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id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Menu nagusia</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Nabigazioa </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Azala" title="Azala bisitatu [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Azala</span></a></li><li id="n-Txikipedia" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Txikipedia:Azala"><span>Txikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-Ikusgela" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Atari:Hezkuntza/Ikusgela"><span>Ikusgela</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Txokoa" title="Proiektuaren inguruan, zer egin dezakezu, non aurkitu nahi duzuna"><span>Txokoa</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:AzkenAldaketak" title="Wikiko azken aldaketen zerrenda. [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Aldaketa berriak</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:Ausazkoa" title="Ausazko orrialde bat kargatu [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Ausazko orria</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" title="Aurkitzeko lekua."><span>Laguntza</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Azala" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="Entziklopedia askea" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-eu.svg" width="120" height="13" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:Bilatu" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Bilatu</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" aria-label="Wikipedia wikian bilatu" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Wikipedia(e)n bilatu [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Berezi:Bilatu"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Bilatu</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Itxura"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Itxura" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Itxura</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu" class=""><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Sasizientzia" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea." class=""><span>Sortu kontua</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Sasizientzia" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Hasi saioa</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Aukera gehiago" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tresna pertsonalak" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tresna pertsonalak</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_eu.wikipedia.org&uselang=eu"><span>Dohaintza egin</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:KontuaSortu&returnto=Sasizientzia" title="Kontu bat sortu eta horrekin saioa hastea eskatu nahi genizuke; ez da ezinbestekoa, ordea."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Sortu kontua</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Berezi:SaioaHasi&returnto=Sasizientzia" title="Izen ematera gonbidatzen zaitugu. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Hasi saioa</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Izena eman gabeko erabiltzaileentzako orrialdeak <a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Sarrera" aria-label="Artikuluak aldatzeari buruz gehiago ikasi"><span>gehiago ikasi</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEkarpenak" title="IP helbide honetatik egindako aldaketen zerrenda [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Ekarpenak</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Berezi:NireEztabaida" title="Zure IParen eztabaida [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Eztabaida</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Gunea"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Edukiak" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Edukiak</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mugitu alboko barrara</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">ezkutatu</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">⇑ Gora</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Ikuspegi_orokorra" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikuspegi_orokorra"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Ikuspegi orokorra</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Ikuspegi_orokorra-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Ikuspegi orokorra azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Ikuspegi_orokorra-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Terminoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Terminoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Etimología" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimología"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Etimología</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimología-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definizioa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definizioa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Definizioa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definizioa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sasizientzien_ezaugarriak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sasizientzien_ezaugarriak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Sasizientzien ezaugarriak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sasizientzien_ezaugarriak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Zehaztasunak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Zehaztasunak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Zehaztasunak</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Zehaztasunak-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Erakutsi/ezkutatu Zehaztasunak azpiatal</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Zehaztasunak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Azalpen_psikologikoa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Azalpen_psikologikoa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Azalpen psikologikoa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Azalpen_psikologikoa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terminoari_kritika" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terminoari_kritika"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Terminoari kritika</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terminoari_kritika-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Medikuntza_sasizientifikoaren_arriskuak_osasunean" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Medikuntza_sasizientifikoaren_arriskuak_osasunean"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Medikuntza sasizientifikoaren arriskuak osasunean</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Medikuntza_sasizientifikoaren_arriskuak_osasunean-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Adibidea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adibidea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Adibidea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adibidea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taula:_sasizientzia_kontsideratutako_alorrak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taula:_sasizientzia_kontsideratutako_alorrak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Taula: sasizientzia kontsideratutako alorrak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taula:_sasizientzia_kontsideratutako_alorrak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Erreferentziak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Erreferentziak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Erreferentziak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Erreferentziak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ikus,_gainera" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ikus,_gainera"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Ikus, gainera</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ikus,_gainera-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Kanpo_estekak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Kanpo_estekak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Kanpo estekak</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Kanpo_estekak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Edukiak" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eduki taularen ikusgarritasuna aldatu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Sasizientzia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Joan beste hizkuntza batean idatzitako artikulu batera. 81 hizkuntzatan eskuragarri." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-81" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">81 hizkuntza</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowetenskap" title="Pseudowetenskap – afrikaansa" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pseudowetenskap" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaansa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudociencia" title="Pseudociencia – aragoiera" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Pseudociencia" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%81" title="علم زائف – arabiera" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="علم زائف" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86%D8%B5_%D8%AF_%D8%A8%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A" title="صيونص د بلعاني – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="صيونص د بلعاني" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudociencia" title="Seudociencia – asturiera" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Seudociencia" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yalan_elml%C9%99r" title="Yalan elmlər – azerbaijanera" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Yalan elmlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaijanera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudosiyensya" title="Seudosiyensya – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Seudosiyensya" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псеўданавука – bielorrusiera" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Псеўданавука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="bielorrusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%8D%D1%9E%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псэўданавука – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Псэўданавука" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – bulgariera" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="অপবিজ্ঞান – bengalera" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অপবিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonauka" title="Pseudonauka – bosniera" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pseudonauka" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoci%C3%A8ncia" title="Pseudociència – katalana" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pseudociència" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%DA%95%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="زڕزانست – erdialdeko kurduera" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="زڕزانست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="erdialdeko kurduera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudov%C4%9Bda" title="Pseudověda – txekiera" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pseudověda" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txekiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ffugwyddoniaeth" title="Ffugwyddoniaeth – galesa" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Ffugwyddoniaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="galesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovidenskab" title="Pseudovidenskab – daniera" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pseudovidenskab" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowissenschaft" title="Pseudowissenschaft – alemana" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pseudowissenschaft" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemana" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CE%B5%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%BF%CE%B5%CF%80%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%AE%CE%BC%CE%B7" title="Ψευδοεπιστήμη – greziera" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψευδοεπιστήμη" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience – ingelesa" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Pseudoscience" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="ingelesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pse%C5%ADdoscienco" title="Pseŭdoscienco – esperantoa" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pseŭdoscienco" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperantoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudociencia" title="Pseudociencia – gaztelania" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pseudociencia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="gaztelania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoteadus" title="Pseudoteadus – estoniera" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pseudoteadus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="شبه‌علم – persiera" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شبه‌علم" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A4enn%C3%A4istiede" title="Näennäistiede – finlandiera" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Näennäistiede" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovakadidike" title="Pseudovakadidike – fijiera" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Pseudovakadidike" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fijiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudov%C3%ADsindi" title="Pseudovísindi – faroera" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Pseudovísindi" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="faroera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience – frantsesa" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pseudoscience" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="frantsesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowittenskip" title="Pseudowittenskip – mendebaldeko frisiera" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Pseudowittenskip" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="mendebaldeko frisiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudociencia" title="Pseudociencia – galiziera" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pseudociencia" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%9B%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%AE%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%9C%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%9E%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="છદ્મવિજ્ઞાન – gujaratera" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="છદ્મવિજ્ઞાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gujaratera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%90%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95-%D7%9E%D7%93%D7%A2" title="פסאודו-מדע – hebreera" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסאודו-מדע" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="छद्म विज्ञान – hindia" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="छद्म विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoznanost" title="Pseudoznanost – kroaziera" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pseudoznanost" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%81ltudom%C3%A1ny" title="Áltudomány – hungariera" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Áltudomány" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hungariera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscientia" title="Pseudoscientia – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Pseudoscientia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ilmu_semu" title="Ilmu semu – indonesiera" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Ilmu semu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hj%C3%A1fr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Hjáfræði – islandiera" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Hjáfræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscienza" title="Pseudoscienza – italiera" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pseudoscienza" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%96%91%E4%BC%BC%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="疑似科学 – japoniera" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="疑似科学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D2%93%D1%8B%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="Псевдоғылым – kazakhera" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Псевдоғылым" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakhera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9C%A0%EC%82%AC%EA%B3%BC%ED%95%99" title="유사과학 – koreera" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="유사과학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="koreera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scientia_falsa" title="Scientia falsa – latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Scientia falsa" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosiensa" title="Pseudosiensa – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Pseudosiensa" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudomokslas" title="Pseudomokslas – lituaniera" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pseudomokslas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseidozin%C4%81tne" title="Pseidozinātne – letoniera" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pseidozinātne" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – mazedoniera" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="mazedoniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%95%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9F%E0%B4%B6%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="കപടശാസ്ത്രം – malabarera" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="കപടശാസ്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malabarera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%9B%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="छद्म विज्ञान – marathera" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="छद्म विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudosains" title="Pseudosains – malaysiera" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pseudosains" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaysiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudowetenschap" title="Pseudowetenschap – nederlandera" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pseudowetenschap" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="nederlandera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovitskap" title="Pseudovitskap – nynorsk (norvegiera)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Pseudovitskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="nynorsk (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovitenskap" title="Pseudovitenskap – bokmål (norvegiera)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pseudovitenskap" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="bokmål (norvegiera)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%A5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਮਿਥਿਆ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – punjabera" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਮਿਥਿਆ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="punjabera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonauka" title="Pseudonauka – poloniera" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pseudonauka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoci%C3%AAncia" title="Pseudociência – portugesa" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pseudociência" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugesa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yanqa_hamut%27ay" title="Yanqa hamut'ay – kitxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Yanqa hamut'ay" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kitxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo%C8%99tiin%C8%9B%C4%83" title="Pseudoștiință – errumaniera" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pseudoștiință" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="errumaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – errusiera" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="errusiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudonauka" title="Pseudonauka – serbokroaziera" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pseudonauka" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbokroaziera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%93%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%A7_%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%96%E0%B6%BD_%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%9C%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%90%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B6%B8_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%84_%E0%B7%81%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B4" title="නවීන විද්‍යාවට අනුකූල නොවන දැණුම සහ ශිල්ප – sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="නවීන විද්‍යාවට අනුකූල නොවන දැණුම සහ ශිල්ප" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience" title="Pseudoscience – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pseudoscience" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoveda" title="Pseudoveda – eslovakiera" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pseudoveda" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovakiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psevdoznanost" title="Psevdoznanost – esloveniera" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Psevdoznanost" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="esloveniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoshkenca" title="Pseudoshkenca – albaniera" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Pseudoshkenca" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albaniera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псеудонаука – serbiera" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Псеудонаука" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudovetenskap" title="Pseudovetenskap – suediera" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pseudovetenskap" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suediera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sayansi_bandia" title="Sayansi bandia – swahilia" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Sayansi bandia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahilia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8B%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%BF_%E0%AE%85%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="போலி அறிவியல் – tamilera" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="போலி அறிவியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%A1" title="วิทยาศาสตร์เทียม – thailandiera" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="วิทยาศาสตร์เทียม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seudosiyensiya" title="Seudosiyensiya – tagaloa" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Seudosiyensiya" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagaloa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%B6zdebilim" title="Sözdebilim – turkiera" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sözdebilim" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkiera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псевдонаука – ukrainera" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Псевдонаука" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D8%A8%DB%81_%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85" title="شبہ علم – urdua" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="شبہ علم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soxta_fan" title="Soxta fan – uzbekera" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Soxta fan" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbekera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ng%E1%BB%A5y_khoa_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Ngụy khoa học – vietnamera" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Ngụy khoa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学 – wu txinera" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伪科学" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%AA%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%A6" title="伪科学 – txinera" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伪科学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="txinera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%AE-s%C5%AB_kho-ha%CC%8Dk" title="Gî-sū kho-ha̍k – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Gî-sū kho-ha̍k" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%81%87%E7%A7%91%E5%AD%B8" title="假科學 – kantonera" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="假科學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonera" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q483677#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Aldatu hizkuntzen arteko loturak" class="wbc-editpage">Aldatu loturak</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Izen-tarteak"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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Sasizientzia moduan izendatutako lehen diziplina izan zen.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Anatomical_Man.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Anatomical_Man.jpg/250px-Anatomical_Man.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="325" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Anatomical_Man.jpg/375px-Anatomical_Man.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Anatomical_Man.jpg/500px-Anatomical_Man.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1677" data-file-height="2179" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Astrologia" title="Astrologia">Astrologia</a> mendeetan benetako zientzia gisa onartua izan da.</figcaption></figure> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Rhustox.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Rhustox.jpg/250px-Rhustox.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="345" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Rhustox.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="261" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Homeopatia" title="Homeopatia">Homeopatiaren</a> botika, <i>Rhus toxicodendron</i>.</figcaption></figure> <p> <b>Sasizientzia</b> edo <b>pseudozientzia</b> (“zientzia faltsua” edo “gezurrezko <a href="/wiki/Zientzia" title="Zientzia">zientzia</a>”) ebidentzia-zientifikorik ez duen, edo <a href="/wiki/Metodo_zientifiko" title="Metodo zientifiko">metodo zientifiko</a> onargarririk ez duen baieztapen, iritzi edo praktika da, fidagarritzat hartu ezin dena eta estatus zientifikorik gabekoa<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Baieztapen hutsalak, kontrajarriak, gehiegizkoak edo faltsutu ezin daitezkeenak izan ohi dira. Gainera, proba zehatzak bilatu baino baieztapenen bila aritzen dira eta orokorrean jarraibide sistematikoen falta ematen da teoria arrazionalak garatzeko. </p><p><i>Sasizientzia</i> terminoa askotan <a href="/wiki/Gutxiesgarri" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutxiesgarri">gutxiesgarritzat</a> hartzen da, hitzak berak aditzera ematen duena delako zerbait faltsuki <i>zientzia</i> moduan aurkezten dela, benetan hala ez denean (<i>sasi</i>-zientzia). Horregatik, sasizientzia moduan identifikatzen ditugun praktikak garatzen dituzten pertsonei ez zaie termino honen erabilera gustatzen.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Zientzia eta sasizientziaren arteko bereizketak arazoak ekartzen ditu <a href="/wiki/Politika" title="Politika">politika</a> eta <a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">filosofia</a> arloetan, baita arazo zientifikoak ere.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ondorio praktikoak ere suposatzen ditu asistentzia medikoaren kasuan, azterlan judizialean, <a href="/wiki/Ingurumen" title="Ingurumen">ingurumen</a> politikan eta zientzien hezkuntzan.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heziketa eta alfabetizatze zientifikoaren zati bat da gertakizun eta teoria zientifikoak sineste pseudozientifikoetatik bereizten ikastea; <a href="/wiki/Astrologia" title="Astrologia">astrologian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">alkimian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza_alternatibo" title="Medikuntza alternatibo">medikuntza alternatiboan</a>, okultismoan edo <a href="/wiki/Kreazionismo" title="Kreazionismo">kreazioaren zientzian</a> egon daitezkeenak, adibidez.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Gune, praktika, gorputz edo <a href="/wiki/Jakintza" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Jakintza">jakintza</a> bat sasizientifikoa dela esan dezakegu ikerketa zientifikoa aurrera eramateko jarraibideak teorikoki betetzen dituela esan, baina praktikan betetzen ez dituenean. Errebelazio, <a href="/wiki/Teologia" title="Teologia">teologia</a> eta espiritualitateagatik bereizten da errealitatearen ulerkera jakintzaren ikerketa eta esperimentazio enpirikoen bidez ematen baitu. Kontuz ibili behar da zientziaren eta sasizientziaren arteko desberdintasunak ez baitira edonorentzat argiak: sinesmen sasizientifiko batzuk oso errotuak daude, baita kazetari eta zientzia irakasle batzuen artean ere. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikuspegi_orokorra">Ikuspegi orokorra</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikuspegi orokorra»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Ikuspegi orokorra"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminoa">Terminoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Terminoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Terminoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sasizientzia</i> kontzeptua negatiboki ulertzen da orokorrean, zientziatzat aurkezten duelako hau ez den zerbait, batzuetan baita nahita ere; eta ondorioz sasizientzia moduan izendatutako jarraitzaileek ez dute euren burua bertan kokatzen eta jarritako etiketa baztertzen dute. Baina bestetik, badaude komunitate zientifikoko kideak zantzu negatiboa alboratzen dutenak eta teoria, tesi zein ikerketa berrietarako balio dutela esaten dutenak. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Etimología"><span id="Etimolog.C3.ADa"></span>Etimología</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Etimología»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Etimología"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Sasizientzia</i> terminoa<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, erdarazko <i>pseudociencia</i> edo <i>seudociencia,</i> <a href="/wiki/Neologismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Neologismo">neologismo</a> bat da, <a href="/wiki/Greziera" title="Greziera">grekerazko</a> <i>pseudo</i>, «faltsua» eta <a href="/wiki/Latina_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Latina (argipena)">latineko</a> <i>ciencia</i>, «jakintza» hitzak batuaz. Nahiz eta terminoa bere horretan XVIII. mende amaieratik erabiltzen hasi zen, XIX. mende erdialdetik aurrera uste zen bazegoela zientzia errealetik bereizi beharreko termino moduan. Sasizientzia hitzaren lehenengotariko erabilera bat 1844ko <i>Northern Journal of Medicine</i>-tik dator, eta 1843an, François Magendie fisiologo frantsesaren obretann ere agertzen da. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Definizioa">Definizioa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Definizioa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Definizioa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Nahiz eta jakintza, metodologia edo praktika bat zientifikoa den esateko printzipioak alda daitezkeen eremuaren arabera, hainbat zehaztu daitezke komunitate zientifikoa ados egon daitekeena orokorrean.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hau da oinarrizko nozioa: Emaitza esperimental guztiak erreproduzitzeko gai eta beste ikerlari batzuek frogatzeko gai izan behar dira. Egoera berdinean dauden esperimentuak eginez jakingo da fenomenoaren hipotesia edo  teoria egokia eta fidagarria den. Metodo zientifikoa aplikatuko zaio esperimentuari eta bildutako datu guztiak dokumentatuak zein erabiltzeko moduan egon beharko dute ondoren egingo zaizkien errebisioetarako. </p><p>Orokorrean, metodologia zientifikoak froga enpiriko zehatz eta gogorrak egitea behartzen ditu teoriak; eta, aldiz, sasizientzian ezingo dira bazterketa sistemak aplikatu edo aldekoak teoria babestuko dute baztertu ahal izateko frogak egin gabe. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Karl_Popper" title="Karl Popper">Karl Popper</a>rek XX. mendearen erdialdean <i>faltsagarritasuna</i>ren kontzeptua sortu zuen zientzia eta ez-zientzia bereizteko.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Emaitza bat “faltsagarria” da okerra dela frogatzean, hau da, faltsua dela demostratzen duen esperimentu teoriko bat eraiki daitekeenean. Horrela, faltsagarriak diren baieztapenak zientziatzat har daitezke, eta, aldiz, faltsagarriak ez direnak ez-zientzia. Popperrek astrologia eta psikoanalisia erabili zituen sasizientziaren adibide moduan, eta Einsteinen erlatibitatearen teoria zientziaren adibidetzat. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Larry_Laudan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Larry Laudan (sortu gabe)">Larry Laudan</a> zientziaren filosofoak <i>sasizientziaren</i> kontzeptuak esanahi zientifikoa duela eta hautemate subjektibo baten deskribapena esateko erabiltzen dela esan zuen.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Modu berean, kritiko batzuek katerik egiten ez duten denbora pasa moduan hartzen dute sasizientzia, baina <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dawkins" title="Richard Dawkins">Richard Dawkins</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Sagan" title="Carl Sagan">Carl Sagan</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Michael_Shermer%E2%80%8B&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Michael Shermer (sortu gabe)">Michael Shermer</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> y <a href="/wiki/Mario_Bunge" title="Mario Bunge">Mario Bunge</a><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> etab. bezalako beste batzuek, aldiz, uste dute sasizientziaren edozein adar kaltegarria dela, kalteak momentuan eragin edo ez. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sasizientzien_ezaugarriak">Sasizientzien ezaugarriak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Sasizientzien ezaugarriak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Sasizientzien ezaugarriak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zientzia erreal eta sasi-zientziak bereizten dituzten autoreek hainbat ezaugarri zehazten dituzte, eta nahiz eta ez duten zertan denek atera behar, bereizketa egiten laguntzen dute:<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Ez dute barne eta kanpo oinarririk. Hau da, kontraesan logikoak pairatzen dituzte eta ez dira beste zientziekin integratzen. Ez dira beste diziplinen gorputz teorikoekin koherenteak, eta gainontzeko azalpenak baztertzen dituzte fenomenoa azaltzeko alternatiba hobeak eman gabe ezta hau egiteko beharra onartu gabe ere.</li> <li>Ez dituzten zientzian erabiltzen diren metodoak aplikatzen. Zientziatzat onartua izateko behatzailearen usteetatik at independenteki izan behar du onargarria. Baina, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Norwood_Russell_Hanson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Norwood Russell Hanson (sortu gabe)">Norwood Russell Hanson</a>ek 1958an idatzitako <i>Patterns of discovery</i> liburuan, eta  <a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgensteinen</a> <i>Ikerketa filosofikoak</i> (<i>Philosophische Untersuchungen</i>). <a href="/wiki/1953" title="1953">1953</a> idazlanean oinarrituta, zehazten du edozein behaketa beti egongo dela behatzailearen ikuskeran oinarrituta.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dogmatismo" title="Dogmatismo">Dogmatikoak</a> dira. Ezeztatuak ez izateko daude prestatuak oinarriak. Zientzietan, aldiz, oinarri hauek errefusatuak izan daitezke hipotesi edo teoria zehatzetan oinarrituta baitaude.</li> <li>Aldaezinak dira. <b>Oinarri esperimentalik ez</b> izatean, ez dira aldatzen ezta aurkikuntza berriekin. Autoritate teoriko gorena dago, diziplinaren fundatzaileei esleitua, eta bertako ikasketak idatzi sakratu moduan hartzen dira.</li> <li>Ez dute <a href="/wiki/Ockhamen_labana" title="Ockhamen labana">Ockhamen labanaren</a> legea (edo parsimonia printzipioa) betetzen: metodo heuristiko honetan baldintza berdinetan azalpen errazena duena izango da aukera gehien duena egokia edo zehatza izateko. Eta betetzen denean arrazionalak ez diren azalpenetan oinarritzen dira, adibidez <a href="/wiki/Kreazionismo" title="Kreazionismo">kreazionismoa</a> deituriko munduaren sorreraren azalpenak dena azaltzen du oinarri batetik: Jainkoa.</li> <li>Ez ditu <a href="/wiki/Lege" title="Lege">lege</a> unibertsalak bilatzen.</li> <li>Zientziak egindako kritikak ez dituzte onartzen, <i><a href="/wiki/Ad_hominem" class="mw-redirect" title="Ad hominem">ad hominem</a></i> moduko <a href="/wiki/Falazia" title="Falazia">falaziak</a> erabilita askotan, konspirazioak direla argudiatuz, edo jazarpen bat jasaten ari direla esaten dutelarik beren planteamenduak ezeztatzen dituztenean.</li> <li>Izate immaterial edo naturaz gaindikoak erabiltzen dituzte (indar bitala, sorkuntza jainkotiarra, inkontziente metafisikoa, energia kosmikoa, etab.) eta, aldi berean, zein kontraesanean, ikusgarriak diren fenomenoek esku hartzen dutela esaten dute.</li> <li>Ez dituzte beren teoriek izan ditzaketen (edo dituzten) arazoak konpontzeko teoria berriak garatzen eta ez dute autokritikarako gaitasunik izaten.</li> <li>Beren izaera zientifikoa onartzea eskatzen dute, baina soilik ikusle orokorraren aurrean. Horrela, baztertu egiten dute beren azalpenak komunitate zientifikoak justifikatzeko edo frogatzeko aukera. Estatus zientifikoa eskatzeak bereizten ditu <a href="/wiki/Erlijio" title="Erlijio">erlijioa</a> edo <a href="/wiki/Metafisika" title="Metafisika">metafisika</a> bezalako beste eremu batzuetatik.</li> <li>Itxuraz zientifikoa den baina modu okerrean edo engainagarrian erabiltzen den <a href="/wiki/Terminologia" title="Terminologia">terminologia</a> erabiltzen dute.</li> <li>Ezohiko baieztapenak edo baieztapen harrigarriak, baina neurri bereko aparteko frogarik gabe egiten dituzte.</li> <li>Pasadizoak, gertakizunak, esperientzia jakin batzuk... aipatu ohi dituzte aurkeztutako "frogen" funtsezko zati gisa, askotan, fidagarritasuna emateko, ospetsuak diren pertsonak aipatuz.</li> <li>Baieztapen frogaezinak egiten dituzte, autoritate-printzipioetan edo antzeko <a href="/wiki/Falazia" title="Falazia">falazietan</a> oinarrituak.</li> <li>Ezarritako egitate zientifiko adostuekin kontraesanean dauden baieztapen harrigarriak egiten dituzte. Gainerako ikerketarekin loturarik gabe, edo gainerako ikerketak mespretxatzen.