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<li id="toc-Service_during_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Service_during_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Service during Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Service_during_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Structure_during_Second_World_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Structure_during_Second_World_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Structure during Second World War</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure_during_Second_World_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cold_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cold_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Cold War</span> </div> </a> <ul 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href="#Structure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Structure</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Structure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Inventory_(1991)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Inventory_(1991)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Inventory (1991)</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Inventory_(1991)-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Inventory (1991) subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Inventory_(1991)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Obsolete_aircraft" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obsolete_aircraft"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Obsolete aircraft</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obsolete_aircraft-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air-to-air_missiles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air-to-air_missiles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Air-to-air missiles</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air-to-air_missiles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.1</span> <span>Citations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" 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Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojska_protivzdu%C5%A1n%C3%A9_obrany_SSSR" title="Vojska protivzdušné obrany SSSR – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vojska protivzdušné obrany SSSR" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sowjetische_Luftverteidigungsstreitkr%C3%A4fte" title="Sowjetische Luftverteidigungsstreitkräfte – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Sowjetische Luftverteidigungsstreitkräfte" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/NSV_Liidu_%C3%B5hukaitsev%C3%A4ed" title="NSV Liidu õhukaitseväed – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="NSV Liidu õhukaitseväed" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyska_PVO" title="Voyska PVO – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Voyska PVO" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C_%D8%AF%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B9_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C" title="نیروی دفاع هوایی شوروی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="نیروی دفاع هوایی شوروی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voyska_PVO" title="Voyska PVO – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Voyska PVO" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%86%8C%EB%A0%A8_%EB%B0%A9%EA%B3%B5%EA%B5%B0" title="소련 방공군 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="소련 방공군" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Forze_di_difesa_aerea_(Unione_Sovietica)" title="Forze di difesa aerea (Unione Sovietica) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Forze di difesa aerea (Unione Sovietica)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%99%D7%9C_%D7%94%D7%94%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%94%D7%A1%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%99%D7%98%D7%99" title="חיל ההגנה האווירית הסובייטי – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חיל ההגנה האווירית הסובייטי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Angkatan_Pertahanan_Udara_Soviet" title="Angkatan Pertahanan Udara Soviet – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Angkatan Pertahanan Udara Soviet" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojska_PVO" title="Vojska PVO – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Vojska PVO" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%BD%E9%80%A3%E9%98%B2%E7%A9%BA%E8%BB%8D" title="ソ連防空軍 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ソ連防空軍" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjets_luftforsvar" title="Sovjets luftforsvar – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Sovjets luftforsvar" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/For%C3%A7as_de_Defesa_A%C3%A9rea_Sovi%C3%A9tica" title="Forças de Defesa Aérea Soviética – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Forças de Defesa Aérea Soviética" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ap%C4%83rarea_Antiaerian%C4%83_Sovietic%C4%83" title="Apărarea Antiaeriană Sovietică – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Apărarea Antiaeriană Sovietică" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%9F%D0%92%D0%9E_%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Войска ПВО СССР – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Войска ПВО СССР" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vojsko_protivzdu%C5%A1nej_obrany_ZSSR" title="Vojsko protivzdušnej obrany ZSSR – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vojsko protivzdušnej obrany ZSSR" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neuvostoliiton_ilmapuolustus" title="Neuvostoliiton ilmapuolustus – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Neuvostoliiton ilmapuolustus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovjetiska_luftf%C3%B6rsvarsstyrkorna" title="Sovjetiska luftförsvarsstyrkorna – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Sovjetiska luftförsvarsstyrkorna" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A0%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A8%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%8B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95" title="กำลังป้องกันภัยทางอากาศโซเวียต – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กำลังป้องกันภัยทางอากาศโซเวียต" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovyet_Hava_Savunma_Kuvvetleri" title="Sovyet Hava Savunma Kuvvetleri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Sovyet Hava Savunma Kuvvetleri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%96%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%82%D1%80%D1%8F%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D0%BE%D0%B1%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%A1%D0%A0" title="Війська протиповітряної оборони СРСР – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Війська протиповітряної оборони СРСР" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%B2ng_kh%C3%B4ng_Li%C3%AAn_X%C3%B4" title="Phòng không Liên Xô – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phòng không Liên Xô" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Soviet Air Defence Forces</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Войска ПВО СССР <br /> Voyska PVO SSSR</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">24 May 1918</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Disbanded</th><td class="infobox-data">14 February 1992</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_Soviet_Union.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></span></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Part of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Garrison/HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Insignia</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Roundel</th><td class="infobox-data"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1945%E2%80%931991).