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Australia in World War II - Wikipedia
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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>North Africa, the Mediterranean and the Middle East</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-North_Africa,_the_Mediterranean_and_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle North Africa, the Mediterranean and the Middle East subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-North_Africa,_the_Mediterranean_and_the_Middle_East-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-North_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>North Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Greece,_Crete_and_Lebanon" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Greece,_Crete_and_Lebanon"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Greece, Crete and Lebanon</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Greece,_Crete_and_Lebanon-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-El_Alamein" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#El_Alamein"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>El Alamein</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-El_Alamein-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tunisia,_Sicily_and_Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tunisia,_Sicily_and_Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Tunisia, Sicily and Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tunisia,_Sicily_and_Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Britain_and_Western_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Britain_and_Western_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Britain and Western Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Britain_and_Western_Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Britain and Western Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Britain_and_Western_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Defence_of_Britain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Defence_of_Britain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Defence of Britain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Defence_of_Britain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_war_over_Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_war_over_Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Air war over Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_war_over_Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-War_in_the_Pacific" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#War_in_the_Pacific"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>War in the Pacific</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-War_in_the_Pacific-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle War in the Pacific subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-War_in_the_Pacific-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Malaya_and_Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaya_and_Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Malaya and Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaya_and_Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands_East_Indies_and_Rabaul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands_East_Indies_and_Rabaul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Netherlands East Indies and Rabaul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands_East_Indies_and_Rabaul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buildup_of_forces_in_Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buildup_of_forces_in_Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Buildup of forces in Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buildup_of_forces_in_Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Papuan_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Papuan_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Papuan campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Papuan_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attacks_on_Australian_shipping" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attacks_on_Australian_shipping"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>Attacks on Australian shipping</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attacks_on_Australian_shipping-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Guinea_offensives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Guinea_offensives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.6</span> <span>New Guinea offensives</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Guinea_offensives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Western_Area_Campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Western_Area_Campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.7</span> <span>North Western Area Campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Western_Area_Campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Advance_to_the_Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Advance_to_the_Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.8</span> <span>Advance to the Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advance_to_the_Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mopping_up_in_New_Guinea_and_the_Solomons" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mopping_up_in_New_Guinea_and_the_Solomons"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.9</span> <span>Mopping up in New Guinea and the Solomons</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mopping_up_in_New_Guinea_and_the_Solomons-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Borneo_campaign" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Borneo_campaign"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.10</span> <span>Borneo campaign</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Borneo_campaign-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intelligence_and_special_forces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intelligence_and_special_forces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.11</span> <span>Intelligence and special forces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intelligence_and_special_forces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Operations_against_the_Japanese_home_islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Operations_against_the_Japanese_home_islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.12</span> <span>Operations against the Japanese home islands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Operations_against_the_Japanese_home_islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Australians_in_other_theatres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australians_in_other_theatres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Australians in other theatres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australians_in_other_theatres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prisoners_of_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prisoners_of_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Prisoners of war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prisoners_of_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Home_front" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Home_front"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Home front</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Home_front-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-After_the_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#After_the_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>After the war</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-After_the_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Australia in World War II</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 13 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-13" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">13 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%AE_%D8%A3%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B3%D9%83%D8%B1%D9%8A_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A8_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AB%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="تاريخ أستراليا العسكري في الحرب العالمية الثانية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تاريخ أستراليا العسكري في الحرب العالمية الثانية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%B2_%D0%92%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B9%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Австралия във Втората световна война – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Австралия във Втората световна война" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milit%C3%A4rgeschichte_Australiens_w%C3%A4hrend_des_Zweiten_Weltkriegs" title="Militärgeschichte Australiens während des Zweiten Weltkriegs – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Militärgeschichte Australiens während des Zweiten Weltkriegs" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_en_la_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Australia en la Segunda Guerra Mundial – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Australia en la Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%D8%A7_%D8%AF%D8%B1_%D8%AC%D9%86%DA%AF_%D8%AC%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%88%D9%85" title="استرالیا در جنگ جهانی دوم – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استرالیا در جنگ جهانی دوم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Histoire_militaire_de_l%27Australie_pendant_la_Seconde_Guerre_mondiale" title="Histoire militaire de l'Australie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Histoire militaire de l'Australie pendant la Seconde Guerre mondiale" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia_nella_seconda_guerra_mondiale" title="Australia nella seconda guerra mondiale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Australia nella seconda guerra mondiale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%94_%D7%91%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%97%D7%9E%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%9D_%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%99%D7%94" title="אוסטרליה במלחמת העולם השנייה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="אוסטרליה במלחמת העולם השנייה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Austr%C3%A1lia_na_Segunda_Guerra_Mundial" title="Austrália na Segunda Guerra Mundial – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Austrália na Segunda Guerra Mundial" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-featured-star" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Featured_articles*" title="This is a featured article. Click here for more information."><img alt="Featured article" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/20px-Cscr-featured.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/30px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e7/Cscr-featured.svg/40px-Cscr-featured.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="466" data-file-height="443" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Military history of Australia during World War II</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aust_soldiers_Wewak_June_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Two soldiers crouching on an incline in jungle terrain. The man on the left is holding a rifle and the man on the right is firing a light machine gun" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Aust_soldiers_Wewak_June_1945.jpg/300px-Aust_soldiers_Wewak_June_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Aust_soldiers_Wewak_June_1945.jpg/450px-Aust_soldiers_Wewak_June_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Aust_soldiers_Wewak_June_1945.jpg/600px-Aust_soldiers_Wewak_June_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>An Australian light machine gun team in action during the <a href="/wiki/Aitape%E2%80%93Wewak_campaign" title="Aitape–Wewak campaign">Aitape–Wewak campaign</a>, June 1945.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> entered <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> on 3 September 1939, following the government's acceptance of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>'s declaration of war on <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>. Australia later entered into a state of war with other members of the <a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis powers</a>, including the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Kingdom of Italy</a> on 11 June 1940,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the <a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a> on 9 December 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-declare_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-declare-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By the end of the war almost one million Australians had served in the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">armed forces</a>, whose military units fought primarily in the <a href="/wiki/European_Theatre_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="European Theatre of World War II">European theatre</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North African campaign</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific theatre</a>. In addition, Australia <a href="/wiki/Attacks_on_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Attacks on Australia during World War II">came under direct attack</a> for the first time in its post-colonial history. Its casualties from enemy action during the war were 27,073 killed and 23,477 wounded.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many more suffered from <a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">tropical disease</a>, hunger, and harsh conditions in captivity; of the 21,467 Australian prisoners taken by the Japanese, only 14,000 survived. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> units were gradually withdrawn from the Mediterranean and Europe following the outbreak of war with Japan. However, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> units and personnel continued to take part in the war against Germany and Italy. From 1942 until early 1944, Australian forces played a key role in the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, making up the majority of Allied strength throughout much of the fighting in the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre" class="mw-redirect" title="South West Pacific theatre">South West Pacific theatre</a>. While the military was largely relegated to subsidiary fronts from mid-1944, it continued offensive operations against the Japanese until the war ended. </p><p>World War II contributed to major changes in the nation's economy, military and foreign policy. The war accelerated the process of industrialisation, led to the development of a larger peacetime military and began the process with which Australia shifted the focus of its foreign policy from Britain <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Australia–United States relations">to the United States</a>. The final effects of the war also contributed to the development of a more diverse and cosmopolitan Australian society. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Outbreak_of_war">Outbreak of war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Outbreak of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Troop_ship_farewell_(000304-01).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Five women standing at the edge of a dock. A large ship is sailing away from them." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Troop_ship_farewell_%28000304-01%29.jpg/220px-Troop_ship_farewell_%28000304-01%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Troop_ship_farewell_%28000304-01%29.jpg/330px-Troop_ship_farewell_%28000304-01%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Troop_ship_farewell_%28000304-01%29.jpg/440px-Troop_ship_farewell_%28000304-01%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="639" data-file-height="418" /></a><figcaption>Women friends and family on the wharf waving farewell to the departing troop ship RMS <i>Strathallan</i> carrying the Advance Party of the 6th Division to service overseas. They include <a href="/wiki/George_Alan_Vasey" title="George Alan Vasey">George Alan Vasey</a>'s wife <a href="/wiki/Jessie_Vasey" title="Jessie Vasey">Jessie Vasey</a> (second from the left). The photograph is especially poignant because Vasey did not survive the war.</figcaption></figure> <p><a href="/wiki/Interbellum" class="mw-redirect" title="Interbellum">Between World War I and World War II</a> Australia suffered greatly from the <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression" title="Great Depression">Great Depression</a> which started in 1929. This limited Australian defence expenditure and led to a decline in the size and effectiveness of the armed forces during the 1930s. In 1931, the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> granted the Australian government independence in foreign affairs and defence; in contrast with Canada, South Africa and the Irish Free State where the Statute took effect immediately, Australia (along with New Zealand) had to ratify it first for it to take effect. From the mid-1930s, Australian governments generally followed British policy towards <a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Nazi Germany</a>, supporting first the <a href="/wiki/Appeasement_of_Hitler" class="mw-redirect" title="Appeasement of Hitler">appeasement of Hitler</a> and the British <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Polish_military_alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglo-Polish military alliance">guarantee of Polish independence</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Australia" title="Prime Minister of Australia">Prime Minister</a> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Menzies" title="Robert Menzies">Robert Menzies</a> asked the British government to notify Germany that Australia was an associate of the United Kingdom.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 3 September 1939, Britain declared war when its ultimatum for Germany to withdraw from Poland expired.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the Statute of Westminster had not yet been ratified by the Australian parliament, any declaration of war by the UK applied to Australia by default. After the British informed Menzies of the declaration of war, the <a href="/wiki/Governor-General_of_Australia" title="Governor-General of Australia">Governor-General of Australia</a> issued a proclamation of the existence of war in Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-declare_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-declare-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Menzies' support for the war was based on the notion of an imperial defence system, upon which he believed Australia relied and which would be destroyed if the UK was defeated. This position was generally accepted by the Australian public, although there was little enthusiasm for war.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time war broke out in Europe, the Australian armed forces were less prepared than at the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a> in August 1914. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Navy" title="Royal Australian Navy">Royal Australian Navy</a> (RAN), the best-prepared of the three services, was small and equipped with only two <a href="/wiki/Heavy_cruiser" title="Heavy cruiser">heavy cruisers</a>, four <a href="/wiki/Light_cruiser" title="Light cruiser">light cruisers</a>, two <a href="/wiki/Sloop-of-war" title="Sloop-of-war">sloops</a>, five obsolete <a href="/wiki/Destroyer" title="Destroyer">destroyers</a> and a number of small and auxiliary warships.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army" title="Australian Army">Australian Army</a> comprised a small permanent cadre of 3,000 men and 80,000 part-time militiamen who had volunteered for training with the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Army_Reserve" title="Australian Army Reserve">Citizen Military Forces</a> (CMF). The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="Royal Australian Air Force">Royal Australian Air Force</a> (RAAF), the weakest of the services, had 246 aircraft, few of them modern.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Commonwealth Government began a large <a href="/wiki/Australia_and_the_Empire_Air_Training_Scheme" title="Australia and the Empire Air Training Scheme">military expansion and transferred some RAAF aircrew and units to British control</a> upon the outbreak of war, it was unwilling to immediately dispatch an expeditionary force overseas due to the threat posed by Japanese intervention.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first Australian shot of the war took place several hours after the declaration of war when a gun at <a href="/wiki/Fort_Queenscliff" title="Fort Queenscliff">Fort Queenscliff</a> fired <a href="/wiki/Warning_shot" title="Warning shot">across the bows</a> of an Australian ship that failed to identify itself as it attempted to leave <a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a> without required clearances.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 10 October 1939, a <a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Short Sunderland</a> of <a href="/wiki/No._10_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 10 Squadron RAAF">No. 10 Squadron</a>, based in England for re-equipment, became the first Australian and the first <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth</a> air-force unit to go into action when it undertook a mission to <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_76-–79_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens_76-–79-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIF_(AWM_ARTV04333).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A drawing of a man wearing a 1940s-era business suit and hat, cradling a military uniform in his right arm and holding a rifle with his left hand. There is a blue background behind the man and a cutting from a newspaper to the right of him." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/AIF_%28AWM_ARTV04333%29.jpg/170px-AIF_%28AWM_ARTV04333%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/AIF_%28AWM_ARTV04333%29.jpg/255px-AIF_%28AWM_ARTV04333%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/46/AIF_%28AWM_ARTV04333%29.jpg/340px-AIF_%28AWM_ARTV04333%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="431" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>An AIF recruiting poster</figcaption></figure> <p>On 15 September 1939 Menzies announced the formation of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force" title="Second Australian Imperial Force">Second Australian Imperial Force</a> (AIF). This <a href="/wiki/Expeditionary_warfare" title="Expeditionary warfare">expeditionary force</a> initially consisted of 20,000 men organised into an infantry division (the <a href="/wiki/6th_Division_(Australia)" title="6th Division (Australia)">6th Division</a>) and auxiliary units. The AIF was institutionally separate from the CMF, which was legally restricted to service in Australia and its external territories, and was formed by raising new units rather than transferring CMF units. On 15 November, Menzies announced the reintroduction of conscription for home-defence service, effective 1 January 1940.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Recruitment for the AIF was initially slow, but one in six men of military age had enlisted by March 1940, and a huge surge of volunteers came forward after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">fall of France</a> in June 1940. Men volunteered for the AIF for a range of reasons, with the most common being a sense of duty to defend Australia and the British Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1940, each of the services introduced regulations which prohibited the enlistment of people not "substantially of European origin"; while these regulations were strictly enforced by the RAN and Army, the RAAF continued to accept small numbers of non-European Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The AIF's major units were raised between 1939 and 1941. The 6th Division formed during October and November 1939, and embarked for the Middle East in early 1940 to complete its training and to receive modern equipment after the British Government assured the Australian Government that Japan did not pose an immediate threat. The division was intended to join the <a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">British Expeditionary Force</a> in France when its preparations were complete, but this did not eventuate as Axis forces conquered France before the division was ready.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A further three AIF infantry divisions (the <a href="/wiki/7th_Division_(Australia)" title="7th Division (Australia)">7th Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_Division_(Australia)" title="8th Division (Australia)">8th Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/9th_Division_(Australia)" title="9th Division (Australia)">9th Division</a>) were raised in the first half of 1940, as well as a <a href="/wiki/Corps" title="Corps">corps</a> headquarters (<a href="/wiki/I_Corps_(Australia)" title="I Corps (Australia)">I Corps</a>) and numerous support and service units. All of these divisions and the majority of the support units deployed overseas during 1940 and 1941. An AIF armoured division (the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(Australia)" title="1st Armoured Division (Australia)">1st Armoured Division</a>) was also raised in early 1941 but never left Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Government initially planned to deploy the entire RAAF overseas, it later decided to focus the force's resources on training aircrew to facilitate a massive expansion of Commonwealth air-power.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1939, Australia and the other Dominions established the <a href="/wiki/Empire_Air_Training_Scheme" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Air Training Scheme">Empire Air Training Scheme</a> (EATS) to train large numbers of men for service in the British <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> (RAF) and in other Commonwealth air units. Almost 28,000 Australians eventually <a href="/wiki/Australia_and_the_Empire_Air_Training_Scheme" title="Australia and the Empire Air Training Scheme">trained through EATS</a> in schools in Australia, Canada and <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>. While many of these men were posted to Australian <a href="/wiki/Article_XV_squadrons" title="Article XV squadrons">Article XV squadrons</a>, the majority served with British and other Dominion squadrons. Moreover, these nominally "Australian" squadrons did not come under RAAF control and Australians often made up a minority of their airmen.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As the Australian Government had no effective control over the deployment of airmen trained through EATS, most Australian historians regard the scheme as having hindered the development of Australia's defence capability.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, RAAF airmen trained through EATS represented about nine percent of all aircrew who fought for the RAF in the European and Mediterranean theatres and made an important contribution to Allied operations.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_Africa,_the_Mediterranean_and_the_Middle_East"><span id="North_Africa.2C_the_Mediterranean_and_the_Middle_East"></span>North Africa, the Mediterranean and the Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: North Africa, the Mediterranean and the Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the first years of World War II, Australia's military strategy was closely aligned with that of the United Kingdom. In line with this, most Australian military units deployed overseas in 1940 and 1941 were sent to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean,_Middle_East_and_African_theatres_of_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a> where they formed a key part of the Commonwealth forces in the area. The three AIF infantry divisions sent to the Middle East saw extensive action, as did the RAAF squadrons and warships in this theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Africa">North Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: North Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMAS_Sydney_(AWM_301473)_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Large World War II-era warship at sea" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg/220px-HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg/330px-HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg/440px-HMAS_Sydney_%28AWM_301473%29_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="419" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(D48)" title="HMAS Sydney (D48)">HMAS <i>Sydney</i></a> in 1940</figcaption></figure> <p>The RAN became the first of the Australian services to see action in the Mediterranean theatre. At the time <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy entered the war</a> on 10 June 1940 the RAN had a single cruiser (<a href="/wiki/HMAS_Sydney_(D48)" title="HMAS Sydney (D48)"><i>Sydney</i></a>) and the five elderly destroyers of the so-called '<a href="/wiki/Scrap_Iron_Flotilla" title="Scrap Iron Flotilla">Scrap Iron Flotilla</a>' at <a href="/wiki/Alexandria" title="Alexandria">Alexandria</a> with the British <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Fleet" title="Mediterranean Fleet">Mediterranean Fleet</a>. During the first days of the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a>, <i>Sydney</i> sank an Italian destroyer and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Voyager_(D31)" title="HMAS Voyager (D31)"><i>Voyager</i></a> a submarine. The Mediterranean Fleet maintained a high operational tempo, and on 19 July, <i>Sydney</i>, with a British destroyer squadron in company, engaged the fast Italian light cruisers <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Bartolomeo_Colleoni" title="Italian cruiser Bartolomeo Colleoni"><i>Bartolomeo Colleoni</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/Italian_cruiser_Giovanni_delle_Bande_Nere" title="Italian cruiser Giovanni delle Bande Nere"><i>Giovanni delle Bande Nere</i></a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada" title="Battle of Cape Spada">Battle of Cape Spada</a>. In the running battle which followed, <i>Bartolomeo Colleoni</i> was sunk. The Australian ships spent much of their time at sea throughout 1940. <i>Sydney</i><span class="nowrap" style="padding-left:0.1em;">'</span>s <a href="/wiki/Sister_ship" title="Sister ship">sister ship</a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Perth_(D29)" title="HMAS Perth (D29)"><i>Perth</i></a>, relieved her in February 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian Army first saw action in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a>, the successful Commonwealth offensive in North Africa which took place between December 1940 and February 1941. The 6th Division relieved the <a href="/wiki/4th_Infantry_Division_(India)" title="4th Infantry Division (India)">4th Indian Division</a> on 14 December. Although the 6th Division was not fully equipped, it had completed its training and was given the task of capturing Italian fortresses bypassed by the <a href="/wiki/7th_Armoured_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="7th Armoured Division (United Kingdom)">British 7th Armoured Division</a> during its advance.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AfricaMap1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Map of North Africa with lines and military units marked on it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/220px-AfricaMap1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/330px-AfricaMap1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/AfricaMap1.jpg/440px-AfricaMap1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1202" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>North Africa showing the progress of Operation Compass and strategic locations</figcaption></figure> <p>The 6th Division went into action at <a href="/wiki/Bardia" title="Bardia">Bardia</a> on 3 January 1941. Although a larger Italian force manned the fortress, with the support of British tanks and artillery the Australian infantry quickly penetrated the defensive lines. The majority of the Italian force surrendered on 5 January, and the Australians took 40,000 prisoners.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 6th Division followed up this success by assaulting the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a> on 21 January. Tobruk was secured the next day, with 25,000 Italian prisoners taken.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 6th Division subsequently pushed west along the coast road to <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a> and captured <a href="/wiki/Benghazi" title="Benghazi">Benghazi</a> on 4 February.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 6th Division withdrew for <a href="/wiki/Greek_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek Campaign">deployment to Greece</a> later in February and was replaced by the untested 9th Division, which took up garrison duties in <a href="/wiki/Cyrenaica" title="Cyrenaica">Cyrenaica</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the last week of March 1941, a <a href="/wiki/Afrika_Korps" title="Afrika Korps">German-led force</a> launched an <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume">offensive in Cyrenaica</a> which rapidly defeated the Allied forces in the area, forcing a general withdrawal towards Egypt (April 1941). The 9th Division formed the <a href="/wiki/Rear_guard" class="mw-redirect" title="Rear guard">rear guard</a> of this withdrawal, and on 6 April, was ordered to defend the important port town of <a href="/wiki/Tobruk" title="Tobruk">Tobruk</a> for at least two months. During the ensuing <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">siege of Tobruk</a> the 9th Division, reinforced by the <a href="/wiki/18th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="18th Brigade (Australia)">18th Brigade</a> of the 7th Division and British artillery and armoured regiments, used fortifications, aggressive patrolling and artillery to contain and defeat repeated German armoured and infantry attacks. The Mediterranean Fleet sustained Tobruk's defenders, and the elderly Australian destroyers made repeated supply "runs" into the port. <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Waterhen_(D22)" title="HMAS Waterhen (D22)"><i>Waterhen</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Parramatta_(U44)" title="HMAS Parramatta (U44)"><i>Parramatta</i></a> were sunk during these operations. Upon the request of the Australian Government, the bulk of the 9th Division was withdrawn from Tobruk in September and October 1941, and was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/70th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="70th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">British 70th Division</a>. The 2/13th Battalion was forced to remain at Tobruk until the siege was lifted in December when the convoy evacuating it was attacked, however. The defence of Tobruk cost the Australian units involved 3,009 casualties, including 832 killed and 941 taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Two Australian fighter squadrons also took part in the fighting in North Africa. <a href="/w/index.php?title=No._239_Wing_RAF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 239 Wing RAF (page does not exist)">No. 239 Wing</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Curtiss_P-40" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss P-40">Curtiss P-40</a>-equipped unit in the <a href="/wiki/Desert_Air_Force" title="Desert Air Force">Desert Air Force</a>, was dominated by Australians, in the form of two RAAF squadrons—<a href="/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 3 Squadron RAAF">No. 3 Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._450_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 450 Squadron RAAF">No. 450 Squadron</a>—and numerous individual Australians served in RAF squadrons. These two squadrons differed from the other RAAF squadrons in the Mediterranean in that they were made up of predominantly Australian ground-staff and pilots; the other RAAF units had ground crews made up of mostly British RAF personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Greece,_Crete_and_Lebanon"><span id="Greece.2C_Crete_and_Lebanon"></span>Greece, Crete and Lebanon</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Greece, Crete and Lebanon"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australians_Crete_(007789).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A line of unarmed soldiers disembarking from a ship down a gangway." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Australians_Crete_%28007789%29.jpg/220px-Australians_Crete_%28007789%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Australians_Crete_%28007789%29.jpg/330px-Australians_Crete_%28007789%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Australians_Crete_%28007789%29.jpg/440px-Australians_Crete_%28007789%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="604" data-file-height="639" /></a><figcaption> Australian troops land in Alexandria after their evacuation from Greece</figcaption></figure> <p>In early 1941 the 6th Division and I Corps headquarters took part in the ill-fated Allied <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Greece" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Greece">expedition to defend Greece</a> from an anticipated German invasion. The corps' commander, Lieutenant-General <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Blamey" title="Thomas Blamey">Thomas Blamey</a>, and Prime Minister Menzies both regarded the operation as risky, but agreed to Australian involvement after the British Government provided them with briefings which deliberately understated the chance of defeat. The Allied force deployed to Greece was much smaller than the German force in the region and inconsistencies between Greek and Allied plans compromised the defence of the country.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian troops arrived in Greece during March 1941, and manned defensive positions in the north of the country alongside British, New Zealand and Greek units. <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Perth_(D29)" title="HMAS Perth (D29)">HMAS <i>Perth</i></a> formed part of the naval force which protected the Allied troop convoys travelling to Greece and participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a> in late March. The outnumbered Allied force, unable to halt the Germans when they invaded on 6 April, had to retreat. The Australians and other Allied units conducted a fighting withdrawal from their initial positions and naval ships evacuated them from southern Greece between 24 April and 1 May. Australian warships formed part of the force which protected the evacuation and embarked hundreds of soldiers from Greek ports. The 6th Division suffered heavy casualties in this campaign, with 320 men killed and 2,030 captured.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most of the 6th Division returned to Egypt, the <a href="/wiki/19th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="19th Brigade (Australia)">19th Brigade Group</a> and two provisional infantry battalions landed on <a href="/wiki/Crete" title="Crete">Crete</a>, where they formed a key part of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete_order_of_battle" title="Battle of Crete order of battle">the island's defences</a>. The 19th Brigade was initially successful in holding its positions when <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">German paratroopers landed</a> on 20 May, but was gradually forced to retreat. After several key airfields were lost the Allies evacuated the island's garrison. Approximately 3,000 Australians, including the entire <a href="/wiki/2/7th_Battalion_(Australia)" title="2/7th Battalion (Australia)">2/7th Infantry Battalion</a>, could not be evacuated, and were taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of its heavy casualties the 6th Division required substantial reinforcements and equipment before it was again ready for combat.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Perth</i> and the new destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Napier_(G97)" title="HMAS Napier (G97)"><i>Napier</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Nizam_(G38)" title="HMAS Nizam (G38)"><i>Nizam</i></a> also took part in operations around Crete, with <i>Perth</i> embarking soldiers for evacuation to Egypt.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_transport_trucks_Syria_June41.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A road at the edge of a cliff with trucks driving both ways along it." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Australian_transport_trucks_Syria_June41.jpg/220px-Australian_transport_trucks_Syria_June41.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Australian_transport_trucks_Syria_June41.jpg/330px-Australian_transport_trucks_Syria_June41.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Australian_transport_trucks_Syria_June41.jpg/440px-Australian_transport_trucks_Syria_June41.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="485" /></a><figcaption>Australian Army transport trucks move along the coast road in Lebanon during the Syria-Lebanon campaign.</figcaption></figure> <p>The Allied defeat during the Greek Campaign indirectly contributed to a change of government in Australia. Prime Minister Menzies' <a href="/wiki/Leadership" title="Leadership">leadership</a> weakened during the lengthy period he spent in Britain during early 1941, and the high Australian losses in the Greek Campaign led many members of his <a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party" title="United Australia Party">United Australia Party</a> (UAP) to conclude that he was not capable of leading the Australian war effort. Menzies resigned on 26 August, after losing the confidence of his party and <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Fadden" title="Arthur Fadden">Arthur Fadden</a> from the <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">Country Party</a> (the UAP's coalition partner) became prime minister. Fadden's government collapsed on 3 October, and an <a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Australian Labor Party</a> government under the leadership of <a href="/wiki/John_Curtin" title="John Curtin">John Curtin</a> took power.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 7th Division and the <a href="/wiki/17th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="17th Brigade (Australia)">17th Brigade</a> from the 6th Division formed a key part of the <a href="/wiki/Syria-Lebanon_Campaign_order_of_battle" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria-Lebanon Campaign order of battle">Allied ground forces</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria–Lebanon Campaign">Syria–Lebanon Campaign</a>, fought against <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a> forces in June and July 1941. RAAF aircraft also joined the RAF in providing <a href="/wiki/Close_air_support" title="Close air support">close air support</a>. The Australian force entered Lebanon on 8 June, and advanced along the coast road and <a href="/wiki/Litani_River" title="Litani River">Litani River</a> valley.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although Allied planners had expected little resistance, the Vichy forces mounted a strong defence and counter-attacks which made good use of the mountainous terrain.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the Allied attack became bogged down reinforcements were brought in and the Australian I Corps headquarters took command of the operation on 18 June.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These changes enabled the Allies to overwhelm the French forces, and the 7th Division <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1941)" title="Battle of Beirut (1941)">entered Beirut</a> on 12 July. The loss of Beirut and a British breakthrough in Syria led the Vichy commander to seek an armistice and the campaign ended on 13 July 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="El_Alamein">El Alamein</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: El Alamein"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:2-8_Field_Regt.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="An artillery gun and its crew in a desert. A pile of shell cases is in the foreground." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2-8_Field_Regt.jpg/220px-2-8_Field_Regt.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2-8_Field_Regt.jpg/330px-2-8_Field_Regt.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/2-8_Field_Regt.jpg/440px-2-8_Field_Regt.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="484" /></a><figcaption>Guns of the 2/8th Field Regiment at El Alamein in July 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>In the second half of 1941 the Australian I Corps was concentrated in Syria and Lebanon to rebuild its strength and to prepare for further operations in the Middle East. Following the outbreak of war in the Pacific most elements of the Corps, including the 6th and 7th Divisions, returned to Australia in early 1942 to counter the perceived Japanese threat to Australia. The Australian Government agreed to British and United States requests to temporarily retain the 9th Division in the Middle East in exchange for the deployment of additional US troops to Australia and Britain's support for a proposal to expand the RAAF to 73 squadrons.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian Government did not intend that the 9th Division would play a major role in active fighting, and it was not sent any further reinforcements.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All of the RAN's ships in the Mediterranean also withdrew to the Pacific, but most RAAF units in the Middle East remained in the theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In June 1942 four Australian <a href="/wiki/J,_K_and_N-class_destroyer" class="mw-redirect" title="J, K and N-class destroyer">N-class destroyers</a> transferred to the Mediterranean from the Indian Ocean to participate in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigorous" title="Operation Vigorous">Operation Vigorous</a> (11 to 16 June 1942), which attempted to supply the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">besieged island</a> of <a href="/wiki/Malta" title="Malta">Malta</a> from Egypt. This operation ended in failure, and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Nestor_(G02)" title="HMAS Nestor (G02)"><i>Nestor</i></a> had to be scuttled on 16 June, after being bombed the previous day. After this operation, the three surviving destroyers returned to the Indian Ocean.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_1973_265_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_1973_265-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In mid-1942 the Axis forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">defeated the Commonwealth force in Libya</a> and advanced into north-west Egypt. In June, the <a href="/wiki/British_Eighth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="British Eighth Army">British Eighth Army</a> made a stand just over 100 kilometres (62 mi) west of <a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Egypt" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexandria, Egypt">Alexandria</a>, at the railway siding of <a href="/wiki/El_Alamein" title="El Alamein">El Alamein</a>, and the 9th Division was brought forward to reinforce this position. The lead elements of the Division arrived at El Alamein on 6 July, and the Division was assigned the most northerly section of the Commonwealth defensive line. The 9th Division played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a> (1 to 27 July 1942), which halted the Axis advance, though at the cost of heavy casualties, including the entire 2/28th Infantry Battalion, which was forced to surrender on 27 July. Following this battle the division remained at the northern end of the El Alamein line and launched diversionary attacks during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alam_el_Halfa" title="Battle of Alam el Halfa">Battle of Alam el Halfa</a> in early September.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In October 1942 the 9th Division and the RAAF squadrons in the area took part in the <a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a> (23 October to 11 November 1942). After a lengthy period of preparation, the Eighth Army launched its major offensive on 23 October. The 9th Division became involved in some of the heaviest fighting of the battle, and its advance in the coast area succeeded in drawing away enough German forces for the heavily reinforced <a href="/wiki/2nd_New_Zealand_Division" title="2nd New Zealand Division">2nd New Zealand Division</a> to decisively break through the Axis lines on the night of 1–2 November. The 9th Division suffered a high number of casualties during this battle and did not take part in the pursuit of the retreating Axis forces.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the battle the Australian Government requested that the division be returned to Australia as it was not possible to provide enough reinforcements to sustain it, and the British and US governments agreed to this in late November. The 9th Division <a href="/wiki/Operation_Pamphlet" title="Operation Pamphlet">left Egypt for Australia</a> in January 1943, ending the AIF's involvement in the war in North Africa.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tunisia,_Sicily_and_Italy"><span id="Tunisia.2C_Sicily_and_Italy"></span>Tunisia, Sicily and Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Tunisia, Sicily and Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:3_Sqn_Mustangs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Five World War II-era propeller driven fighters in the air" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/3_Sqn_Mustangs.jpg/220px-3_Sqn_Mustangs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/3_Sqn_Mustangs.jpg/330px-3_Sqn_Mustangs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/3_Sqn_Mustangs.jpg/440px-3_Sqn_Mustangs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="432" /></a><figcaption>No. 3 Squadron <a href="/wiki/P-51_Mustang" class="mw-redirect" title="P-51 Mustang">P-51 Mustang</a> fighters return from a raid over Northern Italy in May 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Second Battle of El Alamein marked the end of a major Australian role in the Mediterranean, several RAAF units and hundreds of Australians attached to Commonwealth forces remained in the area until the end of the war. After the 9th Division was withdrawn Australia continued to be represented in North Africa by several RAAF squadrons which supported the 8th Army's advance through Libya and the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Tunisia_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Tunisia Campaign">Tunisia Campaign</a>. Two Australian destroyers (<a href="/wiki/HMAS_Quiberon_(G81)" title="HMAS Quiberon (G81)"><i>Quiberon</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Quickmatch_(G92)" title="HMAS Quickmatch (G92)"><i>Quickmatch</i></a>) also participated in <a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch">the Allied landings in North Africa</a> in November 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia played a small role in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italian Campaign</a>. The RAN returned to the Mediterranean between May and November 1943, when eight <a href="/wiki/Bathurst-class_corvette" title="Bathurst-class corvette"><i>Bathurst</i>-class corvette</a> were transferred from the British <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Fleet">Eastern Fleet</a> to the Mediterranean Fleet to protect the invasion force during the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a>. The corvettes also escorted convoys in the western Mediterranean before returning to the Eastern Fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No. 239 Wing and four Australian Article XV squadrons also took part in the Sicilian Campaign, flying from bases in Tunisia, Malta, North Africa and Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No. 239 Wing subsequently provided air support for the <a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a> in September 1943, and moved to the mainland in the middle of that month. The two Australian fighter bomber squadrons provided close air support to the Allied armies and attacked German supply lines until the end of the war. <a href="/wiki/No._454_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 454 Squadron RAAF">No. 454 Squadron</a> was also deployed to Italy from August 1944, and hundreds of Australians served in RAF units during the campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RAAF also took part in other Allied operations in the Mediterranean. Two RAAF squadrons, <a href="/wiki/No._451_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 451 Squadron RAAF">No. 451 Squadron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Supermarine_Spitfire" title="Supermarine Spitfire">Spitfires</a>) and <a href="/wiki/No._458_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 458 Squadron RAAF">No. 458 Squadron</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vickers_Wellington" title="Vickers Wellington">Wellingtons</a>), supported the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon">Allied invasion of southern France</a> in August 1944. No. 451 Squadron was based in southern France in late August and September, and when the operation ended both squadrons were moved to Italy, though No. 451 Squadron was transferred to Britain in December. <a href="/wiki/No._459_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 459 Squadron RAAF">No. 459 Squadron</a> was based in the eastern Mediterranean until the last months of the war in Europe and attacked German targets in Greece and the <a href="/wiki/Aegean_Sea" title="Aegean Sea">Aegean Sea</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, 150 Australians served with the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Air_Force" title="Balkan Air Force">Balkan Air Force</a>, principally in <a href="/wiki/No._148_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 148 Squadron RAF">No. 148 Squadron RAF</a>. This special duties squadron dropped men and supplies to <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">guerrillas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> and attempted to supply the Polish <a href="/wiki/Armia_Krajowa" class="mw-redirect" title="Armia Krajowa">Home Army</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a> in 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Britain_and_Western_Europe">Britain and Western Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Britain and Western Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:10_Sqn_(AWM_042259).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/10_Sqn_%28AWM_042259%29.jpg/220px-10_Sqn_%28AWM_042259%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/10_Sqn_%28AWM_042259%29.jpg/330px-10_Sqn_%28AWM_042259%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/10_Sqn_%28AWM_042259%29.jpg/440px-10_Sqn_%28AWM_042259%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>A No. 10 Squadron Sunderland departing for a patrol over the Atlantic in 1941</figcaption></figure> <p>While the majority of the Australian military fought on the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_I)" title="Western Front (World War I)">Western Front</a> in France during World War I, relatively few Australians fought in Europe during World War II. The RAAF, including thousands of Australians posted to British units, made a significant contribution to the strategic bombing of Germany and efforts to safeguard Allied shipping in the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a>. The other services made smaller contributions, with two Army brigades being briefly based in Britain in late 1940, and several of the RAN's warships serving in the Atlantic.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Defence_of_Britain">Defence of Britain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Defence of Britain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Australians participated in the defence of Britain throughout the war. More than 100 Australian airmen fought with the RAF during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a> in 1940, including <a href="/wiki/Non-British_personnel_in_the_RAF_during_the_Battle_of_Britain" title="Non-British personnel in the RAF during the Battle of Britain">over 30 fighter pilots</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two AIF brigades (the 18th and <a href="/wiki/25th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="25th Brigade (Australia)">25th</a>) were also <a href="/wiki/Second_Australian_Imperial_Force_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Second Australian Imperial Force in the United Kingdom">stationed in Britain</a> from June 1940 to January 1941, and formed part of the British mobile reserve which would have responded to <a href="/wiki/Operation_Sealion" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Sealion">any German landings</a>. An <a href="/wiki/Australian_Forestry_Group_UK" title="Australian Forestry Group UK">Australian Army forestry group</a> served in Britain between 1940 and 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several Australian fighter squadrons were also formed in Britain during 1941 and 1942, and contributed to defending the country from German air raids and, from mid-1944, <a href="/wiki/V-1_flying_bomb" title="V-1 flying bomb">V-1 flying bombs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The RAAF and RAN took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a>. No. 10 Squadron, based in Britain at the outbreak of war to take delivery of its <a href="/wiki/Short_Sunderland" title="Short Sunderland">Short Sunderland</a> flying boats, remained there throughout the conflict as part of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coastal_Command" title="RAF Coastal Command">RAF Coastal Command</a>. It was joined by <a href="/wiki/No._461_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 461 Squadron RAAF">No. 461 Squadron</a> in April 1942, also equipped with Sunderlands. These squadrons escorted Allied convoys and sank 12 <a href="/wiki/U-boat" title="U-boat">U-boats</a>. <a href="/wiki/No._455_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 455 Squadron RAAF">No. 455 Squadron</a> also formed part of Coastal Command from April 1942, as an anti-shipping squadron equipped with light bombers. In this role the squadron made an unusual deployment to <a href="/wiki/Vaenga_airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Vaenga airfield">Vaenga airfield</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> in September 1942, to protect <a href="/wiki/Convoy_PQ_18" title="Convoy PQ 18">Convoy PQ 18</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of Australian airmen also served in RAF Coastal Command squadrons, of whom 652 died.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition to the RAAF's contribution, several of the RAN's cruisers and destroyers escorted shipping in the Atlantic and Caribbean and hundreds of RAN personnel served aboard <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> ships in the Atlantic throughout the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Stephens_76-–79_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stephens_76-–79-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Long_1973._p._369_60-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_1973._p._369-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air_war_over_Europe">Air war over Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Air war over Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The RAAF's role in the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">strategic air offensive in Europe</a> formed Australia's main contribution to the defeat of Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_2006._p._107_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_2006._p._107-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approximately 13,000 Australian airmen served in dozens of British and five Australian squadrons in <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> between 1940 and the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-Stevens_2006._p._107_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stevens_2006._p._107-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was not a distinctive Australian contribution to this campaign, however, as most Australians served in British squadrons and the Australian bomber squadrons were part of RAF units.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:460_Sqn_(AWM_044167).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg/220px-460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="65" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg/330px-460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg/440px-460_Sqn_%28AWM_044167%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="188" /></a><figcaption>Members of No. 460 Squadron and the Lancaster bomber <a href="/wiki/G_for_George" title="G for George">G for George</a> in August 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The great majority of Australian aircrew in Bomber Command were graduates of the Empire Air Training Scheme. These men were not concentrated in Australian units, and were instead often posted to the Commonwealth squadron with the greatest need for personnel where they became part of a multi-national bomber crew. Five Australian heavy bomber squadrons (<a href="/wiki/No._460_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 460 Squadron RAAF">No. 460</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._462_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 462 Squadron RAAF">No. 462</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._463_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 463 Squadron RAAF">No. 463</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._466_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 466 Squadron RAAF">No. 466</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._467_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 467 Squadron RAAF">No. 467</a> squadrons) were formed within Bomber Command between 1941 and 1945, however, and the proportion of Australians in these units increased over time.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley03_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley03-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/No._464_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 464 Squadron RAAF">No. 464 Squadron</a>, which was equipped with light bombers, was also formed as part of Bomber Command but was transferred to the <a href="/wiki/RAF_Second_Tactical_Air_Force" title="RAF Second Tactical Air Force">Second Tactical Air Force</a> in June 1943, where it continued to attack targets in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Unlike Canada, which concentrated its heavy bomber squadrons into <a href="/wiki/No._6_Group_RCAF" title="No. 6 Group RCAF">No. 6 Group RCAF</a> in 1943, the RAAF squadrons in Bomber Command were always part of British units, and the Australian Government had little control over how they were used.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:453_Sqn_(AWM_100821).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Black and white photo of World War II-era single-engined monoplane aircraft in a field. The fuselage and wings of the aircraft are marked with vertical black and white stripes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/453_Sqn_%28AWM_100821%29.jpeg/220px-453_Sqn_%28AWM_100821%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/453_Sqn_%28AWM_100821%29.jpeg/330px-453_Sqn_%28AWM_100821%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/453_Sqn_%28AWM_100821%29.jpeg/440px-453_Sqn_%28AWM_100821%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="470" /></a><figcaption>No. 453 Squadron Spitfires in Normandy during 1944. The aircraft are painted with <a href="/wiki/Invasion_stripes" title="Invasion stripes">invasion stripes</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Australians took part in all of Bomber Command's major offensives and suffered heavy losses during raids on German cities and targets in France.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian contribution to major raids was often substantial, and the Australian squadrons typically provided about 10 percent of the main bomber force during the winter of 1943–1944, including during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin_(RAF_campaign)" title="Battle of Berlin (RAF campaign)">Battle of Berlin</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Overall, the Australian squadrons in Bomber Command dropped 6 percent of the total weight of bombs dropped by the command during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian aircrew in Bomber Command had one of the highest casualty rates of any part of the Australian military during World War II. Although only two percent of Australians enlisted in the military served with Bomber Command, they incurred almost 20 percent of all Australian deaths in combat; 3,486 were killed and hundreds more were taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hundreds of Australians participated in the <a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">liberation of Western Europe</a> during 1944 and 1945. Ten RAAF squadrons, hundreds of Australians in RAF units and about 500 Australian sailors serving with the Royal Navy <a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_Battle_of_Normandy" title="Australian contribution to the Battle of Normandy">formed part of the force</a> assembled for the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord">landing in Normandy</a> on 6 June 1944; overall, it has been estimated that about 3,000 Australian personnel took part in this operation.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> From 11 June until September 1944, the Spitfire-equipped <a href="/wiki/No._453_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 453 Squadron RAAF">No. 453 Squadron RAAF</a> was often based at <a href="/wiki/Forward_airfield" class="mw-redirect" title="Forward airfield">forward airfields</a> in France and it and Australian light bomber and heavy bomber squadrons supported the liberation of France.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RAAF light bomber and fighter squadrons continued to support the Allied armies until the end of the war in Europe by attacking strategic targets and escorting bomber formations.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No. 451 and 453 Squadrons formed part of the <a href="/wiki/British_Army_of_the_Rhine" title="British Army of the Rhine">British Army of Occupation</a> in Germany from September 1945, and it was planned that there would be a long-term Australian presence in this force. Few RAAF personnel volunteered to remain in Europe, however, and both squadrons were disbanded in January 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="War_in_the_Pacific">War in the Pacific</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: War in the Pacific"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pacific_War_Japanese_Advances.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pacific_War_Japanese_Advances.jpg/220px-Pacific_War_Japanese_Advances.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pacific_War_Japanese_Advances.jpg/330px-Pacific_War_Japanese_Advances.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Pacific_War_Japanese_Advances.jpg/440px-Pacific_War_Japanese_Advances.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1980" data-file-height="1384" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese advance through the Malay Barrier in 1941–1942 and feared offensive operations against Australia.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the view of <a href="/wiki/Paul_Hasluck" title="Paul Hasluck">Paul Hasluck</a>, Australia fought two wars between 1939 and 1945: one against Germany and Italy as part of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">British Commonwealth and Empire</a> and the other against Japan in alliance with the United States and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Due to the emphasis placed on cooperation with Britain, relatively few Australian military units were stationed in Australia and the <a href="/wiki/Asia-Pacific" class="mw-redirect" title="Asia-Pacific">Asia-Pacific</a> Region after 1940. Measures were taken to improve Australia's defences as <a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">war with Japan</a> loomed in 1941, but these proved inadequate. In December 1941, the Australian Army in the Pacific comprised the 8th Division, most of which was stationed in Malaya, and eight partially trained and equipped divisions in Australia, including the <a href="/wiki/1st_Armoured_Division_(Australia)" title="1st Armoured Division (Australia)">1st Armoured Division</a>. The RAAF was equipped with 373 aircraft, most of which were obsolete trainers, and the RAN had three cruisers and two destroyers in Australian waters.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1942, the Australian military was reinforced by units recalled from the Middle East and an expansion of the CMF and RAAF. United States military units also arrived in Australia in great numbers before being deployed to New Guinea. The Allies moved onto the offensive in late 1942, with the pace of advance accelerating in 1943. From 1944, the Australian military was mainly relegated to subsidiary roles, but continued to conduct large-scale operations until the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaya_and_Singapore">Malaya and Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Malaya and Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Malaya">Battle of Malaya</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Battle of Singapore</a></div> <p>From the 1920s, Australia's defence planning was dominated by the so-called '<a href="/wiki/Singapore_strategy" title="Singapore strategy">Singapore strategy</a>'. This strategy involved the construction and defence of a major naval base at Singapore from which a large British fleet would respond to Japanese aggression in the region. To this end, a high proportion of Australian forces in Asia were concentrated in Malaya during 1940 and 1941, as the threat from Japan increased.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the outbreak of war the Australian forces in Malaya comprised the <a href="/wiki/8th_Division_(Australia)" title="8th Division (Australia)">8th Division</a> (less the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Brigade_(Australia)" title="23rd Brigade (Australia)">23rd Brigade</a>) under the command of Major General <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Bennett_(general)" title="Gordon Bennett (general)">Gordon Bennett</a>, four RAAF squadrons and eight warships.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAAF became the first service to see action in the Pacific when Australian aircraft shadowing the Japanese invasion convoy bound for Malaya were fired at on 6 December 1941. Australian units participated in the unsuccessful Commonwealth attempts to defeat the Japanese landings, with RAAF aircraft attacking the <a href="/wiki/Beachhead" title="Beachhead">beachheads</a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Vampire_(D68)" title="HMAS Vampire (D68)"><i>Vampire</i></a> accompanying the British battleship <a href="/wiki/HMS_Prince_of_Wales_(53)" title="HMS Prince of Wales (53)"><i>Prince of Wales</i></a> and battlecruiser <a href="/wiki/HMS_Repulse_(1916)" title="HMS Repulse (1916)"><i>Repulse</i></a> during their <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_Prince_of_Wales_and_Repulse" title="Sinking of Prince of Wales and Repulse">failed attempt</a> to attack the Japanese invasion fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aust_AT_gun_Singapore_(012449).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aust_AT_gun_Singapore_%28012449%29.jpg/220px-Aust_AT_gun_Singapore_%28012449%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aust_AT_gun_Singapore_%28012449%29.jpg/330px-Aust_AT_gun_Singapore_%28012449%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8b/Aust_AT_gun_Singapore_%28012449%29.jpg/440px-Aust_AT_gun_Singapore_%28012449%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2953" data-file-height="2195" /></a><figcaption>Australian anti-tank gunners overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Johor_Causeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Johor Causeway">Johor Causeway</a> between Singapore and Malaya in February 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The 8th Division and its attached <a href="/wiki/Indian_Army_(1858%E2%80%931947)" class="mw-redirect" title="Indian Army (1858–1947)">Indian Army</a> units were assigned responsibility for the defence of <a href="/wiki/Johor" title="Johor">Johor</a> in the south of Malaya and did not see action until mid-January 1942, when Japanese spearheads first reached the state. The division's first engagement was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Battle of Muar</a>, in which the <a href="/wiki/Twenty-Fifth_Army_(Japan)" title="Twenty-Fifth Army (Japan)">Japanese Twenty-Fifth Army</a> was able to outflank the Commonwealth positions due to Bennett misdeploying the forces under his command so that the weak Indian <a href="/wiki/45th_Indian_Infantry_Brigade" title="45th Indian Infantry Brigade">45th Brigade</a> was assigned the crucial coastal sector and the stronger Australian brigades were deployed in less threatened areas. While the Commonwealth forces in Johore achieved a number of local victories, they were unable to do more than slow the Japanese advance and suffered heavy casualties. After being outmanoeuvred by the Japanese, the remaining Commonwealth units withdrew to Singapore on the night of 30–31 January.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the withdrawal to Singapore the 8th Division was deployed to defend the island's north-west coast. Due to the casualties suffered in Johore most of the division's units were at half-strength. The commander of the Singapore fortress, Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ernest_Percival" class="mw-redirect" title="Arthur Ernest Percival">Arthur Ernest Percival</a>, believed that the Japanese would land on the north-east coast of the island and deployed the near full-strength <a href="/wiki/18th_Infantry_Division_(United_Kingdom)" title="18th Infantry Division (United Kingdom)">British 18th Division</a> to defend this sector. <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sarimbun_Beach" title="Battle of Sarimbun Beach">The Japanese landing</a> on 8 February took part in the Australian sector, however, and the 8th Division was forced from its positions after just two days of heavy fighting. The division was also unable to turn back the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kranji" title="Battle of Kranji">Japanese landing at Kranji</a> and withdrew to the centre of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After further fighting in which the Commonwealth forces were pushed into a narrow perimeter around the urban area of Singapore, Percival surrendered his forces on 15 February. Following the surrender 14,972 Australians were taken prisoner,<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> though some escaped on ships. These escapees included Major General Bennett, who was found by two post-war inquiries to have been unjustified in leaving his command.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loss of almost a quarter of Australia's overseas soldiers, and the failure of the Singapore Strategy that had permitted it to accept the sending of the AIF to aid Britain, stunned the country.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands_East_Indies_and_Rabaul">Netherlands East Indies and Rabaul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Netherlands East Indies and Rabaul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While Australia's contribution to the pre-war plans to defend South East Asia from Japanese aggression was focused on the defence of Malaya and Singapore, small Australian forces were also deployed to defend several islands to the north of Australia. The role of these forces was to defend strategic airfields which could be used to launch attacks on the Australian mainland.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Detachments of <a href="/wiki/Coastwatchers" title="Coastwatchers">coastwatchers</a> were also stationed in the <a href="/wiki/Bismarck_Archipelago" title="Bismarck Archipelago">Bismarck Archipelago</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> to report on any Japanese operations there.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Darwin_42.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/220px-Darwin_42.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/330px-Darwin_42.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Darwin_42.jpg/440px-Darwin_42.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1580" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>An oil storage tank explodes during the first Japanese air raid on Darwin on 19 February 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>At the start of the Pacific War the strategic port town of <a href="/wiki/Rabaul" title="Rabaul">Rabaul</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a> was defended by '<a href="/wiki/Lark_Force" title="Lark Force">Lark Force</a>', which comprised the 2/22nd Infantry Battalion reinforced with coastal artillery and a poorly equipped RAAF bomber squadron. While Lark Force was regarded as inadequate by the Australian military,<sup id="cite_ref-Hasluck_1970._p._14_87-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasluck_1970._p._14-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it was not possible to reinforce it before the Japanese <a href="/wiki/South_Seas_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="South Seas Force">South Seas Force</a> landed at Rabaul on 23 January 1942. The outnumbered Australian force <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rabaul_(1942)" title="Battle of Rabaul (1942)">was swiftly defeated</a> and most of the survivors surrendered in the weeks after the battle. Few members of Lark Force survived the war, as at least 130 were murdered by the Japanese on 4 February, and 1,057 Australian soldiers and civilian prisoners from Rabaul were killed when the ship carrying them to Japan (<a href="/wiki/Montevideo_Maru" title="Montevideo Maru"><i>Montevideo Maru</i></a>) was sunk by the US submarine <a href="/wiki/USS_Sturgeon_(SS-187)" title="USS Sturgeon (SS-187)"><i>Sturgeon</i></a> on 1 July 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AIF troops were also dispatched from Darwin to the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_East_Indies" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands East Indies">Netherlands East Indies</a> (NEI) in the first weeks of the Pacific War. Reinforced battalions from the 23rd Brigade were sent to <a href="/wiki/Kupang" title="Kupang">Koepang</a> in <a href="/wiki/West_Timor" title="West Timor">West Timor</a> ('<a href="/wiki/Sparrow_Force" title="Sparrow Force">Sparrow Force</a>') and the island of <a href="/wiki/Ambon_Island" title="Ambon Island">Ambon</a> ('Gull Force') to defend these strategic locations from Japanese attack. The <a href="/wiki/2/2nd_Commando_Squadron_(Australia)" title="2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia)">2/2nd Independent Company</a> was also sent to <a href="/wiki/Dili" title="Dili">Dili</a> in <a href="/wiki/Portuguese_Timor" title="Portuguese Timor">Portuguese Timor</a> in violation of Portugal's neutrality.<sup id="cite_ref-Hasluck_1970._p._14_87-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hasluck_1970._p._14-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The force at Ambon <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ambon" title="Battle of Ambon">was defeated</a> by the Japanese landing on 30 January, and surrendered on 3 February 1942. Over 300 Australian prisoners were subsequently killed by Japanese troops in a series of mass executions during February.<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the force at Koepang was defeated after the Japanese landed there on 20 February and also surrendered, <a href="/wiki/Australian_commandos" title="Australian commandos">Australian commandos</a> waged a <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Timor" title="Battle of Timor">guerrilla campaign</a> against the Japanese in Portuguese Timor until February 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Voyager</i> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Armidale_(J240)" title="HMAS Armidale (J240)"><i>Armidale</i></a> were lost in September and December 1942, respectively, while operating in support of the commandos.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMAS_Yarra_(AWM_016263).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/HMAS_Yarra_%28AWM_016263%29.jpg/220px-HMAS_Yarra_%28AWM_016263%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/HMAS_Yarra_%28AWM_016263%29.jpg/330px-HMAS_Yarra_%28AWM_016263%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/HMAS_Yarra_%28AWM_016263%29.jpg/440px-HMAS_Yarra_%28AWM_016263%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="328" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Yarra_(U77)" title="HMAS Yarra (U77)">HMAS <i>Yarra</i></a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Java_(1942)" title="Battle of Java (1942)">Japanese invasion of Java</a> a force of 242 carrier and land-based aircraft <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Darwin,_19_February_1942" class="mw-redirect" title="Air raids on Darwin, 19 February 1942">attacked Darwin on 19 February 1942</a>. At the time Darwin was an important base for Allied warships and a staging point for shipping supplies and reinforcements into the NEI. The Japanese attack was successful, and resulted in the deaths of over 230 military personnel and civilians, many of whom were non-Australian Allied seamen, and heavy damage to <a href="/wiki/RAAF_Base_Darwin" title="RAAF Base Darwin">RAAF Base Darwin</a> and the town's port facilities.