Syria - TRIAL International

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class="header-search hidden-md-down" href=""> <i class="fa fa-search search-icon"></i> </a> </div> <a class="mobile-menu-icon animated hidden-lg-up" href=""><i class="fa fa-bars fa-3x"></i></a> <a class="mobile-menu-close animated hidden-lg-up hidden" href=""><i class="fa fa-times-circle fa-3x"></i></a> </div> </div> </header> <main id="internal" class="single-topics single-countries"> <div id="top-section" class="top-section" style='background-image: url(https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/header-Syria-cheesy_-©-Jordi-Bernabeu-under-CC.jpg);'> <div class="container"> <h1><span class="fancy text-uppercase white">Syria</span></h1> </div> </div> <div class="bottom-section container"> <div class="row topic-row"> <div id="sidebar" class="sidebar col-xl-2" data-width="300" data-small-width="50"> <div id="sidebar-wrapper" class="wrapper"> <a class="sidebar-trigger hidden-xl-up animated" href="javascript:void(0);"><i class="fa fa-angle-right fa-3x"></i></a> <a class="sidebar-close-trigger hidden-xl-up hidden animated" href="javascript:void(0);"><i class="fa fa-angle-left fa-3x"></i></a> <div class="clearfix"></div> <div class="inner-wrapper"> <ul> <li><a href="#section-1" class="sidebar-anchor text-uppercase">Context</a></li> <li><a href="#section-2" class="sidebar-anchor text-uppercase">What does TRIAL International do on Syria? </a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="main-content" class="main-content col-xl-10"> <div class="container container-breadcrumbs container-1200"><div class="row"><div class="col-xs-12"><ul id="breadcrumbs" class="breadcrumbs"><li class="item-home"><a class="bread-link bread-home" href="https://trialinternational.org" title="Home">Home</a></li><li class="separator separator-home"> &rsaquo; </li><li class="item-cat item-custom-post-type-countries"><a class="bread-cat bread-custom-post-type-countries" href="https://trialinternational.org/what-we-do/" title="What We Do">What We Do</a></li><li class="separator"> &rsaquo; </li><li class="item-current item-1457"><strong class="bread-current bread-1457" title="Syria">Syria</strong></li></ul></div></div></div> <div class="row"> <div class="col-xs-12"> <div class="section-content" id="section-1"> <h2 class="text-uppercase orange">Context</h2> <div> <p><strong>Since 2011, Syria has been ravaged by civil war on a huge scale. The conflict has already caused the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people, while millions of Syrians have had to leave the country. Syria has been, and continues to be, the scene of many mass crimes. TRIAL International fights against widespread impunity by investigating individuals and companies suspected of such acts.</strong></p> <p>Since the al-Assad family came to power in 1971, the repression of any dissident voice has been systematic. The Hama massacre of 1982 marked a turning point in the violence, as between 10’000 and 40’000 civilians were massacred in three weeks.</p> <p>In 2011, peaceful demonstrations were suppressed through violence, giving rise to the beginning of the present armed conflict. All its participating groups are committing human rights and humanitarian law violations. They include the use of <a href="https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/torture/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">torture</a>, <a href="https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/extrajudicial-executions/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">extrajudicial executions</a>, <a href="https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/sexual-violence/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">sexual violence</a> and <a href="https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/enforced-disappearance/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">enforced disappearances</a>, as well as the use of chemical weapons.</p> <p>To this dismal record is added the fact that perpetrators of abuses enjoy total impunity in Syria. For now, victims have no choice but to seek justice outside the country. In the absence of the jurisdiction of an international tribunal, it is for States to allow them to exercise this fundamental right, particularly on the basis of the principle of <a href="https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/universal-jurisdiction/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">universal jurisdiction</a>.