D channel with a bandwidth of 64 kbit/s. The number of B channels for PRI varies according to the nation: in North America and Japan it is 23B+1D, with an aggregate bit rate of 1.544 <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mbit/s" title="Mbit/s" class="mw-redirect">Mbit/s</a> (<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Signal_1" title="Digital Signal 1">T1</a>); in Europe, India and Australia it is 30B+1D, with an aggregate bit rate of 2.048 Mbit/s (<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/E-carrier" title="E-carrier">E1</a>). <b><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network">Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network</a></b> (BISDN) is another ISDN implementation and it is able to manage different types of services at the same time. It is primarily used within <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_backbone" title="Network backbone" class="mw-redirect">network backbones</a> and employs <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_transfer_mode" title="Asynchronous transfer mode" class="mw-redirect">ATM</a>.</p> <p>Another alternative ISDN configuration can be used in which the B channels of an ISDN BRI line are <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Channel_bonding" title="Channel bonding">bonded</a> to provide a total duplex bandwidth of 128 kbit/s. This precludes use of the line for voice calls while the internet connection is in use. The B channels of several BRIs can be bonded, a typical use is a 384K videoconferencing channel.</p> <p>Using <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B8ZS" title="B8ZS" class="mw-redirect">bipolar with eight-zero substitution</a> encoding technique, call data is transmitted over the data (B) channels, with the signaling (D) channels used for call setup and management. Once a call is set up, there is a simple 64 kbit/s synchronous bidirectional data channel (actually implemented as two simplex channels, one in each direction) between the end parties, lasting until the call is terminated. There can be as many calls as there are bearer channels, to the same or different end-points. Bearer channels may also be <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">multiplexed</a> into what may be considered single, higher-bandwidth channels via a process called B channel BONDING, or via use of Multi-Link PPP "bundling" or by using an H0, H11, or H12 channel on a PRI.</p> <p>The D channel can also be used for sending and receiving <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/X.25" title="X.25">X.25</a> data packets, and connection to X.25 packet network, this is specified in <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=X.31&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="X.31 (page does not exist)">X.31</a>. In practice, X.31 was only commercially implemented in UK, France and Japan.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Reference_points">Reference points</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Reference points">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>A set of <i>reference points</i> are defined in the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN" class="mw-redirect">ISDN</a> <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_standard" title="International standard">standard</a> to refer to certain points between the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_company" title="Telephone company">telco</a> and the end user ISDN equipment.</p> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R_interface" title="R interface">R</a> – defines the point between a non-ISDN terminal equipment 2 (TE2) device and a <i><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_adapter" title="Terminal adapter">terminal adapter</a></i> (TA) which provides translation to and from such a device</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/S_interface" title="S interface">S</a> – defines the point between the ISDN terminal equipment 1 (TE1) or TA and a <i>Network Termination Type 2</i> (<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Network_termination_2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Network termination 2 (page does not exist)">NT2</a>) device</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T-interface" title="T-interface" class="mw-redirect">T</a> – defines the point between the NT2 and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_termination_1" title="Network termination 1">network termination 1</a> (NT1) devices.</li> </ul> <p>Most NT-1 devices can perform the functions of the NT2 as well, and so the S and T reference points are generally collapsed into the S/T reference point.</p> <p>In North America, the NT1 device is considered <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Customer_premises_equipment" title="Customer premises equipment" class="mw-redirect">customer premises equipment</a> (CPE) and must be maintained by the customer, thus, the U interface is provided to the customer. In other locations, the NT1 device is maintained by the telco, and the S/T interface is provided to the customer. In India, service providers provide U interface and an NT1 may be supplied by Service provider as part of service offering.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Types_of_communications">Types of communications</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Types of communications">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>Among the kinds of data that can be moved over the 64 kbit/s channels are <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse_code_modulation" title="Pulse code modulation" class="mw-redirect">pulse-code modulated</a> voice calls, providing access to the traditional voice <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PSTN" title="PSTN" class="mw-redirect">PSTN</a>. This information can be passed between the network and the user end-point at call set-up time. In North America, ISDN is now used mostly as an alternative to analog connections, most commonly for Internet access. Some of the services envisioned as being delivered over ISDN are now delivered over the Internet instead. In Europe, and in Germany in particular, ISDN has been successfully marketed as a phone with features, as opposed to a POTS phone with few or no features. Meanwhile, features that were first available with ISDN (such as <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-Way_Calling" title="Three-Way Calling" class="mw-redirect">Three-Way Calling</a>, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Call_Forwarding" title="Call Forwarding" class="mw-redirect">Call Forwarding</a>, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caller_ID" title="Caller ID">Caller ID</a>, etc.) are now commonly available for ordinary analog phones as well, eliminating this advantage of ISDN. Another advantage of ISDN was the possibility of multiple simultaneous calls (one call per B channel), e.g. for big families, but with the increased popularity and reduced prices of mobile telephony this has become less interesting as well, making ISDN unappealing to the private customer. However, ISDN is typically more reliable than POTS, and has a significantly faster call setup time compared with POTS, and IP connections over ISDN typically have some 30–35ms round trip time, as opposed to 120–180ms (both measured with otherwise unused lines) over 56k or V.34/V.92 modems, making ISDN more reliable and more efficient for telecommuters.</p> <p>Where an analog connection requires a <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modem" title="Modem">modem</a>, an ISDN connection requires a <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_adapter" title="Terminal adapter">terminal adapter</a> (TA). The function of an ISDN terminal adapter is often delivered in the form of a PC card with an S/T interface, and single-chip solutions seem to exist, considering the plethora of combined ISDN- and <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ADSL" title="ADSL" class="mw-redirect">ADSL</a>-<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a>.</p> <p>ISDN is commonly used in <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_broadcasting" title="Radio broadcasting">radio broadcasting</a>. Since ISDN provides a high quality connection this assists in delivering good quality audio for transmission in radio. Most radio studios are equipped with ISDN lines as their main form of communication with other studios or standard phone lines. Equipment made by companies such as Telos/Omnia (the popular Zephyr codec), Comrex, Tieline and others are used regularly by radio broadcasters. Almost all live sports broadcasts on radio are backhauled to their main studios via ISDN connections.</p> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Sample_call">Sample call</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Sample call">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <p>The following is an example of a Primary Rate (PRI) ISDN call showing the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q.921" title="Q.921" class="mw-redirect">Q.921</a>/<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Link_Access_Procedures,_D_channel" title="Link Access Procedures, D channel">LAPD</a> and the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q.931" title="Q.931">Q.931</a>/Network message intermixed (i.e. exactly what was exchanged on the D-channel). The call is originating from the switch where the trace was taken and goes out to some other switch, possibly an end-office <b><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_exchange_carrier" title="Local exchange carrier">LEC</a></b>, who terminates the call.</p> <p>The first line format is <time> <D-channel> <Transmitted/Received> <LAPD/ISDN message ID>. If the message is an ISDN level message, then a decoding of the message is attempted showing the various Information Elements that make up the message. All ISDN messages are tagged with an ID number relative to the switch that started the call (local/remote). Following this optional decoding is a dump of the bytes of the message in <offset> <hex> ... <hex> <ascii> ... <ascii> format.</p> <p>The <b>RR</b> messages at the beginning prior to the call are the keep alive messages. <b>SETUP</b> message indicate the start of the call. Each message is acknowledged by the other side with a <b>RR</b>.</p> <pre> <small>10:49:47.33 21/1/24 R RR 0000 02 01 01 a5 .... 10:49:47.34 21/1/24 T RR 0000 02 01 01 b9 .... 10:50:17.57 21/1/24 R RR 0000 02 01 01 a5 .... 10:50:17.58 21/1/24 T RR 0000 02 01 01 b9 .... 10:50:24.37 21/1/24 T SETUP Call Reference : 000062-local Bearer Capability : CCITT, Speech, Circuit mode, 64 kbit/s Channel ID : Implicit Interface ID implies current span, 21/1/5, Exclusive Calling Party Number : 8018023000 National number User-provided, not screened Presentation allowed Called Party Number : 3739120 Type: SUBSCRB 0000 00 01 a4 b8 08 02 00 3e 05 04 03 80 90 a2 18 03 .......>........ 0010 a9 83 85 6c 0c 21 80 38 30 31 38 30 32 33 30 30 ...l.!.801802300 0020 30 70 08 c1 33 37 33 39 31 32 30 0p..3739120 10:50:24.37 21/1/24 R RR 0000 00 01 01 a6 .... 10:50:24.77 21/1/24 R CALL PROCEEDING Call Reference : 000062-local Channel ID : Implicit Interface ID implies current span, 21/1/5, Exclusive 0000 02 01 b8 a6 08 02 80 3e 02 18 03 a9 83 85 .......>...... 10:50:24.77 21/1/24 T RR 0000 02 01 01 ba .... 10:50:25.02 21/1/24 R ALERTING Call Reference : 000062-local Progress Indicator : CCITT, Public network serving local user, In-band information or an appropriate pattern is now available 0000 02 01 ba a6 08 02 80 3e 01 1e 02 82 88 .......>..... 10:50:25.02 21/1/24 T RR 0000 02 01 01 bc .... 10:50:28.43 21/1/24 R CONNECT Call Reference : 000062-local 0000 02 01 bc a6 08 02 80 3e 07 .......>. 10:50:28.43 21/1/24 T RR 0000 02 01 01 be .... 10:50:28.43 21/1/24 T CONNECT_ACK Call Reference : 000062-local 0000 00 01 a6 be 08 02 00 3e 0f .......>. 10:50:28.44 21/1/24 R RR 0000 00 01 01 a8 .... 10:50:35.69 21/1/24 T DISCONNECT Call Reference : 000062-local Cause : 16, Normal call clearing. 0000 00 01 a8 be 08 02 00 3e 45 08 02 8a 90 .......>E.... 10:50:35.70 21/1/24 R RR 0000 00 01 01 aa .... 10:50:36.98 21/1/24 R RELEASE Call Reference : 000062-local 0000 02 01 be aa 08 02 80 3e 4d .......>M 10:50:36.98 21/1/24 T RR 0000 02 01 01 c0 .... 10:50:36.99 21/1/24 T RELEASE COMPLETE Call Reference : 000062-local 0000 00 01 aa c0 08 02 00 3e 5a .......>Z 10:50:36.00 21/1/24 R RR 0000 00 01 01 ac .... 10:51:06.10 21/1/24 R RR 0000 02 01 01 ad .... 10:51:06.10 21/1/24 T RR 0000 02 01 01 c1 .... 10:51:36.37 21/1/24 R RR 0000 02 01 01 ad .... 10:51:36.37 21/1/24 T RR 0000 02 01 01 c1 .... </small> </pre> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="See_also">See also</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Protocols">Protocols</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Protocols">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN_User_Part" title="ISDN User Part">ISDN User Part</a> (ISUP)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSS1" title="DSS1" class="mw-redirect">DSS1</a> (<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETSI" title="ETSI">ETSI</a> "<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Euro</a>-ISDN", also used in many non-European countries)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DSS2" title="DSS2" class="mw-redirect">DSS2</a> (Digital Subscriber Signalling System No. 2)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://portal.etsi.org/mbs/Referenced%20Documents/ets_300_387.pdf">ETS 300 specification at ETSI</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NI-1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NI-1 (page does not exist)">NI-1</a> (<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> National ISDN Phase 1)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=NI-2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="NI-2 (page does not exist)">NI-2</a> (<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States" title="United States">US</a> National ISDN Phase 2)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4ESS" title="4ESS" class="mw-redirect">4ESS</a> (<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lucent" title="Lucent">Lucent</a> 4ESS specific protocol defined in AT&T TR 41459)</li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=INS-NET&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="INS-NET (page does not exist)">INS-NET</a> 64/1500 (<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japanese</a> national/<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nippon_Telegraph_and_Telephone" title="Nippon Telegraph and Telephone">NTT</a> carrier-specific protocol)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Access_Carrier_System" title="Digital Access Carrier System">DACS</a> used in the <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a> by <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Telecom" title="British Telecom" class="mw-redirect">British Telecom</a> it uses non standard D channel signalling for <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_gain" title="Pair gain">pair gain</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QSIG" title="QSIG">QSIG</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_Operations_Service_Element_protocol" title="Remote Operations Service Element protocol">Remote Operations Service Element protocol</a> (ROSE)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Q.931" title="Q.931">Q.931</a></li> </ul> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTZ_1_TR_6" title="FTZ 1 TR 6">FTZ 1 TR 6</a> (obsolete <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">German</a> national protocol)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TS.013&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TS.013 (page does not exist)">TS.013</a>/<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TS.014&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TS.014 (page does not exist)">TS.014</a> (obsolete <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australian</a> national protocol)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VN2&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VN2 (page does not exist)">VN2</a>/<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VN3&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VN3 (page does not exist)">VN3</a>/<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=VN4&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VN4 (page does not exist)">VN4</a> (obsolete <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/France" title="France">French</a> national protocols)</li> </ul> <p>Specifications defining the physical layer and part of the data link layers of ISDN:</p> <ul> <li><b>ISDN BRI</b>: <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> I.430.</li> <li><b>ISDN PRI</b>: <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ITU-T" title="ITU-T">ITU-T</a> I.431.</li> </ul> <p>From the point of view of the OSI architecture, an ISDN line has a stack of three protocols</p> <ul> <li>physical layer</li> <li>data link layer</li> <li>network layer (the ISDN protocol, properly)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (September 2007)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> </ul> <h3><span class="mw-headline" id="Other">Other</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h3> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common_ISDN_Application_Programming_Interface" title="Common ISDN Application Programming Interface">CAPI</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asymmetric_Digital_Subscriber_Line" title="Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line" class="mw-redirect">ADSL</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Asynchronous_Transfer_Mode" title="Asynchronous Transfer Mode">ATM</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-ISDN" title="B-ISDN" class="mw-redirect">B-ISDN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IpDTL" title="IpDTL">IpDTL</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.320" title="H.320">H.320</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ETSI" title="ETSI">ETSI</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_device_bandwidths" title="List of device bandwidths" class="mw-redirect">List of device bandwidths</a></li> </ul> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="Notes">Notes</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_Internet_access" title="Broadband Internet access" class="mw-redirect">Broadband Internet access</a>: Although various minimum bandwidths have been used in definitions of broadband, ranging up from 64 kbit/s up to 1.0 Mbit/s, the 2006 OECD report<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span>[</span>12<span>]</span></a></sup> is typical by defining broadband as having download data transfer rates equal to or faster than 256 kbit/s, while the United States FCC, as of 2008, defines broadband as anything above 768 kbit/s.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span>[</span>13<span>]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Engadget_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engadget-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup> The trend is to raise the threshold of the broadband definition as the marketplace rolls out faster services.<sup id="cite_ref-Engadget_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Engadget-14"><span>[</span>14<span>]</span></a></sup></span></li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Network Termination for ISDN Basic Access", little boxes that bridge the two-wire UK0 line to the four-wire S0 bus.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span>[</span>20<span>]</span></a></sup></span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="References">References</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <div class="reflist columns references-column-width" style="-moz-column-width: 32em; -webkit-column-width: 32em; column-width: 32em; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Decina, M; Scace, E (May 1986). "CCITT Recommendations on the ISDN: A Review". <i>CCITT Red Book</i> <b>4</b> (3): 320–25. <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FJSAC.1986.1146333">10.1109/JSAC.1986.1146333</a>. <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://www.worldcat.org/issn/0733-8716">0733-8716</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=CCITT+Recommendations+on+the+ISDN%3A+A+Review&rft.au=Decina%2C+M&rft.aufirst=M&rft.aulast=Decina&rft.au=Scace%2C+E&rft.date=May+1986&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FJSAC.1986.1146333&rft.issn=0733-8716&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=CCITT+Red+Book&rft.pages=320-25&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=4" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Aaron, R; Wyndrum, R (March 1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/35/23852/01093028.pdf">"Future trends"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF" class="mw-redirect">PDF</a>)</span>. <i>IEEE Communications Magazine</i> (<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AT%26T_Bell_Laboratories" title="AT&T Bell Laboratories" class="mw-redirect">AT&T Bell Laboratories</a>) <b>24</b> (3): 38–43. <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FMCOM.1986.1093028">10.1109/MCOM.1986.1093028</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2007</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=Future+trends&rft.au=Aaron%2C+R&rft.aufirst=R&rft.aulast=Aaron&rft.au=Wyndrum%2C+R&rft.date=March+1986&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fiel5%2F35%2F23852%2F01093028.pdf&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FMCOM.1986.1093028&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Communications+Magazine&rft.pages=38-43&rft.pub=AT%26T+Bell+Laboratories&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=24" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">Robin, G; Treves, S (July 1979). "Pragmatic Introduction of Digital Switching and Transmission in Existing Networks". <i>IEEE Transactions on Communications</i> <b>27</b> (7): 1071. <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://dx.doi.org/10.1109%2FTCOM.1979.1094494">10.1109/TCOM.1979.1094494</a>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=Pragmatic+Introduction+of+Digital+Switching+and+Transmission+in+Existing+Networks&rft.aufirst=G&rft.aulast=Robin&rft.au=Robin%2C+G&rft.au=Treves%2C+S&rft.date=July+1979&rft.genre=article&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FTCOM.1979.1094494&rft.issue=7&rft.jtitle=IEEE+Transactions+on+Communications&rft.pages=1071&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=27" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Talkers_2013-03-28-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talkers_2013-03-28_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talkers_2013-03-28_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talkers_2013-03-28_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.talkers.com/2013/03/28/verizon-no-longer-taking-orders-for-isdn-service-in-northeast-starting-may-18/">"Verizon: No Longer Taking Orders for ISDN Service in Northeast Starting May 18"</a>. <i>Talkers</i>. March 28, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=Verizon%3A+No+Longer+Taking+Orders+for+ISDN+Service+in+Northeast+Starting+May+18&rft.date=March+28%2C+2013&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.talkers.com%2F2013%2F03%2F28%2Fverizon-no-longer-taking-orders-for-isdn-service-in-northeast-starting-may-18%2F&rft.jtitle=Talkers&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-SW_Bell_ISDN-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-SW_Bell_ISDN_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://public.swbell.net/ISDN/overview.html">"What is ISDN?"