CINXE.COM

Publications | NIST

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en" dir="ltr" prefix="content: http://purl.org/rss/1.0/modules/content/ dc: http://purl.org/dc/terms/ foaf: http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/ og: http://ogp.me/ns# rdfs: http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema# schema: http://schema.org/ sioc: http://rdfs.org/sioc/ns# sioct: http://rdfs.org/sioc/types# skos: http://www.w3.org/2004/02/skos/core# xsd: http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema# "> <head><script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/bundle-playback.js?v=HxkREWBo" charset="utf-8"></script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/wombat.js?v=txqj7nKC" charset="utf-8"></script> <script>window.RufflePlayer=window.RufflePlayer||{};window.RufflePlayer.config={"autoplay":"on","unmuteOverlay":"hidden"};</script> <script type="text/javascript" src="/_static/js/ruffle/ruffle.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript"> __wm.init("https://web.archive.org/web"); __wm.wombat("https://www.nist.gov/publications","20230821021817","https://web.archive.org/","web","/_static/", "1692584297"); </script> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/banner-styles.css?v=S1zqJCYt" /> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="/_static/css/iconochive.css?v=3PDvdIFv" /> <!-- End Wayback Rewrite JS Include --> <meta charset="utf-8"/><script type="text/javascript">(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).init={ajax:{deny_list:["gov-bam.nr-data.net"]}};(window.NREUM||(NREUM={})).loader_config={licenseKey:"37b7ccb661",applicationID:"1089704227"};;/*! For license information please see nr-loader-rum-1.237.1.min.js.LICENSE.txt */ (()=>{"use strict";var e,t,n={5763:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{P_:()=>f,Mt:()=>p,C5:()=>s,DL:()=>m,OP:()=>j,lF:()=>E,Yu:()=>y,Dg:()=>g,CX:()=>c,GE:()=>b,sU:()=>_});var r=n(8632),i=n(9567);const a={beacon:r.ce.beacon,errorBeacon:r.ce.errorBeacon,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,sa:void 0,queueTime:void 0,applicationTime:void 0,ttGuid:void 0,user:void 0,account:void 0,product:void 0,extra:void 0,jsAttributes:{},userAttributes:void 0,atts:void 0,transactionName:void 0,tNamePlain:void 0},o={};function s(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");if(!o[e])throw new Error("Info for ".concat(e," was never set"));return o[e]}function c(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All info objects require an agent identifier!");o[e]=(0,i.D)(t,a),(0,r.Qy)(e,o[e],"info")}var d=n(7056);const u=()=>{const e={blockSelector:"[data-nr-block]",maskInputOptions:{password:!0}};return{allow_bfcache:!0,privacy:{cookies_enabled:!0},ajax:{deny_list:void 0,block_internal:!0,enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},distributed_tracing:{enabled:void 0,exclude_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_newrelic_header:void 0,cors_use_tracecontext_headers:void 0,allowed_origins:void 0},session:{domain:void 0,expiresMs:d.oD,inactiveMs:d.Hb},ssl:void 0,obfuscate:void 0,jserrors:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},metrics:{enabled:!0},page_action:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30},page_view_event:{enabled:!0},page_view_timing:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:30,long_task:!1},session_trace:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10},harvest:{tooManyRequestsDelay:60},session_replay:{enabled:!1,harvestTimeSeconds:60,sampleRate:.1,errorSampleRate:.1,maskTextSelector:"*",maskAllInputs:!0,get blockClass(){return"nr-block"},get ignoreClass(){return"nr-ignore"},get maskTextClass(){return"nr-mask"},get blockSelector(){return e.blockSelector},set blockSelector(t){e.blockSelector+=",".concat(t)},get maskInputOptions(){return e.maskInputOptions},set maskInputOptions(t){e.maskInputOptions={...t,password:!0}}},spa:{enabled:!0,harvestTimeSeconds:10}}},l={};function f(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");if(!l[e])throw new Error("Configuration for ".concat(e," was never set"));return l[e]}function g(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");l[e]=(0,i.D)(t,u()),(0,r.Qy)(e,l[e],"config")}function p(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All configuration objects require an agent identifier!");var n=f(e);if(n){for(var r=t.split("."),i=0;i<r.length-1;i++)if("object"!=typeof(n=n[r[i]]))return;n=n[r[r.length-1]]}return n}const h={accountID:void 0,trustKey:void 0,agentID:void 0,licenseKey:void 0,applicationID:void 0,xpid:void 0},v={};function m(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");if(!v[e])throw new Error("LoaderConfig for ".concat(e," was never set"));return v[e]}function b(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All loader-config objects require an agent identifier!");v[e]=(0,i.D)(t,h),(0,r.Qy)(e,v[e],"loader_config")}const y=(0,r.mF)().o;var w=n(385),A=n(6818);const x={buildEnv:A.Re,bytesSent:{},queryBytesSent:{},customTransaction:void 0,disabled:!1,distMethod:A.gF,isolatedBacklog:!1,loaderType:void 0,maxBytes:3e4,offset:Math.floor(w._A?.performance?.timeOrigin||w._A?.performance?.timing?.navigationStart||Date.now()),onerror:void 0,origin:""+w._A.location,ptid:void 0,releaseIds:{},session:void 0,xhrWrappable:"function"==typeof w._A.XMLHttpRequest?.prototype?.addEventListener,version:A.q4,denyList:void 0},D={};function j(e){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");if(!D[e])throw new Error("Runtime for ".concat(e," was never set"));return D[e]}function _(e,t){if(!e)throw new Error("All runtime objects require an agent identifier!");D[e]=(0,i.D)(t,x),(0,r.Qy)(e,D[e],"runtime")}function E(e){return function(e){try{const t=s(e);return!!t.licenseKey&&!!t.errorBeacon&&!!t.applicationID}catch(e){return!1}}(e)}},9567:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>i});var r=n(50);function i(e,t){try{if(!e||"object"!=typeof e)return(0,r.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires an object as input");if(!t||"object"!=typeof t)return(0,r.Z)("Setting a Configurable requires a model to set its initial properties");const n=Object.create(Object.getPrototypeOf(t),Object.getOwnPropertyDescriptors(t)),a=0===Object.keys(n).length?e:n;for(let o in a)if(void 0!==e[o])try{"object"==typeof e[o]&&"object"==typeof t[o]?n[o]=i(e[o],t[o]):n[o]=e[o]}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occurred while setting a property of a Configurable",e)}return n}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occured while setting a Configurable",e)}}},6818:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Re:()=>i,gF:()=>a,q4:()=>r});const r="1.237.1",i="PROD",a="CDN"},385:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{FN:()=>o,IF:()=>d,Nk:()=>l,Tt:()=>s,_A:()=>a,il:()=>r,pL:()=>c,v6:()=>i,w1:()=>u});const r="undefined"!=typeof window&&!!window.document,i="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis.navigator instanceof WorkerNavigator),a=r?window:"undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&("undefined"!=typeof self&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&self||"undefined"!=typeof globalThis&&globalThis instanceof WorkerGlobalScope&&globalThis),o=""+a?.location,s=/iPad|iPhone|iPod/.test(navigator.userAgent),c=s&&"undefined"==typeof SharedWorker,d=(()=>{const e=navigator.userAgent.match(/Firefox[/\s](\d+\.\d+)/);return Array.isArray(e)&&e.length>=2?+e[1]:0})(),u=Boolean(r&&window.document.documentMode),l=!!navigator.sendBeacon},1117:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{w:()=>a});var r=n(50);const i={agentIdentifier:"",ee:void 0};class a{constructor(e){try{if("object"!=typeof e)return(0,r.Z)("shared context requires an object as input");this.sharedContext={},Object.assign(this.sharedContext,i),Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,n]=e;Object.keys(i).includes(t)&&(this.sharedContext[t]=n)}))}catch(e){(0,r.Z)("An error occured while setting SharedContext",e)}}}},8e3:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{L:()=>u,R:()=>c});var r=n(2177),i=n(1284),a=n(4322),o=n(3325);const s={};function c(e,t){const n={staged:!1,priority:o.p[t]||0};d(e),s[e].get(t)||s[e].set(t,n)}function d(e){e&&(s[e]||(s[e]=new Map))}function u(){let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:"",t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:"feature";if(d(e),!e||!s[e].get(t))return o(t);s[e].get(t).staged=!0;const n=[...s[e]];function o(t){const n=e?r.ee.get(e):r.ee,o=a.X.handlers;if(n.backlog&&o){var s=n.backlog[t],c=o[t];if(c){for(var d=0;s&&d<s.length;++d)l(s[d],c);(0,i.D)(c,(function(e,t){(0,i.D)(t,(function(t,n){n[0].on(e,n[1])}))}))}delete o[t],n.backlog[t]=null,n.emit("drain-"+t,[])}}n.every((e=>{let[t,n]=e;return n.staged}))&&(n.sort(((e,t)=>e[1].priority-t[1].priority)),n.forEach((e=>{let[t]=e;o(t)})))}function l(e,t){var n=e[1];(0,i.D)(t[n],(function(t,n){var r=e[0];if(n[0]===r){var i=n[1],a=e[3],o=e[2];i.apply(a,o)}}))}},2177:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{ee:()=>d});var r=n(8632),i=n(2210),a=n(1284),o=n(5763),s="nr@context";let c=(0,r.fP)();var d;function u(){}function l(){return new u}function f(){d.aborted=!0,d.backlog={}}c.ee?d=c.ee:(d=function e(t,n){var r={},c={},g={},p=!1;try{p=16===n.length&&(0,o.OP)(n).isolatedBacklog}catch(e){}var h={on:b,addEventListener:b,removeEventListener:y,emit:m,get:A,listeners:w,context:v,buffer:x,abort:f,aborted:!1,isBuffering:D,debugId:n,backlog:p?{}:t&&"object"==typeof t.backlog?t.backlog:{}};return h;function v(e){return e&&e instanceof u?e:e?(0,i.X)(e,s,l):l()}function m(e,n,r,i,a){if(!1!==a&&(a=!0),!d.aborted||i){t&&a&&t.emit(e,n,r);for(var o=v(r),s=w(e),u=s.length,l=0;l<u;l++)s[l].apply(o,n);var f=j()[c[e]];return f&&f.push([h,e,n,o]),o}}function b(e,t){r[e]=w(e).concat(t)}function y(e,t){var n=r[e];if(n)for(var i=0;i<n.length;i++)n[i]===t&&n.splice(i,1)}function w(e){return r[e]||[]}function A(t){return g[t]=g[t]||e(h,t)}function x(e,t){var n=j();h.aborted||(0,a.D)(e,(function(e,r){t=t||"feature",c[r]=t,t in n||(n[t]=[])}))}function D(e){return!!j()[c[e]]}function j(){return h.backlog}}(void 0,"globalEE"),c.ee=d)},5546:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{E:()=>r,p:()=>i});var r=n(2177).ee.get("handle");function i(e,t,n,i,a){a?(a.buffer([e],i),a.emit(e,t,n)):(r.buffer([e],i),r.emit(e,t,n))}},4322:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{X:()=>a});var r=n(5546);a.on=o;var i=a.handlers={};function a(e,t,n,a){o(a||r.E,i,e,t,n)}function o(e,t,n,i,a){a||(a="feature"),e||(e=r.E);var o=t[a]=t[a]||{};(o[n]=o[n]||[]).push([e,i])}},3239:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{bP:()=>s,iz:()=>c,m$:()=>o});var r=n(385);let i=!1,a=!1;try{const e={get passive(){return i=!0,!1},get signal(){return a=!0,!1}};r._A.addEventListener("test",null,e),r._A.removeEventListener("test",null,e)}catch(e){}function o(e,t){return i||a?{capture:!!e,passive:i,signal:t}:!!e}function s(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;window.addEventListener(e,t,o(n,r))}function c(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2],r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;document.addEventListener(e,t,o(n,r))}},4402:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Rl:()=>o,ky:()=>s});var r=n(385);const i="xxxxxxxx-xxxx-4xxx-yxxx-xxxxxxxxxxxx";function a(e,t){return e?15&e[t]:16*Math.random()|0}function o(){const e=r._A?.crypto||r._A?.msCrypto;let t,n=0;return e&&e.getRandomValues&&(t=e.