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roundel_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/100px-Roundel_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roundel_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/150px-Roundel_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Roundel_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg/200px-Roundel_of_the_Soviet_Union_%281945%E2%80%931991%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1175" /></a></span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Air defense branch of the Soviet Armed Forces</div> <p>The <b>Soviet Air Defence Forces</b> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">войска ПВО</span>, <i>voyska protivovozdushnoy oborony</i>, <i><b>voyska PVO</b></i>, <i><b>V-PVO</b></i>, lit. <i>Anti-Air Defence Troops</i>; and formerly <i>protivovozdushnaya oborona strany</i>, <i><b>PVO strany</b></i>, lit. <i>Anti-Air Defence of the Country</i>) was the <a href="/wiki/Air_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Air defence">air defence</a> branch of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a>. </p><p>Formed in 1941, it continued being a service branch of the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Armed_Forces" title="Russian Armed Forces">Russian Armed Forces</a> after 1991 until it was merged into the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Air Force</a> in 1998. Unlike Western air defence forces, V-PVO was a branch of the military unto itself, separate from the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Air Force">Soviet Air Force</a> (VVS) and Air Defence Troops of Ground Forces. During the Soviet period it was generally ranked third in importance of the Soviet services,<sup id="cite_ref-Suvorov_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suvorov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> behind the <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a> and the Ground Forces. </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Red_Army_Badge.svg/255px-Red_Army_Badge.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Red_Army_Badge.svg/340px-Red_Army_Badge.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="257" data-file-height="245" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#798050; color:white"> Components</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/General_Staff_of_the_Armed_Forces_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="General Staff of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Rocket_Forces" title="Strategic Rocket Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a></li> <li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Army" title="Soviet Army">Soviet Army</a></li></ul></div></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Air Defence Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Air Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Navy" title="Soviet Navy">Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Airborne_Forces" title="Soviet Airborne Forces">Airborne Forces</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#798050; color:white"> Ranks of the Soviet Military</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_ranks_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military ranks of the Soviet Union">Military ranks of the Soviet Union</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background-color:#798050; color:white"> History of the Soviet Military</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Military history of the Soviet Union">Military history of the Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Russian_military_ranks" title="History of Russian military ranks">History of Russian military ranks</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_military" title="Template:Soviet military"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_military" title="Template talk:Soviet military"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_military" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet military"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Service_during_Second_World_War">Service during Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Service during Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preparations for creation of the air defence forces started in 1932, and by the beginning of <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">Operation Barbarossa</a>, June 1941, there were 13 PVO zones within the <a href="/wiki/Military_district" title="Military district">military districts</a>. At the outbreak of war, air defence forces were in the midst of rearmament. Anti-aircraft artillery teams had few of the latest 37 mm automatic and 85 mm guns. Moreover, the troops were deficient in Yak-1s and MiG-3s; 46 percent of the fleet were obsolete aircraft. Increased rates of production were initiated to provide the troops with new equipment. In July 1941, the National Defence Committee took several measures to strengthen the forces guarding Moscow and Leningrad, Yaroslavl and Gorky industrial areas, and strategic bridges across the Volga. To this end, the formation of parts of the IA, IN, anti-aircraft machine gun and searchlight units were accelerated. </p><p>A classic example of a major political organization of defence and industrial center was the defence of Moscow. It was carried out by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_Air_Defence_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st Air Defence Corps (page does not exist)">1st Air Defence Corps</a> and the <a href="/wiki/6th_Fighter_Aviation_Corps_PVO" title="6th Fighter Aviation Corps PVO">6th Fighter Aviation Corps PVO</a>. As part of these formations at the beginning of German air raids had more than 600 fighters; more than 1,000 guns of small and medium calibers; 350 machine guns; 124 fixed anti-aircraft barrage balloons; 612 stations and 600 anti-aircraft searchlights.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The presence of such large forces and their skilful management foiled enemy attempts to inflict massive air strikes. Only 2.6 percent of the total number of Axis aircraft flew in the outskirts of Moscow as a result of their efforts. Air defence forces defending Moscow destroyed 738 enemy aircraft.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Assaults by the 6th Fighter Aviation Corps inflicted heavy blows, destroying 567 enemy aircraft on the ground. The Air Defence Forces destroyed 1,305 aircraft and in combat with the armies of Nazi Germany and its allies, alongside the Air Force, destroyed 450 tanks and 5,000 military vehicles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On November 9, 1941, the post of the Commander of the Air Defence Forces was created and <a href="/wiki/Major_General" class="mw-redirect" title="Major General">Major General</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Gromadin&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Gromadin (page does not exist)">Mikhail Gromadin</a> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD,_%D0%9C%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" class="extiw" title="ru:Громадин, Михаил Степанович">ru:Громадин, Михаил Степанович</a>) was appointed.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In January 1942, to improve the interaction of forces and air defence systems, the fighter aircraft and crews manning them were ordered to be subordinated to the Air Defence Command. In April 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Air_Defense_Front" title="Moscow Air Defense Front">Moscow Air Defence Front</a> was founded, and the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leningrad_Air_Defence_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leningrad Air Defence Army (page does not exist)">Leningrad</a> and <a href="/wiki/Baku_Air_Defence_Army" title="Baku Air Defence Army">Baku Air Defence Armies</a> were later raised. These were the first operational formations of the Air Defence Forces. </p><p>In June 1943, the Office of the Commander of Air Defence Forces of the country was disbanded. Following the reorganization in April 1944 that created the <a href="/wiki/Western_Air_Defense_Front" title="Western Air Defense Front">Western</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Eastern_Air_Defence_Front&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Eastern Air Defence Front (page does not exist)">Eastern Air Defence Fronts</a>, and caused the division of the Transcaucasian Air Defence Area, which this year have been reorganized as the North, the South and the Transcaucasian Air Defence Fronts, air defence forces in the vicinity of Moscow were renamed the <a href="/wiki/Special_Moscow_Air_Defense_Army" title="Special Moscow Air Defense Army">Moscow Air Defence Army</a>. In the Far East in March 1945, three air defence armies were established: Maritime, Amur and Baikal. </p><p>During the Second World War, the Air Defence Forces provided defensive cover to defense industry complexes and vital communication elements, and successfully minimized aerial damage to Soviet industrial and transportation capacity. In the course of the war, the PVO destroyed 7,313 German aircraft, of which 4,168 and 3,145 were targeted by the IA antiaircraft artillery, machine guns and barrage balloons.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> More than 80,000 soldiers, sergeants, officers and generals of the Country Air Defence Forces were awarded state orders and medals, and 92 soldiers were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union and one was twice awarded the Gold Star Medal in service with the PVO. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Structure_during_Second_World_War">Structure during Second World War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Structure during Second World War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During the war PVO formations were organised as Air Defence Fronts and Air Defence Armies. PVO Fronts normally covered airspace over several ground <a href="/wiki/Front_(Soviet_Army)" class="mw-redirect" title="Front (Soviet Army)">Army Fronts</a>; these should not be confused with each other. The Air Defence Fronts (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Фронты ПВО</span>) had the following service history:<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Western Air Defence Front <ul><li>1st formation 29 June 1943 – 20 April 1944 renamed to Headquarters, Northern PVO Front</li> <li>Northern Front PVO 21 April 1944 – 23 December 1944 formed from Headquarters, Western PVO Front (1st formation); re-flagged as Headquarters, Western PVO Front (2nd formation)</li> <li>2nd formation 24 December 1944 – 9 May 1945 formed from Headquarters, Northern PVO Front</li></ul></li> <li>Moscow Front PVO 6 April 1942 – 10 July 1943 formed from Headquarters, Moscow PVO Corps Region; re-flagged as Headquarters, Special Moscow PVO Army</li> <li>Southern Front PVO 21 April 1944 – 24 December 1944 formed from Headquarters, Eastern PVO Front; re-flagged as Headquarters, Southwestern PVO Front</li> <li>Southwestern Front PVO 24 December 1944 – 9 May 1945 formed from Headquarters, Southern PVO Front</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cold_War">Cold War</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Cold War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All the possible air components were divided (as of 1945, before the 1949 reforms of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a>) into:<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>Active army (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">действующая армия</span>, <i>deystvuyuschaya armiya</i>) – air forces assigned to fighting fronts, known as <a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B8%D1%8F_(%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0)" class="extiw" title="ru:Фронтовая авиация (СССР)">frontal aviation</a></li> <li>PVO Territorial Defence Forces (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">войска ПВО территории страны</span>, <i>voiska PVO territorii strany</i>)</li> <li>PVO Territorial Armies (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">армия ПВО территории страны</span>, <i>armiya PVO territorii strany</i>)</li> <li>Reserve forces of the Stavka High Command (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">резерв Ставки ВГК</span>, <i>rezerv Stavki VGK</i>)</li> <li>PVO of military districts (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">ПВО военных округов</span>, <i>PVO voennyh okrugov</i>)</li> <li>PVO of inactive fronts (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">ПВО недействующих фронтов</span>, <i>PVO nedeystvuyuschih frontov</i>)</li></ul> <p>The PVO Strany was separated from the other <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Armed_Forces" title="Soviet Armed Forces">Soviet Armed Forces</a> services in 1949. In June 1949, the <a href="/w/index.php?title=15th_Guards_Fighter_Aviation_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="15th Guards Fighter Aviation Division (page does not exist)">15th Guards Fighter Aviation Division</a> and <a href="/wiki/180th_Guards_Fighter_Aviation_Regiment_PVO" title="180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO">180th Guards Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO</a>, among its regiments, were transferred to the PVO Strany, becoming part of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Fighter_Air_Defence_Army&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th Fighter Air Defence Army (page does not exist)">20th Fighter Air Defence Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a>. There, the regiment became one of the first equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-9" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-9</a>, the first of a series of <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-and-Gurevich_Design_Bureau" class="mw-redirect" title="Mikoyan-and-Gurevich Design Bureau">Mikoyan-and-Gurevich Design Bureau</a> jet fighters. In April 1950, the regiment received its first <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15s</a>. </p><p>In May 1954, the PVO Strany was raised to a status equal to the other service branches of the Soviet Armed Forces, receiving its first commander-in-chief: Marshal of the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Govorov" title="Leonid Govorov">Leonid Govorov</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The PVO's principal role was to shoot down <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command</a> <a href="/wiki/Bomber" title="Bomber">bombers</a> if they penetrated Soviet airspace. Secondary target were U.S. <a href="/wiki/Air_reconnaissance" class="mw-redirect" title="Air reconnaissance">air reconnaissance</a> aircraft. There were a number of such aircraft shot down while operating around the Soviet borders,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including MiG-17s downing a US reconnaissance <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_C-130_Hercules" title="Lockheed C-130 Hercules">Lockheed C-130 Hercules</a> over Armenia, with 17 casualties in 1958.<sup id="cite_ref-nsagov2009_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nsagov2009-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The PVO gained an important victory on May 1, 1960, when a <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">S-75 Dvina</a> missile downed <a href="/wiki/Gary_Powers" class="mw-redirect" title="Gary Powers">Gary Powers</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_U-2" title="Lockheed U-2">U-2</a>, causing the short <a href="/wiki/U-2_crisis_of_1960" class="mw-redirect" title="U-2 crisis of 1960">U-2 crisis of 1960</a>. (See <a href="/wiki/Strategic_Air_Command#Strategic_Reconnaissance" title="Strategic Air Command">Strategic Air Command#Strategic Reconnaissance</a>) </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Soviet_surface-to-air_missiles.JPEG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soviet_surface-to-air_missiles.JPEG/220px-Soviet_surface-to-air_missiles.JPEG" decoding="async" width="220" height="76" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soviet_surface-to-air_missiles.JPEG/330px-Soviet_surface-to-air_missiles.JPEG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Soviet_surface-to-air_missiles.JPEG/440px-Soviet_surface-to-air_missiles.JPEG 2x" data-file-width="2760" data-file-height="950" /></a><figcaption>Soviet Air Defence Forces surface-to-air missiles</figcaption></figure> <p>The PVO had its own chain of command, schools, radar and sound director sites. </p><p>On March 30, 1967, a Directorate of the Chief of Anti-Missile and Anti-Space Defence (<i>Управление командующего войсками противоракетной и противокосмической</i> (<i>УКВ ПРО и ПКО</i>)), under Lieutenant-General of Artillery Yuri Votintsev, was formed within the Air Defence Forces.<sup id="cite_ref-praz_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-praz-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In February 1971 the 1st Division for Warning Against Missile Attack (1st Division WAMA, <i>1-я Дивизия предупреждения о ракетном нападении</i> (<i>1-я дПРН</i>)) was formed with HQ in Solnechnegorsk, the 57th Separate Radiotechnical Nod in Olenegorsk, Murmansk Oblast and the 129th Separate Radiotechnical Nod in Skrunda, Latvian SSR. </p><p>Organisationally, there were two main PVO districts for most of the USSR's postwar history, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Air_Defence_District" title="Moscow Air Defence District">Moscow Air Defence District</a> (formed 1950) and <a href="/wiki/Baku_Air_Defence_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Baku Air Defence District">Baku</a> (formed 1954).<sup id="cite_ref-Suvorov_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suvorov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The rest of the country was initially divided into PVO regions covering Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltics and Central Asia. However, in 1960 it appears that most of the PVO regions/areas were reorganised into seven separate armies of the Air Defence Forces – the <a href="/wiki/2nd_Air_Defence_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Air Defence Army">2nd</a>, <a href="/wiki/4th_Independent_Air_Defence_Army" title="4th Independent Air Defence Army">4th</a>, <a href="/wiki/6th_Independent_Air_Defence_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Independent Air Defence Army">6th</a>, <a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Defence_Army" title="8th Air Defence Army">8th</a>, <a href="/wiki/10th_Independent_Air_Defence_Army" title="10th Independent Air Defence Army">10th</a>, <a href="/wiki/11th_Independent_Air_Defence_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Independent Air Defence Army">11th</a>, <a href="/wiki/14th_Independent_Air_Defence_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Independent Air Defence Army">14th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/19th_Air_Defence_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Air Defence Army">19th Air Defence Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1963 the 30th independent Air Defence Corps in Tashkent became the <a href="/wiki/12th_Independent_Air_Defense_Army" title="12th Independent Air Defense Army">12th Independent Air Defence Army</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, the Air Forces and Air Defence Forces were re-organised in the Baltic states and the Leningrad Oblast (a trial run for the larger re-organisation in 1980 covering the whole country).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All fighter units in the PVO were transferred to the VVS, the PVO only retaining the anti-aircraft missile units and radar units – the 6th Independent Air Defence Army was disbanded, and the <a href="/wiki/15th_Air_Army" title="15th Air Army">15th Air Army</a> became the <a href="/wiki/Air_Forces_of_the_Baltic_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Forces of the Baltic Military District">Air Forces of the Baltic Military District</a>. By 1981, the now Voyska PVO had been stripped of many <a href="/wiki/Command_and_Control_(Military)" class="mw-redirect" title="Command and Control (Military)">command and control</a> and training assets, which were moved to the Air Force. </p><p>During the 1980s, the PVO interceptor units were re-equipped with the <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-31" title="Mikoyan MiG-31">Mikoyan MiG-31</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27" title="Sukhoi Su-27">Sukhoi Su-27P</a>, while missile units received new <a href="/wiki/Electronic_countermeasure" title="Electronic countermeasure">electronic countermeasures</a> systems and the <a href="/wiki/S-300_missile_system" title="S-300 missile system">S-300 surface-to-air missile system</a>. The modernization of the PVO prioritized units in the <a href="/wiki/High_North" class="mw-redirect" title="High North">High North</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Far_East" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet Far East">Far East</a> due to the threat from American <a href="/wiki/Spyplane" class="mw-redirect" title="Spyplane">spyplane</a> missions and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Pacific_Fleet" title="United States Pacific Fleet">United States Pacific Fleet</a> carrier aircraft.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonKomissarov2012178_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonKomissarov2012178-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Shelton lists a total of 140 officer commissioning schools, drawn from a <i><a href="/wiki/Krasnaya_Zvezda" title="Krasnaya Zvezda">Krasnaya Zvezda</a></i> list of 17 January 1980.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That total included 15 Air Defence Forces schools (four Fighter Aviation, five radio-electronics, and six Anti-Aircraft Rocket). </p><p>On 1 September 1983 the PVO shot down <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_007" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Air Flight 007">Korean Air Flight 007</a> after the civilian airliner had crossed into restricted Soviet airspace and was mistaken for a spy plane. Previously <a href="/wiki/Korean_Air_Flight_902" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Air Flight 902">Korean Air Flight 902</a> had once crossed into <a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a> airspace,<sup id="cite_ref-ASN_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ASN-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and had to make an emergency landing when a Soviet Air Force Su-15 fired on it. Soviet government officials finally admitted their mistake much to the anger of the <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korean</a> and the United States governments. It even resulted in the forced and sudden resignation of the then Armed Forces Chief of the General Staff, Marshal <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ogarkov" title="Nikolai Ogarkov">Nikolai Ogarkov</a>, in the following year by the Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union (leader of the Soviet Union) <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Chernenko" title="Konstantin Chernenko">Konstantin Chernenko</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Mathias_Rust" title="Mathias Rust">Mathias Rust</a>'s flight to Moscow in May 1987 caused a massive shakeup within the PVO.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It seems that after the KAL 007 shootdown of 1983, no one was willing to give an order to bring Rust's tiny <a href="/wiki/Cessna_172" title="Cessna 172">Cessna 172</a> down, and modernization programmes within the PVO had led to the installation of radar and communications systems at the state border that could not effectively pass tracking data to systems closer to Moscow. PVO Commander-in-Chief Marshal <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Ivanovich_Koldunov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Ivanovich Koldunov">A. I. Koldunov</a> was only among the first to be removed from his position. Over 150 officers, mostly from the PVO, were tried in court and removed from their posts. A large-scale changeover of senior officers of the force more generally followed as well. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Under_the_Russian_flag">Under the Russian flag</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Under the Russian flag"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title">Historical Air Forces of Russia</th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Russian Empire</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Russian_Air_Service" title="Imperial Russian Air Service">Emperor's Military Air Fleet</a> (1909–1917)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Workers and Peasants Red Air Fleet</a> (1918–1991)</td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> USSR, Commonwealth of Independent States</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Air_Forces" title="Soviet Air Forces">Military Air Forces of the USSR</a> (1918–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soviet_Naval_Aviation" title="Soviet Naval Aviation">Aviation of the Military Maritime Fleet</a> (1918–1992)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Anti-Air Defence Troops</a> (1948–1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Missile_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Missile Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a> (1959–1992)</li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Russian Federation</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Military Air Forces of the Russian Federation</a> (1991–present<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Naval_Aviation" title="Russian Naval Aviation">Aviation of the Military Maritime Fleet</a> (1991–present<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strategic_Missile_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Strategic Missile Forces">Strategic Rocket Forces</a> (1991–present<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>)</li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table> <p>When the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">Soviet Union dissolved</a>, the air fleet of the PVO included roughly 2,200 fighters and interceptors. The personnel and equipment of many units were left in newly independent republics, although the impact of the loss was reduced by the relocation of some units back to Russia. The Russian Air Defence Forces ultimately inherited about 65% of final Soviet PVO assets.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonKomissarov2012185_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonKomissarov2012185-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In December 1994, the <a href="/wiki/4th_Independent_Air_Defence_Army" title="4th Independent Air Defence Army">4th Independent Air Defence Army</a> at <a href="/wiki/Ekaterinberg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ekaterinberg">Ekaterinberg</a> in the Urals was transformed into the 5th Independent Air Defence Corps, which in 1998 became the <a href="/wiki/5th_Air_and_Air_Defence_Forces_Army" title="5th Air and Air Defence Forces Army">5th Air and Air Defence Forces Army</a>. In accordance with a December 1994 directive, the 14th Independent Air Defence Army was reorganized as the 6th Independent Air Defence Corps<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenskiiTsybin201455–56_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELenskiiTsybin201455–56-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/6-%D0%B9_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BF%D1%83%D1%81_%D0%9F%D0%92%D0%9E" class="extiw" title="ru:6-й отдельный корпус ПВО">ru:6-й_отдельный_корпус_ПВО</a>) with the 16th Guards, 20th, and 94th Mukden Air Defence Divisions). In 1998, the force groupings and headquarters of the PVO that had remained within <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> were merged with the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> becoming part of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Air_Defence_District" title="Moscow Air Defence District">Moscow District of Air and Air Defence Forces</a>, and the 4th, 5th, 6th, 11th, and 14th Armies of VVS and PVO. </p><p>The <b>Day of Air Defence Forces</b> (<i>Den' Voysk PVO</i>) was initially established in 1975, to be celebrated on April 11. In 1980 this was changed to the second Sunday of April.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2012)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> It is still celebrated in the Russian Federation even after the 1998 merger of the Air Defence Forces with the Air Force. The unofficial motto of the PVO is 'Сами не летаем – другим не дадим'('Sami ne letaem – drugim ne dadim'), which can be translated as "Don't fly – don't let others" / "If we can't fly – we won't let anyone else either". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Commanders-in-Chief,_Air_Defence_Forces"><span id="Commanders-in-Chief.2C_Air_Defence_Forces"></span>Commanders-in-Chief, Air Defence Forces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Commanders-in-Chief, Air Defence Forces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Marshal of the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Leonid_Govorov" title="Leonid Govorov">Leonid Govorov</a> – 1954–1955</li> <li>Marshal of the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Biryuzov" title="Sergey Biryuzov">Sergey Biryuzov</a> – 1955–1962</li> <li>Marshal of Aviation <a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Sudets" title="Vladimir Sudets">Vladimir Sudets</a> – 1962–1966</li> <li>Marshal of the Soviet Union <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Batitsky" title="Pavel Batitsky">Pavel Batitsky</a> – 1966–1978</li> <li>Chief Marshal of Aviation <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Koldunov" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Koldunov">Alexander Koldunov</a> – 1978 – May 1987</li> <li>General of the Army Ivan Тret'yak – 31 May 1987 – 24 August 1991</li> <li>General of the Army Viktor Prudnikov – September 1991 – December 1997<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Colonel-General Viktor Sinitsin – December 1997 – Feb 1998</li></ul> <p>The post was then disestablished with the merger of the PVO and VVS in 1998. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Structure">Structure</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Structure"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Corps_%26_Divisions_of_the_Russian_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Corps & Divisions of the Russian Air Force">List of Corps & Divisions of the Russian Air Force</a></div> <p>The PVO structure during the Cold War and in Russia until 1998 consisted of three specialized branches: the Radiotechnical Troops (радиотехнические войска), Surface-to-Air Missile Troops (зенитно-ракетные войска), and Fighter Aviation (истребительная авиация; istrebitel'naya aviatsiya; <b>IA-PVO</b>).<sup id="cite_ref-Suvorov_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Suvorov-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Armies, corps, and divisions of the PVO were made up of units from all three branches.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow_Air_Defence_District" title="Moscow Air Defence District">Moscow Air Defence District</a> (now the Russian <a href="/wiki/Special_Purpose_Command" title="Special Purpose Command">Special Purpose Command</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Air_Defence_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="2nd Air Defence Army">2nd Air Defence Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Belorussian_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Belorussian Military District">Belorussian Military District</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_Independent_Air_Defence_Army" title="4th Independent Air Defence Army">4th Independent Air Defence Army</a> (HQ Sverdlovsk)<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_Air_Defence_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th Air Defence Corps (page does not exist)">5th Air Defence Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=19th_Air_Defence_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="19th Air Defence Corps (page does not exist)">19th Air Defence Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=20th_Air_Defence_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="20th Air Defence Corps (page does not exist)">20th Air Defence Corps</a> (Perm, Perm Oblast)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/763rd_Fighter_Aviation_Regiment" title="763rd Fighter Aviation Regiment">763rd Fighter Aviation Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/764th_Fighter_Aviation_Regiment" title="764th Fighter Aviation Regiment">764th Fighter Aviation Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=765th_Fighter_Aviation_Regiment_PVO&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="765th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO (page does not exist)">765th Fighter Aviation Regiment PVO</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/6th_Independent_Air_Defence_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="6th Independent Air Defence Army">6th Independent Air Defence Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Leningrad_Military_District" title="Leningrad Military District">Leningrad Military District</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/27th_Air_Defence_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="27th Air Defence Corps">27th Air Defence Corps</a>, <a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/54th_Air_Defence_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="54th Air Defence Corps">54th Air Defence Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=14th_Air_Defence_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="14th Air Defence Division (page does not exist)">14th Air Defence Division</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Defence_Army" title="8th Air Defence Army">8th Air Defence Army</a> (HQ Kiev) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=49th_Air_Defence_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="49th Air Defence Corps (page does not exist)">49th Air Defence Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=60th_Air_Defence_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="60th Air Defence Corps (page does not exist)">60th Air Defence Corps</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10th_Independent_Air_Defence_Army" title="10th Independent Air Defence Army">10th Independent Air Defence Army</a> (HQ <a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/11th_Independent_Air_Defence_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="11th Independent Air Defence Army">11th Red Banner Army of the PVO</a> (<a href="/wiki/Far_East_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Far East Military District">Far East Military District</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/8th_Air_Defence_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="8th Air Defence Corps">8th Air Defence Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=23rd_Air_Defence_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="23rd Air Defence Corps (page does not exist)">23rd Air Defence Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_Air_Defence_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th Air Defence Division (page does not exist)">6th Air Defence Division</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=24th_Air_Defence_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="24th Air Defence Division (page does not exist)">24th Air Defence Division</a> and 29th Divisions of the PVO</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_Independent_Air_Defense_Army" title="12th Independent Air Defense Army">12th Independent Air Defence Army</a> (HQ Tashkent) <ul><li>24th and 37th Corps of the PVO</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_Independent_Air_Defence_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Independent Air Defence Army">14th Independent Air Defence Army</a> (<a href="/wiki/Siberian_Military_District" title="Siberian Military District">Siberian Military District</a>) <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=38th_Air_Defence_Corps&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="38th Air Defence Corps (page does not exist)">38th Air Defence Corps</a></li> <li>39th Air Defence Corps (Irkutsk) (<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D1%83%D0%BA%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%9F%D0%92%D0%9E" class="extiw" title="ru:Мукденское соединение ПВО">ru:Мукденское соединение ПВО</a>)</li> <li>50th Air Defence Corps</li> <li>56th Air Defence Corps (Semipalatinsk)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=41st_Air_Defence_Division&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="41st Air Defence Division (page does not exist)">41st Air Defence Division</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19th_Air_Defence_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Air Defence Army">19th Independent Air Defence Army</a> (19th Army of the PVO) (<a href="/wiki/Transcaucasus_Military_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasus Military District">Transcaucasus Military District</a>) - listing for 1988<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <ul><li>Communications Center (Novosibirsk, Novosibirsk Oblast)</li> <li>12th Air Defence Corps (Rostov-na-Don, Rostov Oblast) (became <a href="/wiki/51st_Air_Defence_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="51st Air Defence Corps">51st Air Defence Corps</a> in 1998)</li> <li>14th Air Defence Corps (Tbilisi, Georgian SSR)</li> <li>15th "Lvov <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner" title="Order of the Red Banner">Red Banner</a>" Air Defence Corps (Alyaty (Baku), <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic">Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic</a>)</li> <li>10th Air Defence Division (<a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, Volgograd Oblast)</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Inventory_(1991)"><span id="Inventory_.281991.29"></span>Inventory (1991)</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Inventory (1991)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Su-15_Flagon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Su-15_Flagon.jpg/220px-Su-15_Flagon.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Su-15_Flagon.jpg/330px-Su-15_Flagon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Su-15_Flagon.jpg/440px-Su-15_Flagon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3010" data-file-height="1970" /></a><figcaption>A Sukhoi Su-15 Flagon</figcaption></figure> <p>The PVO inventory of 1991 was:<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dt>2,370 <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptors</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd>500 <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-15" title="Sukhoi Su-15">Sukhoi Su-15</a></dd> <dd>890 <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-23" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-23</a></dd> <dd>480 <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-25" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-25</a></dd> <dd>230 <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27" title="Sukhoi Su-27">Sukhoi Su-27</a></dd> <dd>270 <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-31" title="Mikoyan MiG-31">Mikoyan MiG-31</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>600 <a href="/wiki/Trainer_aircraft" title="Trainer aircraft">trainers</a></dt> <dd></dd> <dd>200 <a href="/wiki/Aero_L-29_Delf%C3%ADn" title="Aero L-29 Delfín">Aero L-29 Delfín</a></dd> <dd>400 <a href="/wiki/Aero_L-39_Albatros" title="Aero L-39 Albatros">Aero L-39 Albatros</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt>In storage</dt> <dd></dd> <dd>100 <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-128" class="mw-redirect" title="Tupolev Tu-128">Tupolev Tu-128</a></dd></dl> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Airborne_Early_Warning_and_Control" class="mw-redirect" title="Airborne Early Warning and Control">AWACS</a> aircraft</dt> <dd>15 <a href="/wiki/Beriev_A-50" title="Beriev A-50">Beriev A-50 Mainstay</a></dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Surface-to-air_missile" title="Surface-to-air missile">Surface-to-air missiles</a> in service in 1990 included:<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <dl><dd>1,400 <a href="/wiki/S-25_Berkut" title="S-25 Berkut">S-25 Berkut</a></dd> <dd>2,400 <a href="/wiki/S-75_Dvina" title="S-75 Dvina">Lavochkin S-75 Dvina</a></dd> <dd>1,000 <a href="/wiki/S-125" class="mw-redirect" title="S-125">Isayev S-125 Neva\Pechora</a> – 300+ sites, 2 or 4 missile launchers and rails</dd> <dd>1,950 <a href="/wiki/S-200_Angara/Vega/Dubna" class="mw-redirect" title="S-200 Angara/Vega/Dubna">Almaz S-200 Angara\Vega\Dubna</a> – 130 sites</dd> <dd>1,700 <a href="/wiki/S-300P" class="mw-redirect" title="S-300P">Almaz S-300</a> – 850<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> sites, 15 more building</dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/ABM-1_Galosh" title="ABM-1 Galosh">ABM-1 Galosh</a> <a href="/wiki/Anti-Ballistic_Missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Ballistic Missile">Anti-Ballistic Missile</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/A-35_anti-ballistic_missile_system" title="A-35 anti-ballistic missile system">A-35 missile defence system</a></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Obsolete_aircraft">Obsolete aircraft</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Obsolete aircraft"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Previous fighter aircraft operated by the PVO included:<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (December 2014)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-3" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-3</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-9" title="Lavochkin La-9">Lavochkin La-9 Fritz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-11" title="Lavochkin La-11">Lavochkin La-11 Fang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavochkin_La-15" title="Lavochkin La-15">Lavochkin La-15 Fantail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-15" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15 Fagot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-17" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-17 Fresco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-19" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-19 Farmer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21 Fishbed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-9" title="Sukhoi Su-9">Sukhoi Su-9 Fishpot-C</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-11" title="Sukhoi Su-11">Sukhoi Su-11 Fishpot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-28" title="Tupolev Tu-28">Tupolev Tu-28 Fiddler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-9" title="Yakovlev Yak-9">Yakovlev Yak-9</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakovlev_Yak-25" title="Yakovlev Yak-25">Yak-25 Flashlight</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Air-to-air_missiles">Air-to-air missiles</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Air-to-air missiles"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/K-5_(missile)" title="K-5 (missile)">K-5, AA-1 Alkali</a> - Obsolete short-range air-to-air missile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-8_(missile)" title="K-8 (missile)">K-8, AA-3 Anab</a> - Medium-range air-to-air missile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/K-13_(missile)" title="K-13 (missile)">K-13, AA-2 Atoll</a> - Short-range air-to-air missile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-4_(missile)" title="R-4 (missile)">R-4, AA-5 Ash</a> - Long-range air-to-air missile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-40_(missile)" title="R-40 (missile)">R-40, AA-6 Acrid</a> - Long-range air-to-air missile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-23_(missile)" title="R-23 (missile)">R-23, AA-7 Apex</a> - Medium-range air-to-air missile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-27_(air-to-air_missile)" title="R-27 (air-to-air missile)">R-27, AA-10 Alamo</a> - Medium-range air-to-air missile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-33_(missile)" title="R-33 (missile)">R-33, AA-9 Amos</a> - Long-range air-to-air missile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-60_(missile)" title="R-60 (missile)">R-60, AA-8 Aphid</a> - Short-range air-to-air missile</li> <li><a href="/wiki/R-73_(missile)" title="R-73 (missile)">R-73, AA-11 Archer</a> - Short-range air-to-air missile</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Joint_CIS_Air_Defense_System" title="Joint CIS Air Defense System">Joint CIS Air Defense System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Citations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Suvorov-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Suvorov_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suvorov_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Suvorov_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Suvorov" title="Viktor Suvorov">Viktor Suvorov</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Soviet_Army" title="Inside the Soviet Army">Inside the Soviet Army</a>, Hamish Hamilton, 1982, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-10889-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-10889-6">0-241-10889-6</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.onairpower.org/docs/Gromadin%2C_Mikhail_Stepanovich">[1]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130521172537/http://www.onairpower.org/docs/Gromadin%2C_Mikhail_Stepanovich">Archived</a> May 21, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://velikvoy.narod.ru/voyska/voyskacccp/oper_strateg/front_pvo.htm">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081024220012/http://velikvoy.narod.ru/voyska/voyskacccp/oper_strateg/front_pvo.htm">Archived</a> October 24, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pvo.guns.ru/people/zarojdenie.htm">"Вестник ПВО"</a>. Pvo.guns.ru. 2005-04-27. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005004816/http://pvo.guns.ru/people/zarojdenie.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%9F%D0%92%D0%9E&rft.pub=Pvo.guns.ru&rft.date=2005-04-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpvo.guns.ru%2Fpeople%2Fzarojdenie.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.whs.mil/library/Dig/History%20Of%20Strategic%20Air%20and%20Ballistic%20Missile%20Defense%20%28Vol.%201,%20Pt.%202%29%201945%20-%201955%29.pdf">"History Of Strategic Air and Ballistic Missile Defense (Vol. 1, Pt. 2) 1945–1955"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. p. 151. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110722213931/http://www.whs.mil/library/Dig/History%20Of%20Strategic%20Air%20and%20Ballistic%20Missile%20Defense%20(Vol.%201,%20Pt.%202)%201945%20-%201955).pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 22 July 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">8 March</span> 2011</span>. <q>the formation of PVO (Strany) as a co-equal with other services of the Soviet armed forces in May of 1954</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+Of+Strategic+Air+and+Ballistic+Missile+Defense+%28Vol.+1%2C+Pt.+2%29+1945%E2%80%931955&rft.pages=151&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.whs.mil%2Flibrary%2FDig%2FHistory%2520Of%2520Strategic%2520Air%2520and%2520Ballistic%2520Missile%2520Defense%2520%2528Vol.%25201%2C%2520Pt.%25202%2529%25201945%2520-%25201955%2529.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://myplace.frontier.com/~anneled/ColdWar.html">"Intrusions, Overflights, Shootdowns and Defections During the Cold War and Thereafter"</a>. Myplace.frontier.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130514025909/http://myplace.frontier.com/~anneled/ColdWar.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Intrusions%2C+Overflights%2C+Shootdowns+and+Defections+During+the+Cold+War+and+Thereafter&rft.pub=Myplace.frontier.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmyplace.frontier.com%2F~anneled%2FColdWar.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nsagov2009-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-nsagov2009_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/vigilance_park/shootdown_flight60528.shtml">"The Shootdown of Flight 60528."</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140601044753/http://www.nsa.gov/about/cryptologic_heritage/vigilance_park/shootdown_flight60528.shtml">Archived</a> 2014-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <i>National Vigilance Park- NSA/CSS</i> via <i>nsa.gov,</i> 15 January 2009. Retrieved: 15 September 2012.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-praz-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-praz_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prazdnuem.ru/calendar/cosmos/">"4 октября – День военно-космических сил России"</a> [October 4 – Day of Military Space Forces in Russia] (in Russian). Prazdnuem. n.d. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426001220/http://www.prazdnuem.ru/calendar/cosmos/">Archived</a> from the original on April 26, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 5,</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4+%D0%BE%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%8F%D0%B1%D1%80%D1%8F+%E2%80%93+%D0%94%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%8C+%D0%B2%D0%BE%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE-%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%85+%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8&rft.pub=Prazdnuem&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prazdnuem.ru%2Fcalendar%2Fcosmos%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See Vad777 and Michael Holm</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230824/http://www8.brinkster.com/vad777/sssr-89-91/pvo/12-tyrk.htm">"PVO"</a>. Brinkster.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www8.brinkster.com/vad777/sssr-89-91/pvo/12-tyrk.htm">the original</a> on 2013-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PVO&rft.pub=Brinkster.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww8.brinkster.com%2Fvad777%2Fsssr-89-91%2Fpvo%2F12-tyrk.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/pvo.htm">http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/pvo.htm</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170604220540/http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/pvo.htm">Archived</a> 2017-06-04 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/12oapvo.htm">"12th independent Air Defence Army"</a>. <i>www.ww2.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170726010307/http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/12oapvo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2017-07-26<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-05-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.ww2.dk&rft.atitle=12th+independent+Air+Defence+Army&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fpvo%2F12oapvo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Holm2015" class="citation web cs1">Michael Holm (2015-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ww2.dk/new/air%20force/division/iad/1gviad.htm">"1st Guards Fighter Aviation Division"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=1st+Guards+Fighter+Aviation+Division&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft.au=Michael+Holm&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fair%2520force%2Fdivision%2Fiad%2F1gviad.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonKomissarov2012178-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonKomissarov2012178_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordonKomissarov2012">Gordon & Komissarov 2012</a>, p. 178.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christina F. Shelton, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stinet.dtic.mil/oai/oai?verb=getRecord&metadataPrefix=html&identifier=ADA181964">"The Soviet Military Education System for Commissioning and Training Officers"</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, a bibliographical description and a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110522022628/http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA181964">link to the document</a> in <a href="/wiki/PDF" title="PDF">PDF</a> format, Appendix.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ASN-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ASN_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19780420-1">"ASN Aircraft accident Boeing 707-321B HL7429 Korpijärvi Lake"</a>. Aviation-safety.net. 1978-04-20. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110427091450/http://aviation-safety.net/database/record.php?id=19780420-1">Archived</a> from the original on 2011-04-27<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=ASN+Aircraft+accident+Boeing+707-321B+HL7429+Korpij%C3%A4rvi+Lake&rft.pub=Aviation-safety.net&rft.date=1978-04-20&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Faviation-safety.net%2Fdatabase%2Frecord.php%3Fid%3D19780420-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://nvo.ng.ru/history/2004-06-11/5_karelia.html">"Рейс "KAL" # 902 по расписанию не прибыл / История / Независимая газета"</a>. Nvo.ng.ru. 2004-06-11. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130904053741/http://nvo.ng.ru/history/2004-06-11/5_karelia.html">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-09-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%A0%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81+%22KAL%22+%23+902+%D0%BF%D0%BE+%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8E+%D0%BD%D0%B5+%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B1%D1%8B%D0%BB+%2F+%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%2F+%D0%9D%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0&rft.pub=Nvo.ng.ru&rft.date=2004-06-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnvo.ng.ru%2Fhistory%2F2004-06-11%2F5_karelia.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/William_Eldridge_Odom" title="William Eldridge Odom">William E Odom</a>, The Collapse of the Soviet Military, Yale University Press, New Haven and London, 1998, pp. 107–111</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGordonKomissarov2012185-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGordonKomissarov2012185_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGordonKomissarov2012">Gordon & Komissarov 2012</a>, p. 185.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELenskiiTsybin201455–56-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELenskiiTsybin201455–56_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLenskiiTsybin2014">Lenskii & Tsybin 2014</a>, pp. 55–56.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110823154845/http://old.vko.ru/pdf/2006/27/chief.pdf">"Russian titled documentation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Old.vko.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.vko.ru/pdf/2006/27/chief.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-08-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+titled+documentation&rft.pub=Old.vko.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.vko.ru%2Fpdf%2F2006%2F27%2Fchief.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">This army, corps, and division data is drawn from Feskov et al. 2004, pp. 151–152. Corrections where necessary have been made from Michael Holm's site, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new">http://www.ww2.dk/new</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101201025125/http://www.ww2.dk/new/">Archived</a> 2010-12-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/mopvo.htm">"Moscow Air Defence District"</a>. Ww2.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005044315/http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/mopvo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moscow+Air+Defence+District&rft.pub=Ww2.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fpvo%2Fmopvo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004231029/http://russianarms.mybb.ru/viewtopic.php?id=1166">"4-я отдельная Краснознамённая армия ПВО, в/ч 10866 (г. Свердловск)"</a>. Russianarms.mybb.ru. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://russianarms.mybb.ru/viewtopic.php?id=1166">the original</a> on 2013-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=4-%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D0%92%D0%9E%2C+%D0%B2%2F%D1%87+10866+%28%D0%B3.+%D0%A1%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%29&rft.pub=Russianarms.mybb.ru&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frussianarms.mybb.ru%2Fviewtopic.php%3Fid%3D1166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/19kpvo.htm">"19th Air Defence Corps"</a>. 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Ww2.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131005042112/http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/20kpvo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-05<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=20th+Air+Defence+Corps&rft.pub=Ww2.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fpvo%2F20kpvo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/27kpvo.htm">"27th Air Defence Corps"</a>. Ww2.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004233955/http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/27kpvo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=27th+Air+Defence+Corps&rft.pub=Ww2.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fpvo%2F27kpvo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/54kpvo.htm">"54th Air Defence Corps"</a>. Ww2.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131004223159/http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/54kpvo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=54th+Air+Defence+Corps&rft.pub=Ww2.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fpvo%2F54kpvo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/49kpvo.htm">"49th Air Defence Corps"</a>. Ww2.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131003001347/http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/49kpvo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-10-03<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=49th+Air+Defence+Corps&rft.pub=Ww2.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fpvo%2F49kpvo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/60kpvo.htm">"60th Air Defence Corps"</a>. Ww2.dk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130429112014/http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/60kpvo.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 2013-04-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-10-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=60th+Air+Defence+Corps&rft.pub=Ww2.dk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fpvo%2F60kpvo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHolm2013" class="citation web cs1">Holm, Michael (2013-02-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ww2.dk/new/pvo/19oapvo.htm">"19th independent Red Banner Air Defence Army - 19-я отдельная Краснознамённая армия ПВО"</a>. <i>Soviet Armed Forces 1945-1991: Organisation and order of battle</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-05-25</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soviet+Armed+Forces+1945-1991%3A+Organisation+and+order+of+battle&rft.atitle=19th+independent+Red+Banner+Air+Defence+Army+-+19-%D1%8F+%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%9A%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%91%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F+%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9F%D0%92%D0%9E&rft.date=2013-02-17&rft.aulast=Holm&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ww2.dk%2Fnew%2Fpvo%2F19oapvo.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFInternational_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/International_Institute_for_Strategic_Studies" title="International Institute for Strategic Studies">International Institute for Strategic Studies</a> (1991). <i>The military balance. 1991-1992</i>. London: Brassey's. p. 38. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0080413259" title="Special:BookSources/978-0080413259"><bdi>978-0080413259</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+military+balance.+1991-1992.&rft.place=London&rft.pages=38&rft.pub=Brassey%27s&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0080413259&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Strategic+Studies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">George M. Mellinger, Chapter IV, Soviet Deployments and Military Districts, 1990, in Soviet Armed Forces Review Annual 14:1990, Academic International Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Military Balance 2010. p.222,223</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordonKomissarov2012" class="citation book cs1">Gordon, Yefim; Komissarov, Dmitry (2012). <i>Soviet Air Defence Aviation 1945–1991</i>. Manchester: Hikoki. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781902109251" title="Special:BookSources/9781902109251"><bdi>9781902109251</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Soviet+Air+Defence+Aviation+1945%E2%80%931991&rft.place=Manchester&rft.pub=Hikoki&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9781902109251&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Yefim&rft.au=Komissarov%2C+Dmitry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenskiiTsybin2014" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lenskii, A.G.; Tsybin, M.M. (2014). <i>Советские Войска ПВО в последние годы Союза ССР. