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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><meta charSet="utf-8" data-next-head=""/><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" data-next-head=""/><title data-next-head="">Coastal water pollution | Encyclopedia of World Problems and Human Potential</title><meta name="description" content="Coastal water pollution (World problems)" data-next-head=""/><link rel="canonical" href="https://encyclopedia.uia.org/problem/coastal-water-pollution" data-next-head=""/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/4172b8472860ef11.css" as="style"/><link rel="preload" href="/_next/static/css/cad925f93fc22a6e.css" as="style"/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/4172b8472860ef11.css" data-n-g=""/><link rel="stylesheet" href="/_next/static/css/cad925f93fc22a6e.css" data-n-p=""/><noscript data-n-css=""></noscript><script defer="" noModule="" src="/_next/static/chunks/polyfills-42372ed130431b0a.js"></script><script src="/_next/static/chunks/webpack-b4df1a4ef8d557f3.js" defer=""></script><script 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class="mb-5 text-4xl font-bold">Coastal water pollution</h1><div class="relative"></div><div class="relative"></div><ul class="mt-3 list-disc list-inside leading-relaxed text-lg"><li>Beach pollution</li></ul><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">Nature</h2><div class="mt-3 leading-relaxed text-lg"><p>Pollution of coastal waters may arise from various sources, such as: the discharge of sewage and industrial waste from coastal outfalls; the dumping of wastes at sea; the discharge of sewage and rubbish from ships; the handling of cargo; the exploration and exploitation of the sea bed and ocean floor; accidental pollution by oil and other substance of pollutants from the land by air and other routes. Undoubtedly the most frequent cause of coastal pollution problems is the discharge of municipal sewage and industrial wastes into coastal waters or into estuaries through unsatisfactory disposal facilities. If wastes contain persistent pollutants, discharge into rivers even at considerable distances upstream from the mouth can result in substantial quantities reaching the sea. The major classes of pollutant reaching coastal waters are decomposable organic materials, heavy metals and other toxic matter, dissolved and suspended non-toxic inorganic substances, and pathogenic organisms.</p><p>Many factors, such as dilution, temperature, adsorption, sedimentation and nutrient deficiencies influence self-purification of the sea. The marine environment is generally unfavourable to the survival of most pathogenic organisms. However, under special circumstances, particularly in temperate and warm coastal waters near large cities, pathogenic agents may be found in marine waters in the proximity of the coast-line and in estuaries.</p></div><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">Background</h2><div class="mt-3 leading-relaxed text-lg"><p>The many people living in coastal zones, and even those located far inland, generate large quantities of wastes and other polluting substances that enter the seas directly or through coastal watersheds, rivers and precipitation from polluted air. While coastal pollution is gradually being controlled in many industrialized countries, it is still rising rapidly as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrial development in developing regions. For example, 38 per cent of Africa's coastline and 68 per cent of its marine protected areas are under a high degree of threat from development.</p><p>The coastal marine environment is clearly being affected by the modification and destruction of habitats, over-fishing and pollution. Many of these impacts can be traced back to land-based human activities located far from the sea.</p><p>Many coastal waters carry excessive sediment and are contaminated by microbes and organic nutrients. Nitrogen, resulting from sewage discharges, agricultural and urban run-off, and atmospheric precipitation, is a particular problem. The destruction of wetlands and mangroves, which act as natural filters for sediment, excessive nitrogen and wastes, has also accelerated nutrient build-up. Additional pollution sources are oil leaks and accidental spills from shipping, discharge of bilge water, oil drilling and mineral extraction. Some persistent pollutants are even reaching deep ocean waters.</p></div><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">Incidence</h2><div class="mt-3 leading-relaxed text-lg"><p>In the Mediterranean an estimated 85% of sewage flows into the sea without adequate treatment, creating risks of diseases such as viral hepatitis, dysentery, and poliomyelitis and typhoid, all of which are endemic in the region. The UN's Mediterranean Action Plan estimates that 20% of the beaches are too polluted for safe swimming.</p><p>While coastal pollution is gradually being controlled in many industrialized countries, it is still rising rapidly as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrial development in developing regions.</p><p>In 1990 coastal cities and towns in Southern Africa discharged more than 850 million litres of industrial and human wastes into the sea daily through more than 80 pipelines, largely without any treatment (Cock and Koch 1991). In 1992, the lack of adequate infrastructure in Maputo caused significant coastal sewage and pollution problems, while in Angola untreated industrial waste pumped into the Bay of Luanda resulted in bacterial contamination (IUCN 1992). There are no immediate prospects of reducing the coastal pollution problems faced by many African countries.</p><p>Africa's coastal ecosystems are also threatened by industrial pollution, mining and oil exploration activities. Although the level of industrial development in Africa is still relatively low, the rate is accelerating along the coastal zone (World Bank 1995a). Most industries still discharge their untreated wastes directly into rivers and, ultimately, the oceans. The Mediterranean basin is now one of the most polluted, semi-enclosed basins in the world. But pollution also affects unenclosed seas. In 1993 industrial waste was found in the coastal waters near major centres along the entire coastline, stretching from Dar Es Salaam and Maputo on the east coast, to Durban and Cape Town in South Africa, and to Walvis Bay in Namibia and Boa do Cacuaco, 15 km north of Luanda in Angola (SARDC, IUCN AND SADC 1994).</p></div><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">Broader</h2><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/problem/marine-pollution">Marine pollution</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#16a34a"><title>Excellent</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">Narrower</h2><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/problem/sewage-pollutant">Sewage as a pollutant</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#0284c7"><title>Presentable</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/problem/eutrophication">Eutrophication</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#0284c7"><title>Presentable</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">Aggravates</h2><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/problem/unsustainable-development-coastal-zones">Unsustainable development of coastal zones</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#16a34a"><title>Excellent</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/problem/unhygienic-recreational-contact-sewage">Unhygienic recreational contact with sewage</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#0284c7"><title>Presentable</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/problem/threatened-marine-coastal-habitats">Threatened marine coastal habitats</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#0284c7"><title>Presentable</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">Aggravated by</h2><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/problem/marine-dumping-wastes">Marine dumping of wastes</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#16a34a"><title>Excellent</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/problem/poisonous-algae">Poisonous algae</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#0284c7"><title>Presentable</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">Related</h2><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/problem/red-tides">Red tides</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#0284c7"><title>Presentable</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">Strategy</h2><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/strategy/reducing-coastal-water-pollution">Reducing coastal water pollution</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#4b5563"><title>Yet to rate</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/strategy/monitoring-coastal-water-pollution">Monitoring coastal water pollution</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#4b5563"><title>Yet to rate</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">Value</h2><div class="flex items-center justify-between w-full hover:bg-gray-100"><a class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="/value/pollution">Pollution</a><div class="text-end inline-block"><svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 16 16" width="0.8em" height="0.8em" fill="currentColor" class="bi bi-bullseye" style="fill:#4b5563"><title>Yet to rate</title><path d="M8 15A7 7 0 1 1 8 1a7 7 0 0 1 0 14m0 1A8 8 0 1 0 8 0a8 8 0 0 0 0 16"></path><path d="M8 13A5 5 0 1 1 8 3a5 5 0 0 1 0 10m0 1A6 6 0 1 0 8 2a6 6 0 0 0 0 12"></path><path d="M8 11a3 3 0 1 1 0-6 3 3 0 0 1 0 6m0 1a4 4 0 1 0 0-8 4 4 0 0 0 0 8"></path><path d="M9.5 8a1.5 1.5 0 1 1-3 0 1.5 1.5 0 0 1 3 0"></path></svg></div></div><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">Web link</h2><div><a title="Guidelines on recreational water quality: Volume 1 coastal and fresh waters" target="_blank" class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031302">Guidelines on recreational water quality: Volume 1 coastal and fresh waters</a></div><div><a title="ASEAN Cooperation on Coastal and Marine Environment" target="_blank" class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="https://environment.asean.org/awgcme/">ASEAN Cooperation on Coastal and Marine Environment</a></div><div><a title="Airborne transmission pathway for coastal water pollution" target="_blank" class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="https://peerj.com/articles/11358/">Airborne transmission pathway for coastal water pollution</a></div><div><a title="Coastal Water Quality " target="_blank" class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="https://nccr.gov.in/">Coastal Water Quality </a></div><div><a title="How to Reduce Plastic and Other Ocean Pollution Simultaneously" target="_blank" class="text-lg leading-relaxed text-sky-800 hover:text-red-800" href="https://www.wri.org/insights/how-reduce-plastic-and-other-ocean-pollution-simultaneously">How to Reduce Plastic and Other Ocean Pollution Simultaneously</a></div><h2 class="mt-6 text-2xl font-semibold">SDG</h2><div class="mt-1 flex flex-wrap gap-2"><span class="flex-shrink-0"><a title="Sustainable Development Goal #13: Climate Action" target="_blank" href="https://uia.org/s/sdg/en/UN13"><img alt="Sustainable Development Goal #13: Climate Action" title="Sustainable Development Goal #13: Climate Action" loading="lazy" width="100" height="100" decoding="async" data-nimg="1" style="color:transparent" srcSet="/_next/image?url=%2Fsdg%2FSDG-13.png&w=128&q=75 1x, /_next/image?url=%2Fsdg%2FSDG-13.png&w=256&q=75 2x" src="/_next/image?url=%2Fsdg%2FSDG-13.png&w=256&q=75"/></a></span><span class="flex-shrink-0"><a title="Sustainable Development Goal #14: Life Below Water" target="_blank" href="https://uia.org/s/sdg/en/UN14"><img alt="Sustainable Development Goal #14: Life Below Water" 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type="application/json">{"props":{"pageProps":{"resource":{"type":"node--problem","id":"21dd5e91-003e-4450-a3e8-d3b9211cf5d2","title":"Coastal water pollution","created":"2000-01-22T23:00:00+00:00","changed":"2022-05-19T12:40:28+00:00","path":{"alias":"/problem/coastal-water-pollution","pid":720751,"langcode":"en"},"field_background":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eThe many people living in coastal zones, and even those located far inland, generate large quantities of wastes and other polluting substances that enter the seas directly or through coastal watersheds, rivers and precipitation from polluted air. While coastal pollution is gradually being controlled in many industrialized countries, it is still rising rapidly as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrial development in developing regions. For example, 38 per cent of Africa's coastline and 68 per cent of its marine protected areas are under a high degree of threat from development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe coastal marine environment is clearly being affected by the modification and destruction of habitats, over-fishing and pollution. Many of these impacts can be traced back to land-based human activities located far from the sea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany coastal waters carry excessive sediment and are contaminated by microbes and organic nutrients. Nitrogen, resulting from sewage discharges, agricultural and urban run-off, and atmospheric precipitation, is a particular problem. The destruction of wetlands and mangroves, which act as natural filters for sediment, excessive nitrogen and wastes, has also accelerated nutrient build-up. Additional pollution sources are oil leaks and accidental spills from shipping, discharge of bilge water, oil drilling and mineral extraction. Some persistent pollutants are even reaching deep ocean waters.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"basic_html","processed":"\u003cp\u003eThe many people living in coastal zones, and even those located far inland, generate large quantities of wastes and other polluting substances that enter the seas directly or through coastal watersheds, rivers and precipitation from polluted air. While coastal pollution is gradually being controlled in many industrialized countries, it is still rising rapidly as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrial development in developing regions. For example, 38 per cent of Africa's coastline and 68 per cent of its marine protected areas are under a high degree of threat from development.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eThe coastal marine environment is clearly being affected by the modification and destruction of habitats, over-fishing and pollution. Many of these impacts can be traced back to land-based human activities located far from the sea.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany coastal waters carry excessive sediment and are contaminated by microbes and organic nutrients. Nitrogen, resulting from sewage discharges, agricultural and urban run-off, and atmospheric precipitation, is a particular problem. The destruction of wetlands and mangroves, which act as natural filters for sediment, excessive nitrogen and wastes, has also accelerated nutrient build-up. Additional pollution sources are oil leaks and accidental spills from shipping, discharge of bilge water, oil drilling and mineral extraction. Some persistent pollutants are even reaching deep ocean waters.\u003c/p\u003e"},"field_claim":[],"field_counter_claim":[],"field_incidence":{"value":"\u003cp\u003eIn the Mediterranean an estimated 85% of sewage flows into the sea without adequate treatment, creating risks of diseases such as viral hepatitis, dysentery, and poliomyelitis and typhoid, all of which are endemic in the region. The UN's Mediterranean Action Plan estimates that 20% of the beaches are too polluted for safe swimming.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile coastal pollution is gradually being controlled in many industrialized countries, it is still rising rapidly as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrial development in developing regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1990 coastal cities and towns in Southern Africa discharged more than 850 million litres of industrial and human wastes into the sea daily through more than 80 pipelines, largely without any treatment (Cock and Koch 1991). In 1992, the lack of adequate infrastructure in Maputo caused significant coastal sewage and pollution problems, while in Angola untreated industrial waste pumped into the Bay of Luanda resulted in bacterial contamination (IUCN 1992). There are no immediate prospects of reducing the coastal pollution problems faced by many African countries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrica's coastal ecosystems are also threatened by industrial pollution, mining and oil exploration activities. Although the level of industrial development in Africa is still relatively low, the rate is accelerating along the coastal zone (World Bank 1995a). Most industries still discharge their untreated wastes directly into rivers and, ultimately, the oceans. The Mediterranean basin is now one of the most polluted, semi-enclosed basins in the world. But pollution also affects unenclosed seas. In 1993 industrial waste was found in the coastal waters near major centres along the entire coastline, stretching from Dar Es Salaam and Maputo on the east coast, to Durban and Cape Town in South Africa, and to Walvis Bay in Namibia and Boa do Cacuaco, 15 km north of Luanda in Angola (SARDC, IUCN AND SADC 1994).\u003c/p\u003e","format":"basic_html","processed":"\u003cp\u003eIn the Mediterranean an estimated 85% of sewage flows into the sea without adequate treatment, creating risks of diseases such as viral hepatitis, dysentery, and poliomyelitis and typhoid, all of which are endemic in the region. The UN's Mediterranean Action Plan estimates that 20% of the beaches are too polluted for safe swimming.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eWhile coastal pollution is gradually being controlled in many industrialized countries, it is still rising rapidly as a result of population growth, urbanization and industrial development in developing regions.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eIn 1990 coastal cities and towns in Southern Africa discharged more than 850 million litres of industrial and human wastes into the sea daily through more than 80 pipelines, largely without any treatment (Cock and Koch 1991). In 1992, the lack of adequate infrastructure in Maputo caused significant coastal sewage and pollution problems, while in Angola untreated industrial waste pumped into the Bay of Luanda resulted in bacterial contamination (IUCN 1992). There are no immediate prospects of reducing the coastal pollution problems faced by many African countries.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eAfrica's coastal ecosystems are also threatened by industrial pollution, mining and oil exploration activities. Although the level of industrial development in Africa is still relatively low, the rate is accelerating along the coastal zone (World Bank 1995a). Most industries still discharge their untreated wastes directly into rivers and, ultimately, the oceans. The Mediterranean basin is now one of the most polluted, semi-enclosed basins in the world. But pollution also affects unenclosed seas. In 1993 industrial waste was found in the coastal waters near major centres along the entire coastline, stretching from Dar Es Salaam and Maputo on the east coast, to Durban and Cape Town in South Africa, and to Walvis Bay in Namibia and Boa do Cacuaco, 15 km north of Luanda in Angola (SARDC, IUCN AND SADC 1994).\u003c/p\u003e"},"field_name":["Coastal water pollution","Beach pollution"],"field_nature":{"value":"\u003cp\u003ePollution of coastal waters may arise from various sources, such as: the discharge of sewage and industrial waste from coastal outfalls; the dumping of wastes at sea; the discharge of sewage and rubbish from ships; the handling of cargo; the exploration and exploitation of the sea bed and ocean floor; accidental pollution by oil and other substance of pollutants from the land by air and other routes. Undoubtedly the most frequent cause of coastal pollution problems is the discharge of municipal sewage and industrial wastes into coastal waters or into estuaries through unsatisfactory disposal facilities. If wastes contain persistent pollutants, discharge into rivers even at considerable distances upstream from the mouth can result in substantial quantities reaching the sea. The major classes of pollutant reaching coastal waters are decomposable organic materials, heavy metals and other toxic matter, dissolved and suspended non-toxic inorganic substances, and pathogenic organisms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany factors, such as dilution, temperature, adsorption, sedimentation and nutrient deficiencies influence self-purification of the sea. The marine environment is generally unfavourable to the survival of most pathogenic organisms. However, under special circumstances, particularly in temperate and warm coastal waters near large cities, pathogenic agents may be found in marine waters in the proximity of the coast-line and in estuaries.\u003c/p\u003e","format":"basic_html","processed":"\u003cp\u003ePollution of coastal waters may arise from various sources, such as: the discharge of sewage and industrial waste from coastal outfalls; the dumping of wastes at sea; the discharge of sewage and rubbish from ships; the handling of cargo; the exploration and exploitation of the sea bed and ocean floor; accidental pollution by oil and other substance of pollutants from the land by air and other routes. Undoubtedly the most frequent cause of coastal pollution problems is the discharge of municipal sewage and industrial wastes into coastal waters or into estuaries through unsatisfactory disposal facilities. If wastes contain persistent pollutants, discharge into rivers even at considerable distances upstream from the mouth can result in substantial quantities reaching the sea. The major classes of pollutant reaching coastal waters are decomposable organic materials, heavy metals and other toxic matter, dissolved and suspended non-toxic inorganic substances, and pathogenic organisms.\u003c/p\u003e\u003cp\u003eMany factors, such as dilution, temperature, adsorption, sedimentation and nutrient deficiencies influence self-purification of the sea. The marine environment is generally unfavourable to the survival of most pathogenic organisms. However, under special circumstances, particularly in temperate and warm coastal waters near large cities, pathogenic agents may be found in marine waters in the proximity of the coast-line and in estuaries.\u003c/p\u003e"},"field_reference":[],"field_uia_organization":[],"field_web_page":[{"uri":"https://www.who.int/publications/i/item/9789240031302","title":"Guidelines on recreational water quality: Volume 1 coastal and fresh waters","options":[]},{"uri":"https://environment.asean.org/awgcme/","title":"ASEAN Cooperation on Coastal and Marine Environment","options":[]},{"uri":"https://peerj.com/articles/11358/","title":"Airborne transmission pathway for coastal water pollution","options":[]},{"uri":"https://nccr.gov.in/","title":"Coastal Water Quality ","options":[]},{"uri":"https://www.wri.org/insights/how-reduce-plastic-and-other-ocean-pollution-simultaneously","title":"How to Reduce Plastic and Other Ocean Pollution 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