</a>. Southwestern Bell<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.btitle=What+is+ISDN%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublic.swbell.net%2FISDN%2Foverview.html&rft.pub=Southwestern+Bell&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Wisegeek_BRI-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Wisegeek_BRI_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-basic-rate-interface.htm">"What Is Basic Rate Interface?"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.btitle=What+Is+Basic+Rate+Interface%3F&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wisegeek.com%2Fwhat-is-basic-rate-interface.htm&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-ISDN_SwitchType-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ISDN_SwitchType_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/hardware/ff541725%28v=vs.85%29.aspx">"ISDN\SwitchType"</a>. Microsoft<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 6,</span> 2013</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.btitle=ISDN%5CSwitchType&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmsdn.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Flibrary%2Fwindows%2Fhardware%2Fff541725%2528v%3Dvs.85%2529.aspx&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">McCoy, Jason. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://mccoyproductions.net/live-directed-voice-over-sessions-via-ipdtl-source-connect-and-skype/">"IPDTL, Source-Connect vs Skype for voice over talent"</a>. McCoy Productions<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">16 March</span> 2015</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.aufirst=Jason&rft.aulast=McCoy&rft.au=McCoy%2C+Jason&rft.btitle=IPDTL%2C+Source-Connect+vs+Skype+for+voice+over+talent&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmccoyproductions.net%2Flive-directed-voice-over-sessions-via-ipdtl-source-connect-and-skype%2F&rft.pub=McCoy+Productions&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREF1995" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.japaninc.com/cpj/magazine/issues/1995/sep95/09isdn.html">"ISDN: A Solution in Search of a Problem"</a>, <i>Computing Japan Magazine</i> (article), September–October 1995</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=ISDN%3A+A+Solution+in+Search+of+a+Problem&rft.date=September-October+1995&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.japaninc.com%2Fcpj%2Fmagazine%2Fissues%2F1995%2Fsep95%2F09isdn.html&rft.jtitle=Computing+Japan+Magazine&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Green, James Harry (26 October 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://books.google.com/books?id=L1iJaXDV89gC&pg=PA262"><i>The Irwin Handbook of Telecommunications</i></a> (5 ed.). McGraw-Hill Professional. p. 770. <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-07-145222-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-07-145222-9">978-0-07-145222-9</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.aufirst=James+Harry&rft.au=Green%2C+James+Harry&rft.aulast=Green&rft.btitle=The+Irwin+Handbook+of+Telecommunications&rft.date=26+October+2005&rft.edition=5&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DL1iJaXDV89gC%26pg%3DPA262&rft.isbn=978-0-07-145222-9&rft.pages=770&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill+Professional&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Bodin, Madeline; Dawson, Keith (3 January 2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://books.google.com/books?id=CTXhqkFDQKQC&pg=PA101"><i>The Call Center Dictionary: The Complete Guide to Call Center & Customer Support Technology Solutions</i></a>. Focal Press. p. 227. <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57820-095-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57820-095-5">978-1-57820-095-5</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 May</span> 2012</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.au=Bodin%2C+Madeline&rft.au=Dawson%2C+Keith&rft.aufirst=Madeline&rft.aulast=Bodin&rft.btitle=The+Call+Center+Dictionary%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+Call+Center+%26+Customer+Support+Technology+Solutions&rft.date=3+January+2002&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DCTXhqkFDQKQC%26pg%3DPA101&rft.isbn=978-1-57820-095-5&rft.pages=227&rft.pub=Focal+Press&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREF2006" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.oecd.org/document/7/0,3343,en_2649_34223_38446855_1_1_1_1,00.html"><i>Broadband Statistics</i></a> (report), OECD, 2006</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.btitle=Broadband+Statistics&rft.date=2006&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oecd.org%2Fdocument%2F7%2F0%2C3343%2Cen_2649_34223_38446855_1_1_1_1%2C00.html&rft.pub=OECD&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREFMartin" class="citation">Martin, Kevin J, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://hraunfoss.fcc.gov/edocs_public/attachmatch/DOC-280909A2.doc"><i>Statement of Chairman</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MICROSOFT" title="MICROSOFT" class="mw-redirect">MS</a> <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=MICROSOFT_WORD&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="MICROSOFT WORD (page does not exist)">WORD</a> DOC)</span>, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_of_America" title="United States of America" class="mw-redirect">US</a>: FCC</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.aufirst=Kevin+J&rft.aulast=Martin&rft.au=Martin%2C+Kevin+J&rft.btitle=Statement+of+Chairman&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhraunfoss.fcc.gov%2Fedocs_public%2Fattachmatch%2FDOC-280909A2.doc&rft.place=US&rft.pub=FCC&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-Engadget-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Engadget_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Engadget_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span id="CITEREF2008" class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.engadget.com/2008/03/19/fcc-redefines-broadband-to-mean-768kbps-fast-to-mean-kinda/">"FCC redefines "broadband" to mean 768 kbit/s, "fast" to mean "kinda slow<span style="padding-right:0.2em;">"</span>"</a>, <i>Engadget</i>, 2008-03-19</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=FCC+redefines+%22broadband%22+to+mean+768+kbit%2Fs%2C+%22fast%22+to+mean+%22kinda+slow%22&rft.date=2008-03-19&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2008%2F03%2F19%2Ffcc-redefines-broadband-to-mean-768kbps-fast-to-mean-kinda%2F&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">"Disclaimer", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.centurytel.com/Pages/Disclaimers/internetDisclaimer.jsp"><i>Internet Access service offerings</i></a>, CenturyTel, <q>You may not obtain Internet services over ISDN lines (BRI or PRI), dedicated circuits or special service circuits</q></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=Disclaimer&rft.btitle=Internet+Access+service+offerings&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.centurytel.com%2FPages%2FDisclaimers%2FinternetDisclaimer.jsp&rft.pub=CenturyTel&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">"Networker", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.lifesize.com/en/Products/Infrastructure/Networker.aspx"><i>Infrastructure products</i></a>, LifeSize</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=Networker&rft.btitle=Infrastructure+products&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.lifesize.com%2Fen%2FProducts%2FInfrastructure%2FNetworker.aspx&rft.pub=LifeSize&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation journal">T, Radhakrishna. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:VndARx0v7HgJ:www.cio.in/open_save_file%3Ffname%3Dsites/default/files/E-seva.pdf+&cd=8&hl=en&ct=clnk&gl=in">"e-Seva: Enabling Bill Payment Without Queues"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>. <i>Real CIO World</i> <b>1</b> (1): 74<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2015</span>.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=e-Seva%3A+Enabling+Bill+Payment+Without+Queues&rft.aufirst=Radhakrishna&rft.aulast=T&rft.au=T%2C+Radhakrishna&rft.genre=article&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwebcache.googleusercontent.com%2Fsearch%3Fq%3Dcache%3AVndARx0v7HgJ%3Awww.cio.in%2Fopen_save_file%253Ffname%253Dsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FE-seva.pdf%2B%26cd%3D8%26hl%3Den%26ct%3Dclnk%26gl%3Din&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Real+CIO+World&rft.pages=74&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.volume=1" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://denwakyoku.jp/kitahama.html">"NTT東日本 - 北浜ビル"</a> (in Japanese). <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">JP</a>: Denwakyoku.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=Kitahama&rft.btitle=NTT%E6%9D%B1%E6%97%A5%E6%9C%AC+-+%E5%8C%97%E6%B5%9C%E3%83%93%E3%83%AB&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdenwakyoku.jp%2Fkitahama.html&rft.place=JP&rft.pub=Denwakyoku&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment"><code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|chapter=</code> ignored (<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#chapter_ignored" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.ntt-east.co.jp/release/1011/pdf/101102a_1.pdf">"PTSNのマイグレーションについて～概括的展望～"</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span> (in Japanese). JP: NTT East. November 2, 2010.</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.btitle=PTSN%E3%81%AE%E3%83%9E%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%B3%E3%81%AB%E3%81%A4%E3%81%84%E3%81%A6%EF%BD%9E%E6%A6%82%E6%8B%AC%E7%9A%84%E5%B1%95%E6%9C%9B%EF%BD%9E&rft.date=November+2%2C+2010&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ntt-east.co.jp%2Frelease%2F1011%2Fpdf%2F101102a_1.pdf&rft.place=JP&rft.pub=NTT+East&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">"<a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_Termination_for_ISDN_Basic_rate_Access" class="extiw" title="de:Network Termination for ISDN Basic rate Access">Network Termination for ISDN Basic rate Access</a>", <i>Wikipedia</i> (in German), Wikimedia</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=Network+Termination+for+ISDN+Basic+rate+Access&rft.btitle=Wikipedia&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.pub=Wikimedia&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation">"ISDN-Verbreitung", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://web.archive.org/web/20081002180402/http://www.bmbf.de/pub/sdi-19-07.pdf"><i>Studie</i></a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(PDF)</span>, <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">DE</a>: BMBF, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.bmbf.de/pub/sdi-19-07.pdf">the original</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PDF" title="PDF" class="mw-redirect">PDF</a>)</span> on 2008-10-02</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.atitle=ISDN-Verbreitung&rft.btitle=Studie&rft.genre=bookitem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bmbf.de%2Fpub%2Fsdi-19-07.pdf&rft.place=DE&rft.pub=BMBF&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</span></li> </ol> </div> <h2><span class="mw-headline" id="External_links">External links</span><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Integrated_Services_Digital_Network&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></h2> <table class="mbox-small plainlinks sistersitebox" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tr> <td class="mbox-image"><img alt="" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" width="40" height="40" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400"/></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Nets,_Webs_and_the_Information_Infrastructure" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure">Nets, Webs and the Information Infrastructure</a></b></i></td> </tr> </table> <ul> <li><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.itu.int/rec/T-REC-I/e"><i>Published recommendations available in English, French and Spanish</i></a> (list), ITU</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.btitle=Published+recommendations+available+in+English%2C+French+and+Spanish&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.itu.int%2Frec%2FT-REC-I%2Fe&rft.pub=ITU&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><span id="CITEREFFine" class="citation">Fine, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://hea-www.harvard.edu/~fine/ISDN/"><i>ISDN</i></a>, Harvard</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.au=Fine&rft.aulast=Fine&rft.btitle=ISDN&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhea-www.harvard.edu%2F~fine%2FISDN%2F&rft.pub=Harvard&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><span id="CITEREFB" class="citation">B, Ralph, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.ralphb.net/ISDN/"><i>ISDN</i></a></span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.au=B%2C+Ralph&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft.aulast=B&rft.btitle=ISDN&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ralphb.net%2FISDN%2F&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> <li><span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/http://www.roblee.com/isdn.htm"><i>ISDN</i></a>, Roblee</span><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIntegrated+Services+Digital+Network&rft.btitle=ISDN&rft.genre=book&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.roblee.com%2Fisdn.htm&rft.pub=Roblee&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span>.</li> </ul> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Internet_access" title="Template:Internet access"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Internet_access" title="Template talk:Internet access"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Internet_access&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet_access" title="Internet access">Internet access</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Wired</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cable_Internet_access" title="Cable Internet access">Cable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dial-up_Internet_access" title="Dial-up Internet access">Dial-up</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DOCSIS" title="DOCSIS">DOCSIS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_subscriber_line" title="Digital subscriber line">DSL</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fiber_to_the_x" title="Fiber to the x">FTTx</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.hn" title="G.hn">G.hn</a></li> <li>HD-PLC</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePlug" title="HomePlug">HomePlug</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HomePNA" title="HomePNA">HomePNA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_1901" title="IEEE 1901">IEEE 1901</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">ISDN</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimedia_over_Coax_Alliance" title="Multimedia over Coax Alliance">MoCA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Passive_optical_network" title="Passive optical network">PON</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power-line_communication" title="Power-line communication">Power-line</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Broadband_over_power_lines" title="Broadband over power lines">Broadband</a></li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Wireless</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_Enhanced_Cordless_Telecommunications" title="Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications">DECT</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evolution-Data_Optimized" title="Evolution-Data Optimized">EVDO</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General_Packet_Radio_Service" title="General Packet Radio Service">GPRS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High_Speed_Packet_Access" title="High Speed Packet Access">HSPA</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IBurst" title="IBurst">iBurst</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Li-Fi" title="Li-Fi">Li-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LTE_(telecommunication)" title="LTE (telecommunication)">LTE</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multichannel_Multipoint_Distribution_Service" title="Multichannel Multipoint Distribution Service">MMDS</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Municipal_wireless_network" title="Municipal wireless network">Muni Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satellite_Internet_access" title="Satellite Internet access">Satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UMTS-TDD" title="UMTS-TDD">UMTS-TDD</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wi-Fi" title="Wi-Fi">Wi-Fi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiMAX" title="WiMAX">WiMAX</a> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WiBro" title="WiBro">WiBro</a></li> </ul> </li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_USB" title="Wireless USB">Wireless USB</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <td style="padding:2px"> <table class="nowraplinks hlist collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Telecommunications" title="Template:Telecommunications"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Telecommunications" title="Template talk:Telecommunications"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Telecommunications&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunication" title="Telecommunication">Telecommunications</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">History</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div class="floatright"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Telecom-icon.svg" class="image" title="Telecommunications symbol"><img alt="Telecommunications symbol" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/50px-Telecom-icon.svg.png" width="50" height="50" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/75px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Telecom-icon.svg/100px-Telecom-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500"/></a></div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beacon#For_defensive_communications" title="Beacon">Beacon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_broadcasting" title="History of broadcasting">Broadcasting</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite#History" title="Communications satellite">Communications satellite</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network#History" title="Computer network">Computer network</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drums_in_communication" title="Drums in communication">Drums</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_telegraph#History" title="Electrical telegraph">Electrical telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fax#History" title="Fax">Fax</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heliograph#History" title="Heliograph">Heliographs</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydraulic_telegraph#Greek_hydraulic_semaphore_system" title="Hydraulic telegraph">Hydraulic telegraph</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_Internet" title="History of the Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mass_media#History" title="Mass media">Mass media</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_mobile_phones" title="History of mobile phones">Mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_communication" title="Optical communication">Optical telecommunication</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semaphore_line#History" title="Semaphore line">Optical telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photophone" title="Photophone">Photophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_prepaid_mobile_phone" title="History of the prepaid mobile phone">Prepaid mobile phone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_radio" title="History of radio">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radiotelephone" title="Radiotelephone">Radiotelephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_satellite" title="Communications satellite">Satellite communications</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smoke_signal" title="Smoke signal">Smoke signals</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_telecommunication" title="History of telecommunication">Telecommunications history</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telegraphy" title="Telegraphy">Telegraphy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_the_telephone" title="History of the telephone">Telephone</a></li> <li><i><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Telephone_Cases" title="The Telephone Cases">The Telephone Cases</a></i></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_television" title="History of television">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline_of_communication_technology" title="Timeline of communication technology">Timeline of communication technology</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Submarine_communications_cable#Early_history:_telegraph_and_coaxial_cables" title="Submarine communications cable">Undersea telegraph line</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videoconferencing#History" title="Videoconferencing">Videoconferencing</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Videophone#Early_history" title="Videophone">Videophone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_videotelephony" title="History of videotelephony">Videotelephony</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Pioneers</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin_Howard_Armstrong" title="Edwin Howard Armstrong">Edwin Howard Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Logie_Baird" title="John Logie Baird">John Logie Baird</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Graham_Bell" title="Alexander Graham Bell">Alexander Graham Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jagadish_Chandra_Bose" title="Jagadish Chandra Bose">Jagadish Chandra Bose</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Claude_Chappe" title="Claude Chappe">Claude Chappe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reginald_Fessenden" title="Reginald Fessenden">Reginald Fessenden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elisha_Gray" title="Elisha Gray">Elisha Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Guglielmo Marconi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander_Stepanovich_Popov" title="Alexander Stepanovich Popov">Alexander Stepanovich Popov</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Johann_Philipp_Reis" title="Johann Philipp Reis">Johann Philipp Reis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla" title="Nikola Tesla">Nikola Tesla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camille_Papin_Tissot" title="Camille Papin Tissot">Camille Papin Tissot</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred_Vail" title="Alfred Vail">Alfred Vail</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles_Wheatstone" title="Charles Wheatstone">Charles Wheatstone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vladimir_K._Zworykin" title="Vladimir K. Zworykin">Vladimir K. Zworykin</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmission_medium" title="Transmission medium">Transmission<br/> media</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coaxial_cable" title="Coaxial cable">Coaxial cable</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-space_optical_communication" title="Free-space optical communication">Free-space optical</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical_fiber" title="Optical fiber">Optical fiber</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_wave" title="Radio wave">Radio waves</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_line" title="Telephone line">Telephone lines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microwave#Communication" title="Microwave">Terrestrial microwave</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IEEE_P1906.1" title="IEEE P1906.1">Molecules</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_topology" title="Network topology">Network topology</a><br/> and switching</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_link" title="Telecommunications link">Links</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">Nodes</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terminal_(telecommunication)" title="Terminal (telecommunication)">Terminal node</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Network_switch" title="Network switch">Network switching</a> (<a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit_switching" title="Circuit switching">circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Packet_switching" title="Packet switching">packet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telephone_exchange" title="Telephone exchange">Telephone exchange</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplexing" title="Multiplexing">Multiplexing</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-user_MIMO#SDMA" title="Multi-user MIMO">Space-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frequency-division_multiplexing" title="Frequency-division multiplexing">Frequency-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-division_multiplexing" title="Time-division multiplexing">Time-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polarization-division_multiplexing" title="Polarization-division multiplexing">Polarization-division</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbital_angular_momentum_multiplexing" title="Orbital angular momentum multiplexing">Orbital angular-momentum</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Code_division_multiple_access" title="Code division multiple access">Code-division</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_network" title="Telecommunications network">Networks</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARPANET" title="ARPANET">ARPANET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BITNET" title="BITNET">BITNET</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Computer</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FidoNet" title="FidoNet">FidoNet</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></li> <li><strong class="selflink">ISDN</strong></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_area_network" title="Local area network">LAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mobile_telephony" title="Mobile telephony">Mobile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Next-generation_network" title="Next-generation network">NGN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Public_switched_telephone_network" title="Public switched telephone network">Public Switched Telephone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_network" title="Radio network">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_equipment" title="Telecommunications equipment">Telecommunications equipment</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Television_network" title="Television network">Television</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telex" title="Telex">Telex</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wide_area_network" title="Wide area network">WAN</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wireless_network" title="Wireless network">Wireless</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">By continent</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"></div> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Africa_topic" title="Template:Africa topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Africa_topic" title="Template talk:Africa topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Africa_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Africa</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Algeria" title="Telecommunications in Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Angola" title="Telecommunications in Angola">Angola</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Benin" title="Telecommunications in Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Botswana" title="Telecommunications in Botswana">Botswana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burkina_Faso" title="Telecommunications in Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burundi" title="Telecommunications in Burundi" class="mw-redirect">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cameroon" title="Telecommunications in Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cape_Verde" title="Telecommunications in Cape Verde">Cape Verde</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Central_African_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chad" title="Telecommunications in Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Comoros" title="Telecommunications in Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Democratic Republic of the Congo">Democratic Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Djibouti" title="Telecommunications in Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Eritrea" title="Telecommunications in Eritrea">Eritrea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ethiopia" title="Telecommunications in Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gabon" title="Telecommunications in Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Gambia" title="Telecommunications in the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ghana" title="Telecommunications in Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guinea-Bissau" title="Telecommunications in Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ivory_Coast" title="Telecommunications in Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast (Côte d'Ivoire)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kenya" title="Telecommunications in Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lesotho" title="Telecommunications in Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liberia" title="Telecommunications in Liberia" class="mw-redirect">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Libya" title="Telecommunications in Libya" class="mw-redirect">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Madagascar" title="Telecommunications in Madagascar">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malawi" title="Telecommunications in Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mali" title="Telecommunications in Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritania" title="Telecommunications in Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mauritius" title="Telecommunications in Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Morocco" title="Telecommunications in Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mozambique" title="Telecommunications in Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Namibia" title="Telecommunications in Namibia">Namibia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niger" title="Telecommunications in Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nigeria" title="Telecommunications in Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Rwanda" title="Telecommunications in Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_S%C3%A3o_Tom%C3%A9_and_Pr%C3%ADncipe" title="Telecommunications in São Tomé and Príncipe">São Tomé and Príncipe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Senegal" title="Telecommunications in Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Seychelles" title="Telecommunications in Seychelles">Seychelles</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sierra_Leone" title="Telecommunications in Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somalia" title="Telecommunications in Somalia" class="mw-redirect">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Africa" title="Telecommunications in South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Sudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Sudan (page does not exist)">South Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sudan" title="Telecommunications in Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Swaziland" title="Telecommunications in Swaziland">Swaziland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tanzania" title="Telecommunications in Tanzania">Tanzania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Togo" title="Telecommunications in Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tunisia" title="Telecommunications in Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uganda" title="Telecommunications in Uganda" class="mw-redirect">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zambia" title="Telecommunications in Zambia">Zambia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Zimbabwe" title="Telecommunications in Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited<br/> recognition</a></div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Sahrawi_Arab_Democratic_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic" class="mw-redirect">Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Somaliland" title="Telecommunications in Somaliland">Somaliland</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <div> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mayotte" title="Telecommunications in Mayotte">Mayotte</a> / <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_R%C3%A9union" title="Telecommunications in Réunion">Réunion</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(France)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Helena" title="Telecommunications in Saint Helena" class="mw-redirect">Saint Helena</a> / <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ascension_Island" title="Telecommunications in Ascension Island" class="mw-redirect">Ascension Island</a> / <a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Telecommunications in Tristan da Cunha" class="mw-redirect">Tristan da Cunha</a> <small style="font-size:85%;">(United Kingdom)</small></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Western_Sahara" title="Telecommunications in Western Sahara">Western Sahara</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Asia_topic" title="Template:Asia topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Asia_topic" title="Template talk:Asia topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Asia_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Asia</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Afghanistan" title="Telecommunications in Afghanistan" class="mw-redirect">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bahrain" title="Telecommunications in Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bangladesh" title="Telecommunications in Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bhutan" title="Telecommunications in Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brunei" title="Telecommunications in Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Burma" title="Telecommunications in Burma">Burma (Myanmar)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cambodia" title="Telecommunications in Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_China" title="Telecommunications in China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_East_Timor" title="Telecommunications in East Timor">East Timor (Timor-Leste)</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Egypt" title="Telecommunications in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_India" title="Telecommunications in India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iran" title="Telecommunications in Iran" class="mw-redirect">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iraq" title="Telecommunications in Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Israel" title="Telecommunications in Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Japan" title="Telecommunications in Japan" class="mw-redirect">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jordan" title="Telecommunications in Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_North_Korea" title="Telecommunications in North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Korea" title="Telecommunications in South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kuwait" title="Telecommunications in Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kyrgyzstan" title="Telecommunications in Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Laos" title="Telecommunications in Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lebanon" title="Telecommunications in Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malaysia" title="Telecommunications in Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Maldives" title="Telecommunications in the Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mongolia" title="Telecommunications in Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nepal" title="Telecommunications in Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Oman" title="Telecommunications in Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Pakistan" title="Telecommunications in Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Philippines" title="Telecommunications in the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Qatar" title="Telecommunications in Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saudi_Arabia" title="Telecommunications in Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Singapore" title="Telecommunications in Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sri_Lanka" title="Telecommunications in Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Syria" title="Telecommunications in Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tajikistan" title="Telecommunications in Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Thailand" title="Telecommunications in Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkmenistan" title="Telecommunications in Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Telecommunications in the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uzbekistan" title="Telecommunications in Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vietnam" title="Telecommunications in Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Yemen" title="Telecommunications in Yemen">Yemen</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with<br/> limited recognition</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Palestinian_territories" title="Telecommunications in the Palestinian territories" class="mw-redirect">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Taiwan" title="Telecommunications in Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_British_Indian_Ocean_Territory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the British Indian Ocean Territory (page does not exist)">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hong_Kong" title="Telecommunications in Hong Kong" class="mw-redirect">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Macau" title="Telecommunications in Macau">Macau</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Europe_topic" title="Template:Europe topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Europe_topic" title="Template talk:Europe topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Europe_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Europe" title="Telecommunications in Europe" class="mw-redirect">Telecommunications in Europe</a></div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sovereign states</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Albania" title="Telecommunications in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Andorra" title="Telecommunications in Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Armenia" title="Telecommunications in Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Austria" title="Telecommunications in Austria">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Azerbaijan" title="Telecommunications in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belarus" title="Telecommunications in Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belgium" title="Telecommunications in Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Telecommunications in Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bulgaria" title="Telecommunications in Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Croatia" title="Telecommunications in Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Czech_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Czech Republic">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Denmark" title="Telecommunications in Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Estonia" title="Telecommunications in Estonia">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Finland" title="Telecommunications in Finland">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_France" title="Telecommunications in France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Georgia_(country)" title="Telecommunications in Georgia (country)">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Germany" title="Telecommunications in Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greece" title="Telecommunications in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Hungary" title="Telecommunications in Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Iceland" title="Telecommunications in Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Ireland" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Italy" title="Telecommunications in Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kazakhstan" title="Telecommunications in Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Latvia" title="Telecommunications in Latvia">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Liechtenstein" title="Telecommunications in Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Lithuania" title="Telecommunications in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Luxembourg" title="Telecommunications in Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Republic_of_Macedonia" title="Telecommunications in the Republic of Macedonia">Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Malta" title="Telecommunications in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Moldova" title="Telecommunications in Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Monaco" title="Telecommunications in Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montenegro" title="Telecommunications in Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Netherlands" title="Telecommunications in the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Norway" title="Telecommunications in Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Poland" title="Telecommunications in Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Portugal" title="Telecommunications in Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Romania" title="Telecommunications in Romania" class="mw-redirect">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Russia" title="Telecommunications in Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_San_Marino" title="Telecommunications in San Marino">San Marino</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovakia" title="Telecommunications in Slovakia">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Slovenia" title="Telecommunications in Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Spain" title="Telecommunications in Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Sweden" title="Telecommunications in Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Switzerland" title="Telecommunications in Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Turkey" title="Telecommunications in Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ukraine" title="Telecommunications in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telecommunications in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">States with limited<br/> recognition</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Abkhazia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Abkhazia (page does not exist)">Abkhazia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kosovo" title="Telecommunications in Kosovo">Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Nagorno-Karabakh_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Nagorno-Karabakh Republic" class="mw-redirect">Nagorno-Karabakh</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Northern_Cyprus" title="Telecommunications in Northern Cyprus" class="mw-redirect">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_South_Ossetia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in South Ossetia (page does not exist)">South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Transnistria" title="Telecommunications in Transnistria">Transnistria</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_%C3%85land&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Åland (page does not exist)">Åland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Faroe_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Gibraltar" title="Telecommunications in Gibraltar" class="mw-redirect">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Guernsey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Guernsey (page does not exist)">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jersey" title="Telecommunications in Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Isle_of_Man" title="Telecommunications in the Isle of Man" class="mw-redirect">Isle of Man</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Svalbard&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Svalbard (page does not exist)">Svalbard</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Other entities</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_European_Union" title="Telecommunications in the European Union" class="mw-redirect">European Union</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:North_America_topic" title="Template:North America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:North_America_topic" title="Template talk:North America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:North_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in North America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group">Sovereign states</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Telecommunications in Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Bahamas" title="Telecommunications in the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Barbados" title="Telecommunications in Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Belize" title="Telecommunications in Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Costa_Rica" title="Telecommunications in Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cuba" title="Telecommunications in Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Dominica" title="Telecommunications in Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Telecommunications in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_El_Salvador" title="Telecommunications in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Grenada" title="Telecommunications in Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guatemala" title="Telecommunications in Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Haiti" title="Telecommunications in Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Honduras" title="Telecommunications in Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Jamaica" title="Telecommunications in Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Mexico" title="Telecommunications in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nicaragua" title="Telecommunications in Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Panama" title="Telecommunications in Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Telecommunications in Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Lucia" title="Telecommunications in Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Telecommunications in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Telecommunications in Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States" title="Telecommunications in the United States" class="mw-redirect">United States</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;">Dependencies and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Anguilla" title="Telecommunications in Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Aruba" title="Telecommunications in Aruba">Aruba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bermuda" title="Telecommunications in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Bonaire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Bonaire (page does not exist)">Bonaire</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_British_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cayman_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Cura%C3%A7ao" title="Telecommunications in Curaçao">Curaçao</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Greenland" title="Telecommunications in Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guadeloupe" title="Telecommunications in Guadeloupe">Guadeloupe</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Martinique" title="Telecommunications in Martinique">Martinique</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Montserrat" title="Telecommunications in Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Navassa_Island" title="Telecommunications in Navassa Island" class="mw-redirect">Navassa Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Puerto_Rico" title="Telecommunications in Puerto Rico">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Barth%C3%A9lemy" title="Telecommunications in Saint Barthélemy" class="mw-redirect">Saint Barthélemy</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Collectivity_of_Saint_Martin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Collectivity of Saint Martin (page does not exist)">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Saint_Pierre_and_Miquelon" title="Telecommunications in Saint Pierre and Miquelon">Saint Pierre and Miquelon</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Saba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Saba (page does not exist)">Saba</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Eustatius&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Eustatius (page does not exist)">Sint Eustatius</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Sint_Maarten&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Sint Maarten (page does not exist)">Sint Maarten</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_United_States_Virgin_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the United States Virgin Islands">United States Virgin Islands</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:Oceania_topic" title="Template:Oceania topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:Oceania_topic" title="Template talk:Oceania topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:Oceania_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in Oceania</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Australia" title="Telecommunications in Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Fiji" title="Telecommunications in Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Indonesia" title="Telecommunications in Indonesia" class="mw-redirect">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Kiribati" title="Telecommunications in Kiribati">Kiribati</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Marshall_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Marshall Islands" class="mw-redirect">Marshall Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Federated_States_of_Micronesia" title="Telecommunications in the Federated States of Micronesia">Federated States of Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Nauru" title="Telecommunications in Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Zealand" title="Telecommunications in New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Palau" title="Telecommunications in Palau">Palau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Telecommunications in Papua New Guinea" class="mw-redirect">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in Samoa">Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tonga" title="Telecommunications in Tonga">Tonga</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Tuvalu" title="Telecommunications in Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Vanuatu" title="Telecommunications in Vanuatu">Vanuatu</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Associated states<br/> of New Zealand</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Niue" title="Telecommunications in Niue" class="mw-redirect">Niue</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a><br/> and other territories</th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_American_Samoa" title="Telecommunications in American Samoa">American Samoa</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Christmas_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Christmas Island (page does not exist)">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands (page does not exist)">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Easter_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Easter Island (page does not exist)">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Polynesia" title="Telecommunications in French Polynesia">French Polynesia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guam" title="Telecommunications in Guam" class="mw-redirect">Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Hawaii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Hawaii (page does not exist)">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_New_Caledonia" title="Telecommunications in New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Norfolk_Island&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Norfolk Island (page does not exist)">Norfolk Island</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Northern_Mariana_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Northern Mariana Islands (page does not exist)">Northern Mariana Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_the_Pitcairn_Islands&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in the Pitcairn Islands (page does not exist)">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Tokelau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Tokelau (page does not exist)">Tokelau</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Telecommunications_in_Wallis_and_Futuna&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Telecommunications in Wallis and Futuna (page does not exist)">Wallis and Futuna</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> <table class="nowraplinks collapsible autocollapse navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"> <tr> <th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"> <div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"> <ul> <li class="nv-view"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template:South_America_topic" title="Template:South America topic"><span title="View this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">v</span></a></li> <li class="nv-talk"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Template_talk:South_America_topic" title="Template talk:South America topic"><span title="Discuss this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">t</span></a></li> <li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Template:South_America_topic&action=edit"><span title="Edit this template" style=";;background:none transparent;border:none;">e</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div style="font-size:110%">Telecommunications in South America</div> </th> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states" title="List of sovereign states">Sovereign states</a></th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Argentina" title="Telecommunications in Argentina" class="mw-redirect">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Bolivia" title="Telecommunications in Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Brazil" title="Telecommunications in Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Chile" title="Telecommunications in Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Colombia" title="Telecommunications in Colombia" class="mw-redirect">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Ecuador" title="Telecommunications in Ecuador">Ecuador</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Guyana" title="Telecommunications in Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Paraguay" title="Telecommunications in Paraguay">Paraguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Peru" title="Telecommunications in Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Suriname" title="Telecommunications in Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Uruguay" title="Telecommunications in Uruguay">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Venezuela" title="Telecommunications in Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <th scope="row" class="navbox-group"> <div style="padding:0.1em 0;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependencies</a> and<br/> other territories</div> </th> <td class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <ul> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_the_Falkland_Islands" title="Telecommunications in the Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_French_Guiana" title="Telecommunications in French Guiana">French Guiana</a></li> <li><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telecommunications_in_South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="Telecommunications in South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands" class="mw-redirect"><span style="white-space:normal;">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </td> </tr> </table> </td> </tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td colspan="2"></td> </tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"> <div> <ul> <li><img alt="Category" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/16px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png" title="Category" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/24px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/48/Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg/32px-Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="36" data-file-height="31"/> <b><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunications" title="Category:Telecommunications">Telecommunications</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Commons page" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" title="Commons page" width="12" height="16" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"/> <b><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Telecommunication" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="32" data-file-height="28"/> <b><a href="/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Portal:Telecommunication" title="Portal:Telecommunication">Telecommunication</a></b></li> <li><img alt="Portal" src="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/16px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png" title="Portal" width="16" height="14" srcset="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/24px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 1.5x, //web.archive.org/web/20150612230021im_/https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/fd/Portal-puzzle.svg/32px-Portal-puzzle.svg.png 2x" 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href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A6%D0%B8%D1%84%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B0_%D1%81_%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%83%D1%81%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%B3%D0%B8" title="Цифрова мрежа с интегрирани услуги – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg">Български</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs">Bosanski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xarxa_Digital_de_Serveis_Integrats" title="Xarxa Digital de Serveis Integrats – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca">Català</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs">Čeština</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da">Dansk</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle" title="featured article"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network – German" lang="de" hreflang="de">Deutsch</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el">Ελληνικά</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Red_Digital_de_Servicios_Integrados" title="Red Digital de Servicios Integrados – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es">Español</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN-telefono" title="ISDN-telefono – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo">Esperanto</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu">Euskara</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DA%A9%D9%87_%D8%AF%DB%8C%D8%AC%DB%8C%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D8%AE%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%86%D9%87" title="شبکه دیجیتالی خدمات یکپارچه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa">فارسی</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9seau_num%C3%A9rique_%C3%A0_int%C3%A9gration_de_services" title="Réseau numérique à intégration de services – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr">Français</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%ADonra_digiteach_de_sheirbh%C3%ADs%C3%AD_ioml%C3%A1naithe" title="Líonra digiteach de sheirbhísí iomlánaithe – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga">Gaeilge</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDSI" title="RDSI – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl">Galego</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko">한국어</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%86%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A1%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%8F%E0%A4%A8_(ISDN)" title="आइएसडीएन (ISDN) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi">हिन्दी</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr">Hrvatski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it">Italiano</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he">עברית</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk">Қазақша</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv">Latviešu</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt">Lietuvių</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN_telefon" title="ISDN telefon – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu">Magyar</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk">Македонски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%80%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%9C%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%BD_%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B4%B5%E0%B5%BC%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%95%E0%B5%8D" title="ഇന്റ‌ഗ്രേറ്റഡ് സർവീസസ് ഡിജിറ്റൽ നെറ്റ്‌വർക്ക് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml">മലയാളം</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9D%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%86%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%85%E1%80%8A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%91%E1%80%AC%E1%80%B8%E1%80%9E%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC_%E1%80%92%E1%80%AE%E1%80%82%E1%80%BB%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA%E1%80%90%E1%80%9A%E1%80%BA%E1%80%80%E1%80%BD%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9A%E1%80%80%E1%80%BA" title="ဝန်ဆောင်မှုများစုစည်းထားသော ဒီဂျစ်တယ်ကွန်ယက် – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl">Nederlands</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja">日本語</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Norwegian" lang="no" hreflang="no">Norsk bokmål</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl">Polski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/RDIS" title="RDIS – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt">Português</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro">Română</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru">Русский</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network – Simple English" lang="simple" hreflang="simple">Simple English</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digit%C3%A1lna_sie%C5%A5_integrovan%C3%BDch_slu%C5%BEieb" title="Digitálna sieť integrovaných služieb – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk">Slovenčina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl">Slovenščina</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr">Српски / srpski</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi">Suomi</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated_Services_Digital_Network" title="Integrated Services Digital Network – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv">Svenska</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%92%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%81%E0%AE%99%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%88_%E0%AE%8E%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE_%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%88%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%81" title="ஒருங்கிணை சேவை எண்ம வலையமைப்பு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta">தமிழ்</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr">Türkçe</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk">Українська</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/ISDN" title="ISDN – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi">Tiếng Việt</a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%BB%BC%E5%90%88%E4%B8%9A%E5%8A%A1%E6%95%B0%E5%AD%97%E7%BD%91" title="综合业务数字网 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh">中文</a></li> <li class="uls-p-lang-dummy"><a href="#"></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170397#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div id="footer" role="contentinfo"> <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last modified on 30 May 2015, at 12:38.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a rel="license" href="//web.archive.org/web/20150612230021/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_3.0_Unported_License">Creative 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