</li> <li>Ez da onartzen <a href="/wiki/Parekoen_ebaluazio" title="Parekoen ebaluazio">parekoen berrikuspen</a> egokirik. Komunitate zientifikoan ustelkeria, aurreiritziak, bekaizkeria handia dagoela iradoki, eta horrelako komunitate zientifiko usteletik kanpo egoteko beharra aldarrikatzen dute.</li> <li>Auto-zuzenketarik eza: sasi-zientziek bere horretan diraute, ezeztatuak izan arren. Egindako iragarpenek huts egin arren.</li> <li>Zientzialari akademikoei egozten zaie, euren jakintza arloaz ere oso gutxi dakitela eta "sasi-zientzialariek" aldarrikatzen duten "jakintza" ulertzeko gai ez direla. Edo aurreiritziengatik edo bekaizkeriagatik ez dutela ikasi nahi.</li> <li>Sasizientzian ohikoak izaten dira honelako argudioak: "hori iniziatuok bakarrik ikertu dugu, zientzialari "ofizialek" ez, beraz guk bakarrik jakin ahal izan dugu"; "denborak arrazoi emango digu"; "<a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einsteini</a> ere, hasieran, ez zioten sinetsi nahi izan"; "geroago, askotan, ikusi egin da gehiengoa oker zebilela"; "zientzialari harroputz horien ustea, ikuspuntu bat besterik ez da, ikuspuntu oro da zilegi baina"; "zientzialariek sekta bat osatzen dute, eta euren diziplinara lerratzen ez bazara, oldarkor baztertu egiten zaituzte"...</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Zehaztasunak">Zehaztasunak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Zehaztasunak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Zehaztasunak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Azalpen_psikologikoa">Azalpen psikologikoa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Azalpen psikologikoa»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Azalpen psikologikoa"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pentsamendu sasizientifikoa <a href="/wiki/Psikologia" title="Psikologia">psikologia</a> y <a href="/wiki/Psikologia_sozial" class="mw-redirect" title="Psikologia sozial">psikologia soziala</a>ren terminoetan azaldu da. Gizakiaren joera bat da bazterkeria bilatu ordez baieztapena bilatzea, uste erosoetan geratzea eta orokortzea. Aipatutako hori hauek sasizientziaren ezaugarri moduan ere azaltzen zaizkigu. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Beyerstein&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Beyerstein (sortu gabe)">Beyerstein</a> (1991) dioenaren arabera, gizakiak itxuraren araberako asoziazioak egiteko joera daukagu, eta askotan kausa-efektuaren pentsamenduan akatsak egiten ditugu.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Filosofia" title="Filosofia">Filosofian</a> <a href="/wiki/Falazia" title="Falazia">falaziatzat</a> jo daitezkeen hainbat argumentazio mota ontzat hartzen dira sasi-zientzietan. Gainera, <a href="/wiki/Psikologia" title="Psikologia">psikologiak</a> hainbat <a href="/wiki/Isuri_kognitibo" title="Isuri kognitibo">isuri kognitiboren</a> ezagutza gehi ditzake azalpenetara. Gizakiok joera daukagu zenbait iturritatik jasotako informazioa sinesteko, sinesmen antzekoak dutenen taldeetan elkartzeko, norberaren sinesmenekin bat datozen informazio iturrietatik edateko, eta kontrako datuak eskaintzen dituzten informazioak baztertzeko (<a href="/wiki/Berreste_alderako_isuri" title="Berreste alderako isuri">baieztatze alderako isuria</a>), etab. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terminoari_kritika">Terminoari kritika</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Terminoari kritika»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Terminoari kritika"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Paul_Feyerabend" title="Paul Feyerabend">Paul Feyerabend</a> filosofoak zioen zientziaren eta sasizientziaren arteko bereizketa ez dela ez posiblea ez nahigarria.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Richard McNally, Harvardeko unibertsitateko Psikologiako katedradunak, zioen <i>sasizientzia</i>  terminoa modazko hitz bat bihurtu dela etsaiei aurre egiteko modu bezala eta besteen baieztapenak edo tratamenduak zalantzan jarri eta <i>sasizientifikoak</i> direla esan ordez, galdera batzuk egin behar genituzkeela: nola dakigu tratamenduak funtzionatzen duen? Zein dira bere frogak?<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Medikuntza_sasizientifikoaren_arriskuak_osasunean">Medikuntza sasizientifikoaren arriskuak osasunean</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Medikuntza sasizientifikoaren arriskuak osasunean»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Medikuntza sasizientifikoaren arriskuak osasunean"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Metodo sendatzaileen merkatu handi bat dago eta askotan mekanismo sendatzaile hauek ikerketa batzuek balioztatzen dituzte; askotan metodo magiko tradizionalak deiturik. “Sasi-medikuntza” hauetako asko zabaldu egin dira egun interneten ondorioz eta kasu berezienetako bat (zabalpenagatik) <a href="/wiki/Homeopatia" title="Homeopatia">homeopatia</a> da: honen inkongruentzia bere sortzailea, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Hahnemann" title="Samuel Hahnemann">Samuel Hahnemann</a>, bizirik zegoela eman zen.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Izaera sasizientifikoko hainbat tratamendu alternatiboak istripu larriak eragin ditzake, eta baita heriotza kasuren batzuetan ere. Baina, hala ere, onartzen da orokorrean osasunerako izan dezaketen arrisku handiena, eraginkorra ez den metodo batean konfiatuta, eraginkorragoak izan daitezkeen beste neurri batzuk ez hartzea da; hala nola, ohitura osasuntsuak edo frogatutako eraginkortasuna duen mediku baten tratamendua. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Adibidea">Adibidea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Adibidea»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Adibidea"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>"Fecomagnetismo" izeneko "terapia alternatiboa" sortu zuten<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, behin, sasimedikuntzaren, sasizientziaren, trikimailuak erabiliz. </p><p>Sasizientzietan ohikoak diren trikimailuak erabili ziren: azalpen sasizientifiko korapilatsuak, terapiaren aurkitzaileen edo sortzaileen <a href="/wiki/Curriculum_vitae" title="Curriculum vitae">curriculum vitae</a> landuak, zuzeneko testimonio harrigarriak, taulak datu zehatzekin, argazkiak, argitalpen itxurosoen aipuak<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, auto-aipuak... </p><p>Hasieratik argi zegoen dena muntaia hutsa zela. Baina kontuak arrakasta izan omen zuen. Sinetsi nahi zuten batzuek edo sinesteko beharra zuten batzuek liburuen aurkezpenak edo liburuen aitzinsolasak egiteko eskatu zieten, hitzaldiak emateko deitu zieten, etab. Pertsona horietako batek ere ez zuen zalantzan jarri fecomagnetoterapiaren eraginkortasuna; inork ez zien eskatu frogak erakusteko. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taula:_sasizientzia_kontsideratutako_alorrak">Taula: sasizientzia kontsideratutako alorrak</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Taula: sasizientzia kontsideratutako alorrak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Taula: sasizientzia kontsideratutako alorrak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Alkimia" title="Alkimia">Alkimia</a> </td> <td>Gaur egun kimika, metalurgia, astrologia eta fisikaz ezagutzen ditugun zientziak biltzen zituen praktika zen, nahiz eta orain ez den maiz erabiltzen. XIX. mendetik aurrera jarraitzaileak izateari utzi zion, astrologiaren kontrara. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Gli_alchimisti_1757_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Gli_alchimisti_1757_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg/150px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Gli_alchimisti_1757_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Gli_alchimisti_1757_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg/225px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Gli_alchimisti_1757_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Gli_alchimisti_1757_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg/300px-Ca%27_Rezzonico_-_Gli_alchimisti_1757_-_Pietro_Longhi.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4490" data-file-height="5382" /></a><figcaption>Alkimistaren laborategia.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Astrologia" title="Astrologia">Astrologia</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Planeta, izar eta sateliteen posizio erlatiboaren eta pertsonen nortasun eta etorkizunaren arteko erlazioa bilatzen duen zientzia da. Nahiz eta antzinarotik tradizio luzea izan duen sinesmen sistema baten moduan, bere oinarriak zientzia moduan Errenazimentuan ezarri ziren. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Astro_detail_sm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/77/Astro_detail_sm.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="123" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="144" data-file-height="123" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bach_loreak" class="mw-redirect" title="Bach loreak">Bach loreak</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Lore jakin batzuk eguzkitan eseki eta gero ahalmen sendatzaileak dituztela uste duen zientzia da, baina ez da frogatu balio terapeutikorik duenik, plazebo efektutik haratago. Sendabidearen prestakuntzan, hainbat lore uretan eta eguzkitan uzten dira, uretan geratzen dena ondoren iragaziaz. Hau, ordea, ez dago frogatua inongo mekanismo fisiko-kimiko zehatzik eragiten duenik. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Bach_flower_remedies.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bach_flower_remedies.jpg/220px-Bach_flower_remedies.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bach_flower_remedies.jpg/330px-Bach_flower_remedies.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/Bach_flower_remedies.jpg/440px-Bach_flower_remedies.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3888" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Feng_shui" title="Feng shui">Feng shui</a> </td> <td><i>Chi</i>a bezalako energietan sinesten duen zientzia da. Zalantzakorra da, ez bakarrik energia bat ezin delako jakin negatiboa edo positiboa den, baizik eta ezin delako frogatu gizakiongan eragina izan dezakeenik. Ondorioz, ezin da esan balore terapeutikorik duenik. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Mais_Feng_Shui.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mais_Feng_Shui.jpg/220px-Mais_Feng_Shui.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mais_Feng_Shui.jpg/330px-Mais_Feng_Shui.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Mais_Feng_Shui.jpg/440px-Mais_Feng_Shui.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="500" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisiognom%C3%ADa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisiognomía (sortu gabe)">Fisiognomia</a> </td> <td>Antzinaroan asmakuntza arte bat bezala garatu zen, aurpegiko ezaugarrien bidez patua asmatzen zuena. Lavater, XVIII. mendea amaieran horrela deitu zion pertsona baten izaera ezagutzeko bere aurpegiko ezaugarriei eta kopetaren formari begiratzen zion zientziari. Azken hau XX. mendeko lehen erdialdean berreskuratu zuen arrazismo sasizientifikoak juduen eta esklaboen aurka aritzeko. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Messung_der_L%C3%A4nge_des_rechten_Ohres.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Messung_der_L%C3%A4nge_des_rechten_Ohres.jpg/100px-Messung_der_L%C3%A4nge_des_rechten_Ohres.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="157" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Messung_der_L%C3%A4nge_des_rechten_Ohres.jpg/150px-Messung_der_L%C3%A4nge_des_rechten_Ohres.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Messung_der_L%C3%A4nge_des_rechten_Ohres.jpg/200px-Messung_der_L%C3%A4nge_des_rechten_Ohres.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1512" data-file-height="2371" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Frenologia" title="Frenologia">Frenologia</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Pertsona baten izaera eta nortasuna burezurraren formak zehaztu dezakeela baieztatzen duen teoria izan zen. Uste zen jarrera desberdinak izateak garunaren leku desberdinek kontrolatzen zutela. Ez da craniometría edo fisonomíarekin nahastu behar, azken hauek burezurreko hezurrak eta aurpegiko ezaugarriak aztertzen baitituzte nortasunaren inguruko informaziorik bilatu gabe. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Phrenology1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/150px-Phrenology1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/225px-Phrenology1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Phrenology1.jpg/300px-Phrenology1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="529" /></a><figcaption>Frenologiaren diagrama.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Grafologia" title="Grafologia">Grafologia</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Idazkera eta pertsonaren nortasunaren erlazioan sinisten duen zientzia da. Ez da kaligrafia forensearekin nahastu behar, hau justizian teknika osagarri bezala erabiltzen baita idatzi bat pertsona zehatz batena den zehazteko. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Shakspeare_signature.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shakspeare_signature.jpg/220px-Shakspeare_signature.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Shakspeare_signature.jpg/330px-Shakspeare_signature.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/71/Shakspeare_signature.jpg 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="47" /></a><figcaption>William Shakespeareren sinadura.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Holokaustoa" title="Holokaustoa">Holokaustoaren</a> negazionismoa </td> <td>Holokaustoaren negazionismoa sasizientzia bezala hartzen da (historiako arloan) ez errebisionista delako, <a href="/wiki/Metodo_zientifiko" title="Metodo zientifiko">metodo zientifikoaren</a> printzipio guztiak ezeztatzen dituelako baizik; ez dira jada badauden proba eta lekukoetan oinarritzen. Negazionista hauek beraien gustuko teoriak elaboratzen dituzte eta historia berridazten dute, falazietan oinarrituz. Honen ondorioz, historiatzaileek idazki hauek guztiak txarto daudela eta fidagarriak ez direla diote. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Buchenwald_Ploemnitz_Cemetery.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Buchenwald_Ploemnitz_Cemetery.jpg/220px-Buchenwald_Ploemnitz_Cemetery.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Buchenwald_Ploemnitz_Cemetery.jpg/330px-Buchenwald_Ploemnitz_Cemetery.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Buchenwald_Ploemnitz_Cemetery.jpg/440px-Buchenwald_Ploemnitz_Cemetery.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="348" /></a><figcaption>Buchenwald hilerria.</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Homeopatia" title="Homeopatia">Homeopatia</a> </td> <td>Alkimiatik datorren praktika dela uste da. Zientifikoek, homeopatiaren aurka egiteko, <a href="/wiki/Plazebo" title="Plazebo">plazebo</a> efektuarekin erlazionatzen dute. Teoria honek onartzen du urak modu batean edo bestean noizbait berarekin kontaktuan egon diren propietate kimikoak “gogoratu” egiten dituela, baina ez dago ikerketa enpirikorik uraren memoriaren hipotesia baieztatzen duenik.<figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:DoseOscillococcinum.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0d/DoseOscillococcinum.jpg" decoding="async" width="163" height="130" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="163" data-file-height="130" /></a><figcaption>Homeopatia bolatxoak (<i>Oscillococcinum</i>)</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kreazionismoa" class="mw-redirect" title="Kreazionismoa">Kreazionismoa</a> </td> <td>Eboluzioaren teoria ukatu eta hipotesi ezberdinak dituen zientzia da. Katolikoek, adibidez, Jainkoak bizitza sortu zuela uste dute. Egun indarrean (eta kreazionismoaren aurka) dagoen izaki bizidunen jatorriaren inguruko teoria eboluzioarena da. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:CREACIIONISM.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CREACIIONISM.png/220px-CREACIIONISM.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/CREACIIONISM.png/330px-CREACIIONISM.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/48/CREACIIONISM.png 2x" data-file-width="428" data-file-height="308" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kiropraktika" title="Kiropraktika">Kiropraktika</a><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kiropraktika David D. Palmer magnetoterapeutak sortu zuen <a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a>n XIX. mendearen amaieran. Honen arabera, gaixotasunak ornoen subfluxazioek eragindako berezko inteligentziaren fluxu oker baten ondorioa dira. Garbi dago <a href="/wiki/Medikuntza" title="Medikuntza">medikuntzak</a> ez datorrela bat honekin. Gaixotasun hauek tratatzeko, presio edo giro gogorrak aplikatzen dira <a href="/wiki/Bizkarrezur" title="Bizkarrezur">bizkarrezurraren</a> puntu desberdinetan. <p>Badaude argitalpen zientifikoak, tratamendu hauek arterietan eragin duten presioaren ondorioz eman diren bihotzekoak erakusten dituztenak. Hala ere esan behar da, masaje moduan, bizkarreko minak arintzen dituztela epe laburrean. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg/220px-Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg/330px-Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg/440px-Chiropractic_spinal_adjustment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3052" data-file-height="2372" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kriptozoologia" title="Kriptozoologia">Kriptozoologia</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Kriptozoologia zoologia modernoarentzat ezezagunak diren animalia hipotetikoen azterketa da, orokorrean lekukoei elkarrizketak eginez edo edozein arrasto fisiko (aztarnak, gorozkiak, tximak, etab.) bilatuaz. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:B5bugerbear_Colored_Version.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/B5bugerbear_Colored_Version.jpg/100px-B5bugerbear_Colored_Version.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="129" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/B5bugerbear_Colored_Version.jpg/150px-B5bugerbear_Colored_Version.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/B5bugerbear_Colored_Version.jpg/200px-B5bugerbear_Colored_Version.jpg 2x" data-file-width="258" data-file-height="333" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Magnetoterapia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Magnetoterapia (sortu gabe)">Magnetoterapia</a> </td> <td>Imanen bidez gaixotasunak sendatzen dituen zientzia da. IHESaren kasuan, adibidez, uste zen barne patogenoek erregularizazioa galtzen zutela. Hala ere, ez dago ebidentziarik eta sortzailea iruzurra esan izanaz izan zen akusatua. Uste da minak gutxitu edo kendu ditzakeela, nahiz eta pertsonaren arabera emaitzak alda daitezkeen. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Numerologia" title="Numerologia">Numerologia</a><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Mundua matematikoki soilik deszifratu daitekeela esaten du zientzia honek, <a href="/wiki/Pitagoras" title="Pitagoras">Pitagorasek</a> gaiaren inguruko lehen zertzelada batzuk eman zituelarik. Pitagorikoek defendatzen zuten Lurra, Eguzkia eta gainontzeko planeta ezagunek 1 zenbakiaren indarraren inguruan ematen zutela bira. <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:De_Occulta_Philosophia_-_Proportionen_des_Menschen_und_ihre_geheimen_Zahlen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/De_Occulta_Philosophia_-_Proportionen_des_Menschen_und_ihre_geheimen_Zahlen.jpg/150px-De_Occulta_Philosophia_-_Proportionen_des_Menschen_und_ihre_geheimen_Zahlen.