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31))),i.split("").map((e=>"x"===e?a(t,++n).toString(16):"y"===e?(3&a()|8).toString(16):e)).join("")}function s(e){const t=r._A?.crypto||r._A?.msCrypto;let n,i=0;t&&t.getRandomValues&&(n=t.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(31)));const o=[];for(var s=0;s<e;s++)o.push(a(n,++i).toString(16));return o.join("")}},7056:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Bq:()=>r,Hb:()=>a,oD:()=>i});const r="NRBA",i=144e5,a=18e5},7894:(e,t,n)=>{function r(){return Math.round(performance.now())}n.d(t,{z:()=>r})},50:(e,t,n)=>{function r(e,t){"function"==typeof console.warn&&(console.warn("New Relic: ".concat(e)),t&&console.warn(t))}n.d(t,{Z:()=>r})},2587:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{N:()=>c,T:()=>d});var r=n(2177),i=n(5546),a=n(8e3),o=n(3325);const s={stn:[o.D.sessionTrace],err:[o.D.jserrors,o.D.metrics],ins:[o.D.pageAction],spa:[o.D.spa],sr:[o.D.sessionReplay,o.D.sessionTrace]};function c(e,t){const n=r.ee.get(t);e&&"object"==typeof e&&(Object.entries(e).forEach((e=>{let[t,r]=e;void 0===d[t]&&(s[t]?s[t].forEach((e=>{r?(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,e,n):(0,i.p)("block-"+t,[],void 0,e,n),(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+t,[Boolean(r)],void 0,e,n)})):r&&(0,i.p)("feat-"+t,[],void 0,void 0,n),d[t]=Boolean(r))})),Object.keys(s).forEach((e=>{void 0===d[e]&&(s[e]?.forEach((t=>(0,i.p)("rumresp-"+e,[!1],void 0,t,n))),d[e]=!1)})),(0,a.L)(t,o.D.pageViewEvent))}const d={}},2210:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{X:()=>i});var r=Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty;function i(e,t,n){if(r.call(e,t))return e[t];var i=n();if(Object.defineProperty&&Object.keys)try{return Object.defineProperty(e,t,{value:i,writable:!0,enumerable:!1}),i}catch(e){}return e[t]=i,i}},1284:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>r});const r=(e,t)=>Object.entries(e||{}).map((e=>{let[n,r]=e;return t(n,r)}))},4351:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{P:()=>a});var r=n(2177);const i=()=>{const e=new WeakSet;return(t,n)=>{if("object"==typeof n&&null!==n){if(e.has(n))return;e.add(n)}return n}};function a(e){try{return JSON.stringify(e,i())}catch(e){try{r.ee.emit("internal-error",[e])}catch(e){}}}},3960:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{K:()=>o,b:()=>a});var r=n(3239);function i(){return"undefined"==typeof document||"complete"===document.readyState}function a(e,t){if(i())return e();(0,r.bP)("load",e,t)}function o(e){if(i())return e();(0,r.iz)("DOMContentLoaded",e)}},8632:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{EZ:()=>d,Qy:()=>c,ce:()=>a,fP:()=>o,gG:()=>u,mF:()=>s});var r=n(7894),i=n(385);const a={beacon:"bam.nr-data.net",errorBeacon:"bam.nr-data.net"};function o(){return i._A.NREUM||(i._A.NREUM={}),void 0===i._A.newrelic&&(i._A.newrelic=i._A.NREUM),i._A.NREUM}function s(){let e=o();return e.o||(e.o={ST:i._A.setTimeout,SI:i._A.setImmediate,CT:i._A.clearTimeout,XHR:i._A.XMLHttpRequest,REQ:i._A.Request,EV:i._A.Event,PR:i._A.Promise,MO:i._A.MutationObserver,FETCH:i._A.fetch}),e}function c(e,t,n){let i=o();const a=i.initializedAgents||{},s=a[e]||{};return Object.keys(s).length||(s.initializedAt={ms:(0,r.z)(),date:new Date}),i.initializedAgents={...a,[e]:{...s,[n]:t}},i}function d(e,t){o()[e]=t}function u(){return function(){let e=o();const t=e.info||{};e.info={beacon:a.beacon,errorBeacon:a.errorBeacon,...t}}(),function(){let e=o();const t=e.init||{};e.init={...t}}(),s(),function(){let e=o();const t=e.loader_config||{};e.loader_config={...t}}(),o()}},7956:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{N:()=>i});var r=n(3239);function i(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]&&arguments[1],n=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,i=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;return void(0,r.iz)("visibilitychange",(function(){if(t)return void("hidden"==document.visibilityState&&e());e(document.visibilityState)}),n,i)}},3081:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{gF:()=>a,mY:()=>i,t9:()=>r,vz:()=>s,xS:()=>o});const r=n(3325).D.metrics,i="sm",a="cm",o="storeSupportabilityMetrics",s="storeEventMetrics"},7633:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{Dz:()=>i,OJ:()=>o,qw:()=>a,t9:()=>r});const r=n(3325).D.pageViewEvent,i="firstbyte",a="domcontent",o="windowload"},9251:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{t:()=>r});const r=n(3325).D.pageViewTiming},5938:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{W:()=>a});var r=n(5763),i=n(2177);class a{constructor(e,t,n){this.agentIdentifier=e,this.aggregator=t,this.ee=i.ee.get(e,(0,r.OP)(this.agentIdentifier).isolatedBacklog),this.featureName=n,this.blocked=!1}}},9144:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{j:()=>v});var r=n(3325),i=n(5763),a=n(5546),o=n(2177),s=n(7894),c=n(8e3),d=n(3960),u=n(385),l=n(50),f=n(3081),g=n(8632);function p(){const e=(0,g.gG)();["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease","addPageAction","setCurrentRouteName","setPageViewName","setCustomAttribute","interaction","noticeError","setUserId"].forEach((t=>{e[t]=function(){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n),i=0;i<n;i++)r[i]=arguments[i];return function(t){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n>1?n-1:0),i=1;i<n;i++)r[i-1]=arguments[i];let a=[];return Object.values(e.initializedAgents).forEach((e=>{e.exposed&&e.api[t]&&a.push(e.api[t](...r))})),a.length>1?a:a[0]}(t,...r)}}))}var h=n(2587);function v(e){let t=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},v=arguments.length>2?arguments[2]:void 0,m=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0,{init:b,info:y,loader_config:w,runtime:A={loaderType:v},exposed:x=!0}=t;const D=(0,g.gG)();y||(b=D.init,y=D.info,w=D.loader_config),(0,i.Dg)(e,b||{}),(0,i.GE)(e,w||{}),y.jsAttributes??={},u.v6&&(y.jsAttributes.isWorker=!0),(0,i.CX)(e,y);const j=(0,i.P_)(e);A.denyList=[...j.ajax?.deny_list||[],...j.ajax?.block_internal?[y.beacon,y.errorBeacon]:[]],(0,i.sU)(e,A),p();const _=function(e,t){t||(0,c.R)(e,"api");const g={};var p=o.ee.get(e),h=p.get("tracer"),v="api-",m=v+"ixn-";function b(t,n,r,a){const o=(0,i.C5)(e);return null===n?delete o.jsAttributes[t]:(0,i.CX)(e,{...o,jsAttributes:{...o.jsAttributes,[t]:n}}),A(v,r,!0,a||null===n?"session":void 0)(t,n)}function y(){}["setErrorHandler","finished","addToTrace","inlineHit","addRelease"].forEach((e=>g[e]=A(v,e,!0,"api"))),g.addPageAction=A(v,"addPageAction",!0,r.D.pageAction),g.setCurrentRouteName=A(v,"routeName",!0,r.D.spa),g.setPageViewName=function(t,n){if("string"==typeof t)return"/"!==t.charAt(0)&&(t="/"+t),(0,i.OP)(e).customTransaction=(n||"https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/http://custom.transaction")+t,A(v,"setPageViewName",!0)()},g.setCustomAttribute=function(e,t){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]&&arguments[2];if("string"==typeof e){if(["string","number"].includes(typeof t)||null===t)return b(e,t,"setCustomAttribute",n);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nNon-null value must be a string or number type, but a type of <".concat(typeof t,"> was provided."))}else(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setCustomAttribute.\nName must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.setUserId=function(e){if("string"==typeof e||null===e)return b("enduser.id",e,"setUserId",!0);(0,l.Z)("Failed to execute setUserId.\nNon-null value must be a string type, but a type of <".concat(typeof e,"> was provided."))},g.interaction=function(){return(new y).get()};var w=y.prototype={createTracer:function(e,t){var n={},i=this,o="function"==typeof t;return(0,a.p)(m+"tracer",[(0,s.z)(),e,n],i,r.D.spa,p),function(){if(h.emit((o?"":"no-")+"fn-start",[(0,s.z)(),i,o],n),o)try{return t.apply(this,arguments)}catch(e){throw h.emit("fn-err",[arguments,this,e],n),e}finally{h.emit("fn-end",[(0,s.z)()],n)}}}};function A(e,t,n,i){return function(){return(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/"+t+"/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),i&&(0,a.p)(e+t,[(0,s.z)(),...arguments],n?null:this,i,p),n?void 0:this}}function x(){n.e(439).then(n.bind(n,7438)).then((t=>{let{setAPI:n}=t;n(e),(0,c.L)(e,"api")})).catch((()=>(0,l.Z)("Downloading runtime APIs failed...")))}return["actionText","setName","setAttribute","save","ignore","onEnd","getContext","end","get"].forEach((e=>{w[e]=A(m,e,void 0,r.D.spa)})),g.noticeError=function(e,t){"string"==typeof e&&(e=new Error(e)),(0,a.p)(f.xS,["API/noticeError/called"],void 0,r.D.metrics,p),(0,a.p)("err",[e,(0,s.z)(),!1,t],void 0,r.D.jserrors,p)},u.il?(0,d.b)((()=>x()),!0):x(),g}(e,m);return(0,g.Qy)(e,_,"api"),(0,g.Qy)(e,x,"exposed"),(0,g.EZ)("activatedFeatures",h.T),_}},3325:(e,t,n)=>{n.d(t,{D:()=>r,p:()=>i});const r={ajax:"ajax",jserrors:"jserrors",metrics:"metrics",pageAction:"page_action",pageViewEvent:"page_view_event",pageViewTiming:"page_view_timing",sessionReplay:"session_replay",sessionTrace:"session_trace",spa:"spa"},i={[r.pageViewEvent]:1,[r.pageViewTiming]:2,[r.metrics]:3,[r.jserrors]:4,[r.ajax]:5,[r.sessionTrace]:6,[r.pageAction]:7,[r.spa]:8,[r.sessionReplay]:9}}},r={};function i(e){var t=r[e];if(void 0!==t)return t.exports;var a=r[e]={exports:{}};return n[e](a,a.exports,i),a.exports}i.m=n,i.d=(e,t)=>{for(var n in t)i.o(t,n)&&!i.o(e,n)&&Object.defineProperty(e,n,{enumerable:!0,get:t[n]})},i.f={},i.e=e=>Promise.all(Object.keys(i.f).reduce(((t,n)=>(i.f[n](e,t),t)),[])),i.u=e=>(({78:"page_action-aggregate",147:"metrics-aggregate",193:"session_trace-aggregate",242:"session-manager",317:"jserrors-aggregate",348:"page_view_timing-aggregate",412:"lazy-feature-loader",439:"async-api",538:"recorder",590:"session_replay-aggregate",675:"compressor",786:"page_view_event-aggregate",873:"spa-aggregate",898:"ajax-aggregate"}[e]||e)+"."+{78:"467f8594",147:"b86cefcf",193:"ac30a1f3",242:"d080e4cc",317:"319b8300",348:"7b2a53ee",412:"c1052c27",439:"e9f77430",538:"9c5c1546",590:"8b420469",646:"9e7a6b8d",675:"9614fd62",786:"4988d952",860:"95a91211",873:"550eec7b",898:"d95c640e"}[e]+"-1.237.1.min.js"),i.o=(e,t)=>Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(e,t),e={},t="NRBA:",i.l=(n,r,a,o)=>{if(e[n])e[n].push(r);else{var s,c;if(void 0!==a)for(var d=document.getElementsByTagName("script"),u=0;u<d.length;u++){var l=d[u];if(l.getAttribute("src")==n||l.getAttribute("data-webpack")==t+a){s=l;break}}s||(c=!0,(s=document.createElement("script")).charset="utf-8",s.timeout=120,i.nc&&s.setAttribute("nonce",i.nc),s.setAttribute("data-webpack",t+a),s.src=n),e[n]=[r];var f=(t,r)=>{s.onerror=s.onload=null,clearTimeout(g);var i=e[n];if(delete e[n],s.parentNode&&s.parentNode.removeChild(s),i&&i.forEach((e=>e(r))),t)return t(r)},g=setTimeout(f.bind(null,void 0,{type:"timeout",target:s}),12e4);s.onerror=f.bind(null,s.onerror),s.onload=f.bind(null,s.onload),c&&document.head.appendChild(s)}},i.r=e=>{"undefined"!=typeof Symbol&&Symbol.toStringTag&&Object.defineProperty(e,Symbol.toStringTag,{value:"Module"}),Object.defineProperty(e,"__esModule",{value:!0})},i.j=4,i.p="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://js-agent.newrelic.com/",(()=>{var e={4:0,465:0};i.f.j=(t,n)=>{var r=i.o(e,t)?e[t]:void 0;if(0!==r)if(r)n.push(r[2]);else{var a=new Promise(((n,i)=>r=e[t]=[n,i]));n.push(r[2]=a);var o=i.p+i.u(t),s=new Error;i.l(o,(n=>{if(i.o(e,t)&&(0!==(r=e[t])&&(e[t]=void 0),r)){var a=n&&("load"===n.type?"missing":n.type),o=n&&n.target&&n.target.src;s.message="Loading chunk "+t+" failed.