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several Australian warships, a 3,000 strong Army unit and aircraft from several RAAF squadrons participated in the unsuccessful defence of Java when the Japanese invaded the island in March 1942. <i>Perth</i> formed part of the main <a href="/wiki/American-British-Dutch-Australian_Command" title="American-British-Dutch-Australian Command">American-British-Dutch-Australian Command</a> (ABDACOM) naval force which was defeated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a> on 27 February, during an attempt to intercept one of the Japanese invasion convoys. <i>Perth</i> was sunk on 1 March, when she and <a href="/wiki/USS_Houston_(CA-30)" title="USS Houston (CA-30)">USS <i>Houston</i></a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sunda_Strait" title="Battle of Sunda Strait">encountered</a> another Japanese invasion force while trying to escape to <a href="/wiki/Tjilatjap" class="mw-redirect" title="Tjilatjap">Tjilatjap</a> on the south coast of Java. The sloop <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Yarra_(U77)" title="HMAS Yarra (U77)"><i>Yarra</i></a> was also sunk off the south coast of Java when she was attacked by three Japanese cruisers while escorting a convoy on 4 March. Other Australian warships, including the light cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Hobart_(D63)" title="HMAS Hobart (D63)"><i>Hobart</i></a> and several corvettes successfully escaped from NEI waters. An army force made up of elements from the 7th Division also formed part of the ABDACOM land forces on Java but saw little action before it surrendered at <a href="/wiki/Bandung" title="Bandung">Bandung</a> on 12 March, after the Dutch forces on the island began to capitulate. RAAF aircraft operating from bases in Java and Australia also participated in the fighting, and 160 ground crew from <a href="/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 1 Squadron RAAF">No. 1 Squadron RAAF</a> were taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the conquest of the NEI, the Japanese Navy's <a href="/wiki/1st_Air_Fleet_(Imperial_Japanese_Navy)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Air Fleet (Imperial Japanese Navy)">main aircraft carrier force</a> <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">raided the Indian Ocean</a>. This force attacked <a href="/wiki/Ceylon" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceylon">Ceylon</a> in early April, and <i>Vampire</i> was sunk off <a href="/wiki/Trincomalee" title="Trincomalee">Trincomalee</a> on 12 April, while escorting <a href="/wiki/HMS_Hermes_(95)" title="HMS Hermes (95)">HMS <i>Hermes</i></a>, which was also lost. The Australian Army's <a href="/wiki/16th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="16th Brigade (Australia)">16th</a> and 17th Brigades formed part of the island's garrison at the time of the raid but did not see action.<sup id="cite_ref-95" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Buildup_of_forces_in_Australia">Buildup of forces in Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Buildup of forces in Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the fall of Singapore, the Australian government and people expected an invasion soon. The Battle of Britain occurred after <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dunkirk" title="Battle of Dunkirk">Dunkirk</a>; "the fall of Singapore opens the <a href="/wiki/Battle_for_Australia" title="Battle for Australia">Battle for Australia</a>", Curtin said, which threatened the Commonwealth, the United States, and the entire English-speaking world. The fear was greatest until June 1942. Curtin said on 16 February:<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The protection of this country is no longer that of a contribution to a world at war but the resistance to an enemy threatening to invade our own shore ... It is now work or fight as we have never worked or fought before ... On what we do now depends everything we may like to do when this bloody test has been survived.</p></blockquote> <p>Australia was ill-prepared to counter such an attack. The RAAF lacked modern aircraft and the RAN was too small and unbalanced to counter the Imperial Japanese Navy. Additionally, the Army, although large, contained many inexperienced units and lacked mobility.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In response to this threat most of the AIF was brought back from the Middle East and the Government appealed to the United States for assistance. British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> attempted to divert the 6th and 7th Divisions to <a href="/wiki/Burma" class="mw-redirect" title="Burma">Burma</a> while they were en route to Australia, but Curtin refused to authorise this movement. As a compromise two brigades of the 6th Division disembarked at Ceylon and formed part of the island's garrison until they returned to Australia in August 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Geraldton_exercise_1942_(028696).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Geraldton_exercise_1942_%28028696%29.jpg/220px-Geraldton_exercise_1942_%28028696%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Geraldton_exercise_1942_%28028696%29.jpg/330px-Geraldton_exercise_1942_%28028696%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/08/Geraldton_exercise_1942_%28028696%29.jpg/440px-Geraldton_exercise_1942_%28028696%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="486" /></a><figcaption>Australian soldiers exercising to defend <a href="/wiki/Geraldton,_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Geraldton, Western Australia">Geraldton, Western Australia</a> in October 1942</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coming_South_(AWM_ARTV09225).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coming_South_%28AWM_ARTV09225%29.jpg/220px-Coming_South_%28AWM_ARTV09225%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="328" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Coming_South_%28AWM_ARTV09225%29.jpg/330px-Coming_South_%28AWM_ARTV09225%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f1/Coming_South_%28AWM_ARTV09225%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="429" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>"He's coming south — It's fight, work or perish", a propaganda poster warning of the danger of Japanese invasion.</figcaption></figure> <p>The perceived threat of invasion led to a major expansion of the Australian military. By mid-1942 the Army had a strength of ten infantry divisions, <a href="/wiki/Australian_armoured_units_of_World_War_II" title="Australian armoured units of World War II">three armoured divisions</a> and hundreds of other units.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAAF and RAN were also greatly expanded, though it took years for these services to build up to their peak strengths.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Due to the increased need for manpower, the restrictions which prohibited non-Europeans from joining the military ceased to be enforced from late 1941, and about 3,000 <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Australians" title="Indigenous Australians">Indigenous Australians</a> eventually enlisted. Most of these personnel were integrated into existing formations, but a small number of racially segregated units such as the <a href="/wiki/Torres_Strait_Light_Infantry_Battalion" title="Torres Strait Light Infantry Battalion">Torres Strait Light Infantry Battalion</a> were formed. A number of small units made up of Indigenous Australians were also established to patrol northern Australia and harass any Japanese forces which landed there; the members of these units did not receive pay or awards for their service until 1992.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of Australians who were ineligible for service in the military responded to the threat of attack by joining <a href="/wiki/Auxiliaries" title="Auxiliaries">auxiliary</a> organisations such as the <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Defence_Corps_(Australia)" title="Volunteer Defence Corps (Australia)">Volunteer Defence Corps</a> and <a href="/wiki/Volunteer_Air_Observers_Corps_(Australia)" title="Volunteer Air Observers Corps (Australia)">Volunteer Air Observers Corps</a>, which were modelled on the <a href="/wiki/British_Home_Guard" class="mw-redirect" title="British Home Guard">British Home Guard</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Observer_Corps" title="Royal Observer Corps">Royal Observer Corps</a> respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australia's population and industrial base were not sufficient to maintain the expanded military after the threat of invasion had passed, and the Army was progressively reduced in size from 1943<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while only 53 of the 73 RAAF squadrons approved by the government were ever raised.<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite Australian fears, the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Proposed_Japanese_invasion_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Proposed Japanese invasion of Australia during World War II">never intended</a> to invade the Australian mainland. While an invasion was considered by the Japanese <a href="/wiki/Imperial_General_Headquarters" title="Imperial General Headquarters">Imperial General Headquarters</a> in February 1942, it was judged to be beyond the Japanese military's capabilities and no planning or other preparations were undertaken.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_2007._p._29_105-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_2007._p._29-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, in March 1942, the Japanese military adopted a strategy of isolating Australia from the United States by capturing <a href="/wiki/Port_Moresby" title="Port Moresby">Port Moresby</a> in New Guinea and the <a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fiji" title="Fiji">Fiji</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samoa" title="Samoa">Samoa</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This plan was frustrated by the Japanese defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a> and was postponed indefinitely after the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While these battles ended the threat to Australia, the Australian government continued to warn that an invasion was possible until mid-1943.<sup id="cite_ref-Stanley_2007._p._29_105-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Stanley_2007._p._29-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Curtin_MacArthur_Blamey_(042766).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Curtin_MacArthur_Blamey_%28042766%29.jpg/220px-Curtin_MacArthur_Blamey_%28042766%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Curtin_MacArthur_Blamey_%28042766%29.jpg/330px-Curtin_MacArthur_Blamey_%28042766%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Curtin_MacArthur_Blamey_%28042766%29.jpg/440px-Curtin_MacArthur_Blamey_%28042766%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="467" /></a><figcaption>MacArthur with Blamey and Prime Minister Curtin in March 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>The collapse of British power in the Pacific also led Australia to reorient its foreign and military policy towards the United States. Curtin stated in December 1941 "that Australia looks to America, free of any pangs as to our traditional links or kinship with the United Kingdom."<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1942 the US and British Governments agreed that Australia would become a strategic responsibility of the United States and the Allied <a href="/wiki/ANZAC_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="ANZAC Force">ANZAC Force</a> was created specifically to defend the Australian continent. In March, General <a href="/wiki/Douglas_MacArthur" title="Douglas MacArthur">Douglas MacArthur</a> arrived in Australia after escaping from the Philippines and assumed command of the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific Area</a> (SWPA). All of the Australian military's combat units in this area were placed under MacArthur's command, and MacArthur replaced the Australian Chiefs of Staff as the Australian Government's main source of military advice until the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian General Thomas Blamey was appointed the Allied land force commander, but MacArthur did not permit him to command American forces.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> MacArthur also rejected <a href="/wiki/Chief_of_Staff_of_the_United_States_Army" title="Chief of Staff of the United States Army">US Army Chief of Staff</a> General <a href="/wiki/George_Marshall" class="mw-redirect" title="George Marshall">George Marshall</a>'s request that he appoint Australians to senior posts in his General Headquarters. Nevertheless, the partnership between Curtin and MacArthur proved beneficial for Australia between 1942 and 1944, as MacArthur was able to communicate Australian requests for assistance to the US Government.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Large numbers of United States military personnel were based in Australia during the first years of the Pacific War. The first US units arrived in Australia in early 1942 and almost 1 million US personnel passed through Australia during the war. Many US military bases were constructed in northern Australia during 1942 and 1943, and Australia remained an important source of supplies to US forces in the Pacific until the end of the war. Though relations between Australians and Americans were generally good, there was some conflict between US and Australian soldiers, such as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Brisbane" title="Battle of Brisbane">Battle of Brisbane</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Australian Government only reluctantly accepted the presence of <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> troops.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Papuan_campaign">Papuan campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Papuan campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese forces first landed on the mainland of New Guinea on 8 March 1942, when they <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Salamaua%E2%80%93Lae" title="Invasion of Salamaua–Lae">invaded Lae and Salamaua</a> to secure bases for the defence of the important base they were developing at Rabaul. Australian <a href="/wiki/Guerrilla_warfare" title="Guerrilla warfare">guerrillas</a> from the <a href="/wiki/New_Guinea_Volunteer_Rifles" title="New Guinea Volunteer Rifles">New Guinea Volunteer Rifles</a> established observation posts around the Japanese beachheads and the <a href="/wiki/2/5th_Commando_Squadron_(Australia)" title="2/5th Commando Squadron (Australia)">2/5th Independent Company</a> successfully raided <a href="/wiki/Salamaua" title="Salamaua">Salamaua</a> on 29 June.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>114<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_troops_at_Milne_Bay.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Australian_troops_at_Milne_Bay.jpg/220px-Australian_troops_at_Milne_Bay.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Australian_troops_at_Milne_Bay.jpg/330px-Australian_troops_at_Milne_Bay.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Australian_troops_at_Milne_Bay.jpg/440px-Australian_troops_at_Milne_Bay.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="477" /></a><figcaption>Australian troops at Milne Bay</figcaption></figure> <p>After the Battle of the Coral Sea frustrated the Japanese plan to capture Port Morseby via an amphibious landing, the Japanese attempted to capture the town by landing the South Seas Force at Buna on the north coast of <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_Papua" title="Territory of Papua">Papua</a> and advancing overland using the <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track" title="Kokoda Track">Kokoda Track</a> to cross the rugged <a href="/wiki/Owen_Stanley_Range" title="Owen Stanley Range">Owen Stanley Range</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a> began on 22 July, when the Japanese began their advance, opposed by an ill-prepared CMF brigade designated '<a href="/wiki/Maroubra_Force" title="Maroubra Force">Maroubra Force</a>'. This force was successful in delaying the South Seas Force but was unable to halt it. Two AIF battalions from the 7th Division reinforced the remnants of Maroubra Force on 26 August, but the Japanese continued to make ground and reached the village of Ioribaiwa near Port Moresby on 16 September.<sup id="cite_ref-115" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-115"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>115<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The South Seas Force was forced to withdraw back along the track on this day, however, as supply problems made any further advance impossible and an Allied counter-landing at Buna was feared.<sup id="cite_ref-116" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-116"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>116<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian forces pursued the Japanese along the Kokoda Track and forced them into a small <a href="/wiki/Bridgehead" title="Bridgehead">bridgehead</a> on the north coast of Papua in early November.<sup id="cite_ref-117" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-117"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>117<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allied operations on the Kokoda Track were made possible by native Papuans who were recruited by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_New_Guinea_Administrative_Unit" title="Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit">Australian New Guinea Administrative Unit</a>, often forcibly, to carry supplies and evacuate wounded personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-118" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-118"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>118<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAAF and USAAF also played an important role throughout the campaign by attacking the Japanese force's supply lines and <a href="/wiki/Airdrop" title="Airdrop">airdropping</a> supplies to Australian Army units.<sup id="cite_ref-119" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-119"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>119<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Papua_Campaign_maps.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Papua_Campaign_maps.jpg/220px-Papua_Campaign_maps.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Papua_Campaign_maps.jpg/330px-Papua_Campaign_maps.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Papua_Campaign_maps.jpg/440px-Papua_Campaign_maps.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1260" data-file-height="961" /></a><figcaption>The Kokoda and Buna-Gona campaigns</figcaption></figure> <p>Australian forces also defeated an attempt to capture the strategic <a href="/wiki/Milne_Bay" title="Milne Bay">Milne Bay</a> area in August 1942. During the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Milne_Bay" title="Battle of Milne Bay">Battle of Milne Bay</a> two brigades of Australian troops, designated Milne Force, supported by two RAAF fighter squadrons and US Army engineers defeated a smaller Japanese invasion force made up of <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Special_Naval_Landing_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces">Japanese Special Naval Landing Forces</a> units. This was the first notable Japanese land defeat and raised Allied morale across the Pacific Theatre.<sup id="cite_ref-120" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-120"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>120<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian and US forces <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Buna%E2%80%93Gona" title="Battle of Buna–Gona">attacked the Japanese bridgehead in Papua</a> in late November 1942, but did not capture it until January 1943. The Allied force comprised the exhausted 7th Division and the inexperienced and ill-trained <a href="/wiki/32nd_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="32nd Infantry Division (United States)">US 32nd Infantry Division</a> and was short of artillery and supplies. Due to a lack of supporting weapons and MacArthur and Blamey's insistence on a rapid advance the Allied tactics during the battle were centred around infantry assaults on the Japanese fortifications. These resulted in heavy casualties and the area was not secured until 22 January 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-121" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-121"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>121<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout the fighting in Papua, most of the Australian personnel captured by Japanese troops were murdered. In response, Australian soldiers aggressively sought to kill their Japanese opponents for the remainder of the war. The Australians generally did not attempt to capture Japanese personnel, and some prisoners of war were murdered.<sup id="cite_ref-122" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-122"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>122<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:M3_Light_Tanks_assault_on_Buna.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/M3_Light_Tanks_assault_on_Buna.jpg/220px-M3_Light_Tanks_assault_on_Buna.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/M3_Light_Tanks_assault_on_Buna.jpg/330px-M3_Light_Tanks_assault_on_Buna.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/M3_Light_Tanks_assault_on_Buna.jpg/440px-M3_Light_Tanks_assault_on_Buna.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="441" /></a><figcaption>Australian light tanks and infantry in action at Buna</figcaption></figure> <p>Following the defeats in Papua and <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal" title="Guadalcanal">Guadalcanal</a> the Japanese withdrew to a defensive perimeter in the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_New_Guinea" title="Territory of New Guinea">Territory of New Guinea</a>. In order to secure their important bases at <a href="/wiki/Lae" title="Lae">Lae</a> and Salamaua they <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wau" title="Battle of Wau">attempted to capture Wau</a> in January 1943. Reinforcements were flown into the town and defeated the Japanese force in its outskirts following heavy fighting. The Japanese force began to withdraw towards the coast on 4 February. Following their defeat at Wau the Japanese attempted to reinforce Lae in preparation for an expected Allied offensive in the area. This ended in disaster when, during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bismarck_Sea" title="Battle of the Bismarck Sea">Battle of the Bismarck Sea</a>, a troop convoy was destroyed by USAAF and RAAF aircraft from the <a href="/wiki/Fifth_Air_Force" title="Fifth Air Force">US Fifth Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._9_Operational_Group_RAAF" title="No. 9 Operational Group RAAF">No. 9 Operational Group RAAF</a> with the loss of about 3,000 troops.<sup id="cite_ref-123" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-123"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>123<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Papuan campaign led to a significant reform in the composition of the Australian Army. During the campaign, the restriction banning CMF personnel from serving outside of Australian territory hampered military planning and caused tensions between the AIF and CMF. In late 1942 and early 1943, Curtin overcame opposition within the Labor Party to extending the geographic boundaries in which conscripts could serve to include most of the <a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South West Pacific</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Defence_(Citizen_Military_Forces)_Act_1943" title="Defence (Citizen Military Forces) Act 1943">necessary legislation</a> was passed in January 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-124" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-124"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>124<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/11th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="11th Brigade (Australia)">11th Brigade</a> was the only CMF formation to serve outside of Australian territory, however, when it formed part of <a href="/wiki/Merauke_Force" title="Merauke Force">Merauke Force</a> in the NEI during 1943 and 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-125" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-125"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>125<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Attacks_on_Australian_shipping">Attacks on Australian shipping</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Attacks on Australian shipping"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Axis_naval_activity_in_Australian_waters" title="Axis naval activity in Australian waters">Axis naval activity in Australian waters</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Starr_King_(AWM_128144).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Starr_King_%28AWM_128144%29.jpg/220px-Starr_King_%28AWM_128144%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Starr_King_%28AWM_128144%29.jpg/330px-Starr_King_%28AWM_128144%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Starr_King_%28AWM_128144%29.jpg/440px-Starr_King_%28AWM_128144%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Liberty_ship" title="Liberty ship">liberty ship</a> sinking after being attacked by <a href="/wiki/Japanese_submarine_I-21" title="Japanese submarine I-21"><i>I-21</i></a> near <a href="/wiki/Port_Macquarie" title="Port Macquarie">Port Macquarie</a> in February 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>The Japanese efforts to secure New Guinea included a prolonged submarine offensive against the Allied lines of communication between the United States and Australia and Australia and New Guinea. These were not the first Axis naval attacks on Australia; during 1940 and 1941, five German <a href="/wiki/Armed_merchantman" title="Armed merchantman">surface raiders</a> operated in Australian waters at various times. The German attacks were not successful in disrupting Australian merchant shipping, though <i>Sydney</i> was sunk with the loss her entire crew of over 640 men in November 1941, in a <a href="/wiki/Sinking_of_HMAS_Sydney" title="Sinking of HMAS Sydney">battle with the German auxiliary cruiser <i>Kormoran</i></a>, off the coast of Western Australia.<sup id="cite_ref-126" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-126"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>126<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Following the defeat of the Japanese surface fleet the IJN deployed submarines to disrupt Allied supply lines by attacking shipping off the Australian east coast. This campaign began with an unsuccessful <a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Sydney_Harbour" title="Attack on Sydney Harbour">midget submarine raid on Sydney Harbour</a> on the night of 31 May 1942. Following this attack, Japanese submarines operated along the Australian east coast until August 1942, <a href="/wiki/List_of_ships_sunk_by_Axis_warships_in_Australian_waters" title="List of ships sunk by Axis warships in Australian waters">sinking eight merchant ships</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-127" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-127"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>127<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The submarine offensive resumed in January 1943 and continued until June during which time a further 15 ships were sunk off the east coast. The 1943 sinkings included the hospital ship <a href="/wiki/AHS_Centaur" title="AHS Centaur"><i>Centaur</i></a>, which was torpedoed off Queensland on 14 May with the loss of 268 lives.<sup id="cite_ref-128" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-128"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>128<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese did not conduct further submarine attacks against Australia after June 1943, as their submarines were needed to counter Allied offensives elsewhere in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-129" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-129"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>129<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A single German submarine, <a href="/wiki/German_submarine_U-862" title="German submarine U-862"><i>U-862</i></a>, operated in the Pacific Ocean during the war, cruising off the Australian coast and New Zealand in December 1944 and January 1945. It sank two ships in Australian waters before returning to <a href="/wiki/Batavia,_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Batavia, Dutch East Indies">Batavia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-130" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-130"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>130<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Considerable Australian and other Allied military resources were devoted to protecting shipping and ports from Axis submarines and warships. For instance, the RAN escorted over 1,100 coastal convoys<sup id="cite_ref-RAN_WW2_131-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RAN_WW2-131"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>131<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Army established <a href="/wiki/Coastal_defences_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" title="Coastal defences of Australia during World War II">coastal defences</a> to protect important ports<sup id="cite_ref-132" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-132"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>132<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a high proportion of the RAAF's operational squadrons were used to protect shipping at various times.<sup id="cite_ref-133" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-133"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>133<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nevertheless, the use of these units for defensive tasks and the shipping casualties in Australian waters did not seriously affect the Australian economy or Allied war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-134" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-134"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>134<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Guinea_offensives">New Guinea offensives</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: New Guinea offensives"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After halting the Japanese advance, Allied forces went on the offensive across the SWPA from mid 1943. Australian forces played a key role throughout this offensive, which was designated <a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Operation Cartwheel</a>. In particular, General Blamey oversaw a highly successful series of operations around the north-east tip of New Guinea which "was the high point of Australia's experience of operational level command" during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-135" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-135"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>135<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaiapit_fly_in_057499.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kaiapit_fly_in_057499.jpg/220px-Kaiapit_fly_in_057499.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="155" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kaiapit_fly_in_057499.jpg/330px-Kaiapit_fly_in_057499.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Kaiapit_fly_in_057499.jpg/440px-Kaiapit_fly_in_057499.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>Troops of the 2/16th Battalion disembark from <a href="/wiki/Douglas_C-47_Skytrain" title="Douglas C-47 Skytrain">Dakota</a> aircraft at Kaiapit</figcaption></figure> <p>After the successful defence of Wau the <a href="/wiki/3rd_Division_(Australia)" title="3rd Division (Australia)">3rd Division</a> <a href="/wiki/Salamaua%E2%80%93Lae_campaign" title="Salamaua–Lae campaign">began advancing towards Salamaua</a> in April 1943. This advance was mounted to divert attention from Lae, which was one of the main objectives of Operation Cartwheel, and proceeded slowly. In late June, the 3rd Division was reinforced by the US 162nd Regimental Combat Team which staged an amphibious landing to the <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Nassau_Bay" title="Landing at Nassau Bay">south of Salamaua</a>. The town was eventually captured on 11 September 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-136" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-136"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>136<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early September 1943, Australian-led forces mounted a <a href="/wiki/Pincer_movement" title="Pincer movement">pincer movement</a> to capture Lae. On 4 September, 9th Division made an amphibious landing to the <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Lae" title="Landing at Lae">east of the town</a> and began advancing to the west. The following day, the <a href="/wiki/503rd_Infantry_Regiment_(United_States)" title="503rd Infantry Regiment (United States)">US 503rd Parachute Regiment</a> made an <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Nadzab" title="Landing at Nadzab">unopposed parachute drop</a> at Nadzab, just west of Lae. Once the airborne forces secured Nadzab Airfield the 7th Division was flown in and began advancing to the east in a race with the 9th Division to capture Lae. This race was won by the 7th Division, which captured the town on 15 September. The Japanese forces at Salamaua and Lae suffered heavy losses during this campaign, but were able to escape to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-137" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-137"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>137<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_Operation_Cartwheel_battles.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Australian_Operation_Cartwheel_battles.jpg/220px-Australian_Operation_Cartwheel_battles.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Australian_Operation_Cartwheel_battles.jpg/330px-Australian_Operation_Cartwheel_battles.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Australian_Operation_Cartwheel_battles.jpg/440px-Australian_Operation_Cartwheel_battles.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1212" data-file-height="458" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cartwheel" title="Operation Cartwheel">Operation Cartwheel</a> in New Guinea and western New Britain</figcaption></figure> <p>After the fall of Lae, the 9th Division was given the task of <a href="/wiki/Huon_Peninsula_campaign" title="Huon Peninsula campaign">capturing the Huon Peninsula</a>. The <a href="/wiki/20th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="20th Brigade (Australia)">20th Brigade</a> landed near the strategic harbour of <a href="/wiki/Finschhafen" title="Finschhafen">Finschhafen</a> on 22 September 1943, and secured the area. The Japanese responded by dispatching the <a href="/wiki/20th_Division_(Imperial_Japanese_Army)" title="20th Division (Imperial Japanese Army)">20th Division</a> overland to the area and the remainder of the 9th Division was gradually brought in to reinforce the 20th Brigade against the expected counter-attack. The Japanese mounted a strong attack in mid-October which was defeated by the 9th Division after heavy fighting. During the second half of November the 9th Division <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sattelberg" title="Battle of Sattelberg">captured the hills</a> inland of Finschhafen from well dug in Japanese forces. Following its defeat the 20th Division retreated along the coast with the 9th Division and <a href="/wiki/4th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="4th Brigade (Australia)">4th Brigade</a> <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sio" title="Battle of Sio">in pursuit</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-138" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-138"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>138<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Allies scored a major intelligence victory towards the end of this campaign when Australian engineers found the 20th Division's entire <a href="/wiki/Cipher" title="Cipher">cipher</a> library, which had been buried by the retreating Japanese. These documents led to a <a href="/wiki/Cryptanalysis" title="Cryptanalysis">code breaking</a> breakthrough which enabled MacArthur to accelerate the Allied advance by bypassing Japanese defences.<sup id="cite_ref-139" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-139"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>139<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Aust_ships_Cape_Gloucester_(106687).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aust_ships_Cape_Gloucester_%28106687%29.jpg/220px-Aust_ships_Cape_Gloucester_%28106687%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aust_ships_Cape_Gloucester_%28106687%29.jpg/330px-Aust_ships_Cape_Gloucester_%28106687%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Aust_ships_Cape_Gloucester_%28106687%29.jpg/440px-Aust_ships_Cape_Gloucester_%28106687%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="468" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Australia_(D84)" title="HMAS Australia (D84)">HMAS <i>Australia</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Arunta_(I30)" title="HMAS Arunta (I30)"><i>Arunta</i></a> bombarding Cape Gloucester</figcaption></figure> <p>While the 9th Division secured the coastal region of the Huon Peninsula the 7th Division drove the Japanese from the inland <a href="/wiki/Finisterre_Range" title="Finisterre Range">Finisterre Range</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Finisterre_Range_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Finisterre Range campaign">Finisterre Range campaign</a> began on 17 September, when the 2/6th Independent Company was air-landed in the Markham Valley. The company <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kaiapit" title="Battle of Kaiapit">defeated a larger Japanese force</a> at Kaiapit and secured an airstrip which was used to fly the Division's <a href="/wiki/21st_Brigade_(Australia)" title="21st Brigade (Australia)">21st</a> and <a href="/wiki/25th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="25th Brigade (Australia)">25th Brigades</a> in. Through aggressive patrolling the Australians forced the Japanese out of positions in extremely rugged terrain and in January 1944, the division began its attack on the key <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shaggy_Ridge" title="Battle of Shaggy Ridge">Shaggy Ridge</a> position. The ridge was taken by the end of January, with the RAAF playing a key supporting role. Following this success the Japanese withdrew from the Finisterre Range and Australian troops linked up with American patrols from <a href="/wiki/Landing_at_Saidor" title="Landing at Saidor">Saidor</a> on 21 April, and secured <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madang" title="Battle of Madang">Madang</a> on 24 April.<sup id="cite_ref-140" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-140"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>140<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In addition to supporting the Army's operations on the New Guinea mainland, the RAN and RAAF took part in offensive operations in the Solomon Islands. This involvement had begun in August 1942, when both of the RAN's heavy cruisers, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Australia_(D84)" title="HMAS Australia (D84)"><i>Australia</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Canberra_(D33)" title="HMAS Canberra (D33)"><i>Canberra</i></a>, supported the US Marine <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">landing at Guadalcanal</a>. On the night after the landing, <i>Canberra</i> was sunk during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Savo_Island" title="Battle of Savo Island">Battle of Savo Island</a> and the RAN played no further role in the <a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Guadalcanal Campaign">Guadalcanal Campaign</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-141" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-141"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>141<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> RAAF aircraft supported several US Army and Marine landings during 1943 and 1944 and an RAAF radar unit participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arawe" title="Battle of Arawe">capture of Arawe</a>. The Australian cruisers <i>Australia</i> and <a href="/wiki/HMS_Shropshire" title="HMS Shropshire"><i>Shropshire</i></a> and destroyers <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Arunta_(I30)" title="HMAS Arunta (I30)"><i>Arunta</i></a> and <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Warramunga_(I44)" title="HMAS Warramunga (I44)"><i>Warramunga</i></a> provided fire support for the <a href="/wiki/1st_Marine_Division_(United_States)" class="mw-redirect" title="1st Marine Division (United States)">US 1st Marine Division</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Gloucester" title="Battle of Cape Gloucester">Battle of Cape Gloucester</a> and the <a href="/wiki/1st_Cavalry_Division_(United_States)" title="1st Cavalry Division (United States)">US 1st Cavalry Division</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Admiralty_Islands_campaign" title="Admiralty Islands campaign">Admiralty Islands campaign</a> in late 1943 and early 1944. The landing at Cape Gloucester was also the first operation for the RAN amphibious transport <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Westralia_(F95)" title="HMAS Westralia (F95)"><i>Westralia</i></a>.<sup id="cite_ref-142" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-142"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>142<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Western_Area_Campaign">North Western Area Campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: North Western Area Campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/North_Western_Area_Campaign" title="North Western Area Campaign">North Western Area Campaign</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:18_Sqn_(AWM_P02769-001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/18_Sqn_%28AWM_P02769-001%29.jpg/220px-18_Sqn_%28AWM_P02769-001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/18_Sqn_%28AWM_P02769-001%29.jpg/330px-18_Sqn_%28AWM_P02769-001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/18_Sqn_%28AWM_P02769-001%29.jpg/440px-18_Sqn_%28AWM_P02769-001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="489" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/B-25_Mitchell" class="mw-redirect" title="B-25 Mitchell">B-25 Mitchell</a> bombers from <a href="/wiki/No._18_(Netherlands_East_Indies)_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 18 (Netherlands East Indies) Squadron RAAF">No. 18 (NEI) Squadron</a> near Darwin in 1943. This was one of three joint Australian-Dutch squadrons formed during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-143" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-143"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>143<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>The attack on Darwin in February 1942 marked the start of a prolonged aerial campaign over northern Australia and the Japanese-occupied Netherlands East Indies. Following the first attack on Darwin the Allies rapidly deployed fighter squadrons and reinforced the Army's <a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Force" title="Northern Territory Force">Northern Territory Force</a> to protect the town from a feared invasion.<sup id="cite_ref-144" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-144"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>144<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These air units also attacked Japanese positions in the NEI and the Japanese responded by staging dozens of <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Australia,_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Air raids on Australia, 1942–43">air raids on Darwin and nearby airfields</a> during 1942 and 1943, few of which caused significant damage. These raids were opposed by US, Australian and British fighters and suffered increasingly heavy casualties as Darwin's defences were improved.<sup id="cite_ref-145" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-145"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>145<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Japanese also conducted a number of small and ineffective raids on towns and airfields in northern Queensland and Western Australia during 1942 and 1943.<sup id="cite_ref-146" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-146"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>146<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Japanese raids on northern Australia ceased in late 1943, the Allied air offensive continued until the end of the war. During late 1942, Allied aircraft conducted attacks on Timor in support of the Australian guerrillas operating there. From early 1943, US <a href="/wiki/Heavy_bomber" title="Heavy bomber">heavy bomber</a> squadrons operated against Japanese targets in the eastern NEI from bases near Darwin. The Allied air offensive against the NEI intensified from June 1943, to divert Japanese forces away from New Guinea and the Solomons and involved Australian, Dutch and US bomber units. These attacks continued until the end of the war, with the US heavy bombers being replaced by Australian <a href="/wiki/B-24_Liberator" class="mw-redirect" title="B-24 Liberator">B-24 Liberator</a>-equipped squadrons in late 1944. From 1944, several RAAF <a href="/wiki/PBY_Catalina" class="mw-redirect" title="PBY Catalina">PBY Catalina</a> squadrons were also based at Darwin and conducted highly effective mine-laying sorties across South East Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-147" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-147"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>147<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Advance_to_the_Philippines">Advance to the Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Advance to the Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Australian military's role in the South-West Pacific decreased during 1944. In the latter half of 1943, the Australian Government decided, with MacArthur's agreement, that the size of the military would be reduced to release manpower for war-related industries which were important to supplying Britain and the US forces in the Pacific. Australia's main role in the Allied war effort from this point forward was supplying the other Allied countries with food, materials and manufactured goods needed for the defeat of Japan.<sup id="cite_ref-148" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-148"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>148<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of this policy, the Army units available for offensive operations were set at six infantry divisions (the three AIF divisions and three CMF divisions) and two armoured brigades. The size of the RAAF was set at 53 squadrons and the RAN was limited to the ships which were in service or planned to be built at the time.<sup id="cite_ref-149" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-149"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>149<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In early 1944, all but two of the Army's divisions were withdrawn to the <a href="/wiki/Atherton_Tableland" title="Atherton Tableland">Atherton Tableland</a> in north Queensland for training and rehabilitation.<sup id="cite_ref-150" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-150"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>150<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several new battalions of Australian-led Papuan and New Guinea troops were formed during 1944, and organised into the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Pacific_Islands_Regiment" title="Royal Pacific Islands Regiment">Pacific Islands Regiment</a>, however, and largely replaced the Australian Army battalions disbanded during the year. These troops had seen action alongside Australian units throughout the New Guinea campaign.<sup id="cite_ref-151" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-151"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>151<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:80_Sqn_(OG1751).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/80_Sqn_%28OG1751%29.jpg/220px-80_Sqn_%28OG1751%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/80_Sqn_%28OG1751%29.jpg/330px-80_Sqn_%28OG1751%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/80_Sqn_%28OG1751%29.jpg/440px-80_Sqn_%28OG1751%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/No._80_Squadron_RAAF" title="No. 80 Squadron RAAF">No. 80 Squadron</a> aircraft at Noemfoor in November 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>After the liberation of most of Australian New Guinea the RAAF and RAN participated in the US-led <a href="/wiki/Western_New_Guinea_campaign" title="Western New Guinea campaign">Western New Guinea campaign</a>, which had the goal of securing bases to be used to mount the <a href="/wiki/Philippines_Campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Philippines Campaign (1944–1945)">liberation of the Philippines</a>. Australian warships and the fighter, bomber and airfield construction squadrons of <a href="/wiki/Australian_First_Tactical_Air_Force" title="Australian First Tactical Air Force">No. 10 Operational Group RAAF</a> participated in the capture of <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hollandia" title="Battle of Hollandia">Hollandia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Biak" title="Battle of Biak">Biak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Noemfoor" title="Battle of Noemfoor">Noemfoor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Morotai" title="Battle of Morotai">Morotai</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-152" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-152"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>152<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After western New Guinea was secured No. 10 Operation Group was renamed the First Tactical Air Force (1TAF) and was used to protect the flank of the Allied advance by attacking Japanese positions in the NEI and performing other garrison tasks. The losses incurred whilst performing these relatively unimportant roles led to a decline in morale, and contributed to the '<a href="/wiki/Morotai_Mutiny" title="Morotai Mutiny">Morotai Mutiny</a>' in April 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-153" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-153"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>153<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Elements of the RAN and RAAF also took part in the liberation of the Philippines. Four Australian warships and the assault transports <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Kanimbla_(C78)" title="HMAS Kanimbla (C78)"><i>Kanimbla</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Manoora_(F48)" title="HMAS Manoora (F48)"><i>Manoora</i></a> and <i>Westralia</i>—along with a number of smaller warships and support ships—took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte" title="Battle of Leyte">US landing at Leyte</a> on 20 October 1944. Australian sources state that <i>Australia</i> became the first Allied ship to be struck by a <a href="/wiki/Kamikaze" title="Kamikaze">kamikaze</a> when she was attacked during this operation on 21 October, though this claim was disputed by US historian <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Eliot_Morison" title="Samuel Eliot Morison">Samuel Eliot Morison</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-154" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-154"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>154<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian ships also participated in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Battle of Leyte Gulf</a>, with <i>Shropshire</i> and <i>Arunta</i> engaging Japanese ships during the Battle of Surigao Strait on 25 October. The Australian naval force took part in the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Lingayen_Gulf" title="Invasion of Lingayen Gulf">Invasion of Lingayen Gulf</a> in January 1945; during this operation, <i>Australia</i> was struck by a further five Kamikazes which killed 44 of her crew and forced her to withdraw for major repairs. RAN ships also escorted US supply convoys bound for the Philippines.<sup id="cite_ref-155" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-155"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>155<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAAF's <a href="/w/index.php?title=No._3_Airfield_Construction_Squadron_RAAF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="No. 3 Airfield Construction Squadron RAAF (page does not exist)">No. 3 Airfield Construction Squadron</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._1_Wireless_Unit_RAAF" title="No. 1 Wireless Unit RAAF">No. 1 Wireless Unit</a> also landed in the Philippines and supported US operations there, and 1TAF raided targets in the southern Philippines from bases in the NEI and New Guinea.<sup id="cite_ref-156" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-156"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>156<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the Australian Government offered MacArthur I Corps for service in Leyte and Luzon, nothing came of several proposals to utilise it in the liberation of these islands.<sup id="cite_ref-157" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-157"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>157<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Army's prolonged period of relative inactivity during 1944 led to public concern, and many Australians believed that the AIF should be demobilised if it could not be used for offensive operations.<sup id="cite_ref-158" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-158"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>158<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was politically embarrassing for the government, and helped motivate it to look for new areas where the military could be employed.<sup id="cite_ref-159" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-159"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>159<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mopping_up_in_New_Guinea_and_the_Solomons">Mopping up in New Guinea and the Solomons</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Mopping up in New Guinea and the Solomons"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Final_NG_campaigns.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Final_NG_campaigns.jpg/220px-Final_NG_campaigns.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Final_NG_campaigns.jpg/330px-Final_NG_campaigns.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Final_NG_campaigns.jpg/440px-Final_NG_campaigns.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2005" data-file-height="1418" /></a><figcaption>Australian and Japanese Army forces in New Guinea and the Solomon Islands in late 1944</figcaption></figure> <p>In late 1944, the Australian Government committed twelve Australian Army brigades to replace six US Army divisions which were conducting defensive roles in <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Island" title="Bougainville Island">Bougainville</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Britain" title="New Britain">New Britain</a> and the Aitape-Wewak area in New Guinea. While the US units had largely conducted a static defence of their positions, their Australian replacements mounted offensive operations designed to destroy the remaining Japanese forces in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-Grey_1999._pp._184–185_160-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grey_1999._pp._184–185-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The value of these campaigns was controversial at the time and remains so to this day. The Australian Government authorised these operations for primarily political reasons. It was believed that keeping the Army involved in the war would give Australia greater influence in any post-war peace conferences and that liberating Australian territories would enhance Australia's influence in its region.<sup id="cite_ref-161" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-161"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>161<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Critics of these campaigns argue that they were unnecessary and wasteful of the lives of the Australian soldiers involved as the Japanese forces were already isolated and ineffective.<sup id="cite_ref-Grey_1999._pp._184–185_160-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Grey_1999._pp._184–185-160"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>160<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Infantry_wide_bay_(AWM_078376).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Infantry_wide_bay_%28AWM_078376%29.jpg/220px-Infantry_wide_bay_%28AWM_078376%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Infantry_wide_bay_%28AWM_078376%29.jpg/330px-Infantry_wide_bay_%28AWM_078376%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Infantry_wide_bay_%28AWM_078376%29.jpg/440px-Infantry_wide_bay_%28AWM_078376%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Infantry at Wide Bay in January 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/5th_Division_(Australia)" title="5th Division (Australia)">5th Division</a> replaced the <a href="/wiki/40th_Infantry_Division_(United_States)" title="40th Infantry Division (United States)">US 40th Infantry Division</a> on New Britain during October and November 1944 and continued the <a href="/wiki/New_Britain_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="New Britain Campaign">New Britain Campaign</a> with the goals of protecting Allied bases and confining the large Japanese force on the island to the area around Rabaul. In late November the 5th Division established bases closer to the Japanese perimeter and began aggressive patrols supported by the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Allied Intelligence Bureau">Allied Intelligence Bureau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Coates_2006._p._276_162-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coates_2006._p._276-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The division conducted amphibious landings at Open Bay and Wide Bay at the base of the <a href="/wiki/Gazelle_Peninsula" title="Gazelle Peninsula">Gazelle Peninsula</a> in early 1945, and defeated the small Japanese garrisons in these areas. By April the Japanese had been confined to their fortified positions in the Gazelle Peninsula by the Australian force's aggressive patrolling. The 5th Division suffered 53 fatalities and 140 wounded during this campaign. After the war it was found that the Japanese force was 93,000 strong, which was much higher than the 38,000 which Allied intelligence had estimated remained on New Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-Coates_2006._p._276_162-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Coates_2006._p._276-162"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>162<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg/220px-Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg/330px-Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg/440px-Boomerangs_Bougainville_OG2064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Australian-designed <a href="/wiki/CAC_Boomerang" title="CAC Boomerang">CAC Boomerang</a> aircraft at Bougainville in early 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/II_Corps_(Australia)" title="II Corps (Australia)">II Corps</a> continued the <a href="/wiki/Bougainville_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Bougainville Campaign">Bougainville Campaign</a> after it replaced the <a href="/wiki/XIV_Corps_(United_States)" title="XIV Corps (United States)">US Army's XIV Corps</a> between October and December 1944. The corps consisted of the 3rd Division, 11th Brigade and <a href="/wiki/Fiji_Infantry_Regiment" title="Fiji Infantry Regiment">Fiji Infantry Regiment</a> on Bougainville and the 23rd Brigade which garrisoned neighbouring islands and was supported by RAAF, <a href="/wiki/Royal_New_Zealand_Air_Force" title="Royal New Zealand Air Force">RNZAF</a> and USMC air units.<sup id="cite_ref-163" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-163"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>163<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the XIV Corps had maintained a defensive posture, the Australians conducted offensive operations aimed at destroying the Japanese force on Bougainville. As the Japanese were split into several enclaves the II Corps fought geographically separated campaigns in the north, centre and southern portions of the island. The main focus was against the Japanese base at Buin in the south, and the offensives in the north and centre of the island were largely suspended from May 1945. While Australian operations on Bougainville continued until the end of the war, large Japanese forces remained at Buin and in the north of the island.<sup id="cite_ref-164" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-164"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>164<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 6th Division was assigned responsibility for <a href="/wiki/Aitape-Wewak_campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Aitape-Wewak campaign">completing the destruction</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Eighteenth_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese Eighteenth Army">Japanese Eighteenth Army</a>, which was the last large Japanese force remaining in the Australian portion of New Guinea. The division was reinforced by CMF and armoured units and began arriving at <a href="/wiki/Aitape" title="Aitape">Aitape</a> in October 1944. The 6th Division was also supported by several RAAF squadrons and RAN warships.<sup id="cite_ref-165" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-165"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>165<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In late 1944, the Australians launched a two-pronged offensive to the east towards <a href="/wiki/Wewak" title="Wewak">Wewak</a>. The 17th Brigade advanced through the inland <a href="/wiki/Torricelli_Mountains" class="mw-redirect" title="Torricelli Mountains">Torricelli Mountains</a> while the remainder of the division moved along the coast. Although the Eighteenth Army had suffered heavy casualties from previous fighting and disease, it mounted a strong resistance and inflicted significant casualties. The 6th Division's advance was also hampered by supply difficulties and bad weather. The Australians secured the coastal area by early May, with Wewak being captured on 10 May, after a small force was landed to the east of the town. By the end of the war, the Eighteenth Army had been forced into what it had designated its 'last stand' area which was under attack from the 6th Division. The Aitape-Wewak campaign cost Australia 442 lives while about 9,000 Japanese died and another 269 were taken prisoner.<sup id="cite_ref-166" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-166"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>166<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Borneo_campaign">Borneo campaign</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Borneo campaign"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Borneo_Campaign_CMH.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Borneo_Campaign_CMH.jpg/220px-Borneo_Campaign_CMH.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="154" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Borneo_Campaign_CMH.jpg/330px-Borneo_Campaign_CMH.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Borneo_Campaign_CMH.jpg/440px-Borneo_Campaign_CMH.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3031" data-file-height="2125" /></a><figcaption>A map showing the progress of the Borneo campaign</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign_(1945)" class="mw-redirect" title="Borneo campaign (1945)">Borneo campaign of 1945</a> was the last major Allied campaign in the SWPA. In a series of amphibious assaults between 1 May and 21 July, the Australian I Corps, under Lieutenant General <a href="/wiki/Leslie_Morshead" title="Leslie Morshead">Leslie Morshead</a>, attacked Japanese forces occupying the island. Allied naval and air forces, centred on the <a href="/wiki/US_7th_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="US 7th Fleet">US 7th Fleet</a> under Admiral <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Kinkaid" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Kinkaid">Thomas Kinkaid</a>, 1TAF and the US <a href="/wiki/Thirteenth_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Thirteenth Air Force">Thirteenth Air Force</a> also played important roles in the campaign. The goals of this campaign were to capture Borneo's oilfields and <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bay" title="Brunei Bay">Brunei Bay</a> to support the US-led invasion of Japan and British-led <a href="/wiki/Operation_Zipper" title="Operation Zipper">liberation of Malaya</a> which were planned to take place later in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-167" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-167"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>167<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian Government did not agree to MacArthur's proposal to extend the offensive to include the liberation of Java in July 1945, however, and its decision to not release the 6th Division for this operation contributed to it not going ahead.<sup id="cite_ref-168" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-168"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>168<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The campaign opened on 1 May 1945, when the <a href="/wiki/26th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="26th Brigade (Australia)">26th Brigade Group</a> landed on the small island of <a href="/wiki/Tarakan_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Tarakan Island">Tarakan</a> off the east coast of Borneo. The goal of this operation was to secure the island's airstrip as a base to support the planned landings at <a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Balikpapan" title="Balikpapan">Balikpapan</a>. While it had been expected that it would take only a few weeks to secure Tarakan and re-open the airstrip, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarakan_(1945)" title="Battle of Tarakan (1945)">intensive fighting on the island</a> lasted until 19 June, and the airstrip was not opened until 28 June. As a result, the operation is generally considered to have not been worthwhile.<sup id="cite_ref-169" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-169"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>169<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Australian_soldiers_civilians_Labuan.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Australian_soldiers_civilians_Labuan.jpg/220px-Australian_soldiers_civilians_Labuan.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Australian_soldiers_civilians_Labuan.jpg/330px-Australian_soldiers_civilians_Labuan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ea/Australian_soldiers_civilians_Labuan.jpg/440px-Australian_soldiers_civilians_Labuan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="471" /></a><figcaption>Australian soldiers and local civilians on Labuan Island. The soldier on the left is armed with an Australian-designed <a href="/wiki/Owen_submachine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen submachine gun">Owen gun</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The second phase of the Borneo campaign began on 10 June when the 9th Division <a href="/wiki/Operation_Oboe_Six" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Oboe Six">conducted simultaneous assaults</a> on the north-west on the island of <a href="/wiki/Labuan" title="Labuan">Labuan</a> and the coast of Brunei. While Brunei was quickly secured, the Japanese garrison on Labuan <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Labuan" title="Battle of Labuan">held out for over a week</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Brunei_Bay" title="Brunei Bay">Brunei Bay</a> region was secured the <a href="/wiki/24th_Brigade_(Australia)" title="24th Brigade (Australia)">24th Brigade</a> was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_North_Borneo" title="Battle of North Borneo">landed in North Borneo</a> and the 20th Brigade advanced along the western coast of Borneo south from Brunei. Both brigades rapidly advanced against weak Japanese resistance, and most of north-west Borneo was liberated by the end of the war.<sup id="cite_ref-170" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-170"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>170<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the campaign the 9th Division was assisted by indigenous fighters who were waging a guerrilla war against Japanese forces with the support of Australian special forces.<sup id="cite_ref-171" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-171"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>171<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The third and final stage of the Borneo campaign was the capture of Balikpapan on the central east coast of the island. This operation had been opposed by General Blamey, who believed that it was unnecessary, but went ahead on the orders of Macarthur. After a <span class="nowrap">20-day</span> preliminary air and naval bombardment the 7th Division landed near the town on 1 July. Balikpapan and its surrounds <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Balikpapan_(1945)" title="Battle of Balikpapan (1945)">were secured after some heavy fighting</a> on 21 July, but mopping up continued until the end of the war. The capture of Balikpapan was the last large-scale land operation conducted by the Western Allies during World War II.<sup id="cite_ref-172" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-172"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>172<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although the Borneo campaign was criticised in Australia at the time, and in subsequent years, as pointless or a waste of the lives of soldiers, it did achieve a number of objectives, such as increasing the isolation of significant Japanese forces occupying the main part of the <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_Indies" title="Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a>, capturing major oil supplies and freeing Allied prisoners of war, who were being held in deteriorating conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-173" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-173"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>173<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia's leadership changed again during the Borneo campaign. Prime Minister Curtin suffered a heart attack in November 1944, and Deputy Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Frank_Forde" title="Frank Forde">Frank Forde</a> acted in his place until 22 January 1945. Curtin was hospitalised with another bout of illness in April 1945, and Treasurer <a href="/wiki/Ben_Chifley" title="Ben Chifley">Ben Chifley</a> became acting prime minister as Forde was attending the <a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="San Francisco Conference">San Francisco Conference</a>. Curtin died on 5 July 1945, and Forde was sworn in as prime minister. Forde did not have the support of his party, however, and was replaced by Chifley after a <a href="/wiki/1945_Australian_Labor_Party_leadership_election" title="1945 Australian Labor Party leadership election">leadership ballot</a> on 13 July.<sup id="cite_ref-174" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-174"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>174<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intelligence_and_special_forces">Intelligence and special forces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Intelligence and special forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Bureau_headquarters_1944-45.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Central_Bureau_headquarters_1944-45.jpg/220px-Central_Bureau_headquarters_1944-45.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Central_Bureau_headquarters_1944-45.jpg/330px-Central_Bureau_headquarters_1944-45.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Central_Bureau_headquarters_1944-45.jpg/440px-Central_Bureau_headquarters_1944-45.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="453" /></a><figcaption>Central Bureau's headquarters building at <a href="/wiki/Ascot,_Queensland" title="Ascot, Queensland">Ascot</a> in Brisbane</figcaption></figure> <p>Australia developed large <a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_intelligence_agencies" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Australian intelligence agencies">intelligence services</a> during the war. Prior the outbreak of war the Australian military possessed almost no intelligence gathering facilities and was reliant on information passed on by the British intelligence services. Several small <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> units were established in 1939 and 1940, which had some success intercepting and deciphering Japanese transmissions before the outbreak of the Pacific War.<sup id="cite_ref-175" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-175"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>175<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>MacArthur began organising large scale intelligence services shortly after his arrival in Australia. On 15 April 1942, the joint Australian-US <a href="/wiki/Central_Bureau" title="Central Bureau">Central Bureau</a> <a href="/wiki/Signals_intelligence" title="Signals intelligence">signals intelligence</a> organisation was established at Melbourne. Central Bureau's headquarters moved to Brisbane in July 1942, and <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a> in May 1945. Australians made up half the strength of Central Bureau, which was expanded to over 4,000 personnel by 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-176" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-176"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>176<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Australian Army and RAAF also provided most of the Allied radio interception capability in the SWPA, and the number of Australian radio interception units was greatly expanded between 1942 and 1945. Central Bureau broke a number of Japanese codes and the intelligence gained from these decryptions and radio <a href="/wiki/Direction_finding" title="Direction finding">direction finding</a> greatly assisted Allied forces in the SWPA.<sup id="cite_ref-177" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-177"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>177<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commandos_Timbered_Knoll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Commandos_Timbered_Knoll.jpg/220px-Commandos_Timbered_Knoll.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Commandos_Timbered_Knoll.jpg/330px-Commandos_Timbered_Knoll.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Commandos_Timbered_Knoll.jpg/440px-Commandos_Timbered_Knoll.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="483" /></a><figcaption>Commandos from the <a href="/wiki/2/3rd_Commando_Squadron_(Australia)" title="2/3rd Commando Squadron (Australia)">2/3rd Independent Company</a> in New Guinea during July 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>Australian <a href="/wiki/Special_forces" title="Special forces">special forces</a> played a significant role in the Pacific War. Following the outbreak of war <a href="/wiki/Australian_commandos" title="Australian commandos">commando companies</a> were deployed to Timor, the Solomon and Bismarck islands and New Caledonia. Although the <a href="/wiki/1st_Independent_Company_(Australia)" title="1st Independent Company (Australia)">1st Independent Company</a> was swiftly overwhelmed when the Japanese invaded the Solomon Islands in early 1942, the <a href="/wiki/2/2nd_Commando_Squadron_(Australia)" title="2/2nd Commando Squadron (Australia)">2/2nd</a> and <a href="/wiki/2/4th_Commando_Squadron_(Australia)" title="2/4th Commando Squadron (Australia)">2/4th Independent Companies</a> waged a successful guerrilla campaign on Timor which lasted from February 1942 to February 1943, when the Australian force was evacuated.<sup id="cite_ref-178" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-178"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>178<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other commando units also played an important role in the New Guinea, New Britain, Bougainville and Borneo campaigns throughout the war where they were used to collect intelligence, spearhead offensives and secure the flanks of operations conducted by conventional infantry.<sup id="cite_ref-179" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-179"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>179<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia also formed small-scale raiding and reconnaissance forces, most of which were grouped together as the <a href="/wiki/Allied_Intelligence_Bureau" title="Allied Intelligence Bureau">Allied Intelligence Bureau</a>. <a href="/wiki/Z_Special_Unit" title="Z Special Unit">Z Special Unit</a> conducted raids far behind the front line, including a successful <a href="/wiki/Operation_Jaywick" title="Operation Jaywick">raid on Singapore in September 1943</a>. <a href="/wiki/M_Special_Unit" title="M Special Unit">M Special Unit</a>, coastwatchers and smaller AIB units also operated behind Japanese lines to collect intelligence.<sup id="cite_ref-180" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-180"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>180<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> AIB parties were often used to support Australian Army units and were assigned to inappropriate tasks such as tactical reconnaissance and liaison. AIB missions in Timor and Dutch New Guinea were also hampered by being placed under the command of unpopular Dutch colonial administrators.<sup id="cite_ref-181" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-181"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>181<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The RAAF formed a specially equipped unit (<a href="/wiki/No._200_Flight_RAAF" title="No. 200 Flight RAAF">No. 200 Flight</a>) in 1945 to support these operations by transporting and supplying AIB parties in areas held by the Japanese.<sup id="cite_ref-182" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-182"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>182<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Operations_against_the_Japanese_home_islands">Operations against the Japanese home islands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Operations against the Japanese home islands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Blamey_Japanese_surrender.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Blamey_Japanese_surrender.jpg/220px-Blamey_Japanese_surrender.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Blamey_Japanese_surrender.jpg/330px-Blamey_Japanese_surrender.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Blamey_Japanese_surrender.jpg/440px-Blamey_Japanese_surrender.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="514" /></a><figcaption>General Blamey signing the Japanese instrument of surrender on behalf of Australia</figcaption></figure> <p>Australia played a minor role in the <a href="/wiki/Japan_campaign" title="Japan campaign">Japan campaign</a> in the last months of the war and was preparing to participate in the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Downfall" title="Operation Downfall">invasion of Japan</a> at the time the war ended. Several Australian warships operated with the <a href="/wiki/British_Pacific_Fleet" title="British Pacific Fleet">British Pacific Fleet</a> (BPF) during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a> and Australian destroyers later escorted British aircraft carriers and battleships during attacks on targets in the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_archipelago" title="Japanese archipelago">Japanese home islands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-183" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-183"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>183<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite its distance from Japan, Australia was the BPF's main base and a large number of facilities were built to support the fleet.<sup id="cite_ref-184" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-184"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>184<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australia's participation in the planned invasion of Japan would have involved elements of all three services fighting as part of Commonwealth forces. It was planned to form a new <a href="/wiki/10th_Division_(Australia)" title="10th Division (Australia)">10th Division</a> from existing AIF personnel which would form part of the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Corps" title="Commonwealth Corps">Commonwealth Corps</a> with British, Canadian and New Zealand units. The corps' organisation was to be identical to that of a US Army corps, and it would have participated in the invasion of the Japanese home island of <a href="/wiki/Honsh%C5%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Honshū">Honshū</a> which was scheduled for March 1946.<sup id="cite_ref-185" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-185"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>185<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian ships would have operated with the BPF and US Pacific Fleet and two RAAF heavy bomber squadrons and a transport squadron were scheduled to be redeployed from Britain to Okinawa to join the <a href="/wiki/Air_raids_on_Japan" title="Air raids on Japan">strategic bombardment of Japan</a> as part of <a href="/wiki/Tiger_Force_(air)" title="Tiger Force (air)">Tiger Force</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-186" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-186"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>186<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Planning for operations against Japan ceased in August 1945, when <a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Japan surrendered</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-187" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-187"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>187<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>General Blamey signed the <a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">Japanese Instrument of Surrender</a> on behalf of Australia during the ceremony held on board <a href="/wiki/USS_Missouri_(BB-63)" title="USS Missouri (BB-63)">USS <i>Missouri</i></a> on 2 September 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-188" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-188"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>188<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several RAN warships were <a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_ships_at_the_Japanese_surrender" title="List of Allied ships at the Japanese surrender">among the Allied ships</a> anchored in <a href="/wiki/Tokyo_Bay" title="Tokyo Bay">Tokyo Bay</a> during the proceedings.<sup id="cite_ref-189" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-189"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>189<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the main ceremony on board <i>Missouri</i>, Japanese field commanders surrendered to Allied forces across the Pacific Theatre. Australian forces accepted the surrender of their Japanese opponents at ceremonies conducted at Morotai, several locations in Borneo, Timor, Wewak, Rabaul, Bougainville and Nauru.<sup id="cite_ref-190" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-190"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>190<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Australians_in_other_theatres">Australians in other theatres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Australians in other theatres"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the major deployments, Australian military units and service men and women served in other theatres of the war, typically as part of British-led Commonwealth forces. About 14,000 Australians also served in the <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy_(United_Kingdom)" title="Merchant Navy (United Kingdom)">Merchant Navy</a> and crewed ships in many areas of the world.<sup id="cite_ref-191" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-191"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>191<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mission_204_(P00763001).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mission_204_%28P00763001%29.jpg/220px-Mission_204_%28P00763001%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mission_204_%28P00763001%29.jpg/330px-Mission_204_%28P00763001%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Mission_204_%28P00763001%29.jpg/440px-Mission_204_%28P00763001%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="478" /></a><figcaption>Four members of the Australian contingent to Mission 204 in <a href="/wiki/Yunnan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yunnan Province">Yunnan Province</a>, China, during 1942</figcaption></figure> <p>Australia played a minor role in the British-led campaigns against <a href="/wiki/Vichy_French" class="mw-redirect" title="Vichy French">Vichy French</a> colonial possessions in Africa. In late September 1940, the heavy cruiser <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Australia_(D84)" title="HMAS Australia (D84)"><i>Australia</i></a> took part in the unsuccessful British and Free French <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">attempt to capture Dakar</a> in which she sank a Vichy French destroyer. The Australian Government was not informed of the cruiser's involvement in this operation prior to the battle and complained to the British Government.<sup id="cite_ref-Horner_1982._p._40_192-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner_1982._p._40-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Three Australian destroyers also took part in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">invasion of Madagascar</a> in September 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_1973_265_44-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_1973_265-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Closer to home, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Adelaide_(1918)" title="HMAS Adelaide (1918)"><i>Adelaide</i></a> played a significant role in ensuring that <a href="/wiki/New_Caledonia" title="New Caledonia">New Caledonia</a> came under <a href="/wiki/Free_French_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Free French Forces">Free French</a> control in September 1940, by escorting a pro-Free French Governor to <a href="/wiki/Noum%C3%A9a" title="Nouméa">Nouméa</a> and taking station off the city during the popular protests which resulted in the Governor replacing the pro-Vichy authorities.<sup id="cite_ref-Horner_1982._p._40_192-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Horner_1982._p._40-192"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>192<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Australian warships served in the <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea" title="Red Sea">Red Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> through much of the war. From June to October 1940, <a href="/wiki/HMAS_Hobart_(D63)" title="HMAS Hobart (D63)">HMAS <i>Hobart</i></a> took part in the <a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African Campaign</a>, and played an important role in the <a href="/wiki/Italian_conquest_of_British_Somaliland" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian conquest of British Somaliland">successful evacuation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Berbera" title="Berbera">Berbera</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-193" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-193"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>193<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1941, <i>Yarra</i> supported an operation in which <a href="/wiki/Gurkha" title="Gurkha">Gurkha</a> troops were landed near <a href="/wiki/Basra" title="Basra">Basra</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a>. In August 1941, <i>Yarra</i> and <i>Kanimbla</i> took part in the <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a>, with <i>Yarra</i> sinking the Iranian sloop <i>Babr</i> near Kohorramshahr and <i>Kanimbla</i> landing troops at Bandar Shapur.<sup id="cite_ref-194" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-194"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>194<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A dozen <a href="/wiki/Bathurst-class_corvette" title="Bathurst-class corvette"><i>Bathurst</i>-class corvettes</a> also escorted Allied shipping in the Persian Gulf during 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-195" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-195"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>195<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While most Australian units in the Pacific Theatre fought in the SWPA, hundreds of Australians were posted to British units in Burma and India. These included 45 men from the 8th Division who volunteered to train Chinese guerrillas with the British <a href="/wiki/Mission_204" title="Mission 204">Mission 204</a> in southern China and served there from February to September 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-196" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-196"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>196<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hundreds of Australians also served with RAF units in India and Burma, though no RAAF units were deployed to this theatre. In May 1943, some 330 Australians were serving in forty-one squadrons in India, of which only nine had more than ten Australians.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_1973._p._369_60-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_1973._p._369-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, many of the RAN's corvettes and destroyers served with the British <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Fleet" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Fleet">Eastern Fleet</a> where they were normally used to <a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">protect convoys in the Indian Ocean</a> from attacks by Japanese and German submarines.<sup id="cite_ref-197" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-197"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>197<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prisoners_of_war">Prisoners of war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Prisoners of war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/220px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/330px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg/440px-POWs_Burma_Thai_RR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1939" /></a><figcaption>Australian and Dutch POWs at Tarsau, Thailand in 1943. Australia declared war on Thailand on 2 March 1942 and an <a href="/wiki/Australian%E2%80%93Thai_Peace_Treaty" title="Australian–Thai Peace Treaty">Australian–Thai Peace Treaty</a> was signed on 3 April 1946.</figcaption></figure> <p>Just under 29,000 Australians were taken <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">prisoner</a> by the Axis during the war. Only 14,000 of the 21,467 Australian prisoners taken by the Japanese survived captivity. The majority of the deaths in captivity were due to malnutrition and disease.<sup id="cite_ref-198" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-198"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>198<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 8,000 Australians captured by Germany and Italy were generally treated in accordance with the <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Conventions" title="Geneva Conventions">Geneva Conventions</a>. The majority of these men were taken during the fighting in Greece and Crete in 1941, with the next largest group being 1,400 airmen shot down over Europe. Like other western Allied POWs, the Australians were held in permanent camps in Italy and Germany. As the war neared its end the Germans moved many prisoners towards the interior of the country to prevent them from being liberated by the advancing Allied armies. These movements were often made through <a href="/wiki/The_March_(1945)" title="The March (1945)">forced marches in harsh weather</a> and resulted in many deaths.<sup id="cite_ref-199" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-199"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>199<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Four Australians were also executed following a mass escape from <a href="/wiki/Stalag_Luft_III" title="Stalag Luft III">Stalag Luft III</a> in March 1944.<sup id="cite_ref-200" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-200"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>200<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the Australian prisoners suffered a higher death rate in German and Italian captivity than their counterparts in <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, it was much lower than the rate suffered under Japanese internment.<sup id="cite_ref-201" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-201"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>201<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Japanese_camp_administrator_Ikeuchi_at_Morotai.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Japanese_camp_administrator_Ikeuchi_at_Morotai.jpg/220px-Japanese_camp_administrator_Ikeuchi_at_Morotai.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Japanese_camp_administrator_Ikeuchi_at_Morotai.jpg/330px-Japanese_camp_administrator_Ikeuchi_at_Morotai.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Japanese_camp_administrator_Ikeuchi_at_Morotai.jpg/440px-Japanese_camp_administrator_Ikeuchi_at_Morotai.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="506" /></a><figcaption>The Japanese interpreter in charge of Australian POWs at Ambon arriving at Morotai in October 1945</figcaption></figure> <p>Like the other Allied personnel captured by the Japanese, most of the thousands of Australians captured in the first months of 1942, during the conquest of Malaya and Singapore, the NEI and New Britain <a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">were held in harsh conditions</a>. Australians were held in camps across the Asia-Pacific region and many endured long voyages in <a href="/wiki/Hell_ship" title="Hell ship">grossly overcrowded ships</a>. While most of the Australian POWs who died in Japanese captivity were the victim of deliberate <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> and disease, hundreds were deliberately killed by their guards. The <a href="/wiki/Burma_Railway" title="Burma Railway">Burma–Thai Railway</a> was the most notorious of the prisoner of war experiences, as 13,000 Australians worked on it at various times during 1942 and 1943, alongside thousands of other Allied POWs and Asians conscripted by the Japanese; nearly 2,650 Australians died there.<sup id="cite_ref-Beaumont_96a_pg48_202-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beaumont_96a_pg48-202"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>202<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thousands of Australian POWs were also sent to the Japanese home islands where they <a href="/wiki/Aso_Mining_forced_labor_controversy" title="Aso Mining forced labor controversy">worked in factories and mines</a> in generally harsh conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-203" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-203"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>203<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The POWs held in camps at Ambon and Borneo suffered the highest death rates; 77 percent of those at Ambon died and few of the 2,500 Australian and British prisoners in Borneo survived; almost all were killed by overwork and a <a href="/wiki/Sandakan_Death_Marches" title="Sandakan Death Marches">series of death marches</a> in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-204" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-204"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>204<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The treatment of the POWs prompted many Australians to remain hostile towards Japan after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-205" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-205"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>205<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian authorities investigated the abuses against Allied POWs in their country's zone of responsibility after the war, and guards who were believed to have mistreated prisoners were among those tried by Australian-administered <a href="/wiki/War_crimes_trials" class="mw-redirect" title="War crimes trials">war crimes trials</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-206" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-206"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>206<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Thousands of Axis POWs were held in Australia during the war. A total of 25,720 POWs were held in Australia: 18,432 Italians, 5,637 Japanese and 1,651 Germans. These prisoners were housed in <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_prisoner-of-war_camps_in_Australia" title="List of World War II prisoner-of-war camps in Australia">purpose-built camps</a> and were treated in accordance with the Geneva Convention.<sup id="cite_ref-207" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-207"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>207<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A total of 16,798 civilians were also interned. These included 8,921 Australian-resident "<a href="/wiki/Enemy_alien" title="Enemy alien">enemy aliens</a>", while the remainder were civilians sent to Australia for internment by other Allied countries.<sup id="cite_ref-208" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-208"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>208<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On the morning of 5 August 1944, approximately half of the 1,104 Japanese held at a camp near <a href="/wiki/Cowra,_New_South_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Cowra, New South Wales">Cowra, New South Wales</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cowra_breakout" title="Cowra breakout">attempted to escape</a>. The prisoners overwhelmed their guards and over 400 broke through the wire fences; however, every escapee was either recaptured or killed within 10 days.<sup id="cite_ref-209" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-209"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>209<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Home_front">Home front</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Home front"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian home front during World War II</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Munitions" title="Department of Munitions">Department of Munitions</a> and <a href="/wiki/Small_Arms_Ammunition_Factory" title="Small Arms Ammunition Factory">Small Arms Ammunition Factory</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Inspecting_RAAF_practice_bombs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Inspecting_RAAF_practice_bombs.jpg/220px-Inspecting_RAAF_practice_bombs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Inspecting_RAAF_practice_bombs.jpg/330px-Inspecting_RAAF_practice_bombs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Inspecting_RAAF_practice_bombs.jpg/440px-Inspecting_RAAF_practice_bombs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="910" /></a><figcaption>Workers inspecting practice bombs at a factory in South Australia during 1943</figcaption></figure> <p>During the war the Australian Government greatly expanded its powers in order to better direct the war effort, and Australia's industrial and human resources were focused on supporting the Allied armed forces. The expansion of the government's powers began on 9 September 1939, when the National Security Act became law. This act enabled the government to introduce industrial conscription, and both men and women were ordered into essential industries. <a href="/wiki/Rationing" title="Rationing">Rationing</a> was first introduced in 1940, and was greatly expanded during 1942. The Government also strongly encouraged <a href="/wiki/Austerity" title="Austerity">austerity</a> and <a href="/wiki/War_bond" title="War bond">war bonds</a> as a means of reducing demand for scarce resources.<sup id="cite_ref-210" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-210"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>210<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Government policies to develop war-related industries were successful in increasing the sophistication of Australia's industrial sector and self-sufficiency in most categories of weapons. In the decades leading up to the war successive Australian governments had provided subsidies, tariffs and other incentives to encourage the development of military-related manufacturing sectors such as the production of aircraft, automobiles, electronics and chemicals.<sup id="cite_ref-211" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-211"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>211<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These secondary industries were integrated into a <a href="/wiki/War_economy" title="War economy">war economy</a> during 1940 and 1941, and were able to meet most of the Army's needs by 1942.<sup id="cite_ref-212" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-212"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>212<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Government-led efforts to develop and manufacture advanced technology enjoyed some notable successes, including the development of lightweight <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> sets, optical devices for artillery and equipment adapted for use in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-213" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-213"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>213<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian industry also developed new weapons which were mass-produced for the military, including the <a href="/wiki/Owen_submachine_gun" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen submachine gun">Owen submachine gun</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25-pounder_Short" title="Ordnance QF 25-pounder Short">shortened version</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Ordnance_QF_25_pounder" class="mw-redirect" title="Ordnance QF 25 pounder">Ordnance QF 25 pounder</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-214" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-214"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>214<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, Australian scientists and pharmaceutical companies made important advances in the treatment of <a href="/wiki/Tropical_disease" title="Tropical disease">tropical diseases</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-215" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-215"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>215<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Not all development projects were successful though: efforts to develop an Australian tank (the <a href="/wiki/Sentinel_tank" title="Sentinel tank">Sentinel</a>) did not cease until after it had been rendered obsolete and unnecessary,<sup id="cite_ref-216" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-216"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>216<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the development of Australian-designed advanced bomber and fighter aircraft—the <a href="/wiki/CAC_Woomera" title="CAC Woomera">CAC Woomera</a> and <a href="/wiki/CAC_CA-15" title="CAC CA-15">CAC CA-15</a> respectively—were abandoned as the engines these aircraft required were not available and adequate US and British designs were produced under licence instead.<sup id="cite_ref-217" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-217"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>217<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Victory_job_(AWM_ARTV00332).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg/220px-Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg/330px-Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg/440px-Victory_job_%28AWM_ARTV00332%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="882" data-file-height="699" /></a><figcaption>Australian women were encouraged to participate in the war effort</figcaption></figure> <p>The massive expansion of the military led to a critical shortage of male workers and increased female participation in the labour force. The number of Australian women in paid employment increased from 644,000 in 1939, to 855,000 in 1944. While this was only a five percentage point increase in the proportion of all Australian women who were working, large numbers of women moved from traditionally "female" roles such as domestic servants into "male" roles in industry. <a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_Australian_military" title="Women in the Australian military">Female branches of the armed forces</a> were established in 1941, and by 1944 almost 50,000 women were serving in the <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Australian_Naval_Service" title="Women's Royal Australian Naval Service">Women's Royal Australian Naval Service</a>, <a href="/wiki/Australian_Women%27s_Army_Service" title="Australian Women's Army Service">Australian Women's Army Service</a> and <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Auxiliary_Australian_Air_Force" title="Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force">Women's Auxiliary Australian Air Force</a>. Thousands more served with the civilian <a href="/wiki/Australian_Women%27s_Land_Army" title="Australian Women's Land Army">Australian Women's Land Army</a> or undertook voluntary war work. Manpower shortages became an increasingly significant economic issue towards the end of the war, and the Australian military was reduced in size from 1944, to free up personnel for war industries and the civilian economy.<sup id="cite_ref-218" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-218"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>218<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Industrial conscription and the drive to increase productivity led to an increasing degree of <a href="/wiki/Industrial_unrest" class="mw-redirect" title="Industrial unrest">industrial unrest</a> over time. Many workers were required to work long hours in poor conditions and were not able to change their employment due to the manpower laws. Poor work conditions were exacerbated by the Government's austerity measures reducing workers' standards of living. As a result, <a href="/wiki/Strike_action" title="Strike action">strikes</a> and other forms of protest disrupted Australian production, especially from 1943 onwards. These protests attracted considerable criticism from other civilians and members of the military.<sup id="cite_ref-219" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-219"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>219<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1943, the Government introduced policies which enabled workers who were undertaking unlawful industrial action to be conscripted into the military, but this had little impact due to the shortage of skilled labour in the industries most prone to industrial disputes.<sup id="cite_ref-220" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-220"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>220<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>World War II marked the beginning of a long period of Australian <a href="/wiki/Economic_growth" title="Economic growth">economic growth</a>. The war greatly increased the size and importance of the Australian manufacturing sector and stimulated the development of more technologically advanced industries. As part of this trend many workers acquired relatively high skill levels and female labour force participation rates greatly increased. Many women were forced out of traditionally male-dominated industries after the war, however.<sup id="cite_ref-221" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-221"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>221<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="After_the_war">After the war</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: After the war"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HMAS_Shropshire_(123797).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HMAS_Shropshire_%28123797%29.jpg/220px-HMAS_Shropshire_%28123797%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HMAS_Shropshire_%28123797%29.jpg/330px-HMAS_Shropshire_%28123797%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/HMAS_Shropshire_%28123797%29.jpg/440px-HMAS_Shropshire_%28123797%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="475" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/HMAS_Shropshire" class="mw-redirect" title="HMAS Shropshire">HMAS <i>Shropshire</i></a> arriving in Sydney in November 1945 carrying long serving soldiers</figcaption></figure> <p>World War II <a href="/wiki/Australian_casualties_of_World_War_II" title="Australian casualties of World War II">cost thousands of Australian lives</a> and consumed a large portion of the national income. During the war, 27,073 members of the Australian military were either killed, died of wounds or died while prisoners of war. Of these, 9,572 were killed in the war against Germany and Italy and 17,501 in the war against Japan. Prisoners of war held by the Japanese made up nearly half of Australia's deaths in the Pacific.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_1973._p._474_222-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_1973._p._474-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At least 386 Australian civilian seamen were killed during the war.<sup id="cite_ref-223" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-223"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>223<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Total Australian war expenditure was <a href="/wiki/Australian_pound" title="Australian pound">£</a>2,949,380,000 and at its peak in 1942–43, military costs accounted for 40.1 percent of national income.<sup id="cite_ref-Long_1973._p._474_222-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Long_1973._p._474-222"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>222<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the months after the war, Australian authorities were responsible for administering all of Borneo and the NEI east of <a href="/wiki/Lombok" title="Lombok">Lombok</a> until the British and Dutch colonial governments were re-established. While British and Indian forces in the west of the NEI became caught up in the <a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a>, the Australians were able to avoid clashes with local nationalists.<sup id="cite_ref-224" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-224"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>224<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Australian forces were also responsible for guarding the 344,000 remaining Japanese in the NEI and Australian territories and administering war crimes trials in these areas.<sup id="cite_ref-225" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-225"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>225<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A volunteer force was formed as Australia's contribution to the <a href="/wiki/British_Commonwealth_Occupation_Force" title="British Commonwealth Occupation Force">British Commonwealth Occupation Force</a> (BCOF) in Japan, and Australia provided the BCOF's headquarters and a high proportion of its personnel.<sup id="cite_ref-226" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-226"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>226<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This force later formed the nucleus of the post-war Australian Army, which included permanent combat units for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-227" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-227"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>227<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Australian military was <a href="/wiki/Demobilisation_of_the_Australian_military_after_World_War_II" title="Demobilisation of the Australian military after World War II">rapidly demobilised</a> after the Japanese surrender. At the end of the war the military had a strength of nearly 600,000 personnel, of whom 224,000 were serving in the Pacific and 20,000 in Britain and other places. Demobilisation planning had begun at the end of 1942 with the final scheme being approved by the Government in March 1945. General demobilisation started on 1 October 1945, and was completed in February 1947. The process generally ran smoothly, though there were protests over delays at Morotai and Bougainville. Personnel were provided with training while they waited to be demobilised and the government provided post-demobilisation assistance with employment, loans, education and other benefits.<sup id="cite_ref-228" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-228"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>228<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Service women were given similar assistance to their male counterparts, but were placed under pressure to return to 'traditional' family roles.<sup id="cite_ref-229" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-229"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>229<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>World War II led to significant changes to Australian society. Economically, the war accelerated the development of Australia's manufacturing industry and led to a large fall in unemployment. The impact of World War II changed Australian society, and contributed to the development of a more cosmopolitan society in which women were able to play a larger role. The war also resulted in a greater maturity in Australia's approach to international affairs, as demonstrated by the development of a more independent foreign policy and the encouragement of <a href="/wiki/Post-war_immigration_to_Australia" title="Post-war immigration to Australia">mass immigration</a> after the war.<sup id="cite_ref-230" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-230"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>230<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/32px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/48px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/64px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Military_history_of_Australia" title="Portal:Military history of Australia">Military history of Australia portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_British_Commonwealth_in_the_Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War">Military history of the British Commonwealth in the Second World War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">Military history of New Zealand during World War II</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cresciani (2013), pp. 97–98</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-declare-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-declare_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-declare_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aph.gov.au/binaries/library/pubs/bn/pol/parliamentaryinvolvement.pdf">"Appendix 3: Proclamations and other legal instruments relating to Australia's involvement in war"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Parliamentary involvement in declaring war and deploying forces overseas</i>. Department of Parliament Services for Australia. 22 March 2010. p. 31<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">9 December</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Parliamentary+involvement+in+declaring+war+and+deploying+forces+overseas&rft.atitle=Appendix+3%3A+Proclamations+and+other+legal+instruments+relating+to+Australia%27s+involvement+in+war&rft.pages=31&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2Fbinaries%2Flibrary%2Fpubs%2Fbn%2Fpol%2Fparliamentaryinvolvement.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">27,073 Australians were killed and 23,477 were wounded by enemy action during the war; however, when non-battle casualties are included these figures are 39,767 killed and another 66,553 wounded. See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090315094248/http://www.awm.gov.au/research/infosheets/war_casualties.asp">"Australian War Casualties"</a>. Australian War Memorial. 15 December 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/research/infosheets/war_casualties.asp">the original</a> on 15 March 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 April</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australian+War+Casualties&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=2005-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fresearch%2Finfosheets%2Fwar_casualties.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macintyre (1986). p. 325.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasluck (1970), pp. 6–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasluck (1965). pp. 151–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1996). pp. 1–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates (2006). p. 116.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates (2006). p. 118.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Macintyre (1986). p. 326.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKernan (1983). p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Stephens_76-–79-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens_76-–79_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Stephens_76-–79_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephens (2006). pp. 76–79.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1961). p. 39.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1996). pp. 7–9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis et al. (2008). p. 4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palazzo (2001). pp. 139–140.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palazzo (2001). pp. 144–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephens (2006). p. 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephens (2006). pp. 60–64.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1996). p. 18.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephens (2006). p. 73.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey (2008). pp. 156–164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2004). pp. 153–157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1973). p. 54.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1973). pp. 55–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1973). pp. 60–62.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1973). p. 63.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates (2006). p. 132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulthard-Clark (2001). pp. 183–186.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odgers (2000). pp. 185–186, 191–192.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis et al. (2008). pp. 241–242.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates (2006). pp. 144–146.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulthard-Clark (2001). p. 190.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kuring (2004). p. 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frame (2004). pp. 160–161.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKernan (2006). pp. 125–133.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">While attached to the Australian 7th Division, <a href="/wiki/Moshe_Dayan" title="Moshe Dayan">Moshe Dayan</a>, the future Israeli general, lost the sight in his left eye when a Vichy French sniper hit his binoculars.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Johnston (2007). pp. 18–19.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Johnston_(historian)" title="Mark Johnston (historian)">Johnston, Mark</a> (2013). "Syria and Lebanon (June–July 1941)". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=i2CICwAAQBAJ"><i>The Australian Army in World War II</i></a>. Bloomsbury Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781472805225" title="Special:BookSources/9781472805225"><bdi>9781472805225</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 February</span> 2019</span>. <q>On 18 June, Gen <a href="/wiki/John_Lavarack" title="John Lavarack">Lavarack</a>, now commanding I Australian Corps, took over the campaign from the British Gen Wilson.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Syria+and+Lebanon+%28June%E2%80%93July+1941%29&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Army+in+World+War+II&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=9781472805225&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Di2CICwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates (2006). pp. 154–159.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasluck (1970), pp. 73–87, 177.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasluck (1970), pp. 177, 197–198.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Beaumont (1996), p. 17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long_1973_265-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_1973_265_44-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_1973_265_44-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1973), p. 265.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates (2006), pp. 168–172.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates (2006), pp. 172–176.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1973), pp. 284–285.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Odgers (2000). pp. 183–184.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates (2006). pp. 192–195.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley (1987). pp. 118–124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley (1987). pp. 126–139.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long, (1973), pp. 374–384.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Stanley (1987). p. 135.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coates (2006). pp. 120, 180–191.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Coulthard-Clark (2001). p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1973). pp. 41–43.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080311012446/http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/raaf/fighter.html">"Air war Europe 1939–1945: Fighter Command"</a>. <i>Australia's War 1939–1945</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia%27s+War+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.atitle=Air+war+Europe+1939%E2%80%931945%3A+Fighter+Command&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2australia.gov.au%2Fraaf%2Ffighter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/units/unit_11153.asp">"455 Squadron RAAF"</a>. Australian War Memorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Australian War Memorial<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">25 January</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pathfinder&rft.atitle=Australian+Contribution+to+D-Day+Operations&rft.issue=13&rft.date=2004&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raaf.gov.au%2Fairpower%2Fhtml%2Fpublications%2Fpathfinder%2F2004%2FPathfinder_13_Dec04_hires.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1973). pp. 379–393.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Herington (1963). pp. 450–451.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasluck (1970). p. 2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Horner (1993). pp. 2–3.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey (2008). pp 165–196.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis et al. 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United States Navy Naval Historical Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/faqs/faq69-2.htm">the original</a> on 14 August 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(2008). p. 484.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor (1958). p. 320.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Mellor (1958). pp. 411–412.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Darian-Smith (1996). pp. 61–65.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">McKernan (1983). pp. 227–331.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Butlin and Schedvin (1977). pp. 371–374.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Haig-Muir and Hay (1996). pp. 130–132.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Long_1973._p._474-222"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Long_1973._p._474_222-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Long_1973._p._474_222-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1973). p. 474.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080722074330/http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/merchant_navy.asp">"Merchant Navy, Second World War"</a>. <i>Australian War Memorial Online Encyclopedia</i>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/encyclopedia/merchant_navy.asp">the original</a> on 22 July 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 August</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Merchant+Navy%2C+Second+World+War&rft.btitle=Australian+War+Memorial+Online+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fencyclopedia%2Fmerchant_navy.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Hasluck (1970). pp. 602–609.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Long (1973). pp. 471–472.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dennis et al. (2008). pp. 110–112.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey (2001). p. 164.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">James (2009). pp. 14–17.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Adam-Smith (1984). pp. 362–363, 367.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Grey (1999). p. 191.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdam-Smith1984" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Adam-Smith" title="Patsy Adam-Smith">Adam-Smith, Patsy</a> (1984). <i>Australian Women at War</i>. Melbourne: Thomas Nelson Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-17-006408-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-17-006408-5"><bdi>0-17-006408-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Women+at+War&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Australia&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=0-17-006408-5&rft.aulast=Adam-Smith&rft.aufirst=Patsy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joan_Beaumont" title="Joan Beaumont">Beaumont, Joan</a> (1996). "Australia's war: Europe and the Middle East". In Beaumont, Joan (ed.). <i>Australia's War, 1939–1945</i>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-039-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-039-4"><bdi>1-86448-039-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+war%3A+Europe+and+the+Middle+East&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-86448-039-4&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont1996a" class="citation book cs1">Beaumont, Joan (1996a). "Australia's war: Asia and the Pacific". In Beaumont, Joan (ed.). <i>Australia's War, 1939–1945</i>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-039-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-039-4"><bdi>1-86448-039-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Australia%27s+war%3A+Asia+and+the+Pacific&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-86448-039-4&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeaumont2001" class="citation book cs1">Beaumont, Joan (2001). <i>Australian Defence: Sources and Statistics</i>. The Australian Centenary History of Defence. Volume VI. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554118-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-554118-9"><bdi>0-19-554118-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australian+Defence%3A+Sources+and+Statistics&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.series=The+Australian+Centenary+History+of+Defence.+Volume+VI&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-554118-9&rft.aulast=Beaumont&rft.aufirst=Joan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBullard2007" class="citation book cs1">Bullard, Steven (translator) (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/ajrp2.nsf/088031725e4569e4ca256f4f00126373/1fcb61d633972daaca257291000abf44?OpenDocument"><i>Japanese army operations in the South Pacific Area New Britain and Papua campaigns, 1942–43</i></a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9751904-8-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9751904-8-7"><bdi>978-0-9751904-8-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Japanese+army+operations+in+the+South+Pacific+Area+New+Britain+and+Papua+campaigns%2C+1942%E2%80%9343&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9751904-8-7&rft.aulast=Bullard&rft.aufirst=Steven+%28translator%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrp.awm.gov.au%2Fajrp%2Fajrp2.nsf%2F088031725e4569e4ca256f4f00126373%2F1fcb61d633972daaca257291000abf44%3FOpenDocument&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFButlinSchedvin,_C._B.1977" class="citation book cs1">Butlin, S.J.; Schedvin, C. B. (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070216/"><i>War Economy, 1942–1945</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-99406-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-99406-4"><bdi>0-642-99406-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=War+Economy%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+4+%E2%80%93+Civil&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1977&rft.isbn=0-642-99406-4&rft.aulast=Butlin&rft.aufirst=S.J.&rft.au=Schedvin%2C+C.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070216%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2003" class="citation web cs1">Clark, Chris (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080310212502/http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/2003/clark.asp">"The Empire Air Training Scheme"</a>. <i>Australian War Memorial 2003 History Conference - Air War Europe</i>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/2003/clark.asp">the original</a> on 10 March 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+War+Memorial+2003+History+Conference+-+Air+War+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Empire+Air+Training+Scheme&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fevents%2Fconference%2F2003%2Fclark.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2005" class="citation journal cs1">Clark, Chris (2005). "Code War". <i>Wartime</i> (31). Canberra: The Australian War Memorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wartime&rft.atitle=Code+War&rft.issue=31&rft.date=2005&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2006" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Coates_(general)" title="John Coates (general)">Coates, John</a> (2006). <i>An Atlas of Australia's Wars</i>. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-555914-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-555914-2"><bdi>0-19-555914-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Atlas+of+Australia%27s+Wars&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-555914-2&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCooper2001" class="citation web cs1">Cooper, Alastair (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520080518/http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/2001/cooper.asp">"Raiders and the Defence of Trade: The Royal Australian Navy in 1941"</a>. <i>Remembering 1941</i>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/2001/cooper.asp">the original</a> on 20 May 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 September</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Remembering+1941&rft.atitle=Raiders+and+the+Defence+of+Trade%3A+The+Royal+Australian+Navy+in+1941&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Cooper&rft.aufirst=Alastair&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fevents%2Fconference%2F2001%2Fcooper.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoulthard-Clark2001" class="citation book cs1">Coulthard-Clark, Chris (2001). <i>The Encyclopaedia of Australia's Battles</i>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86508-634-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-86508-634-7"><bdi>1-86508-634-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopaedia+of+Australia%27s+Battles&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-86508-634-7&rft.aulast=Coulthard-Clark&rft.aufirst=Chris&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCresciani2013" class="citation book cs1">Cresciani, Gianfranco (2013). <i>The Italians in Australia</i>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-3778-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-5215-3778-0"><bdi>978-0-5215-3778-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Italians+in+Australia&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-5215-3778-0&rft.aulast=Cresciani&rft.aufirst=Gianfranco&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDarian-Smith1996" class="citation book cs1">Darian-Smith, Kate (1996). "War and Australian Society". In Beaumont, Joan (ed.). <i>Australia's War, 1939–1945</i>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-039-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-039-4"><bdi>1-86448-039-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=War+and+Australian+Society&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-86448-039-4&rft.aulast=Darian-Smith&rft.aufirst=Kate&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Day_(historian)" title="David Day (historian)">Day, David</a> (1992). <i>Reluctant Nation: Australia and the Allied Defeat of Japan, 1942–1945</i>. New York: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-553242-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-553242-2"><bdi>0-19-553242-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reluctant+Nation%3A+Australia+and+the+Allied+Defeat+of+Japan%2C+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-19-553242-2&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay1999" class="citation book cs1">Day, David (1999). <i>John Curtin. A life</i>. Sydney: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7322-6413-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7322-6413-8"><bdi>0-7322-6413-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Curtin.+A+life&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7322-6413-8&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDay2003" class="citation book cs1">Day, David (2003). <i>The Politics of War</i>. Sydney: HarperCollins Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7322-7881-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7322-7881-3"><bdi>0-7322-7881-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Politics+of+War&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-7322-7881-3&rft.aulast=Day&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDennisGreyMorrisPrior2008" class="citation book cs1">Dennis, Peter; Grey, Jeffrey; Morris, Ewan; Prior, Robin; Bou, Jean (2008). <i>The Oxford Companion to Australian Military History</i> (Second ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-551784-2"><bdi>978-0-19-551784-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Companion+to+Australian+Military+History&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-551784-2&rft.aulast=Dennis&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Grey%2C+Jeffrey&rft.au=Morris%2C+Ewan&rft.au=Prior%2C+Robin&rft.au=Bou%2C+Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrame2004" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Frame_(bishop)" title="Tom Frame (bishop)">Frame, Tom</a> (2004). <i>No Pleasure Cruise. The Story of the Royal Australian Navy</i>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-74114-233-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-74114-233-4"><bdi>1-74114-233-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+Pleasure+Cruise.+The+Story+of+the+Royal+Australian+Navy&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-74114-233-4&rft.aulast=Frame&rft.aufirst=Tom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGill1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/G._Hermon_Gill" title="G. Hermon Gill">Gill, G. Hermon</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070208/"><i>Royal Australian Navy 1942–1945</i></a>. <a href="/wiki/Australia_in_the_War_of_1939%E2%80%931945" title="Australia in the War of 1939–1945">Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 2 – Navy</a>. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/65475">65475</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Australian+Navy+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+2+%E2%80%93+Navy&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1968&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F65475&rft.aulast=Gill&rft.aufirst=G.+Hermon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070208%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGin2002" class="citation journal cs1">Gin, Ooi Keat (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/journal/j37/borneo.asp">"Prelude to invasion: covert operations before the re-occupation of Northwest Borneo, 1944–45"</a>. <i>Journal of the Australian War Memorial</i>. <b>37</b><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Australian+War+Memorial&rft.atitle=Prelude+to+invasion%3A+covert+operations+before+the+re-occupation+of+Northwest+Borneo%2C+1944%E2%80%9345&rft.volume=37&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Gin&rft.aufirst=Ooi+Keat&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fjournal%2Fj37%2Fborneo.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey1999" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Jeffrey (1999). <i>A Military History of Australia</i> (Second ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-64483-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-64483-6"><bdi>0-521-64483-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Australia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-64483-6&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey2001" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Jeffrey (2001). <i>The Australian Army</i>. The Australian centenary history of defence (First ed.). Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554114-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-554114-6"><bdi>0-19-554114-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Army&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.series=The+Australian+centenary+history+of+defence&rft.edition=First&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-554114-6&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrey2008" class="citation book cs1">Grey, Jeffrey (2008). <i>A Military History of Australia</i> (Third ed.). Port Melbourne: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-69791-0"><bdi>978-0-521-69791-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Military+History+of+Australia&rft.place=Port+Melbourne&rft.edition=Third&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-521-69791-0&rft.aulast=Grey&rft.aufirst=Jeffrey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHaig-MuirHay,_Roy1996" class="citation book cs1">Haig-Muir, Marine; Hay, Roy (1996). "The economy at war". In Beaumont, Joan (ed.). <i>Australia's War, 1939–1945</i>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86448-039-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-86448-039-4"><bdi>1-86448-039-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+economy+at+war&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+War%2C+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=1-86448-039-4&rft.aulast=Haig-Muir&rft.aufirst=Marine&rft.au=Hay%2C+Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasluck1965" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Paul_Hasluck" title="Paul Hasluck">Hasluck, Paul</a> (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070213/"><i>The Government and the People 1939–1941</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil (reprint ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+the+People+1939%E2%80%931941&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+4+%E2%80%93+Civil&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1965&rft.aulast=Hasluck&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070213%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHasluck1970" class="citation book cs1">Hasluck, Paul (1970). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070214/"><i>The Government and the People 1942–1945</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. 6429367X.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Government+and+the+People+1942%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+4+%E2%80%93+Civil&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Hasluck&rft.aufirst=Paul&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070214%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHerington1963" class="citation book cs1">Herington, John (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070212/"><i>Air Power Over Europe, 1944–1945</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Power+Over+Europe%2C+1944%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+3+%E2%80%93+Air&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Herington&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070212%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Horner" title="David Horner">Horner, David</a> (1982). <i>High Command. Australia and Allied strategy 1939–1945</i>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin with the assistance of the Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86861-076-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86861-076-3"><bdi>0-86861-076-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=High+Command.+Australia+and+Allied+strategy+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin+with+the+assistance+of+the+Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-86861-076-3&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner1993" class="citation journal cs1">Horner, David (May 1993). "Defending Australia in 1942". <i>War & Society</i>. <b>11</b> (1). Canberra: Department of History, Australian Defence Force Academy: <span class="nowrap">1–</span>21. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1179%2F072924793791198886">10.1179/072924793791198886</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0729-2473">0729-2473</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=War+%26+Society&rft.atitle=Defending+Australia+in+1942&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E21&rft.date=1993-05&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1179%2F072924793791198886&rft.issn=0729-2473&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorner2002" class="citation web cs1">Horner, David (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141109220745/http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/cdclms/Command%20evolution.doc">"The Evolution of Australian Higher Command Arrangements"</a>. <i>Command Papers</i>. Centre for Defence Leadership Studies, Australian Defence College. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defence.gov.au/adc/cdclms/Command%20evolution.doc">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(doc)</span> on 9 November 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Command+Papers&rft.atitle=The+Evolution+of+Australian+Higher+Command+Arrangements&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Horner&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.defence.gov.au%2Fadc%2Fcdclms%2FCommand%2520evolution.doc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames2009" class="citation journal cs1">James, Karl (2009). "Soldiers to citizens". <i>Wartime</i> (45). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1328-2727">1328-2727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wartime&rft.atitle=Soldiers+to+citizens&rft.issue=45&rft.date=2009&rft.issn=1328-2727&rft.aulast=James&rft.aufirst=Karl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Mark_Johnston_(historian)" title="Mark Johnston (historian)">Johnston, Mark</a> (1996). <i>At the Front Line : Experiences of Australian Soldiers in World War II</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56037-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56037-3"><bdi>0-521-56037-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=At+the+Front+Line+%3A+Experiences+of+Australian+Soldiers+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56037-3&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2007" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Mark (2007). <i>The Australian Army in World War II</i>. Elite. Martin Windrow (consultant editor). Oxford: Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-123-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84603-123-6"><bdi>978-1-84603-123-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Army+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Elite&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-84603-123-6&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Mark&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKuring2004" class="citation book cs1">Kuring, Ian (2004). <i>Red Coats to Cams. A History of Australian Infantry 1788 to 2001</i>. Sydney: Australian Military History Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-876439-99-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-876439-99-8"><bdi>1-876439-99-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Coats+to+Cams.+A+History+of+Australian+Infantry+1788+to+2001&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Australian+Military+History+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=1-876439-99-8&rft.aulast=Kuring&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewisIngman2013" class="citation book cs1">Lewis, Tom; Ingman, Peter (2013). <i>Carrier Attack – Darwin 1942: The Complete Guide to Australia's Own Pearl Harbor</i>. Kent Town, South Australia: Avonmore Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9871519-3-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9871519-3-3"><bdi>978-0-9871519-3-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Carrier+Attack+%E2%80%93+Darwin+1942%3A+The+Complete+Guide+to+Australia%27s+Own+Pearl+Harbor&rft.place=Kent+Town%2C+South+Australia&rft.pub=Avonmore+Books&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-0-9871519-3-3&rft.aulast=Lewis&rft.aufirst=Tom&rft.au=Ingman%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLodge1993" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Lodge, A.B. (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.adb.online.anu.edu.au/biogs/A130195b.htm">"Bennett, Henry Gordon"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Australian_Dictionary_of_Biography" title="Australian Dictionary of Biography">Australian Dictionary of Biography</a></i>. Canberra: National Centre of Biography, <a href="/wiki/Australian_National_University" title="Australian National University">Australian National University</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-522-84459-7"><bdi>978-0-522-84459-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1833-7538">1833-7538</a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/70677943">70677943</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 December</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Bennett%2C+Henry+Gordon&rft.btitle=Australian+Dictionary+of+Biography&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=National+Centre+of+Biography%2C+Australian+National+University&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F70677943&rft.issn=1833-7538&rft.isbn=978-0-522-84459-7&rft.aulast=Lodge&rft.aufirst=A.B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.adb.online.anu.edu.au%2Fbiogs%2FA130195b.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Gavin_Long" title="Gavin Long">Long, Gavin</a> (1961). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070200/"><i>To Benghazi</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army (reprint ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=To+Benghazi&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+1+%E2%80%93+Army&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1953" class="citation book cs1">Long, Gavin (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070201/"><i>Greece, Crete and Syria</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Canberra: Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/570184876">570184876</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Greece%2C+Crete+and+Syria&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+1+%E2%80%93+Army&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1953&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F570184876&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070201%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1963" class="citation book cs1">Long, Gavin (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070206/"><i>The Final Campaigns</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Final+Campaigns&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+1+%E2%80%93+Army&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1963&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070206%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLong1973" class="citation book cs1">Long, Gavin (1973). <i>The Six Years' War. A Concise History of Australia in the 1939–1945 War</i>. Canberra: The Australian War Memorial and the Australian Government Printing Service. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-99375-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-99375-0"><bdi>0-642-99375-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Six+Years%27+War.+A+Concise+History+of+Australia+in+the+1939%E2%80%931945+War&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=The+Australian+War+Memorial+and+the+Australian+Government+Printing+Service&rft.date=1973&rft.isbn=0-642-99375-0&rft.aulast=Long&rft.aufirst=Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre1986" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Stuart_Macintyre" title="Stuart Macintyre">Macintyre, Stuart</a> (1986). <i>The Oxford History of Australia. Volume 4: 1901–1942 The Succeeding Age</i>. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-554612-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-554612-1"><bdi>0-19-554612-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+History+of+Australia.+Volume+4%3A+1901%E2%80%931942+The+Succeeding+Age&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-19-554612-1&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacintyre1999" class="citation book cs1">Macintyre, Stuart (1999). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/concisehistoryof0000maci"><i>A Concise History of Australia</i></a></span>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-62577-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-62577-7"><bdi>0-521-62577-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Concise+History+of+Australia&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-521-62577-7&rft.aulast=Macintyre&rft.aufirst=Stuart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fconcisehistoryof0000maci&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernan1983" class="citation book cs1">McKernan, Michael (1983). <i>All In! Australia During the Second World War</i>. Melbourne: Thomas Nelson Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-17-005946-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-17-005946-4"><bdi>0-17-005946-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+In%21+Australia+During+the+Second+World+War&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+Australia&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-17-005946-4&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKernan2006" class="citation book cs1">McKernan, Michael (2006). <i>The Strength of a Nation. Six years of Australians fighting for the nation and defending the homeland during WWII</i>. Sydney: Allen & Unwin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-714-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-74114-714-8"><bdi>978-1-74114-714-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Strength+of+a+Nation.+Six+years+of+Australians+fighting+for+the+nation+and+defending+the+homeland+during+WWII&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Allen+%26+Unwin&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-74114-714-8&rft.aulast=McKernan&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMellor1958" class="citation book cs1">Mellor, D.P. (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070217/"><i>The Role of Science and Industry</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 4 – Civil. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Role+of+Science+and+Industry&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+4+%E2%80%93+Civil&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1958&rft.aulast=Mellor&rft.aufirst=D.P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070217%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNashStevens,_David2006" class="citation book cs1">Nash, Greg; Stevens, David (2006). <i>Australia's Navy in the Gulf. From Countenance to Catalyst, 1941–2006</i>. Sydney: Topmill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+Navy+in+the+Gulf.+From+Countenance+to+Catalyst%2C+1941%E2%80%932006&rft.place=Sydney&rft.pub=Topmill&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Nash&rft.aufirst=Greg&rft.au=Stevens%2C+David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNelmes1994" class="citation book cs1">Nelmes, Michael V (1994). <i>Tocumwal to Tarakan. Australians and the B-24 Liberator</i>. Canberra: Banner Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-875593-04-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-875593-04-7"><bdi>1-875593-04-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tocumwal+to+Tarakan.+Australians+and+the+B-24+Liberator&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Banner+Books&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=1-875593-04-7&rft.aulast=Nelmes&rft.aufirst=Michael+V&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNichols2004" class="citation journal cs1">Nichols, Robert (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091002233842/http://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/28/article.asp">"The first kamikaze attack?"</a>. <i>Wartime</i> (28). Canberra: Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/wartime/28/article.asp">the original</a> on 2 October 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 June</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wartime&rft.atitle=The+first+kamikaze+attack%3F&rft.issue=28&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Nichols&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fwartime%2F28%2Farticle.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdgers1968" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/George_Odgers" title="George Odgers">Odgers, George</a> (1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070210/"><i>Air War Against Japan 1943–1945</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 3 – Air (reprint ed.). Canberra: Australian War Memorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+War+Against+Japan+1943%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+3+%E2%80%93+Air&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1968&rft.aulast=Odgers&rft.aufirst=George&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070210%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdgers2000" class="citation book cs1">Odgers, George (2000). <i>100 Years of Australians at War</i>. Melbourne: Ken Fin Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-86302-669-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-86302-669-X"><bdi>1-86302-669-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=100+Years+of+Australians+at+War&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Ken+Fin+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=1-86302-669-X&rft.aulast=Odgers&rft.aufirst=George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPalazzo2001" class="citation book cs1">Palazzo, Albert (2001). <i>The Australian Army. A History of its Organisation 1901–2001</i>. Melbourne: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-551507-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-551507-2"><bdi>0-19-551507-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Australian+Army.+A+History+of+its+Organisation+1901%E2%80%932001&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=0-19-551507-2&rft.aulast=Palazzo&rft.aufirst=Albert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowell1988" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Alan (1988). <i>The Shadow's Edge. Australia's Northern War</i>. Melbourne: Melbourne University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-522-84371-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-522-84371-9"><bdi>0-522-84371-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Shadow%27s+Edge.+Australia%27s+Northern+War&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Melbourne+University+Press&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-522-84371-9&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss1999" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Andrew (1999). "The Rise of Australian Defence Industry and Science 1901–1945". In Frank Cain (ed.). <i>Arming the Nation. A History of Defence Science and Technology in Australia</i>. Canberra: Australian Defence Studies Centre. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7317-0433-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-7317-0433-9"><bdi>0-7317-0433-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Rise+of+Australian+Defence+Industry+and+Science+1901%E2%80%931945&rft.btitle=Arming+the+Nation.+A+History+of+Defence+Science+and+Technology+in+Australia&rft.place=Canberra&rft.pub=Australian+Defence+Studies+Centre&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-7317-0433-9&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Stanley" title="Peter Stanley">Stanley, Peter</a> (1987). <i>Air Battle Europe 1939–1945</i>. Australians at War. Sydney: Time-Life Books (Australia). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-949118-05-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-949118-05-2"><bdi>0-949118-05-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Air+Battle+Europe+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.place=Sydney&rft.series=Australians+at+War&rft.pub=Time-Life+Books+%28Australia%29&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=0-949118-05-2&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2003" class="citation web cs1">Stanley, Peter (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613015253/http://awm.gov.au/events/conference/2003/stanley.asp">"The roundel: concentric identities among Australian airmen in Bomber Command"</a>. <i>Australian War Memorial 2003 History Conference - Air War Europe</i>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/events/conference/2003/stanley.asp">the original</a> on 13 June 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 June</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australian+War+Memorial+2003+History+Conference+-+Air+War+Europe&rft.atitle=The+roundel%3A+concentric+identities+among+Australian+airmen+in+Bomber+Command&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fevents%2Fconference%2F2003%2Fstanley.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley,_Peter2004" class="citation web cs1">Stanley, Peter (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080610000416/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/dday/index.asp">"Australians and D-Day"</a>. Australian War Memorial. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/remembering1942/dday/index.asp">the original</a> on 10 June 2008<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australians+and+D-Day&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=2004&rft.au=Stanley%2C+Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2Fremembering1942%2Fdday%2Findex.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2007" class="citation journal cs1">Stanley, Peter (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140212044311/http://www.army.gov.au/Our-future/Publications/Australian-Army-Journal/Past-editions/~/media/Files/Our%20future/LWSC%20Publications/AAJ/2007Winter/03-WhatIsTheBattleForAustr.pdf">"What is the Battle for Australia?"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Australian Army Journal</i>. <b>4</b> (2, Winter 2007). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.army.gov.au/Our-future/Publications/Australian-Army-Journal/Past-editions/~/media/Files/Our%20future/LWSC%20Publications/AAJ/2007Winter/03-WhatIsTheBattleForAustr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 12 February 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">24 February</span> 2008</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Australian+Army+Journal&rft.atitle=What+is+the+Battle+for+Australia%3F&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=2%2C+Winter+2007&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.army.gov.au%2FOur-future%2FPublications%2FAustralian-Army-Journal%2FPast-editions%2F~%2Fmedia%2FFiles%2FOur%2520future%2FLWSC%2520Publications%2FAAJ%2F2007Winter%2F03-WhatIsTheBattleForAustr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStanley2008" class="citation book cs1">Stanley, Peter (2008). <i>Invading Australia. Japan and the Battle for Australia, 1942</i>. Melbourne: Penguin Group (Australia). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02925-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-670-02925-9"><bdi>978-0-670-02925-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Invading+Australia.+Japan+and+the+Battle+for+Australia%2C+1942&rft.place=Melbourne&rft.pub=Penguin+Group+%28Australia%29&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-670-02925-9&rft.aulast=Stanley&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephens2006" class="citation book cs1">Stephens, Alan (2006) [2001]. <i>The Royal Australian Air Force: A History</i>. London: Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-555541-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-555541-4"><bdi>0-19-555541-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Australian+Air+Force%3A+A+History&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0-19-555541-4&rft.aulast=Stephens&rft.aufirst=Alan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStevens2005" class="citation book cs1">Stevens, David (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090109101849/http://www.navy.gov.au/Publication%3APapers_in_Australian_Maritime_Affairs_No._15"><i>A Critical Vulnerability: The Impact of the Submarine Threat on Australia's Maritime Defence 1915–1954</i></a>. Papers in Australian Maritime Affairs (No. 15). Canberra: Sea Power Centre - Australia. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-642-29625-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-642-29625-1"><bdi>0-642-29625-1</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.navy.gov.au/Publication:Papers_in_Australian_Maritime_Affairs_No._15">the original</a> on 9 January 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Critical+Vulnerability%3A+The+Impact+of+the+Submarine+Threat+on+Australia%27s+Maritime+Defence+1915%E2%80%931954&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Papers+in+Australian+Maritime+Affairs+%28No.+15%29&rft.pub=Sea+Power+Centre+-+Australia&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-642-29625-1&rft.aulast=Stevens&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.navy.gov.au%2FPublication%3APapers_in_Australian_Maritime_Affairs_No._15&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSutton2019" class="citation journal cs1">Sutton, David (2019). "Coastal Sacrifice". <i>Wartime</i> (85). Canberra: The Australian War Memorial. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1328-2727">1328-2727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wartime&rft.atitle=Coastal+Sacrifice&rft.issue=85&rft.date=2019&rft.issn=1328-2727&rft.aulast=Sutton&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWigmore1957" class="citation book cs1">Wigmore, Lionel (1957). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.awm.gov.au/collection/RCDIG1070203/"><i>The Japanese Thrust</i></a>. Australia in the War of 1939–1945. Series 1 – Army. Canberra: Australian War Memorial.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Japanese+Thrust&rft.place=Canberra&rft.series=Australia+in+the+War+of+1939%E2%80%931945.+Series+1+%E2%80%93+Army&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft.date=1957&rft.aulast=Wigmore&rft.aufirst=Lionel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fcollection%2FRCDIG1070203%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArnold2013" class="citation web cs1">Arnold, Anthony (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.unsworks.unsw.edu.au/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=unsworks_11719&context=L&vid=UNSWORKS&search_scope=unsworks_search_scope&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US">"A Slim Barrier: The Defence of Mainland Australia 1939–1945"</a>. <i>PhD Thesis</i>. University of New South Wales.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PhD+Thesis&rft.atitle=A+Slim+Barrier%3A+The+Defence+of+Mainland+Australia+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Arnold&rft.aufirst=Anthony&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.unsworks.unsw.edu.au%2Fprimo-explore%2Ffulldisplay%3Fdocid%3Dunsworks_11719%26context%3DL%26vid%3DUNSWORKS%26search_scope%3Dunsworks_search_scope%26tab%3Ddefault_tab%26lang%3Den_US&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Australia_in_World_War_II&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Military history of Australia during World War II">Military history of Australia during World War II</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117081233/http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/index/ww2.asp">"Second World War"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.awm.gov.au/atwar/index/ww2.asp">the original</a> on 17 January 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Second+World+War&rft.pub=Australian+War+Memorial&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.awm.gov.au%2Fatwar%2Findex%2Fww2.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ajrp.awm.gov.au/ajrp/remember.nsf/">"Remembering the War in New Guinea"</a>. <i>Australia-Japan Research Project</i>. <a href="/wiki/Australian_War_Memorial" title="Australian War Memorial">Australian War Memorial</a>. 2003.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Australia-Japan+Research+Project&rft.atitle=Remembering+the+War+in+New+Guinea&rft.date=2003&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fajrp.awm.gov.au%2Fajrp%2Fremember.nsf%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170421043603/http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/index.html">"Australia's War 1939–1945"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Veterans%27_Affairs_(Australia)" title="Department of Veterans' Affairs (Australia)">Department of Veterans' Affairs</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2australia.gov.au/index.html">the original</a> on 21 April 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+War+1939%E2%80%931945&rft.pub=Department+of+Veterans%27+Affairs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2australia.gov.au%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AAustralia+in+World+War+II" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output 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.mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="World_War_II25125" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:World_War_II" title="Template:World War II"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:World_War_II" title="Template talk:World War II"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:World_War_II" title="Special:EditPage/Template:World War II"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="World_War_II25125" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_World_War_II" title="Outline of World War II">Outline</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_battles" title="List of World War II battles">Battles</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_military_operations" title="List of World War II military operations">Operations</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Leaders</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Allied leaders of World War II">Allied</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Axis_leaders_of_World_War_II" title="Axis leaders of World War II">Axis</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Commanders_of_World_War_II" title="Commanders of World War II">Commanders</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_casualties" title="World War II casualties">Casualties</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Allied_World_War_II_conferences" title="List of Allied World War II conferences">Conferences</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_topics" title="Lists of World War II topics">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Air_warfare_of_World_War_II" title="Air warfare of World War II">Air warfare of World War II</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_air_operations_during_the_Battle_of_Europe" title="List of air operations during the Battle of Europe">In Europe</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Blitzkrieg" title="Blitzkrieg">Blitzkrieg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comparative_officer_ranks_of_World_War_II" title="Comparative officer ranks of World War II">Comparative military ranks</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_cryptography" title="World War II cryptography">Cryptography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Declarations_of_war_during_World_War_II" title="Declarations of war during World War II">Declarations of war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_history_of_World_War_II" title="Diplomatic history of World War II">Diplomacy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governments_in_exile_during_World_War_II" title="List of governments in exile during World War II">Governments in exile</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Home front during World War II">Home front</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Australian_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Australian home front during World War II">Australian</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United Kingdom home front during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="United States home front during World War II">United States</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lend-Lease" title="Lend-Lease">Lend-Lease</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manhattan_Project" title="Manhattan Project">Manhattan Project</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_contribution_to_the_Manhattan_Project" title="British contribution to the Manhattan Project">British contribution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_awards_and_decorations_of_World_War_II" title="List of military awards and decorations of World War II">Military awards</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_World_War_II_military_equipment" title="Lists of World War II military equipment">Military equipment</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_production_during_World_War_II" title="Military production during World War II">Military production</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Naval_history_of_World_War_II" title="Naval history of World War II">Naval history</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_plunder" title="Nazi plunder">Nazi plunder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Opposition_to_World_War_II" title="Opposition to World War II">Opposition</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Technology_during_World_War_II" title="Technology during World War II">Technology</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_technological_cooperation_during_World_War_II" title="Allied technological cooperation during World War II">Allied cooperation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mulberry_harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Mulberry harbour">Mulberry harbour</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Total_war#World_War_II" title="Total war">Total war</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Strategic_bombing_during_World_War_II" title="Strategic bombing during World War II">Strategic bombing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_War_II_puppet_states" title="List of World War II puppet states">Puppet states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Women_in_World_War_II" title="Women in World War II">Women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Art_and_World_War_II" title="Art and World War II">Art and World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Music_in_World_War_II" title="Music in World War II">Music in World War II</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Weather_events_during_wars#World_War_II" title="Weather events during wars">Weather events during World War II</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_theaters_and_campaigns_of_World_War_II" title="List of theaters and campaigns of World War II">Theaters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Asiatic-Pacific_theater" title="Asiatic-Pacific theater">Asia and Pacific</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">South-East Asia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Ocean_theater_of_World_War_II" title="Pacific Ocean theater of World War II">North and Central Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/South_West_Pacific_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South West Pacific theatre of World War II">South-West Pacific</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II">Indian Ocean</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Western Front (World War II)">Western Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Front_(World_War_II)" title="Eastern Front (World War II)">Eastern Front</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Mediterranean and Middle East</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Italian campaign (World War II)">Italy</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Atlantic</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Timeline of the Battle of the Atlantic">timeline</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/American_Theater_(World_War_II)" class="mw-redirect" title="American Theater (World War II)">Americas</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_World_War_II" title="Aftermath of World War II">Aftermath</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Division_of_Korea" title="Division of Korea">Division of Korea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Indochina_War" title="First Indochina War">First Indochina War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Flight_and_expulsion_of_Germans_(1944%E2%80%931950)" title="Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–1950)">Expulsion of Germans</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_Civil_War" title="Greek Civil War">Greek Civil War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Indonesian_National_Revolution" title="Indonesian National Revolution">Indonesian National Revolution</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Keelhaul" title="Operation Keelhaul"><i>Keelhaul</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied-occupied_Germany" title="Allied-occupied Germany">Occupation of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Japan" title="Occupation of Japan">Occupation of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Osoaviakhim" title="Operation Osoaviakhim"><i>Osoaviakhim</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Paperclip" title="Operation Paperclip"><i>Paperclip</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_occupations_by_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military occupations by the Soviet Union">Soviet occupations</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary%E2%80%93Soviet_Union_relations" title="Hungary–Soviet Union relations">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_People%27s_Republic" title="Polish People's Republic">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Romania" title="Soviet occupation of Romania">Romania</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Oder%E2%80%93Neisse_line" title="Oder–Neisse line">Territorial changes of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Treaty_on_the_Final_Settlement_with_Respect_to_Germany" title="Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany">Treaty on the Final Settlement with Respect to Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_in_World_War_II" title="War crimes in World War II">War crimes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_war_crimes_during_World_War_II" title="Allied war crimes during World War II">Allied war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="Soviet war crimes">Soviet war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="British war crimes">British war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/United_States_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="United States war crimes">United States war crimes</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_war_crimes#World_War_II" title="German war crimes">German war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Forced_labour_under_German_rule_during_World_War_II" title="Forced labour under German rule during World War II">forced labour</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/War_crimes_of_the_Wehrmacht" title="War crimes of the Wehrmacht">Wehrmacht war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aftermath_of_the_Holocaust" title="Aftermath of the Holocaust">Aftermath</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_response_to_the_Holocaust" title="International response to the Holocaust">Response</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nuremberg_trials" title="Nuremberg trials">Nuremberg trials</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_war_crimes" title="Italian war crimes">Italian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_war_crimes" title="Japanese war crimes">Japanese war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_Massacre" title="Nanjing Massacre">Nanjing Massacre</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Unit_731" title="Unit 731">Unit 731</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/International_Military_Tribunal_for_the_Far_East" title="International Military Tribunal for the Far East">Prosecution</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Croatian war crimes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="The Holocaust in the Independent State of Croatia">Persecution of Jews</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Romania#The_Holocaust" title="History of the Jews in Romania">Romanian war crimes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Sexual violence</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_military_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German military brothels in World War II">German military brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_camp_brothels_in_World_War_II" title="German camp brothels in World War II">Camp brothels</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Germany" title="Rape during the occupation of Germany">Rape during the occupation of Germany</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_occupation_of_Japan" title="Rape during the occupation of Japan">Japan</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_Soviet_occupation_of_Poland" title="Rape during the Soviet occupation of Poland">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_France" title="Rape during the liberation of France">Rape during the liberation of France</a>  /  <a href="/wiki/Rape_during_the_liberation_of_Serbia" title="Rape during the liberation of Serbia">Serbia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sook_Ching" title="Sook Ching">Sook Ching</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Comfort_women" title="Comfort women">Comfort women</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manila_massacre#Mass_rapes" title="Manila massacre">Rape of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Marocchinate" title="Marocchinate">Marocchinate</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">Participants</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Allies_of_World_War_II" title="Allies of World War II">Allies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Algeria_in_World_War_II" title="Algeria in World War II">Algeria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Bulgarian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Bulgarian coup d'état">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eswatini_in_World_War_II" title="Eswatini in World War II">Eswatini</a> (formerly Swaziland)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">from September 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_France" title="Free France">Free France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Co-belligerent_Army" title="Italian Co-belligerent Army">Italy</a> (<a href="/wiki/Italian_Civil_War" title="Italian Civil War">from September 1943</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Netherlands_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Netherlands during World War II">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (<a href="/wiki/1944_Romanian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1944 Romanian coup d'état">from August 1944</a>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Axis_powers" title="Axis powers">Axis</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_protectorate_of_Albania_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian protectorate of Albania (1939–1943)">Albania protectorate</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/State_of_Burma" title="State of Burma">State of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Wang_Jingwei_regime" title="Wang Jingwei regime">Republic of China (Wang Jingwei)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a> (until September 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">German Reich</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Azad_Hind" title="Azad Hind">Azad Hind</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a> (until September 1943)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_Social_Republic" title="Italian Social Republic">Italian Social Republic</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Japan" title="Empire of Japan">Empire of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mengjiang" title="Mengjiang">Mengjiang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Philippine_Republic" title="Second Philippine Republic">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a> (until August 1944)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_Republic_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="Slovak Republic (1939–1945)">Slovak Republic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vichy_France" title="Vichy France">Vichy France</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leased_Territory_of_Guangzhouwan" title="Leased Territory of Guangzhouwan">Guangzhouwan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">French Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mandate_for_Syria_and_the_Lebanon" title="Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon">Syria–Lebanon</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_North_Africa" title="French North Africa">French North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Template:Collaboration_with_Axis_Powers" title="Template:Collaboration with Axis Powers">Collaboration</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Neutral</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Andorra#20th_and_21st_centuries" title="History of Andorra">Andorra</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Irish_neutrality_during_World_War_II" title="Irish neutrality during World War II">Ireland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liechtenstein_in_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Liechtenstein in World War II">Liechtenstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_and_occupation_of_Monaco_during_World_War_II#World_War_II" title="Invasion and occupation of Monaco during World War II">Monaco</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/History_of_San_Marino#World_War_II" title="History of San Marino">San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Neutral_powers_during_World_War_II#Saudi_Arabia" title="Neutral powers during World War II">Saudi Arabia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Turkey#World_War_II" title="Military history of Turkey">Turkey</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yemen#World_War_II_and_after" title="Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">Resistance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austrian_resistance" title="Austrian resistance">Austria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Resistance" title="Belgian Resistance">Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_resistance_movement_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgarian resistance movement during World War II">Bulgaria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_the_Protectorate_of_Bohemia_and_Moravia" title="Resistance in the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia">Czech lands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Danish_resistance_movement" title="Danish resistance movement">Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies#Underground_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Estonian_anti-German_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931944" title="Estonian anti-German resistance movement 1941–1944">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arbegnoch" title="Arbegnoch">Ethiopia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_Resistance" title="French Resistance">France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_resistance_to_Nazism" title="German resistance to Nazism">Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greek_resistance" title="Greek resistance">Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong#Anti-Japanese_resistance" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_resistance_movement" title="Italian resistance movement">Italy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Political_dissidence_in_the_Empire_of_Japan#Dissidence_during_World_War_II" title="Political dissidence in the Empire of Japan">Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Jews</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korea" title="Korea">Korea</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Liberation_Army" title="Korean Liberation Army">Korean Liberation Army</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Korean_Volunteer_Army" title="Korean Volunteer Army">Korean Volunteer Army</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Latvian_anti-Nazi_resistance_movement_1941%E2%80%931945" title="Latvian anti-Nazi resistance movement 1941–1945">Latvia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_Resistance" title="Luxembourg Resistance">Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_Peoples%27_Anti-Japanese_Army" title="Malayan Peoples' Anti-Japanese Army">Malaya</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_resistance" title="Dutch resistance">Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Anti-Japanese_United_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast Anti-Japanese United Army">Northeast China</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_resistance_movement" title="Norwegian resistance movement">Norway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippine_resistance_against_Japan" title="Philippine resistance against Japan">Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_resistance_movement_in_World_War_II" title="Polish resistance movement in World War II">Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_anti-communist_resistance_movement" title="Romanian anti-communist resistance movement">Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Free_Thai_Movement" title="Free Thai Movement">Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_partisans" title="Soviet partisans">Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Slovak_National_Uprising" title="Slovak National Uprising">Slovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Insurgent_Army" title="Ukrainian Insurgent Army">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Vietnam</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vi%E1%BB%87t_Nam_Qu%E1%BB%91c_D%C3%A2n_%C4%90%E1%BA%A3ng" title="Việt Nam Quốc Dân Đảng">Quốc dân Đảng</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Viet_Minh" title="Viet Minh">Viet Minh</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Partisans" title="Yugoslav Partisans">Yugoslavia</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">POWs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Finnish_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Finnish prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Finnish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">German prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_Azerbaijan" title="German prisoners of war in Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_States" title="German prisoners of war in the United States">United States</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_prisoners_of_war_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="German prisoners of war in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Italian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Italian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_World_War_II" title="Japanese prisoners of war in World War II">Japanese prisoners</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Japanese prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Polish_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Polish prisoners of war">German atrocities against Polish POWs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">Soviet prisoners</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_prisoners_of_war_in_Finland" title="Soviet prisoners of war in Finland">Finland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_atrocities_committed_against_Soviet_prisoners_of_war" title="German atrocities committed against Soviet prisoners of war">atrocities by Germans</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Polish_prisoners-of-war_in_the_Soviet_Union_after_1939" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish prisoners-of-war in the Soviet Union after 1939">Polish prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Romanian_prisoners_of_war_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="Romanian prisoners of war in the Soviet Union">Romanian prisoners in the Soviet Union</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_timelines_of_World_War_II" title="List of timelines of World War II">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0;;wide"><tbody><tr><th id="Prelude7698" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_World_War_II" title="Causes of World War II">Prelude</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Abyssinia_Crisis" title="Abyssinia Crisis">Africa</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Italo-Ethiopian_War" title="Second Italo-Ethiopian War">Second Italo-Ethiopian War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="Events preceding World War II in Asia">Asia</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">Second Sino-Japanese War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battles_of_Khalkhin_Gol" title="Battles of Khalkhin Gol">Battles of Khalkhin Gol</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Events_preceding_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="Events preceding World War II in Europe">Europe</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Remilitarisation_of_the_Rhineland" title="Remilitarisation of the Rhineland">Remilitarisation of the Rhineland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Anschluss</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Munich_Agreement" title="Munich Agreement">Munich Agreement</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Occupation of Czechoslovakia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Himmler" title="Operation Himmler">Operation Himmler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Albania" title="Italian invasion of Albania">Italian invasion of Albania</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1939)" title="Timeline of World War II (1939)">1939</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Poland" title="Invasion of Poland">Invasion of Poland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic">Battle of the Atlantic</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Phoney_War" title="Phoney War">Phoney War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1939)" title="Battle of Changsha (1939)">First Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Guangxi" title="Battle of South Guangxi">Battle of South Guangxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Winter_War" title="Winter War">Winter War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/1939%E2%80%931940_Winter_Offensive" title="1939–1940 Winter Offensive">1939–1940 Winter Offensive</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1940)" title="Timeline of World War II (1940)">1940</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Norwegian_campaign" title="Norwegian campaign">Norwegian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Denmark_(1940)" title="German invasion of Denmark (1940)">German invasion of Denmark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zaoyang%E2%80%93Yichang" title="Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang">Battle of Zaoyang–Yichang</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Luxembourg" title="German invasion of Luxembourg">German invasion of Luxembourg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">German invasion of the Netherlands</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">German invasion of Belgium</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean">Battle of the Mediterranean</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Desert_campaign" title="Western Desert campaign">North Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">West Africa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hundred_Regiments_Offensive" title="Hundred Regiments Offensive">Hundred Regiments Offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_the_Baltic_states" title="Occupation of the Baltic states">Baltic states</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_occupation_of_Bessarabia_and_Northern_Bukovina" title="Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_French_Indochina" title="Japanese invasion of French Indochina">Japanese invasion of French Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Greco-Italian_War" title="Greco-Italian War">Italian invasion of Greece</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Compass</a></i></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1941)" title="Timeline of World War II (1941)">1941</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Henan" title="Battle of South Henan">Battle of South Henan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanggao" title="Battle of Shanggao">Battle of Shanggao</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Yugoslavia" title="Invasion of Yugoslavia">Invasion of Yugoslavia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Greece" title="German invasion of Greece">German invasion of Greece</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Anglo-Iraqi War</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_South_Shanxi" title="Battle of South Shanxi">Battle of South Shanxi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)">East African campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Invasion of the Soviet Union</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Summer_War" title="Summer War">Summer War</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Continuation_War" title="Continuation War">Finland</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Operation_Silver_Fox" title="Operation Silver Fox">Silver Fox</a></i>)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/June_Uprising_in_Lithuania" title="June Uprising in Lithuania">Lithuania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1941)" title="Battle of Kiev (1941)">Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941)">Second Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leningrad" title="Siege of Leningrad">Siege of Leningrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Moscow" title="Battle of Moscow">Battle of Moscow</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Sevastopol_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Siege of Sevastopol (1941–1942)">Siege of Sevastopol</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Pearl_Harbor" title="Attack on Pearl Harbor">Attack on Pearl Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Thailand" title="Japanese invasion of Thailand">Japanese invasion of Thailand</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Fall of Hong Kong</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Philippines campaign (1941–1942)">Fall of the Philippines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1941)" title="Battle of Guam (1941)">Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wake_Island" title="Battle of Wake Island">Battle of Wake Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malayan campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Borneo_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Borneo (1941–1942)">Battle of Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changsha_(1941%E2%80%931942)" title="Battle of Changsha (1941–1942)">Third Battle of Changsha</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Greece)" title="Great Famine (Greece)">Greek famine of 1941–1944</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1942)" title="Timeline of World War II (1942)">1942</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Singapore" title="Fall of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Java_Sea" title="Battle of the Java Sea">Battle of the Java Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Christmas_Island" title="Battle of Christmas Island">Battle of Christmas Island</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Coral_Sea" title="Battle of the Coral Sea">Battle of the Coral Sea</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Zhejiang-Jiangxi_campaign" title="Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign">Zhejiang-Jiangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gazala" title="Battle of Gazala">Battle of Gazala</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dutch_Harbor" title="Battle of Dutch Harbor">Battle of Dutch Harbor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Midway" title="Battle of Midway">Battle of Midway</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Islands_campaign" title="Aleutian Islands campaign">Aleutian Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Kiska" title="Japanese occupation of Kiska">Kiska</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Attu" title="Japanese occupation of Attu"> Attu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Case_Blue" title="Case Blue">Blue</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stalingrad" title="Battle of Stalingrad">Battle of Stalingrad</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kokoda_Track_campaign" title="Kokoda Track campaign">Kokoda Track campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rzhev,_summer_1942" title="Battle of Rzhev, summer 1942">Rzhev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><i><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Jubilee</a></i></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Guadalcanal_campaign" title="Guadalcanal campaign">Guadalcanal campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Torch" title="Operation Torch"><i>Torch</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_famine_of_1942%E2%80%931943" title="Chinese famine of 1942–1943">Chinese famine of 1942–1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1943)" title="Timeline of World War II (1943)">1943</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Black_May_(1943)" title="Black May (1943)">Black May</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisian campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hubei" title="Battle of West Hubei">Battle of West Hubei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Attu" title="Battle of Attu">Battle of Attu</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bombing_of_Gorky_in_World_War_II#June_1943" title="Bombing of Gorky in World War II">Bombing of Gorky</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kursk" title="Battle of Kursk">Battle of Kursk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Sicily" title="Allied invasion of Sicily">Allied invasion of Sicily</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Smolensk_operation" title="Smolensk operation">Smolensk</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands_campaign" title="Solomon Islands campaign">Solomon Islands campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Cottage" title="Operation Cottage"><i>Cottage</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Dnieper" title="Battle of the Dnieper">Battle of the Dnieper</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_invasion_of_Italy" title="Allied invasion of Italy">Allied invasion of Italy</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Armistice_of_Cassibile" title="Armistice of Cassibile">Armistice of Cassibile</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Northern_Burma_and_Western_Yunnan" title="Battle of Northern Burma and Western Yunnan">Northern Burma and Western Yunnan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Changde" title="Battle of Changde">Changde</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kiev_(1943)" title="Battle of Kiev (1943)">Second Battle of Kiev</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_and_Marshall_Islands_campaign" title="Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign">Gilbert and Marshall Islands campaign</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tarawa" title="Battle of Tarawa">Tarawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Makin" title="Battle of Makin">Makin</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bengal_famine_of_1943" title="Bengal famine of 1943">Bengal famine of 1943</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1944)" title="Timeline of World War II (1944)">1944</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Tempest" title="Operation Tempest"><i>Tempest</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Monte_Cassino" title="Battle of Monte Cassino">Monte Cassino</a> / <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Anzio" title="Battle of Anzio">Anzio</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Korsun%E2%80%93Cherkassy" title="Battle of Korsun–Cherkassy">Korsun–Cherkassy</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Narva_(1944)" title="Battle of Narva (1944)">Narva</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go"><i>U-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Imphal</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Ichi-Go" title="Operation Ichi-Go"><i>Ichi-Go</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Kohima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Overlord" title="Operation Overlord"><i>Overlord</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Normandy_landings" title="Normandy landings"><i>Neptune</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Mariana_and_Palau_Islands_campaign" title="Mariana and Palau Islands campaign">Mariana and Palau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bagration" title="Operation Bagration"><i>Bagration</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lvov%E2%80%93Sandomierz_offensive" class="mw-redirect" title="Lvov–Sandomierz offensive">Western Ukraine</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Guam_(1944)" title="Battle of Guam (1944)">Second Battle of Guam</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tannenberg_Line" title="Battle of Tannenberg Line">Tannenberg Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Warsaw_Uprising" title="Warsaw Uprising">Warsaw Uprising</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Jassy%E2%80%93Kishinev_offensive" title="Second Jassy–Kishinev offensive">Eastern Romania</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Paris" title="Liberation of Paris">Liberation of Paris</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Dragoon" title="Operation Dragoon"><i>Dragoon</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gothic_Line" title="Gothic Line">Gothic Line</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_offensive" title="Belgrade offensive">Belgrade offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_San_Marino" title="Battle of San Marino">Battle of San Marino</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lapland_War" title="Lapland War">Lapland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden"><i>Market Garden</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tallinn_offensive" title="Tallinn offensive">Estonia</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crossbow" title="Operation Crossbow"><i>Crossbow</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Combined_Bomber_Offensive" title="Combined Bomber Offensive"><i>Pointblank</i></a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945">Vietnamese famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Philippines_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Philippines campaign (1944–1945)">Philippines (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Leyte_Gulf" title="Battle of Leyte Gulf">Leyte</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Syrmian_Front" title="Syrmian Front">Syrmian Front</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Budapest_offensive" title="Budapest offensive">Hungary</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Budapest" title="Siege of Budapest">Budapest</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Burma (1944–1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Bulge" title="Battle of the Bulge">Ardennes</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Operation_Bodenplatte" title="Operation Bodenplatte"><i>Bodenplatte</i></a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Dutch_famine_of_1944%E2%80%931945" title="Dutch famine of 1944–1945">Dutch famine of 1944–1945</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.5em;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;vertical-align:top;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_World_War_II_(1945%E2%80%931991)" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of World War II (1945–1991)">1945</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vistula%E2%80%93Oder_offensive" title="Vistula–Oder offensive">Vistula–Oder</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Manila_(1945)" title="Battle of Manila (1945)">Battle of Manila</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Iwo_Jima" title="Battle of Iwo Jima">Battle of Iwo Jima</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat_in_French_Indochina" title="Japanese coup d'état in French Indochina">Indochina</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Vienna_offensive" title="Vienna offensive">Vienna offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Project_Hula" title="Project Hula">Project Hula</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Western_Allied_invasion_of_Germany" title="Western Allied invasion of Germany">Western invasion of Germany</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bratislava%E2%80%93Brno_offensive" title="Bratislava–Brno offensive">Bratislava–Brno offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Okinawa" title="Battle of Okinawa">Battle of Okinawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Second_Guangxi_campaign" title="Second Guangxi campaign">Second Guangxi campaign</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_West_Hunan" title="Battle of West Hunan">West Hunan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Spring_1945_offensive_in_Italy" title="Spring 1945 offensive in Italy">Italy (Spring 1945)</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Berlin" title="Battle of Berlin">Battle of Berlin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Prague_offensive" title="Prague offensive">Prague offensive</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Europe" title="End of World War II in Europe">Surrender of Germany</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/German_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="German Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Borneo_campaign" title="Borneo campaign">Borneo</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Taipei" title="Raid on Taipei">Taipei</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Allied_naval_bombardments_of_Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Allied naval bombardments of Japan during World War II">Naval bombardment of Japan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_Manchuria" title="Soviet invasion of Manchuria">Manchuria</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Atomic bombings</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Debate_over_the_atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki" title="Debate over the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki">Debate</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_invasion_of_South_Sakhalin" title="Soviet invasion of South Sakhalin">South Sakhalin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Kuril_Islands" title="Invasion of the Kuril Islands">Kuril Islands</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shumshu" title="Battle of Shumshu">Shumshu</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Surrender_of_Japan" title="Surrender of Japan">Surrender of Japan</a></span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Potsdam_Declaration" title="Potsdam Declaration">Potsdam Declaration</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Japanese_Instrument_of_Surrender" title="Japanese Instrument of Surrender">document</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/End_of_World_War_II_in_Asia" title="End of World War II in Asia">End of World War II in Asia</a></span></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><b><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/16px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/24px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg/32px-The_Earth_seen_from_Apollo_17.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="3002" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:World" title="Portal:World">World portal</a></b></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_World_War_II" title="Bibliography of World War II">Bibliography</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Category:World_War_II" title="Category:World War II">Category</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Military_history_of_Australia1419" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><div id="Military_history_of_Australia1419" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia" title="Military history of Australia">Military history of Australia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Australian_Defence_Force" title="Australian Defence Force">History of the branches of the Australian Defence Force</a></b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Australian_Navy" title="History of the Royal Australian Navy">History of the Royal Australian Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Australian_Army" title="History of the Australian Army">History of the Australian Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Royal_Australian_Air_Force" title="History of the Royal Australian Air Force">History of the Royal Australian Air Force</a></li></ul> <ul><li><b>Military history of Australia by conflict</b></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Australian_frontier_wars" title="Australian frontier wars">Frontier wars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Second_Boer_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Second Boer War">Boer War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War I">World War I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_Allied_Intervention_in_Russia_1918%E2%80%931919" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the Allied Intervention in Russia 1918–1919">Russian Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">World War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Korean_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Korean War">Korean War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Malayan_Emergency" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Malayan Emergency">Malayan Emergency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Indonesia%E2%80%93Malaysia_confrontation" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation">Indonesia–Malaysia confrontation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_the_Vietnam_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during the Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_1991_Gulf_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the 1991 Gulf War">Gulf War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Slipper" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Slipper">War in Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_contribution_to_the_Iraq_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Australian contribution to the Iraq War">Iraq War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Okra" title="Operation Okra">Military intervention against ISIL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country5952" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Template talk:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:WWII_history_by_nation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:WWII history by nation"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_World_War_II_by_region_and_country5952" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_by_country" title="World War II by country">History of World War II by region and country</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Congo_in_World_War_II" title="Belgian Congo in World War II">Belgian Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">British Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt_in_World_War_II" title="Egypt in World War II">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_Ethiopia" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian Ethiopia">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Somaliland_in_World_War_II" title="French Somaliland in World War II">French Somaliland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_West_Africa_in_World_War_II" title="French West Africa in World War II">French West Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_in_World_War_II" title="The Gambia in World War II">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gold_Coast_in_World_War_II" title="Gold Coast in World War II">Gold Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_in_World_War_II" title="Kenya in World War II">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberia_in_World_War_II" title="Liberia in World War II">Liberia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madagascar_in_World_War_II" title="Madagascar in World War II">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign">North Africa</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tunisian_campaign" title="Tunisian campaign">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco_in_World_War_II" title="Morocco in World War II">Morocco</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyasaland_in_World_War_II" title="Nyasaland in World War II">Nyasaland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_in_World_War_II" title="Sierra Leone in World War II">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Rhodesia_in_World_War_II" title="Southern Rhodesia in World War II">Southern Rhodesia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_World_War_II" title="Canada in World War II">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuba_during_World_War_II" title="Cuba during World War II">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_dictatorship_in_El_Salvador#World_War_II" title="Military dictatorship in El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greenland_in_World_War_II" title="Greenland in World War II">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="Mexico during World War II">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Newfoundland_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Newfoundland during World War II">Newfoundland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_States_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United States during World War II">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arizona_during_World_War_II" title="Arizona during World War II">Arizona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_during_World_War_II" title="California during World War II">California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nevada_during_World_War_II" title="Nevada during World War II">Nevada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Mexico_during_World_War_II" title="New Mexico during World War II">New Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puerto_Ricans_in_World_War_II" title="Puerto Ricans in World War II">Puerto Rico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Native_Americans_and_World_War_II" title="Native Americans and World War II">Native Americans</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentina_during_World_War_II" title="Argentina during World War II">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil_in_World_War_II" title="Brazil in World War II">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colombia_during_World_War_II" title="Colombia during World War II">Colombia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Latin_America_during_World_War_II" title="Latin America during World War II">Latin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_during_World_War_II" title="Suriname during World War II">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uruguay_during_World_War_II" title="Uruguay during World War II">Uruguay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela_during_World_War_II" title="Venezuela during World War II">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Burma" title="Japanese occupation of Burma">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceylon_in_World_War_II" title="Ceylon in World War II">Ceylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Sino-Japanese_War" title="Second Sino-Japanese War">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchuria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Dutch_East_Indies" title="Japanese occupation of the Dutch East Indies">Dutch East Indies</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_West_Sumatra" title="Japanese occupation of West Sumatra">West Sumatra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Japanese occupation of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/French_Indochina_in_World_War_II" title="French Indochina in World War II">Indochina</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Cambodia" title="Japanese occupation of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan_during_World_War_II" title="Japan during World War II">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Malaya" title="Japanese occupation of Malaya">Malaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia_in_World_War_II" title="Mongolia in World War II">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal_in_World_War_II" title="Nepal in World War II">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Philippines_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the Philippines during World War II">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_British_Borneo" title="Japanese occupation of British Borneo">Sarawak, Brunei, Labuan, and British North Borneo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Singapore" title="Japanese occupation of Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand_in_World_War_II" title="Thailand in World War II">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-party_period_of_the_Republic_of_Turkey#Politics_of_World_War_II" title="One-party period of the Republic of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuva_in_World_War_II" title="Tuva in World War II">Tuva</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Albania" title="World War II in Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgium_in_World_War_II" title="Belgium in World War II">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgaria_during_World_War_II" title="Bulgaria during World War II">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupation_of_Czechoslovakia_(1938%E2%80%931945)" title="Occupation of Czechoslovakia (1938–1945)">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_in_World_War_II" title="Denmark in World War II">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Estonia_in_World_War_II" title="Estonia in World War II">Estonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finland_in_World_War_II" title="Finland in World War II">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/France_during_World_War_II" title="France during World War II">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_France_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of France during World War II">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nazi_Germany" title="Nazi Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Greece_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Greece during World War II">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungary_in_World_War_II" title="Hungary in World War II">Hungary</a> (<a href="/wiki/Carpathian_Ruthenia_during_World_War_II" title="Carpathian Ruthenia during World War II">Carpathian Ruthenia</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iceland_in_World_War_II" title="Iceland in World War II">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Emergency_(Ireland)" title="The Emergency (Ireland)">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Italy_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Italy during World War II">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Latvia_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Latvia during World War II">Latvia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Liechtenstein#World_War_II" title="History of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Resistance_in_Lithuania_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance in Lithuania during World War II">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_in_World_War_II" title="Luxembourg in World War II">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands_in_World_War_II" title="Netherlands in World War II">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_Norway" title="German occupation of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Poland_(1939%E2%80%931945)" title="History of Poland (1939–1945)">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portugal_during_World_War_II" title="Portugal during World War II">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romania_in_World_War_II" title="Romania in World War II">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Slovakia_during_World_War_II" title="Slovakia during World War II">Slovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union_in_World_War_II" title="Soviet Union in World War II">Soviet Union</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_in_World_War_II" title="Azerbaijan in World War II">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byelorussia_in_World_War_II" title="Byelorussia in World War II">Byelorussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_history_of_Ukraine#World_War_II" title="Modern history of Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spain_during_World_War_II" title="Spain during World War II">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Basque_Country" title="World War II in the Basque Country">Basque Country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catalonia_and_World_War_II" title="Catalonia and World War II">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_and_World_War_II" title="Galicia and World War II">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweden_during_World_War_II" title="Sweden during World War II">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Switzerland_during_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Switzerland during the World Wars">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wales_in_the_World_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Wales in the World Wars">Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_occupation_of_the_Channel_Islands" title="German occupation of the Channel Islands">Channel Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Gibraltar_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of Gibraltar during World War II">Gibraltar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City_during_World_War_II" title="Vatican City during World War II">Vatican City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_Yugoslavia" title="World War II in Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_War_II_in_the_Slovene_Lands" title="World War II in the Slovene Lands">Slovenia</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Oceania and<br /> Antarctica</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antarctica_during_World_War_II" title="Antarctica during World War II">Antarctica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Australia_during_World_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Military history of Australia during World War II">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Gilbert_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Gilbert Islands">Gilbert Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_Nauru" title="Japanese occupation of Nauru">Nauru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_New_Guinea" title="Japanese occupation of New Guinea">New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_New_Zealand_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of New Zealand during World War II">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Solomon_Islands" title="Japanese occupation of the Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Islands_home_front_during_World_War_II" title="Pacific Islands home front during World War II">Pacific Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="British_Empire_battles_of_the_Second_World_War6749" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Template:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Template talk:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:British_Empire_WWII_battles" title="Special:EditPage/Template:British Empire WWII battles"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="British_Empire_battles_of_the_Second_World_War6749" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/British_Empire_in_World_War_II" title="British Empire in World War II">British Empire battles of the Second World War</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="East African campaign (World War II)"><b>East Africa</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Invasion of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/East_African_campaign_(World_War_II)#Italian_Somaliland" title="East African campaign (World War II)">Capture of Italian Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Appearance" title="Operation Appearance">Recapture of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_guerrilla_war_in_Ethiopia" title="Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia">Italian guerrilla war in Ethiopia</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/North_African_campaign" title="North African campaign"><b>North Africa</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/First_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="First Battle of El Alamein">First Battle of El Alamein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Second_Battle_of_El_Alamein" title="Second Battle of El Alamein">Second Battle of El Alamein</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_Egypt" title="Italian invasion of Egypt">Italian invasion of Egypt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Compass" title="Operation Compass">Operation Compass</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Run_for_Tunis" title="Run for Tunis">Run for Tunis</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Giarabub" title="Siege of Giarabub">Siege of Giarabub</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Tobruk" title="Siege of Tobruk">Siege of Tobruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Crusader" title="Operation Crusader">Capture of Tobruk</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Brevity" title="Operation Brevity">Operation Brevity</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Skorpion" title="Operation Skorpion">Operation Skorpion</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Sonnenblume" title="Operation Sonnenblume">Operation Sonnenblume</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Military_Administration_(Libya)" title="British Military Administration (Libya)">Occupation of Libya</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_South_Africa_during_World_War_II" title="Military history of South Africa during World War II">Southern Africa</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Madagascar" title="Battle of Madagascar">Battle of Madagascar</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>West Africa</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dakar" title="Battle of Dakar">Battle of Dakar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Postmaster" title="Operation Postmaster">Operation Postmaster</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Europe</b></a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Arctic_naval_operations_of_World_War_II" title="Arctic naval operations of World War II"><b>Arctic</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Barents_Sea" title="Battle of the Barents Sea">Battle of the Barents Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Alphabet" title="Operation Alphabet">Evacuation of Norway</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Allied_occupation_of_Iceland" title="Allied occupation of Iceland">Occupation of Iceland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gauntlet" title="Operation Gauntlet">Evacuation of Spitsbergen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_occupation_of_the_Faroe_Islands" title="British occupation of the Faroe Islands">Faroe Islands occupation</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Balkans_campaign_(World_War_II)" title="Balkans campaign (World War II)"><b>Balkans</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Lustre" title="Operation Lustre">Reinforcement of Greece</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Crete" title="Battle of Crete">Battle of Crete</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rethymno" title="Battle of Rethymno">Rethymno</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Thermopylae_(1941)" title="Battle of Thermopylae (1941)">Thermopylae</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vevi_(1941)" title="Battle of Vevi (1941)">Vevi</a>)</dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Mediterranean" title="Battle of the Mediterranean"><b>Mediterranean</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Convoy_AN_14" title="Attack on Convoy AN 14">Convoy AN 14</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Mers-el-K%C3%A9bir" title="Attack on Mers-el-Kébir">Attack on Mers-el-Kébir</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Calabria" title="Battle of Calabria">Battle of Calabria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Campobasso_Convoy" title="Battle of the Campobasso Convoy">Campobasso Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Bon_(1941)" title="Battle of Cape Bon (1941)">Battle of Cape Bon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Matapan" title="Battle of Cape Matapan">Battle of Cape Matapan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Passero_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Cape Passero (1940)">Battle of Cape Passero</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spada" title="Battle of Cape Spada">Battle of Cape Spada</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_Spartivento" title="Battle of Cape Spartivento">Battle of Cape Spartivento</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Cigno_Convoy" title="Battle of the Cigno Convoy">Cigno Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Duisburg_Convoy" title="Battle of the Duisburg Convoy">Duisburg Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Espero_Convoy" title="Battle of the Espero Convoy">Espero Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Ligurian_Sea" title="Battle of the Ligurian Sea">Battle of the Ligurian Sea</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Skerki_Bank" title="Battle of Skerki Bank">Battle of Skerki Bank</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Strait_of_Otranto_(1940)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)">Battle of the Strait of Otranto (1940)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Taranto" title="Battle of Taranto">Battle of Taranto</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Tarigo_Convoy" title="Battle of the Tarigo Convoy">Tarigo Convoy</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Zuwarah" title="Battle off Zuwarah">Battle off Zuwarah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Abstention" title="Operation Abstention">Operation Abstention</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Agreement" title="Operation Agreement">Operation Agreement</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Albumen" title="Operation Albumen">Operation Albumen</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Excess" title="Operation Excess">Operation Excess</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Grog" title="Operation Grog">Operation Grog</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Harpoon_(1942)" title="Operation Harpoon (1942)">Operation Harpoon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Pedestal" title="Operation Pedestal">Operation Pedestal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Scylla" title="Operation Scylla">Operation Scylla</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Vigorous" title="Operation Vigorous">Operation Vigorous</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_White" title="Operation White">Operation White</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Alexandria_(1941)" title="Raid on Alexandria (1941)">Raid on Alexandria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Raid_on_Souda_Bay" title="Raid on Souda Bay">Raid on Souda Bay</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Malta_(World_War_II)" title="Siege of Malta (World War II)">Siege of Malta</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Grand_Harbour" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Grand Harbour">Battle of Grand Harbour</a></dd></dl></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Malta_convoys" title="Malta convoys">Malta convoys</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/European_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="European theatre of World War II"><b>Western Europe</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Heligoland_Bight_(1939)" title="Battle of the Heligoland Bight (1939)">Battle of the Heligoland Bight</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/British_Expeditionary_Force_(World_War_II)" title="British Expeditionary Force (World War II)">BEF</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_France" title="Battle of France">Battle of France</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arras_(1940)" title="Battle of Arras (1940)">Arras</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_Belgium_(1940)" title="German invasion of Belgium (1940)">Battle of Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/German_invasion_of_the_Netherlands" title="German invasion of the Netherlands">Battle of the Netherlands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dunkirk_evacuation" title="Dunkirk evacuation">Dunkirk evacuation</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/The_Blitz" title="The Blitz">The Blitz</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Dieppe_Raid" title="Dieppe Raid">Dieppe Raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Channel_Dash" title="Channel Dash">Channel Dash</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Gisela" title="Operation Gisela">Operation Gisela</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Steinbock" title="Operation Steinbock">Operation Steinbock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Diver" title="Operation Diver">Operation Diver</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Evacuation_of_the_Gibraltarian_civilian_population_during_World_War_II" title="Evacuation of the Gibraltarian civilian population during World War II">Evacuation of Gibraltar</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Juno_Beach" title="Juno Beach">Juno Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Gold_Beach" title="Gold Beach">Gold Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Sword_Beach" title="Sword Beach">Sword Beach</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Windsor" title="Operation Windsor">Operation Windsor</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Clearing_the_Channel_Coast" title="Clearing the Channel Coast">Clearing the Channel Coast</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Market_Garden" title="Operation Market Garden">Operation Market Garden</a> (<a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Arnhem" title="Battle of Arnhem">Battle of Arnhem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Nijmegen" title="Battle of Nijmegen">Battle of Nijmegen</a>)</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Scheldt" title="Battle of the Scheldt">Battle of the Scheldt</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Blackcock" title="Operation Blackcock">Operation Blackcock</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Veritable" title="Operation Veritable">Battle of the Reichswald</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/St_Nazaire_Raid" title="St Nazaire Raid">St Nazaire Raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_of_Belgium" title="Liberation of Belgium">Liberation of Belgium</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Liberation_Day_(Netherlands)" title="Liberation Day (Netherlands)">Liberation of the Netherlands</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/South-East_Asian_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="South-East Asian theatre of World War II">Far East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong#Kowloon_and_New_Territories" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Kowloon and New Territories</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hong_Kong#Hong_Kong_Island" title="Battle of Hong Kong">Battle of Hong Kong Island</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Malayan_campaign" title="Malayan campaign">Malay</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Malaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese invasion of Malaya">Japanese invasion of Malaya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jitra" title="Battle of Jitra">Battle of Jitra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Muar" title="Battle of Muar">Defence of Johore</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Singapore</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Singapore" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Singapore">Fall of Singapore</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign" title="Burma campaign">Burma</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_invasion_of_Burma" title="Japanese invasion of Burma">Japanese invasion of Burma</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Arakan_Campaign_1942%E2%80%9343" class="mw-redirect" title="Arakan Campaign 1942–43">Arakan Campaign 1942–43</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign_(1944%E2%80%931945)" title="Burma campaign (1944–1945)">Recapture of Burma</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/India_in_World_War_II" title="India in World War II">India</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Burma_campaign#Japanese_invasion_of_India_1944" title="Burma campaign">Invasion of India</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_U-Go" title="Operation U-Go">Operation U-Go</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Imphal" title="Battle of Imphal">Battle of Imphal</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kohima" title="Battle of Kohima">Battle of Kohima</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_in_World_War_II" title="Indian Ocean in World War II"><b>Indian Ocean</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_disaster" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean disaster</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_retreat" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean retreat</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Cocos_Islands_mutiny" title="Cocos Islands mutiny">Cocos Islands mutiny</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid" title="Indian Ocean raid">Indian Ocean raid</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Easter_Sunday_Raid" title="Easter Sunday Raid">Battle of Ceylon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Italian_invasion_of_British_Somaliland#Evacuation" title="Italian invasion of British Somaliland">Evacuation of British Somaliland</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Japanese_occupation_of_the_Andaman_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands">Japanese occupation of the Andaman Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Indian_Ocean_raid_(1944)" title="Indian Ocean raid (1944)">Indian Ocean raid (1944)</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_United_Kingdom_during_World_War_II#Indian_Ocean_strike" title="Military history of the United Kingdom during World War II">Indian Ocean strike</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Malacca_Strait" title="Battle of the Malacca Strait">Battle of the Malacca Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Outflank" title="Operation Outflank">Bombing of Sumatra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Collie" title="Operation Collie">Bombardment of Andaman Islands</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Operation_Livery" title="Operation Livery">Bombardment of Northern Malaya</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_and_Middle_East_theatre_of_World_War_II" title="Mediterranean and Middle East theatre of World War II">Middle East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Iraq</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Invasion of Iraq</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Battle_of_Fallujah" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Battle of Fallujah</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Siege_of_Habbaniya" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Siege of Habbaniya</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Basra" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Battle of Basra</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Iraqi_War#Baghdad" title="Anglo-Iraqi War">Capture of Baghdad</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Iran</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran#British_Invasion_of_Khuzestan" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Khuzestan</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Anglo-Soviet_invasion_of_Iran#British_invasion_of_Central_Iran" title="Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran">Invasion of Central Iran</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Syria–Lebanon</a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Lebanon</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beirut_(1941)" title="Battle of Beirut (1941)">Capture of Beirut</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Syria%E2%80%93Lebanon_campaign#Campaign" title="Syria–Lebanon campaign">Invasion of Syria</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(1941)" title="Battle of Damascus (1941)">Capture of Damascus</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><a href="/wiki/American_theater_(World_War_II)" title="American theater (World War II)">Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Atlantic" title="Battle of the Atlantic"><b>Atlantic</b></a></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_River_Plate" title="Battle of the River Plate">Battle of the River Plate</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_St._Lawrence" title="Battle of the St. Lawrence">Battle of the Gulf of St. Lawrence</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Denmark_Strait" title="Battle of the Denmark Strait">Battle of the Denmark Strait</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_Escort_Force" title="Newfoundland Escort Force">Newfoundland Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Mid-Ocean_Escort_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid-Ocean Escort Force">Mid-Ocean Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Western_Local_Escort_Force" title="Western Local Escort Force">Western Local Escort Force</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief,_Western_Approaches" title="Commander-in-Chief, Western Approaches">Western Approaches Escort Force</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox508" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324493#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" 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