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/De_Occulta_Philosophia_-_Proportionen_des_Menschen_und_ihre_geheimen_Zahlen.jpg/225px-De_Occulta_Philosophia_-_Proportionen_des_Menschen_und_ihre_geheimen_Zahlen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/De_Occulta_Philosophia_-_Proportionen_des_Menschen_und_ihre_geheimen_Zahlen.jpg/300px-De_Occulta_Philosophia_-_Proportionen_des_Menschen_und_ihre_geheimen_Zahlen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1750" data-file-height="1748" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piramidologia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Piramidologia (sortu gabe)">Piramidologia</a><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Oinarri laukidun piramide forma duten objektuek hainbat fenomeno sor ditzaketenaren ustea. Adibidez: elikagaiak normala baino denbora gehiagoz fresko mantentzea. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/220px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/330px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg/440px-All_Gizah_Pyramids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4372" data-file-height="2906" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Poligrafo_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poligrafo (argipena)">Poligrafia</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Poligrafo_(argipena)" class="mw-disambig" title="Poligrafo (argipena)">Poligrafoa</a> hainbat ikerketa zientifikok kolokan jarri duten teknika da. Izan ere, ez omen da esistitzen gezurra esatearen eta patroi fisiologiko espezifiko baten arteko erlaziorik eta ez da efektu plazeboagandik bereizi. Hala ere, bere erabilera nahiko zabaldua dago polizien alorrean. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/PNL" title="PNL">Programazio neurolinguistikoa</a><sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>Jarrerak eraldatzea posiblea dela dio, eta baita pairamen mentalak sendatzea eta bizitzan lortu nahi diren metak lortzea. Nola? hitz egiteko zein espresatzeko moduak aldatuta. Baina, ez dago honen inguruko ebidentzia zientifiko ziurrik, ezta ikerketa psikologiko edo biologikorik hau konfirmatzen duenik. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Psikoanalisia" class="mw-redirect" title="Psikoanalisia">Psikoanalisia</a> </td> <td>Karl Popperrek XX. mendearen erdialdean <i>faltsagarritasuna</i>ren kontzeptua sortu zuen zientzia eta ez-zientzia bereizteko. Popperrek astrologia eta psikoanalisia erabili zituen sasizientziaren adibide moduan, eta Einsteinen erlatibitatearen teoria zientziaren adibidetzat. Nahiz eta Popperrek psikoanalisia sasizientzia bezala izendatu, honek ez du esan nahi ez denik ez arrazionala ez baliotsua. <p>Mario Bunge epistemologoak ere psikoanalisia erabiltzen du zientziaren mugaketaren adibide gisa. Sasizientzia bat dela dio ez duelako kanpo oinarririk: diziplina zientifiko desberdinek euren arteko hartu-emanak dituzte alor teoriko zein enpirikoetan. </p><p>Zientziaren filosofo zein ikertzaile batzuen ustez psikoanalisia iker daiteke zientifikoki, baina beste batzuen arabera, aldiz, ez. Aniztasun handia eta korronte asko daude gai honekiko, eta euren burua zientifikotzat dutenei direla esan beharko genieke sasizientzia egiten dutela. </p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Unofficial_psychoanalysis_symbol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Unofficial_psychoanalysis_symbol.svg/80px-Unofficial_psychoanalysis_symbol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Unofficial_psychoanalysis_symbol.svg/120px-Unofficial_psychoanalysis_symbol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Unofficial_psychoanalysis_symbol.svg/160px-Unofficial_psychoanalysis_symbol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="80" data-file-height="80" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinergetika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinergetika (sortu gabe)">Sinergetika</a> </td> <td>Teoria hau Hermann Haken matematiko eta fisikoagatik izan zen ezarria. Bertako jarraitzaileek sendatze bioniko bat da, eta ez tratamendu mediku bat; eta horrela mendebaldeko medikuntzarekin izan ditzaketen liskarrak baztertzen dituzte. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ufologia" title="Ufologia">Ufologia</a> </td> <td>Objektu hegalari ezezagunen (OHE) ikerketa da; eta bertan uste da estralurtarren existentziaren froga direla. Gai honen dabiltzan ikerlariei aurpegiratu izan zaie naturaz gaindik argudioak, fikziozkoak zein erlijiosoak erabili izana, eta baita helburu komertzial (eta ez zientifiko) batzuengatik egin izana euren ikerketak. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:Supposed_UFO,_Passaic,_New_Jersey_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Supposed_UFO%2C_Passaic%2C_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Supposed_UFO%2C_Passaic%2C_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Supposed_UFO%2C_Passaic%2C_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Supposed_UFO%2C_Passaic%2C_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Supposed_UFO%2C_Passaic%2C_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Supposed_UFO%2C_Passaic%2C_New_Jersey_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1216" data-file-height="944" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zerealogia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zerealogia (sortu gabe)">Zerealogia</a><sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Soro-zirkulu" title="Soro-zirkulu">Soro-zirkuluak</a>, gazteleraz <i>pictogramas</i> edo ingelesez <i>crop circles</i> ere deituak, laborantza lurretan agertzen diren marrazkiak dira, eta estralurtarrek sortu omen dituzte, nahiz eta ez dagoen ebidentzia enpirikorik. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxategi:CropCircleSwirl.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CropCircleSwirl.jpg/220px-CropCircleSwirl.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CropCircleSwirl.jpg/330px-CropCircleSwirl.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/CropCircleSwirl.jpg/440px-CropCircleSwirl.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="296" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Erreferentziak">Erreferentziak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Erreferentziak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Erreferentziak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="-moz-column-count: 2; -webkit-column-count: 2; column-count: 2; list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lanacion.com.ar/52951-que-son-las-seudociencias"><i>¿Qué son las seudociencias?. </i></a> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-03-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><b>a</b></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><b>b</b></sup></a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFHansson2017">Hansson, Sven Ove.  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(2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iVkugqNG9dAC&pg=PA88"><i>Scientific Method in Practice. </i></a> Cambridge University Press <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/9780521017084" title="Berezi:BookSources/9780521017084">9780521017084</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-03-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.srmhp.org/0202/pseudoscience.html">«The Demise of Pseudoscience»</a> <i>www.srmhp.org</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-03-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMilgrom2006">Milgrom, Lionel R..  (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Aktion=ShowAbstractBuch&ArtikelNr=93662&ProduktNr=231815">«Towards a New Model of the Homeopathic Process Based on Quantum Field Theory»</a> <i>Complementary Medicine Research</i> 13 (3): 174–183.  <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1159%2F000093662">10.1159/000093662</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/issn/2504-2092">2504-2092</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2018-03-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsiervos.com/archivo/ciencia/asombrosa-facilidad-con-la-que-se-fabrica-una-terapia-alternativa.html">«Fecomagnetoterapia : la asombrosa facilidad con la que se fabrica una terapia alternativa basada en caca e imanes»</a> <i>Microsiervos</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2021-03-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fecomagnetismo.byethost7.com/index6.htm"><i>Fecomagnetismo</i>: Bibliografia.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"> (PDF) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://diec.unizar.es/intranet/articulos/uploads/AC2WS.pdf"><i>Astrology and Science: Two Worldviews searching for a Synthesis. </i></a></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/bachflower.html">«Bach flower therapy - The Skeptic's Dictionary - Skepdic.com»</a> <i>skepdic.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-01-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/phren.html">«phrenology - The Skeptic's Dictionary - Skepdic.com»</a> <i>skepdic.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://skepdic.com/graphol.html">«graphology - The Skeptic's Dictionary - Skepdic.com»</a> <i>skepdic.com</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150728071242/http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/%252021923248">«Craniocervical arterial dissections as sequelae of chiropractic manipulation: patterns of injury and management. - PubMed - NCBI»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2015-07-28 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-01-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://esencia21.wordpress.com/el-gran-libro-de-la-criptozoologia/criptozoologia-una-disciplina-que-aspira-a-ser-cientifica/">«“Criptozoología”»</a> <i>Esencia 21 · Blog</i> 2008-11-24 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFAllen.1998">Allen., Paulos, John.  (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/43732863"><i>El hombre anúmerico : el analfabetismo matemático y sus consecuencias. </i></a> (4a. ed. argitaraldia) Tusquets <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/8472231496" title="Berezi:BookSources/8472231496">8472231496</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=43732863">43732863</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFMax.1977">Max., Toth,.  (1977). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/25999504"><i>El poder mágico de las pirámides. </i></a> Ediciones Martínez Roca <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Berezi:BookSources/8427003994" title="Berezi:BookSources/8427003994">8427003994</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pubmedcentral.nih.gov/articlerender.fcgi?tool=pmcentrez&artid=25999504">25999504</a>. <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-01-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation" id="CITEREFStromberg2014-08-14">Stromberg, Joseph.  (2014-08-14). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vox.com/2014/8/14/5999119/polygraphs-lie-detectors-do-they-work">«Lie detectors: Why they don't work, and why police use them anyway»</a> <i>Vox</i> <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"> <span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scientliteracy.wordpress.com/article/neurolinguistic-programming-2j6nlcky7q5vo-2/">«Neurolinguistic Programming»</a> <i>scientliteracy</i> 2011-05-01 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-01-20)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation"></span> <span class="citation"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206012813/http://www.csicop.org/si/2002-09/crop-circles.html">«Crop Circles and Their 'Orbs' of Light (Skeptical Inquirer September 2002)»</a> <i>web.archive.org</i> 2006-12-06 <span class="reference-accessdate"><small>(Noiz kontsultatua: 2019-01-17)</small></span></span>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ikus,_gainera"><span id="Ikus.2C_gainera"></span>Ikus, gainera</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Ikus, gainera»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Ikus, gainera"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Esoterismo" title="Esoterismo">Esoterismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Okultismo" title="Okultismo">Okultismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zientismo" class="mw-redirect" title="Zientismo">Zientismo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medikuntza_alternatibo" title="Medikuntza alternatibo">Medikuntza alternatibo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metodo_zientifiko" title="Metodo zientifiko">Metodo zientifiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zientziaren_filosofia" title="Zientziaren filosofia">Zientziaren filosofia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ockhamen_labana" title="Ockhamen labana">Ockhamen labana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentsamendu_kritiko" title="Pentsamendu kritiko">Pentsamendu kritiko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protozientzia" title="Protozientzia">Protozientzia</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Kanpo_estekak">Kanpo estekak</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Aldatu atal hau: «Kanpo estekak»" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>aldatu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sasizientzia&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Kanpo estekak"><span>aldatu iturburu kodea</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alea.eus/araba/1456482527548-sasizientzien-aurrean-zientzia-aldarrikatu-behar-dugu">"Sasizientzien aurrean, zientzia aldarrikatu behar dugu", Javier Armentiarekin Itsaso Estarronak egindako elkarrizketa, 2016-02-26 10:28</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scmsa.eu/archives/Feynman.pdf">"Sciences et pseudo-sciences", </a><a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynmanen</a> artikulua.</li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Frantsesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Frantsesez)</b></span>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/245897199">Elkarrizketa Hervé Maisonneuve irakaslearekin. "Iruzur zientifikoa: Rabelais ondoren ezer ez da aldatu".</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Gaztelaniaz dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Gaztelaniaz)</b></span>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.muyinteresante.es/ciencia/fotos/las-pseudociencias-mas-famosas-y-que-debes-evitar/3">Sasizientzia ezagunenak.</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120516144654/https://webspace.utexas.edu/cokerwr/www/index.html/distinguish.htm">Zientzia eta sasizientzia arteko bereizketa.</a></li> <li><span style="cursor: help; font-size: 90%; font-family: bold; color: gray" title="Ingelesez dago aipu honen iturburua"><b>(Ingelesez)</b></span>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eUB4j0n2UDU">Michael Shermer: Baloney Detection Kit bideoa Youtuben.</a></li></ul> <table style="clear: right; float: right; margin: 4px 0 4px 1em; width: 233px; font-size: 88%; line-height: 1.25em; border:1px solid #aaa; background-color:#f9f9f9;"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text" style=""><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Azala?uselang=eu">Wikimedia Commons</a>en</span> badira fitxategi gehiago, gai hau dutenak: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pseudoscience" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pseudoscience">Sasizientzia</a></b></i> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483677" title="Aldatu lotura Wikidatan"><img alt="Aldatu lotura Wikidatan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/12px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/18px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/24px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></td> </tr> </tbody></table> <div style="clear:both;"></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r7786466">.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control{margin-top:1.5em}.mw-parser-output .mw-authority-control .navbox 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r9236165">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Autoritate_kontrola" style="width: inherit;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th id="Autoritate_kontrola" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;width: 12%; text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Laguntza:Autoritate_kontrola" title="Laguntza:Autoritate kontrola">Autoritate kontrola</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b>Wikimedia proiektuak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483677" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q483677">Q483677</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q483677%22">Q483677</a></span></span></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><b>Identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Integrated_Authority_File" class="mw-redirect" title="Integrated Authority File">GND</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4278343-4">4278343-4</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress_Control_Number" title="Library of Congress Control Number">LCCN</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2001002975">sh2001002975</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Diet_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="National Diet Library">NDL</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/001132738">001132738</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/National_Library_of_the_Czech_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="National Library of the Czech Republic">NKC</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph263240">ph263240</a></span></li> <li><b>Medikuntzako identifikadoreak</b></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Medical_Subject_Headings" title="Medical Subject Headings">MeSH</a>:</span> <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://meshb.nlm.nih.gov/record/ui?ui=D000087222">D000087222</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div><div class="mw-mf-linked-projects hlist"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata"><img alt="Wd" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/20px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/30px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/Wikidata-logo.svg/40px-Wikidata-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="590" /></a></span> Datuak:</span> <span class="uid"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q483677" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q483677">Q483677</a></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Wikimedia_Commons" title="Commonscat"><img alt="Commonscat" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span> Multimedia:</span> <span class="uid"><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pseudoscience">Pseudoscience</a></span> / <span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MediaSearch?type=image&search=%22Q483677%22">Q483677</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></div>    </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.log.warn("Gadget \"ErrefAurrebista\" was not loaded. 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