\n("+a+": "+o+")",s.name="ChunkLoadError",s.type=a,s.request=o,r[1](s)}}),"chunk-"+t,t)}};var t=(t,n)=>{var r,a,[o,s,c]=n,d=0;if(o.some((t=>0!==e[t]))){for(r in s)i.o(s,r)&&(i.m[r]=s[r]);if(c)c(i)}for(t&&t(n);d<o.length;d++)a=o[d],i.o(e,a)&&e[a]&&e[a][0](),e[a]=0},n=window.webpackChunkNRBA=window.webpackChunkNRBA||[];n.forEach(t.bind(null,0)),n.push=t.bind(null,n.push.bind(n))})();var a={};(()=>{i.r(a);var e=i(50);class t{addPageAction(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addPageAction failed. The session trace feature is not currently initialized.")}setPageViewName(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setPageViewName failed. The page view feature is not currently initialized.")}setCustomAttribute(t,n,r){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setCustomAttribute failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}noticeError(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api noticeError failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}setUserId(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setUserId failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}setErrorHandler(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setErrorHandler failed. The js errors feature is not currently initialized.")}finished(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api finished failed. The page action feature is not currently initialized.")}addRelease(t,n){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addRelease failed. The agent is not currently initialized.")}}var n=i(3325),r=i(5763);const o=Object.values(n.D);function s(e){const t={};return o.forEach((n=>{t[n]=function(e,t){return!1!==(0,r.Mt)(t,"".concat(e,".enabled"))}(n,e)})),t}var c=i(9144);var d=i(5546),u=i(385),l=i(8e3),f=i(5938),g=i(3960);class p extends f.W{constructor(e,t,n){let r=!(arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3])||arguments[3];super(e,t,n),this.auto=r,this.abortHandler,this.featAggregate,this.onAggregateImported,r&&(0,l.R)(e,n)}importAggregator(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};if(this.featAggregate||!this.auto)return;const n=u.il&&!0===(0,r.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"privacy.cookies_enabled");let a;this.onAggregateImported=new Promise((e=>{a=e}));const o=async()=>{let r;try{if(n){const{setupAgentSession:e}=await Promise.all([i.e(860),i.e(242)]).then(i.bind(i,3228));r=e(this.agentIdentifier)}}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("A problem occurred when starting up session manager. This page will not start or extend any session.",t)}try{if(!this.shouldImportAgg(this.featureName,r))return(0,l.L)(this.agentIdentifier,this.featureName),void a(!1);const{lazyFeatureLoader:e}=await i.e(412).then(i.bind(i,8582)),{Aggregate:n}=await e(this.featureName,"aggregate");this.featAggregate=new n(this.agentIdentifier,this.aggregator,t),a(!0)}catch(t){(0,e.Z)("Downloading and initializing ".concat(this.featureName," failed..."),t),this.abortHandler?.(),a(!1)}};u.il?(0,g.b)((()=>o()),!0):o()}shouldImportAgg(e,t){return e!==n.D.sessionReplay||!!r.Yu.MO&&(!1!==(0,r.Mt)(this.agentIdentifier,"session_trace.enabled")&&(!!t?.isNew||!!t?.state.sessionReplay))}}var h=i(7633),v=i(7894);class m extends p{static featureName=h.t9;constructor(e,t){let i=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];if(super(e,t,h.t9,i),("undefined"==typeof PerformanceNavigationTiming||u.Tt)&&"undefined"!=typeof PerformanceTiming){const t=(0,r.OP)(e);t[h.Dz]=Math.max(Date.now()-t.offset,0),(0,g.K)((()=>t[h.qw]=Math.max((0,v.z)()-t[h.Dz],0))),(0,g.b)((()=>{const e=(0,v.z)();t[h.OJ]=Math.max(e-t[h.Dz],0),(0,d.p)("timing",["load",e],void 0,n.D.pageViewTiming,this.ee)}))}this.importAggregator()}}var b=i(1117),y=i(1284);class w extends b.w{constructor(e){super(e),this.aggregatedData={}}store(e,t,n,r,i){var a=this.getBucket(e,t,n,i);return a.metrics=function(e,t){t||(t={count:0});return t.count+=1,(0,y.D)(e,(function(e,n){t[e]=A(n,t[e])})),t}(r,a.metrics),a}merge(e,t,n,r,i){var a=this.getBucket(e,t,r,i);if(a.metrics){var o=a.metrics;o.count+=n.count,(0,y.D)(n,(function(e,t){if("count"!==e){var r=o[e],i=n[e];i&&!i.c?o[e]=A(i.t,r):o[e]=function(e,t){if(!t)return e;t.c||(t=x(t.t));return t.min=Math.min(e.min,t.min),t.max=Math.max(e.max,t.max),t.t+=e.t,t.sos+=e.sos,t.c+=e.c,t}(i,o[e])}}))}else a.metrics=n}storeMetric(e,t,n,r){var i=this.getBucket(e,t,n);return i.stats=A(r,i.stats),i}getBucket(e,t,n,r){this.aggregatedData[e]||(this.aggregatedData[e]={});var i=this.aggregatedData[e][t];return i||(i=this.aggregatedData[e][t]={params:n||{}},r&&(i.custom=r)),i}get(e,t){return t?this.aggregatedData[e]&&this.aggregatedData[e][t]:this.aggregatedData[e]}take(e){for(var t={},n="",r=!1,i=0;i<e.length;i++)t[n=e[i]]=D(this.aggregatedData[n]),t[n].length&&(r=!0),delete this.aggregatedData[n];return r?t:null}}function A(e,t){return null==e?function(e){e?e.c++:e={c:1};return e}(t):t?(t.c||(t=x(t.t)),t.c+=1,t.t+=e,t.sos+=e*e,e>t.max&&(t.max=e),e<t.min&&(t.min=e),t):{t:e}}function x(e){return{t:e,min:e,max:e,sos:e*e,c:1}}function D(e){return"object"!=typeof e?[]:(0,y.D)(e,j)}function j(e,t){return t}var _=i(8632),E=i(4402),T=i(4351);var k=i(7956),N=i(3239),P=i(9251);class C extends p{static featureName=P.t;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,P.t,n),u.il&&((0,r.OP)(e).initHidden=Boolean("hidden"===document.visibilityState),(0,k.N)((()=>(0,d.p)("docHidden",[(0,v.z)()],void 0,P.t,this.ee)),!0),(0,N.bP)("pagehide",(()=>(0,d.p)("winPagehide",[(0,v.z)()],void 0,P.t,this.ee))),this.importAggregator())}}var I=i(3081);class S extends p{static featureName=I.t9;constructor(e,t){let n=!(arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2])||arguments[2];super(e,t,I.t9,n),this.importAggregator()}}new class extends t{constructor(t){let n=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:(0,E.ky)(16);super(),u._A?(this.agentIdentifier=n,this.sharedAggregator=new w({agentIdentifier:this.agentIdentifier}),this.features={},this.desiredFeatures=new Set(t.features||[]),this.desiredFeatures.add(m),Object.assign(this,(0,c.j)(this.agentIdentifier,t,t.loaderType||"agent")),this.start()):(0,e.Z)("Failed to initial the agent. Could not determine the runtime environment.")}get config(){return{info:(0,r.C5)(this.agentIdentifier),init:(0,r.P_)(this.agentIdentifier),loader_config:(0,r.DL)(this.agentIdentifier),runtime:(0,r.OP)(this.agentIdentifier)}}start(){const t="features";try{const r=s(this.agentIdentifier),i=[...this.desiredFeatures];i.sort(((e,t)=>n.p[e.featureName]-n.p[t.featureName])),i.forEach((t=>{if(r[t.featureName]||t.featureName===n.D.pageViewEvent){const i=function(e){switch(e){case n.D.ajax:return[n.D.jserrors];case n.D.sessionTrace:return[n.D.ajax,n.D.pageViewEvent];case n.D.sessionReplay:return[n.D.sessionTrace];case n.D.pageViewTiming:return[n.D.pageViewEvent];default:return[]}}(t.featureName);i.every((e=>r[e]))||(0,e.Z)("".concat(t.featureName," is enabled but one or more dependent features has been disabled (").concat((0,T.P)(i),"). This may cause unintended consequences or missing data...")),this.features[t.featureName]=new t(this.agentIdentifier,this.sharedAggregator)}})),(0,_.Qy)(this.agentIdentifier,this.features,t)}catch(n){(0,e.Z)("Failed to initialize all enabled instrument classes (agent aborted) -",n);for(const e in this.features)this.features[e].abortHandler?.();const r=(0,_.fP)();return delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.api,delete r.initializedAgents[this.agentIdentifier]?.[t],delete this.sharedAggregator,r.ee?.abort(),delete r.ee?.get(this.agentIdentifier),!1}}addToTrace(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api addToTrace failed. The page action feature is not currently initialized.")}setCurrentRouteName(t){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api setCurrentRouteName failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}interaction(){(0,e.Z)("Call to agent api interaction failed. The spa feature is not currently initialized.")}}({features:[m,C,S],loaderType:"lite"})})(),window.NRBA=a})();</script> <noscript><style>form.antibot * :not(.antibot-message) { display: none !important; }</style> </noscript><script async src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817js_/https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-HEQ0YF2VYL"></script> <script>window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || [];function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments)};gtag("js", new Date());gtag("set", "developer_id.dMDhkMT", true);gtag('set', {'cookie_flags': 'SameSite=None;Secure', 'cookie_domain': 'www.nist.gov'});gtag("config", "G-HEQ0YF2VYL", {"groups":"default","page_placeholder":"PLACEHOLDER_page_location","link_attribution":true,"allow_ad_personalization_signals":false});gtag("event", "custom", {"node_title":"Publications","node_id":"1564276","content_type":"Landing page"});</script> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications"/> <link rel="shortlink" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/node/1564276"/> <meta name="dcterms.title" content="Publications"/> <meta name="dcterms.date" content="2019-05-09T10:23-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.type" content="text"/> <meta name="dcterms.format" content="text/html"/> <meta name="dcterms.identifier" content="https://www.nist.gov/publications"/> <meta name="dcterms.source" content="NIST"/> <meta name="dcterms.created" content="2019-05-09T10:23-04:00"/> <meta name="dcterms.modified" content="2023-06-12T16:26-04:00"/> <meta name="citation_title" content="Publications | NIST"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="NIST"/> <meta property="og:type" content="Article"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Publications"/> <meta property="article:published_time" content="2019-05-09T10:23-04:00"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2023-06-12T16:26-04:00"/> <meta name="google-site-verification" content="QMu0ODkER3rN5hLcMLqNVf7e3bkjYsNLTuhqfH48jCA"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary_large_image"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="NIST"/> <meta name="twitter:description" content=""/> <meta name="twitter:title" content="Publications"/> <meta name="twitter:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817im_/https://www.nist.gov/publications"/> <meta name="Generator" content="Drupal 9 (https://www.drupal.org)"/> <meta name="MobileOptimized" content="width"/> <meta name="HandheldFriendly" content="true"/> <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0"/> <meta name="nist_search_modified" class="elastic" content="2023-06-12T16:26:00-04:00"/> <script type="application/ld+json">{ "@context": "https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://schema.org", "@graph": [ { "@type": "Article", "headline": "Publications | NIST", "image": { "@type": "ImageObject", "representativeOfPage": "True" }, "datePublished": "2019-05-09T10:23-04:00", "dateModified": "2023-06-12T16:26-04:00" } ] }</script> <meta name="nist_search_bundle" class="elastic" content="landing"/> <link rel="icon" href="/web/20230821021817im_/https://www.nist.gov/themes/custom/nist_www/favicon.ico" type="image/vnd.microsoft.icon"/> <title>Publications | NIST</title> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230821021817cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_FN1bdiv-QlD0HoegGoPCjnjDpP_AU48aJkG0HQbgvaQ.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230821021817cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_418F2bzGhviF63qzXtKkfGV6v5iy1TjOK08Xi2DSWLY.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="print" href="/web/20230821021817cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_zbjDhj-AmeVwgu9y0DlPwEfp7l-a5BpoK3MpoGmRB6o.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="all" href="/web/20230821021817cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_PV0KmreUx3hVeYI6yGypf71UDz9BSQl1Z5DjiESDh-Y.css"/> <link rel="stylesheet" media="screen" href="/web/20230821021817cs_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/css/css_4QG1FxQkb1nEIzbOXOYn8hSkaCggrr0KDtBczURI5yA.css"/> <script src="/web/20230821021817js_/https://www.nist.gov/core/assets/vendor/modernizr/modernizr.min.js?v=3.11.7"></script> <script src="/web/20230821021817js_/https://www.nist.gov/core/misc/modernizr-additional-tests.js?v=3.11.7"></script> <script src="/web/20230821021817js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_VDwaIMNiRtzQn-NZvj1F9loIzJ-i4yEDiruzS8Z6Ejo.js"></script> </head> <body class="node-1564276"> <a href="#main-content" class="visually-hidden focusable" data-elastic-exclude> Skip to main content </a> <div class="dialog-off-canvas-main-canvas" data-off-canvas-main-canvas> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <section data-elastic-exclude class="usa-banner" aria-label="Official government website"> <div class="usa-accordion"> <header class="usa-banner__header"> <div class="usa-banner__inner"> <div class="grid-col-auto"> <img class="usa-banner__header-flag" src="/web/20230821021817im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/us_flag_small.png" alt="U.S. flag"> </div> <div class="grid-col-fill tablet:grid-col-auto"> <p class="usa-banner__header-text">An official website of the United States government</p> <p class="usa-banner__header-action" aria-hidden="true">Here鈥檚 how you know</p> </div> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-banner__button" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="gov-banner-default"> <span class="usa-banner__button-text">Here鈥檚 how you know</span> </button> </div> </header> <div class="usa-banner__content usa-accordion__content" id="gov-banner-default"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-lg"> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230821021817im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-dot-gov.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Official websites use .gov</strong> <br/> A <strong>.gov</strong> website belongs to an official government organization in the United States. </p> </div> </div> <div class="usa-banner__guidance tablet:grid-col-6"> <img class="usa-banner__icon usa-media-block__img" src="/web/20230821021817im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/icon-https.svg" role="img" alt="" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="usa-media-block__body"> <p> <strong>Secure .gov websites use HTTPS</strong> <br/> A <strong>lock</strong> ( <span class="icon-lock"> <svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="52" height="64" viewbox="0 0 52 64" class="usa-banner__lock-image" role="img" aria-labelledby="banner-lock-title banner-lock-description" focusable="false"> <title id="banner-lock-title">Lock</title> <desc id="banner-lock-description">A locked padlock</desc><path fill="#000000" fill-rule="evenodd" d="M26 0c10.493 0 19 8.507 19 19v9h3a4 4 0 0 1 4 4v28a4 4 0 0 1-4 4H4a4 4 0 0 1-4-4V32a4 4 0 0 1 4-4h3v-9C7 8.507 15.507 0 26 0zm0 8c-5.979 0-10.843 4.77-10.996 10.712L15 19v9h22v-9c0-6.075-4.925-11-11-11z"/></svg> </span> ) or <strong>https://</strong> means you鈥檝e safely connected to the .gov website. Share sensitive information only on official, secure websites. </p> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </section> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> <div data-elastic-exclude> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <div class="nist-print-header" style="display:none;"> <p class="nist-print-header__url">https://www.nist.gov/publications</p> <img class="nist-print-header__logo" width="289" height="38" src="/web/20230821021817im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/nist_logo_sidestack.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology"/> </div> <div class="usa-overlay"></div> <header class="usa-header nist-header--www nist-header--minimal" role="banner"> <div class="usa-navbar"> <div class="usa-logo flex-fill"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" aria-label="Home"> <img src="/web/20230821021817im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/logo.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology" width="300px" height="80px"/> </a> </div> <div class="usa-header__right grid-row flex-auto"> <div class="grid-col-fill nist-header__search-group"> <form class="usa-search usa-search--small" accept-charset="UTF-8" action="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/search" id="search_form" method="get"> <div role="search"> <label class="usa-sr-only" for="search-form">Search NIST</label> <input class="usa-input" id="search-form" type="search" name="s" placeholder="Search NIST" required="" maxlength="128"> <button class="usa-button" type="submit"><img src="/web/20230821021817im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/usa-icons-bg/search--white.svg" class="usa-search__submit-icon" alt="Search"></button> </div> </form> </div> <div class="grid-col-auto padding-left-1"> <button class="usa-menu-btn">Menu</button> </div> </div> </div> <nav aria-label="Primary navigation" class="usa-nav"> <div class="usa-nav__inner"> <button class="usa-nav__close">Close</button> <ul class="usa-nav__primary usa-accordion"> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-1"><span>Topics</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-1" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/topics" class="usa-nav__link">All Topics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/advanced-communications" class="usa-nav__link">Advanced communications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/artificial-intelligence" class="usa-nav__link">Artificial intelligence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/bioscience" class="usa-nav__link">Bioscience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/buildings-construction" class="usa-nav__link">Buildings and construction</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/chemistry" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/climate" class="usa-nav__link">Climate</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/cybersecurity" class="usa-nav__link">Cybersecurity</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/electronics" class="usa-nav__link">Electronics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/energy" class="usa-nav__link">Energy</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/environment" class="usa-nav__link">Environment</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/fire" class="usa-nav__link">Fire</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/forensic-science" class="usa-nav__link">Forensic science</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/health" class="usa-nav__link">Health</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/information-technology" class="usa-nav__link">Information technology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/infrastructure" class="usa-nav__link">Infrastructure</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/manufacturing" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/materials" class="usa-nav__link">Materials</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/mathematics-statistics" class="usa-nav__link">Mathematics and statistics</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/metrology" class="usa-nav__link">Metrology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/nanotechnology" class="usa-nav__link">Nanotechnology</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/neutron-research" class="usa-nav__link">Neutron research</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/performance-excellence" class="usa-nav__link">Performance excellence</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/physics" class="usa-nav__link">Physics</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/public-safety" class="usa-nav__link">Public safety</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/resilience" class="usa-nav__link">Resilience</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/standards" class="usa-nav__link">Standards</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/transportation" class="usa-nav__link">Transportation</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <a class="usa-nav__link usa-current" href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications">Publications</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-3"><span>Labs &amp; Major Programs</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-3" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/laboratories" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratories</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/ctl" class="usa-nav__link">Communications Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/el" class="usa-nav__link">Engineering Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/itl" class="usa-nav__link">Information Technology Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/mml" class="usa-nav__link">Material Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/pml" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Measurement Laboratory</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/user-facilities" class="usa-nav__link">User Facilities</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/ncnr" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Center for Neutron Research</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/cnst" class="usa-nav__link">CNST NanoFab</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/research-test-beds" class="usa-nav__link">Research Test Beds</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/projects-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Research Projects</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/laboratories/tools-instruments" class="usa-nav__link">Tools &amp; Instruments</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/labs-major-programs/major-programs" class="usa-nav__link">Major Programs</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/baldrige" class="usa-nav__link">Baldrige Performance Excellence Program</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/chips" class="usa-nav__link">CHIPS for America Initiative</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/mep" class="usa-nav__link">Manufacturing Extension Partnership (MEP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/oam" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Advanced Manufacturing</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/spo" class="usa-nav__link">Special Programs Office</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">Technology Partnerships Office</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-4"><span>Services &amp; Resources</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-4" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/standards-and-measurements" class="usa-nav__link">Standards and Measurements</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/calibrations" class="usa-nav__link">Calibration Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/nvlap" class="usa-nav__link">Laboratory Accreditation (NVLAP)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/nist-quality-system" class="usa-nav__link">Quality System</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/srm" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Materials (SRMs)</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/standardsgov" class="usa-nav__link">Standards.gov</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/pml/time-and-frequency-division/time-services" class="usa-nav__link">Time Services</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/pml/owm" class="usa-nav__link">Office of Weights and Measures</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/services-resources/software" class="usa-nav__link">Software</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/data" class="usa-nav__link">Data</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/" class="usa-nav__link">Chemistry WebBook</a> </li> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://nvd.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">National Vulnerability Database</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/pml/productsservices/physical-reference-data" class="usa-nav__link">Physical Reference Data</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/srd" class="usa-nav__link">Standard Reference Data (SRD)</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/shop" class="usa-nav__link">Storefront</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/tpo" class="usa-nav__link">License &amp; Patents</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://csrc.nist.gov/" class="usa-nav__link">Computer Security Resource Center (CSRC)</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Research Library</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-5"><span>News &amp; Events</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-5" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/news" class="usa-nav__link">News</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/events" class="usa-nav__link">Events</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/blogs" class="usa-nav__link">Blogs</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/feature-stories" class="usa-nav__link">Feature Stories</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/awards" class="usa-nav__link">Awards</a> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/video-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Video Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/image-gallery" class="usa-nav__link">Image Gallery</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/pao/media-contacts" class="usa-nav__link">Media Contacts</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> <li class="usa-nav__primary-item"> <button class="usa-accordion__button usa-nav__link" aria-expanded="false" aria-controls="primary_menu-6"><span>About NIST</span></button> <div id="primary_menu-6" class="usa-nav__submenu usa-megamenu"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist" class="usa-nav__link">About Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us" class="usa-nav__link">Contact Us</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/visit" class="usa-nav__link">Visit</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/careers" class="usa-nav__link">Careers</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure" class="usa-nav__link">Our Organization</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/director" class="usa-nav__link">Office of the Director</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/director/nist-organization-structure/budget-planning" class="usa-nav__link">Budget &amp; Planning</a> </li> </ul> </li> </ul></div><div class="column-break tablet:grid-col-fill"><ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/work-nist" class="usa-nav__link">Work with NIST</a> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/history" class="usa-nav__link">History</a> <ul class="usa-nav__submenu-list"> <li> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/http://nistdigitalarchives.contentdm.oclc.org/" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Digital Archives</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/nist-museum" class="usa-nav__link">NIST Museum</a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/nist-and-nobel" class="usa-nav__link">NIST and the Nobel</a> </li> </ul> </li> <li class="usa-nav__submenu-item"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/education" class="usa-nav__link">Educational Resources</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul> </div> </nav> </header> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div data-drupal-messages-fallback class="hidden"></div> </div> <div id="block-nist-www-content" class="nist-block"> <section class="nist-page__content usa-section clearfix"> <a id="main-content" tabindex="-1"></a> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content-top"> <div class="nist-block"> <h1 class="nist-page__title">Publications</h1> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container margin-top-4"> <div class="grid-row grid-gap-6"> <div class="nist-page__region nist-page__region--content tablet-lg:grid-col-12"> <div class="views-exposed-form bef-exposed-form usa-form filters nist-block" novalidate="novalidate" data-drupal-selector="views-exposed-form-search-pubs-solr-search-publications"> <form action="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search" method="get" id="views-exposed-form-search-pubs-solr-search-publications" accept-charset="UTF-8" class="usa-form"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-k js-form-item-k"> <label for="edit-k" class="usa-label"> Search </label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-k" aria-describedby="edit-k--description" type="text" id="edit-k" name="k" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input"/> <div id="edit-k--description" class="description help-block"> Search Title, Abstract, Conference, Citation, Keyword or Author </div> </div> <ul class="usa-accordion usa-accordion--bordered usa-accordion--filters"> <li> <button type="button" aria-controls="edit-secondary-content" role="button" aria-controls="edit-secondary" aria-expanded="false" aria-pressed="false" class="usa-accordion__button display-inline-block">Advanced search</button> <div id="edit-secondary-content" class="usa-accordion__content"> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-t js-form-item-t"> <label for="edit-t" class="usa-label"> Title </label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-t" type="text" id="edit-t" name="t" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input"/> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-a js-form-item-a"> <label for="edit-a" class="usa-label"> Author </label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-a" type="text" id="edit-a" name="a" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input"/> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-select js-form-type-select form-item-ps js-form-item-ps"> <label for="edit-ps" class="usa-label"> NIST Pub Series </label> <div class="select-wrapper"><select data-drupal-selector="edit-ps" id="edit-ps" name="ps" class="form-select usa-select"><option value="All" selected="selected">- Any -</option><option value="8661">All NIST Publications</option><option value="2747816">Advanced Manufacturing Series (NIST AMS)</option><option value="8726">Building Science Series</option><option value="8701">Federal Inf. Process. Stds. (NIST FIPS)</option><option value="8691">Grant/Contract Reports (NISTGCR)</option><option value="8676">Handbook (NIST HB)</option><option value="8736">ITL Bulletin</option><option value="8671">J. Phys. &amp; Chem. Ref. Data (JPCRD)</option><option value="8666">Journal of Research (NIST JRES)</option><option value="8721">Letter Circular</option><option value="8716">Monograph (NIST MN)</option><option value="8706">National Construction Safety Team Act Reports (NIST NCSTAR)</option><option value="8696">Natl Std. Ref. Data Series (NIST NSRDS)</option><option value="8711">NIST Interagency/Internal Report (NISTIR)</option><option value="8731">Product Standards</option><option value="8681">Special Publication (NIST SP)</option><option value="8686">Technical Note (NIST TN)</option><option value="8741">Other</option></select></div> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-select js-form-type-select form-item-ta js-form-item-ta"> <label for="edit-ta" class="usa-label"> NIST Topic Areas </label> <select data-drupal-selector="edit-ta" multiple="multiple" name="ta[]" id="edit-ta" size="9" class="form-select usa-select"><option value="249466">Advanced communications</option><option value="2806886">-Open Radio Access Network (Open-RAN)</option><option value="248311">-Quantum communications</option><option value="2806891">-Spectrum sharing</option><option value="248316">-Wireless (RF)</option><option value="248321">Bioscience</option><option value="2806896">-Bioinformatics</option><option value="248876">-Biomanufacturing</option><option value="248326">-Biomaterials</option><option value="248336">-Cell biology</option><option value="248341">-Engineering / synthetic biology</option><option value="248346">-Genomics</option><option value="248351">-Glycomics</option><option value="2784896">-Metabolomics</option><option value="248361">-Microbial measurements</option><option value="248366">-Proteomics</option><option value="248371">Buildings and Construction</option><option value="248376">-Building codes and standards</option><option value="248381">-Building control systems</option><option value="248386">-Building damage and repair</option><option value="248391">-Building economics</option><option value="248396">-Building materials</option><option value="248551">-Energy efficiency</option><option value="248401">-Heating, ventilation and air conditioning equipment</option><option value="248406">-Indoor air quality</option><option value="248411">-Structural engineering</option><option value="2788796">-Thermal comfort</option><option value="248416">Chemistry</option><option value="248421">-Analytical chemistry</option><option value="248426">-Chemical engineering and processing</option><option value="248431">-Chemical thermodynamics and chemical properties</option><option value="248436">-Molecular characterization</option><option value="248441">-Theoretical chemistry and modeling</option><option value="248446">-Thermochemical properties</option><option value="248486">Electronics</option><option value="248491">-Electromagnetics</option><option value="248526">-Flexible electronics</option><option value="248496">-Magnetoelectronics</option><option value="248501">-Optoelectronics</option><option value="249491">-Organic electronics</option><option value="248511">-Semiconductors</option><option value="248516">-Sensors</option><option value="248521">-Superconducting electronics</option><option value="248531">Energy</option><option value="248536">-Alternative energy</option><option value="248541">-Conventional energy</option><option value="248546">-Electric power / smart grid</option><option value="248556">-Fuels</option><option value="248561">Environment</option><option value="248566">-Air / water / soil quality</option><option value="2788551">-Climate</option><option value="248571">-Environmental health</option><option value="248576">-Greenhouse gas measurements</option><option value="248581">-Marine science</option><option value="2746596">-Sustainability</option><option value="248586">Fire</option><option value="2746896">-Emergency building evacuation</option><option value="248591">-Fire detection</option><option value="2746901">-Fire dynamics and science</option><option value="248596">-Fire fighting</option><option value="248601">-Fire modeling</option><option value="248606">-Fire risk reduction</option><option value="248611">-Materials flammability</option><option value="2746906">-Structural fire resistance</option><option value="2746911">-Wildland urban interface fire</option><option value="248616">Forensic Science</option><option value="248626">-Digital evidence</option><option value="248636">-Drugs and toxicology</option><option value="248621">-Firearms and toolmarks</option><option value="248641">-Forensic biometrics</option><option value="248631">-Forensic genetics</option><option value="248646">-Trace evidence</option><option value="248651">Health</option><option value="248681">-Biopharmaceuticals</option><option value="248661">-Clinical diagnostics</option><option value="248666">-Dentistry</option><option value="248671">-Food and nutrition</option><option value="248676">-Medical imaging</option><option value="248686">-Precision medicine</option><option value="248656">-Regenerative medicine and advanced therapy</option><option value="249421">Information technology</option><option value="2753736">-Artificial intelligence</option><option value="2800826">--AI measurement and evaluation</option><option value="2788806">--Applied AI</option><option value="2788801">--Fundamental AI</option><option value="2800831">--Hardware for AI</option><option value="2800991">--Machine learning</option><option value="2800836">--Trustworthy and responsible AI</option><option value="248701">-Biometrics</option><option value="248706">-Cloud computing and virtualization</option><option value="248711">-Complex systems</option><option value="248716">-Computational science</option><option value="248721">-Conformance testing</option><option value="248726">-Cyber-physical systems</option><option value="2746861">--Smart cities</option><option value="248731">-Cybersecurity</option><option value="248746">--Cryptography</option><option value="2753741">--Cybersecurity education and workforce development</option><option value="2788811">--Cybersecurity measurement</option><option value="248736">--Identity and access management</option><option value="2788816">--Privacy engineering</option><option value="248751">--Risk management</option><option value="2788821">--Securing emerging technologies</option><option value="2788826">--Trustworthy networks</option><option value="2788831">--Trustworthy platforms</option><option value="248756">-Data and informatics</option><option value="248761">--Human language technology</option><option value="248766">--Information retrieval</option><option value="248771">--Natural language processing</option><option value="248781">-Federal information processing standards (FIPS)</option><option value="248786">-Health IT</option><option value="2748441">-Internet of Things (IoT)</option><option value="248796">-Interoperability testing</option><option value="2806901">-Location based services</option><option value="248801">-Mobile</option><option value="248806">-Networking</option><option value="2753766">--Mobile and wireless networking</option><option value="2753756">--Network management and monitoring</option><option value="248811">--Network modeling and analysis</option><option value="2753746">--Network security and robustness</option><option value="2753751">--Network test and measurement</option><option value="248816">--Next generation networks</option><option value="2753761">--Protocol聽design and standardization</option><option value="2753771">--Software defined and virtual networks</option><option value="248821">-Privacy</option><option value="248826">-Software research</option><option value="248841">--Software testing</option><option value="248846">-Usability and human factors</option><option value="248851">--Accessibility</option><option value="248776">-Video analytics</option><option value="2788836">-Virtual / augmented reality</option><option value="248856">-Visualization research</option><option value="248861">-Voting systems</option><option value="2748236">Infrastructure</option><option value="248866">Manufacturing</option><option value="248871">-Additive manufacturing</option><option value="2746601">-Factory communications</option><option value="248886">-Factory operations planning and control</option><option value="248891">-Interoperability in manufacturing</option><option value="248901">-Machining</option><option value="2788841">-Manufacturing economics</option><option value="248906">-Manufacturing systems design and analysis</option><option value="2784921">-Monitoring, diagnostics and prognostics</option><option value="2748446">-Process improvement</option><option value="248911">-Process measurement and control</option><option value="2748451">-Product data</option><option value="248916">-Quality assurance</option><option value="248921">-Robotics in manufacturing</option><option value="2748476">--Agility and adaptability</option><option value="2748456">--Collaborative robots</option><option value="2748461">--Dexterous grasping</option><option value="2748471">--Manipulation</option><option value="2748466">--Mobility and industrial autonomous vehicles</option><option value="2748486">--Navigation / actuation / control</option><option value="2748481">--Sensing and perception</option><option value="248926">-Supply chain</option><option value="248931">-Sustainable manufacturing</option><option value="2748491">-Systems engineering</option><option value="2748496">-Systems integration</option><option value="248936">-Technology commercialization</option><option value="248946">Materials</option><option value="248951">-Ceramics</option><option value="248956">-Composites</option><option value="248961">-Concrete / cement</option><option value="248966">-Materials characterization</option><option value="248971">--Composition and structure</option><option value="248981">--Mechanical properties</option><option value="248986">--Thermal properties</option><option value="248991">-Metals</option><option value="248996">-Modeling and computational material science</option><option value="249001">-Polymers</option><option value="249006">-Superconductors</option><option value="249011">Mathematics and statistics</option><option value="249016">-Experiment design</option><option value="249021">-Image and signal processing</option><option value="249031">-Modeling and simulation research</option><option value="249036">-Numerical methods and software</option><option value="249041">-Statistical analysis</option><option value="249046">-Uncertainty quantification</option><option value="249051">Metrology</option><option value="249061">-Amount of substance</option><option value="249066">-Dimensional metrology</option><option value="249071">-Electrical / electromagnetic metrology</option><option value="249081">-Flow metrology and rheology</option><option value="249086">-Force metrology</option><option value="249091">-Humidity metrology</option><option value="249096">-Ionizing radiation metrology</option><option value="249101">-Mass metrology</option><option value="2746606">-Metric</option><option value="249106">-Optical / photometry / laser metrology</option><option value="249111">-Pressure and vacuum metrology</option><option value="249116">-Thermometry metrology</option><option value="249121">-Time and frequency metrology</option><option value="2746611">-Weights and measures</option><option value="249126">Nanotechnology</option><option value="249131">-Nanobiotechnology</option><option value="249136">-Nanochemistry</option><option value="249141">-Nanoelectronics</option><option value="249146">-Nanofabrication / manufacturing</option><option value="249151">--Lithography</option><option value="249156">--Self-assembly</option><option value="249161">-Nanofluidics</option><option value="249166">-Nanomagnetics</option><option value="249171">-Nanomaterials</option><option value="249176">-Nanomechanics</option><option value="249181">-Nanometrology</option><option value="249186">-Nanophotonics</option><option value="249191">-Nanophysics</option><option value="249196">-Nanoplasmonics</option><option value="249451">Neutron research</option><option value="249426">Performance excellence</option><option value="249211">-Assessment tools and services</option><option value="249431">-Baldrige award</option><option value="249436">-Baldrige examiners</option><option value="249226">-Baldrige Framework and Criteria</option><option value="249231">-Best practices</option><option value="249236">-Leadership development</option><option value="249241">Physics</option><option value="249246">-Atomic / molecular / quantum</option><option value="249251">-Biological physics</option><option value="249256">-Condensed matter</option><option value="249261">-Electron physics</option><option value="249266">-Magnetics</option><option value="249271">-Nuclear physics</option><option value="249276">-Optical physics and communications</option><option value="249281">-Quantum information science</option><option value="249286">-Radiation</option><option value="249291">-Spectroscopy</option><option value="249296">-Thermodynamics</option><option value="249301">-Time and frequency</option><option value="249461">Public safety</option><option value="249311">-Chemical / Biological / Radiological / Nuclear / Explosives (CBRNE)</option><option value="249316">-First responder preparedness</option><option value="249321">-Law enforcement</option><option value="249331">-Public safety communications research</option><option value="249336">-Response robots</option><option value="249456">Resilience</option><option value="2746576">-Community resilience</option><option value="248456">-Disaster and failure studies</option><option value="248466">-Earthquake risk reduction</option><option value="2788846">-Resilience economics</option><option value="2746891">-Resilient materials</option><option value="248481">-Windstorm impact reduction</option><option value="249341">Standards</option><option value="249346">-Accreditation</option><option value="249416">-Calibration services</option><option value="249366">-Conformity assessment</option><option value="249371">-Documentary standards</option><option value="2748516">-Frameworks</option><option value="249376">-Reference data</option><option value="249381">-Reference instruments</option><option value="249386">-Reference materials</option><option value="249391">-Standards education</option><option value="249396">Transportation</option><option value="249401">-Aerospace</option><option value="249406">-Automotive</option></select> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-n js-form-item-n"> <label for="edit-n" class="usa-label"> Report Number </label> <input data-drupal-selector="edit-n" type="text" id="edit-n" name="n" value="" size="30" maxlength="128" class="form-text usa-input"/> </div> <div data-drupal-selector="edit-d-wrapper" id="edit-d-wrapper" class="js-form-wrapper form-wrapper"><div data-drupal-selector="edit-d-wrapper" id="edit-d-wrapper--2" class="js-form-wrapper form-wrapper"><div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-d-min js-form-item-d-min"> <label for="edit-d-min" class="usa-label"> Publication Date </label> <input placeholder="From" class="bef-datepicker form-text usa-input" autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="edit-d-min" type="text" id="edit-d-min" name="d[min]" value="" size="30" maxlength="128"/> </div> <div class="form-item js-form-item form-type-textfield js-form-type-textfield form-item-d-max js-form-item-d-max form-no-label"> <label for="edit-d-max" class="usa-label usa-sr-only"> <span class="usa-sr-only">Max Publication Date</span> </label> <input placeholder="To" class="bef-datepicker margin-top-0 form-text usa-input" autocomplete="off" data-drupal-selector="edit-d-max" type="text" id="edit-d-max" name="d[max]" value="" size="30" maxlength="128"/> </div> </div> </div> </div> </li> </ul><!-- USWDS fieldset end --> <div class="grid-col-12 form-actions js-form-wrapper form-wrapper" data-drupal-selector="edit-actions" id="edit-actions"><input data-drupal-selector="edit-submit-search-pubs-solr" type="submit" id="edit-submit-search-pubs-solr" value="Search" class="button js-form-submit form-submit usa-button"/></div> </form> </div> <div class="nist-block"> <div class="text-with-summary"> <p>This publications database includes many of the most recent publications of the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The database, however, is not complete. Additional publications are added on a continual basis.</p> <p>If you have difficulties in locating a specific publication, please contact inquiries@nist.gov and provide any information you may have, including title, author, publication series, or date published.</p> <div class="nist-callout"> <p>Looking for the&nbsp;<em><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/nist-research-library/journal-research-nist">Journal of Research of NIST</a>?</em></p> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">EXPLORE PUBLICATIONS BY TOPIC</h2> <div><div class="list-col-3 link-list js-view-dom-id-fc6c7771928133684fa899e4581e6524e33e767707685d33663cf90a35ca2e13"> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248421">Analytical chemistry (1,967)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248326">Biomaterials (1,711)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248321">Bioscience (1,131)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248371">Buildings and Construction (3,809)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248951">Ceramics (1,312)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248416">Chemistry (1,770)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248731">Cybersecurity (1,363)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248491">Electromagnetics (1,544)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248586">Fire (3,809)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=249421">Information technology (2,117)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248866">Manufacturing (2,054)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=248946">Materials (1,978)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=249051">Metrology (2,517)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=249241">Physics (2,086)</a></span></div></div> <div><div class="views-field views-field-name"><span class="field-content"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search?ta%5B0%5D=249001">Polymers (1,818)</a></span></div></div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="views-element-container nist-block"> <h2 class="nist-block__title">Recent Publications</h2> <div><div class="js-view-dom-id-c8f8b86496f9c4f6978f7cb50819cd6955645e3146af06105c8c9d68a132c681"> <div> <article role="article" about="/publications/impact-dynamic-prices-distribution-grid-power-quality" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/impact-dynamic-prices-distribution-grid-power-quality"><span>Impact of Dynamic Prices on Distribution Grid Power Quality</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-08-16T12:00:00Z">August 16, 2023</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">David Holmberg</span>, <span class="nist-author">Thomas Roth</span>, <span class="nist-author">Farhad Omar</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">Dynamic price signals may provide a way to support integration of customer distributed energy resources (DER) into the electric grid and to help manage DER</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/publications/laser-tracker-relative-range-error-evaluation-back-back-common-path-single-pass-and" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/laser-tracker-relative-range-error-evaluation-back-back-common-path-single-pass-and"><span>Laser tracker relative range error evaluation by the back-to-back, common path single pass, and common path double pass methods</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-08-16T12:00:00Z">August 16, 2023</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item">Marcos Motta de Souza, <span class="nist-author">Bala Muralikrishnan</span>, <span class="nist-author">Vincent Lee</span>, <span class="nist-author">Daniel S. Sawyer</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">The Dimensional Metrology Group (DMG) at the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) has a unique 60 m long length facility that provides</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/publications/report-2022-nist-rapid-microbial-testing-methods-rmtm-workshop" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/report-2022-nist-rapid-microbial-testing-methods-rmtm-workshop"><span>Report from the 2022 NIST Rapid Microbial Testing Methods (RMTM) Workshop</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-08-15T12:00:00Z">August 15, 2023</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Stephanie Servetas</span>, <span class="nist-author">Nancy Lin</span>, <span class="nist-author">Nadratun Chowdhury</span>, <span class="nist-author">Scott Jackson</span>, <span class="nist-author">Jason Kralj</span>, <span class="nist-author">Sheng Lin-Gibson</span>, Melody Sanders, <span class="nist-author">Tara Eskandari</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">Safety and quality of advanced therapies, including cellular, gene, and tissue-engineered medical products, is paramount for success of these products</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/publications/results-german-external-quality-assessment-schemes-sars-cov-2-antigen-detection" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/results-german-external-quality-assessment-schemes-sars-cov-2-antigen-detection"><span>Results of German external quality assessment schemes for SARS-CoV-2 antigen detection</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-08-14T12:00:00Z">August 14, 2023</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item">Laura Vierbaum, Nathalie Wojtalewicz, Peter Grunert, Anika Zimmerman, Annemarie Scholz, Sabine Goseberg, Patricia Kaiser, Ulf Duehring, Christian Drosten, Victor Max Corman, Daniela Niemeyer, Holger F. Rabenau, Martin Obermeier, Andreas Nitsche, Janine Michel, Jim Huggett, Denise O'Sullivan, Simon Cowen, <span class="nist-author">Peter Vallone</span>, <span class="nist-author">Megan Cleveland</span>, Samreen Falak, Andreas Kummrow, Ingo Schellenberg, Heinz Zeichhardt, Martin Kammel</div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">The COVID-19 pandemic illustrated the important role of diagnostic tests, including lateral flow tests (LFTs), in identifying patients and their contacts to</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/publications/measuring-permittivity-tensor-anisotropic-dysco3-110-ghz" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/measuring-permittivity-tensor-anisotropic-dysco3-110-ghz"><span>Measuring the permittivity tensor of anisotropic DyScO3 to 110 GHz</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-08-14T12:00:00Z">August 14, 2023</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Florian Bergmann</span>, <span class="nist-author">Meagan Papac</span>, <span class="nist-author">Nick Jungwirth</span>, <span class="nist-author">Bryan Bosworth</span>, <span class="nist-author">Tomasz Karpisz</span>, <span class="nist-author">Anna Osella</span>, <span class="nist-author">Lucas Enright</span>, Eric Marksz, <span class="nist-author">Angela Stelson</span>, <span class="nist-author">Chris Long</span>, <span class="nist-author">Nate Orloff</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">DyScO3 (DSO) is an attractive substrate on which to grow epitaxial thin films with extraordinary materials physics. However, its highly anisotropic permittivity</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/publications/recommendations-setting-criterion-assessing-commutability-secondary-calibrator" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/recommendations-setting-criterion-assessing-commutability-secondary-calibrator"><span>Recommendations for Setting a Criterion for Assessing Commutability of Secondary Calibrator Certified Reference Materials</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-08-11T12:00:00Z">August 11, 2023</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item">W. Greg Miller, Thomas Keller, Jeffrey Budd, Jesper Johansen, Mauro Panteghini, Neil Greenberg, Vincent Delatour, Ferruccio Ceriotti, Robert Rej, <span class="nist-author">Johanna Camara</span>, Liesbet Deprez, Finlay MacKenzie, Alicia Lyle, Eline van der Hagen, Chris Burns, Pernille Fauskanger, Sverre Sandberg</div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">A secondary higher-order calibrator is required to be commutable with clinical samples to be suitable for use in the calibration hierarchy of an end-user</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/publications/greek-translation-framework-improving-critical-infrastructure-cybersecurity" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/greek-translation-framework-improving-critical-infrastructure-cybersecurity"><span>Greek Translation of the Framework for Improving Critical Infrastructure Cybersecurity</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-08-11T12:00:00Z">August 11, 2023</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item"><span class="nist-author">Kevin Stine</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/publications/hofstadter-moire-butterfly-twisted-trilayer-graphene" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/hofstadter-moire-butterfly-twisted-trilayer-graphene"><span>Hofstadter moir茅 butterfly in twisted trilayer graphene</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-08-10T12:00:00Z">August 10, 2023</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item">Muhammad Imram, <span class="nist-author">Paul M. Haney</span>, Yafis Barlas</div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/publications/equation-state-thermodynamic-properties-helium" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/equation-state-thermodynamic-properties-helium"><span>An Equation of State for the Thermodynamic Properties of Helium</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-08-10T12:00:00Z">August 10, 2023</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item">Diego Ortiz Vega, Kenneth Hall, James Holste, <span class="nist-author">Allan H. Harvey</span>, <span class="nist-author">Eric W. Lemmon</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">This report documents the equation of state for fluid helium implemented in Version 10 of NIST's REFPROP Standard Reference Database. The equation of state is</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div> <article role="article" about="/publications/fundamentals-geometric-dimensioning-and-tolerancing-part-ii" class="nist-teaser"> <div class="nist-teaser__content-wrapper"> <header> <h3 class="nist-teaser__title"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/fundamentals-geometric-dimensioning-and-tolerancing-part-ii"><span>Fundamentals of Geometric Dimensioning and Tolerancing, Part II</span> </a></h3> <div class="nist-teaser__date"> <div class="daterange"><time datetime="2023-08-10T12:00:00Z">August 10, 2023</time> </div> </div> <div class="nist-teaser__type"> <div class="nist-field nist-field--label-inline text-long"> <div class="nist-field__label">Author(s)</div> <div class="nist-field__item">Jaime Berez, <span class="nist-author">Maxwell R. Praniewicz</span></div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="nist-teaser__content"> <div class="text-with-summary">This 45-60 minute presentation (part II of II) provides a contextual and technical introduction to the fundamentals of geometric dimensioning and tolerancing</div> </div> </div> </article> </div> <div class="more-link"><a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/publications/search">View All Publications</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> </div> </section> </div> <div data-elastic-exclude> <!-- nist-index-ignore-start --> <footer class="nist-footer padding-bottom-4"> <div class="grid-container nist-footer__info"> <div class="grid-row"> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__logo"> <a href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology" rel="home"> <img class="nist-footer__logo-img" src="/web/20230821021817im_/https://www.nist.gov/libraries/nist-component-library/dist/img/logo/NIST-Logo-Brand-White.svg" alt="National Institute of Standards and Technology logo" width="300px" height="42px"/> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__contact"> <h3 class="nist-footer__contact-heading">HEADQUARTERS</h3> <address> 100 Bureau Drive<br> Gaithersburg, MD 20899<br> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/tel:301-975-2000">301-975-2000</a> </address> <p> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/mailto:do-webmaster@nist.gov">Webmaster</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/about-nist/contact-us">Contact Us</a> | <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/visit">Our Other Offices</a> </p> </div> </div> <div class="tablet:grid-col-6"> <div class="nist-footer__social-links"> <a class="nist-social nist-social--twitter-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://twitter.com/NIST"> <span>Twitter</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--facebook-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.facebook.com/NIST"> <span>Facebook</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--linkedin-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.linkedin.com/company/nist"> <span>LinkedIn</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--instagram-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.instagram.com/nist/"> <span>Instagram</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--youtube-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.youtube.com/NIST"> <span>YouTube</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--giphy-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://giphy.com/nist"> <span>Giphy</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--rss-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/news-events/nist-rss-feeds"> <span>RSS Feed</span> </a> <a class="nist-social nist-social--envelope-white" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://public.govdelivery.com/accounts/USNIST/subscriber/new"> <span>Mailing List</span> </a> </div> <div class="nist-footer__feedback"> How are we doing? <a class="usa-button" rel="nofollow" href="/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/form/nist-gov-feedback?destination=/publications" title="Provide feedback">Feedback</a> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="grid-container"> <div class="nist-footer__nav" role="navigation"> <ul> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/privacy-policy">Site Privacy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/oism/accessibility">Accessibility</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/privacy">Privacy Program</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/oism/copyrights">Copyrights</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.commerce.gov/vulnerability-disclosure-policy">Vulnerability Disclosure</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/no-fear-act-policy">No Fear Act Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/office-director/freedom-information-act">FOIA</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/environmental-policy-statement">Environmental Policy</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/summary-report-scientific-integrity">Scientific Integrity</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.nist.gov/nist-information-quality-standards">Information Quality Standards</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://www.commerce.gov/">Commerce.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/http://www.science.gov/">Science.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/http://www.usa.gov/">USA.gov</a> </li> <li class="nist-footer__menu-item"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817/https://vote.gov/">Vote.gov</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </footer> <!-- nist-index-ignore-end --> </div> </div> <script type="application/json" data-drupal-selector="drupal-settings-json">{"path":{"baseUrl":"\/","scriptPath":null,"pathPrefix":"","currentPath":"node\/1564276","currentPathIsAdmin":false,"isFront":false,"currentLanguage":"en"},"pluralDelimiter":"\u0003","suppressDeprecationErrors":true,"ajaxPageState":{"theme":"nist_www","libraries":"back_to_top\/back_to_top_icon,back_to_top\/back_to_top_js,better_exposed_filters\/datepickers,better_exposed_filters\/general,chosen\/drupal.chosen,chosen_lib\/chosen.css,core\/drupal.collapse,core\/drupal.form,extlink\/drupal.extlink,google_analytics\/google_analytics,layout_discovery\/onecol,nist\/global,nist\/global-js,nist\/header-js,nist_linkit_filter\/nist_linkit_filter_ga,nist_siteimprove\/nist_siteimprove_js,nist_theme_toolbar_mod\/disable_link,nist_www\/global,nist_www\/global-js,nist_www\/microsite,system\/base,views\/views.module"},"back_to_top":{"back_to_top_button_trigger":100,"back_to_top_prevent_on_mobile":false,"back_to_top_prevent_in_admin":true,"back_to_top_button_type":"image","back_to_top_button_text":"Back to top"},"google_analytics":{"account":"G-HEQ0YF2VYL","trackOutbound":true,"trackMailto":true,"trackTel":true,"trackDownload":true,"trackDownloadExtensions":"7z|aac|arc|arj|asf|asx|avi|bin|bsh|c|csv|doc(x|m)?|dot(x|m)?|dw(fx|g|gd)|dxf|eps|epub|exe|f(90)|flv|gif|gz|gzip|hqx|jar|jpe?g|js|m1v|mp(2|3|4|e?g)|mobi|mov(ie)?|msi|msp|pdf|phps|pl|png|ppt(x|m)?|pot(x|m)?|pps(x|m)?|ppam|sld(x|m)?|thmx|qtm?|ra(m|r)?|rfa|rtf|rvt|sch|sea|sit|swf|tar|tgz|tif|txt|txz|wav|wma|wmv|wpd|wrl|xls(x|m|b)?|xlt(x|m)|xlam|xml|xsd|z|zip"},"nist_search":{"clickTracking":"search-report-click","isDebug":false,"clickTrackEnabled":true,"message":"NIST Search in debug mode. Check the browsers network inspector for Click Track reporting results..."},"data":{"extlink":{"extTarget":false,"extTargetNoOverride":false,"extNofollow":false,"extNoreferrer":false,"extFollowNoOverride":false,"extClass":"ext","extLabel":"(link is external)","extImgClass":false,"extSubdomains":true,"extExclude":"\\.gov\\\/|\\.mil\\\/|\\manufacturingusa\\.com\\\/","extInclude":"","extCssExclude":"","extCssExplicit":"","extAlert":true,"extAlertText":"Thank you for visiting NIST. We hope your visit was informative. We have provided a link to this site because it has information that may be of interest to our users. NIST does not necessarily endorse the views expressed or the facts presented on this site. Further, NIST does not endorse any commercial products that may be advertised or available on this site. Click OK to be directed to your link.","mailtoClass":"0","mailtoLabel":"(link sends email)","extUseFontAwesome":false,"extIconPlacement":"append","extFaLinkClasses":"fa fa-external-link","extFaMailtoClasses":"fa fa-envelope-o","whitelistedDomains":[]}},"ajaxTrustedUrl":{"\/publications\/search":true},"better_exposed_filters":{"datepicker":true,"datepicker_options":[]},"chosen":{"selector":"select:not([id=\u0027edit-field-event-date-0-duration\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-type-select\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-is-this-event-by-invite-only-or-open-to-the-public\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-who-is-the-primary-target-audience\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-state-province\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-2-state-province\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-timezone-optional-\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-target-audience-select\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-country\u0027]):not([id=\u0027edit-event-address-2-country\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Month\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Day\u0027]):not([title=\u0027Year\u0027]),.facets-dropdown","minimum_single":0,"minimum_multiple":0,"minimum_width":200,"use_relative_width":false,"options":{"disable_search":false,"disable_search_threshold":20,"allow_single_deselect":false,"search_contains":true,"placeholder_text_multiple":"Choose some options","placeholder_text_single":"Choose an option","no_results_text":"No results match","max_shown_results":null,"inherit_select_classes":true}},"user":{"uid":0,"permissionsHash":"582eea317b4636ab5a0dffc8c6a006df3d6901ea5610498a0bbefc925ea1da0f"}}</script> <script src="/web/20230821021817js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_JsBj7ehPa1-fR3oK5w0q2VPQQdelMsKDz4rixnGBOxE.js"></script> <script src="https://web.archive.org/web/20230821021817js_/https://siteimproveanalytics.com/js/siteanalyze_6017546.js" async></script> <script src="/web/20230821021817js_/https://www.nist.gov/sites/default/files/js/js_2sx4vgxMoDvTA9dPajdR8QpMxAjlTicIuvQSAQ3wQmA.js"></script> <script type="text/javascript">window.NREUM||(NREUM={});NREUM.info={"beacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","licenseKey":"37b7ccb661","applicationID":"1089704227","transactionName":"YFxUN0sADEdYVkBaClkWdwBNCA1aFkVVVABoWlcAUQQ=","queueTime":4,"applicationTime":35,"atts":"TBtXQQMaH0k=","errorBeacon":"gov-bam.nr-data.net","agent":""}</script></body> </html> <!-- FILE ARCHIVED ON 02:18:17 Aug 21, 2023 AND RETRIEVED FROM THE INTERNET ARCHIVE ON 05:23:18 Nov 25, 2024. JAVASCRIPT APPENDED BY WAYBACK MACHINE, COPYRIGHT INTERNET ARCHIVE. ALL OTHER CONTENT MAY ALSO BE PROTECTED BY COPYRIGHT (17 U.S.C. SECTION 108(a)(3)). --> <!-- playback timings (ms): captures_list: 0.634 exclusion.robots: 0.039 exclusion.robots.policy: 0.026 esindex: 0.01 cdx.remote: 11.311 LoadShardBlock: 2137.298 (3) PetaboxLoader3.resolve: 168.214 (4) PetaboxLoader3.datanode: 81.596 (4) load_resource: 121.583 -->

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10