</p> <figure id="attachment_19213" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-19213" style="width: 1230px" class="wp-caption alignnone"><img fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" class="wp-image-19213" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Bullet-cases-Mali_©UN-PhotoMarco-Dormino-300x200.jpg" alt="" width="1230" height="820" srcset="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Bullet-cases-Mali_©UN-PhotoMarco-Dormino-300x200.jpg 300w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Bullet-cases-Mali_©UN-PhotoMarco-Dormino-768x512.jpg 768w, https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/Bullet-cases-Mali_©UN-PhotoMarco-Dormino-1024x683.jpg 1024w" sizes="(max-width: 1230px) 100vw, 1230px" /><figcaption id="caption-attachment-19213" class="wp-caption-text">All the groups participating in the present armed conflict are committing human rights and humanitarian law violations. ©Marco Dormino</figcaption></figure> </div> </div> <div class="section-content" id="section-2"> <h2 class="text-uppercase orange">What does TRIAL International do on Syria? </h2> <div> <p>To put an end to the impunity of international crimes committed in Syria, TRIAL International investigates specific and targeted cases. When it has enough incriminating evidence, the organization files criminal cases with prosecution authorities to initiate cases under the principle of <a href="https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/universal-jurisdiction/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">universal jurisdiction</a>. The organization does not make political distinctions; anyone suspected of serious crimes must answer for their actions.</p> <h4><strong>Proceedings in Switzerland too</strong></h4> <p>Historically, the first Syria-related case addressed by TRIAL International regarded Rifaat Al-Assad, uncle of the Syrian president Bashar al-Assad. He is suspected of orchestrating massacres of civilians well before the emergence of the current conflict.</p> <p>As a former commander of the “Defense Brigades”, Rifaat al-Assad led the elite troops suspected of having played a leading role in the Hama massacre of 1982. TRIAL International <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/rifaat-al-assad-case/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">denounced these acts </a>in 2013 when he was in Switzerland. In July 2023, the Swiss Federal Criminal Court (TPF) <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/war-crimes-in-syria-switzerland-issues-an-international-arrest-warrant-for-the-extradition-of-rifaat-al-assad/">ordered</a> the issue of an international arrest warrant against the former Vice-President for his alleged role in the massive war crimes committed in the city of Hama in February 1982.</p> <p>TRIAL International works on other cases, some of which have already been denounced to the authorities. As such, it enjoys the valuable support of Syrian organizations with which it collaborates.</p> <h4><strong>Companies are not immune to scrutiny</strong></h4> <p>But the abuses committed in Syria are not only the acts of individuals; <a href="https://trialinternational.org/topics-post/corporate-responsibility/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">companies </a>too can be complicit in these crimes. In 2019, TRIAL International filed <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/german-and-belgian-prosecutors-urged-to-shed-light-on-exports-of-dual-use-goods-to-syria/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">criminal complaints</a> against European companies suspected of having exported dual-use chemical components to Syria in violation of United Nations sanctions. Isopropanol and diethylamino are commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry, but they can also be used in chemical weapons, including sarin and VX. TRIAL International works on this case alongside other European NGOs.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div>  </div> </div>  </div> <div class="latest-carousel-section"> <h2 class="text-xs-center text-uppercase"> <span class="title-wrap orange">Related Content</span> </h2> <div id="latest-carousel" class="carousel slide" data-ride="carousel"> <div class="carousel-inner" role="listbox"> <div class="carousel-item active"> <div class="container container-1200"> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <a class="tag" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest/news/">News</a> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/universal-jurisdiction-annual-review-highlights-in-2023/">Universal Jurisdiction Annual Review: Highlights in 2023</a></h3> <small>16.04.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/argentina/">Argentina</a> </div> <div class="summary"> TRIAL International, in collaboration with Civitas Maxima, the Center for Justice and Accountability (CJA), the European... <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/universal-jurisdiction-annual-review-highlights-in-2023/"><i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i></a> </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/universal-jurisdiction-annual-review-highlights-in-2023/"><img src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/UJAR-2024_banner_FB.png" alt="Featured Image" class="img-fluid" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <a class="tag" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest/news-releases/">News releases</a> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/former-syrian-vice-president-rifaat-al-assad-will-stand-trial-in-switzerland-on-charges-of-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity/">Former Syrian Vice President Rifaat al-Assad will stand trial in Switzerland on charges...</a></h3> <small>12.03.2024</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> (Geneva, 12 March 2024) – Former Syrian Vice-President Rifaat al-Assad will stand trial in Switzerland for war crimes an... <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/former-syrian-vice-president-rifaat-al-assad-will-stand-trial-in-switzerland-on-charges-of-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity/"><i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i></a> </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/former-syrian-vice-president-rifaat-al-assad-will-stand-trial-in-switzerland-on-charges-of-war-crimes-and-crimes-against-humanity/"><img src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/08/Rifaat_al-Assad_commander_of_the_Defense_Corps_in_the_1980s.png" alt="Featured Image" class="img-fluid" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <a class="tag" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest/news/">News</a> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/ten-years-on-victims-still-hope-for-a-trial-in-switzerland-against-rifaat-al-assad/">Ten years on, victims still hope a landmark trial will open in Switzerland against form...</a></h3> <small>18.12.2023</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> Ten years ago, to the day, the Office of the Attorney General (OAG) of Switzerland, opened a criminal investigation for... <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/ten-years-on-victims-still-hope-for-a-trial-in-switzerland-against-rifaat-al-assad/"><i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i></a> </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/ten-years-on-victims-still-hope-for-a-trial-in-switzerland-against-rifaat-al-assad/"><img src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/Screenshot-video_PG-Hotel-Rifaat-holding-picture.png" alt="Featured Image" class="img-fluid" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <a class="tag" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest/opinions/">Opinions</a> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/the-fight-against-impunity-is-moving-ahead/">The fight against impunity is moving ahead!</a></h3> <small>05.10.2023</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/switzerland/">Switzerland</a> </div> <div class="summary"> A message from Benoit Meystre, Legal Advisor (International Investigations and Litigation program) and Philip Grant, Exe... <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/the-fight-against-impunity-is-moving-ahead/"><i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i></a> </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/the-fight-against-impunity-is-moving-ahead/"><img src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/10/harauski_celle-la.png" alt="Featured Image" class="img-fluid" /></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item "> <div class="container container-1200"> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <a class="tag" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest/news-releases/">News releases</a> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/war-crimes-in-syria-switzerland-issues-an-international-arrest-warrant-for-the-extradition-of-rifaat-al-assad/">War crimes in Syria: Switzerland issues an international arrest warrant for the extradi...</a></h3> <small>23.08.2023</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> (Geneva, 16 August 2023) - The Swiss Federal Criminal Court (FCC) has ordered the Federal Office of Justice (FOJ) to iss... <a 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class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> On the 13th of December 2013, alerted of his presence in Switzerland, TRIAL International filed a criminal denunciation... <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/rifaat-al-assad-case-9-years-of-hope-and-uncertainties/"><i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i></a> </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/rifaat-al-assad-case-9-years-of-hope-and-uncertainties/"><img src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/12/640px-After_Hama_Massacre_19.jpg" alt="Featured Image" class="img-fluid" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <a class="tag" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest/news-releases/">News releases</a> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/rifaat-al-assads-return-to-syria-a-severe-blow-to-the-fight-against-impunity/">Rifaat al-Assad’s return to Syria: a severe blow to the fight against impunity</a></h3> <small>13.10.2021</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> After 36 years of forced exile in France, Rifaat al-Assad has returned to Syria and escaped from the French justice syst... <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/rifaat-al-assads-return-to-syria-a-severe-blow-to-the-fight-against-impunity/"><i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i></a> </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/rifaat-al-assads-return-to-syria-a-severe-blow-to-the-fight-against-impunity/"><img src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/News-Release_PEI_fuite-Rifaat_20211013.jpg" alt="Featured Image" class="img-fluid" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <a class="tag" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest/opinions/">Opinions</a> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/universal-jurisdiction-the-only-hope-for-prosecuting-international-crimes-committed-in-syria/">Universal jurisdiction, the only hope for prosecuting international crimes committed in...</a></h3> <small>06.09.2021</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> An op-ed by Jennifer Triscone*   More than ten years after the start of one of the deadliest conflicts of the 2... <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/universal-jurisdiction-the-only-hope-for-prosecuting-international-crimes-committed-in-syria/"><i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i></a> </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/universal-jurisdiction-the-only-hope-for-prosecuting-international-crimes-committed-in-syria/"><img src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/09/opinion_PEI_Syrie-et-CU-©IHH-Humanitarian-Relief-Fund-under-CC-copie.jpg" alt="Featured Image" class="img-fluid" /></a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="carousel-item "> <div class="container container-1200"> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <a class="tag" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest/news/">News</a> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/syria-justice-for-the-hama-massacre/">Syria: Justice for the Hama massacre</a></h3> <small>02.02.2021</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> Exactly 39 years ago, Syrian armed forces began besieging the city of Hama as a retaliation for an attempted uprising by... <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/syria-justice-for-the-hama-massacre/"><i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i></a> </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/syria-justice-for-the-hama-massacre/"><img src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/Slider-webinaire.png" alt="Featured Image" class="img-fluid" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <a class="tag" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest/news-releases/">News releases</a> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/two-syrian-officers-of-the-regime-face-trial-in-germany-a-historic-step-towards-justice/">Two Syrian officers of the regime face trial: "A historic step towards justice"</a></h3> <small>23.04.2020</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> The trial against Anwar Raslan and Eyad al-Gharib, two former officers of the Syrian government's security apparatus ope... <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/two-syrian-officers-of-the-regime-face-trial-in-germany-a-historic-step-towards-justice/"><i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i></a> </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/two-syrian-officers-of-the-regime-face-trial-in-germany-a-historic-step-towards-justice/"><img src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/News-releases_Syria_Prison-de-Saydnaya-©Amnesty-International.jpg" alt="Featured Image" class="img-fluid" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <a class="tag" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest/news-releases/">News releases</a> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/german-and-belgian-prosecutors-urged-to-shed-light-on-exports-of-dual-use-goods-to-syria/">German and Belgian prosecutors urged to shed light on exports of dual-use goods to Syria</a></h3> <small>10.07.2019</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> (Geneva, Berlin, New York, 3 June 2019) Three groups working on accountability for atrocity crimes – the Syrian Archiv... <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/german-and-belgian-prosecutors-urged-to-shed-light-on-exports-of-dual-use-goods-to-syria/"><i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i></a> </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/german-and-belgian-prosecutors-urged-to-shed-light-on-exports-of-dual-use-goods-to-syria/"><img src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/03/News_German-and-Belgian-authorities-react_Syria_©UN-PhotoDavid-Manyua_slider.jpg" alt="Featured Image" class="img-fluid" /></a> </div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 col-lg-3 slider-item"> <div class="text-uppercase text-xs-right"> <a class="tag" href="https://trialinternational.org/latest/news-releases/">News releases</a> </div> <div class="title"> <h3><a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/german-and-belgian-authorities-react-to-new-findings-on-chemicals-exports-to-syria/">German and Belgian authorities react to new findings on chemicals’ exports to Syria</a></h3> <small>27.03.2019</small> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="country"> <img width="20" src="https://trialinternational.org/wp-content/themes/tri/assets/images/icons/globe.svg" alt="Globe" /> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/countries-post/syria/">Syria</a> </div> <div class="summary"> Three groups working on accountability for atrocious crimes in Syria are asking why the European Union’s sanctions regim... <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/german-and-belgian-authorities-react-to-new-findings-on-chemicals-exports-to-syria/"><i class="fa fa-arrow-right"></i></a> </div> <a href="https://trialinternational.org/latest-post/german-and-belgian-authorities-react-to-new-findings-on-chemicals-exports-to-syria/"><img 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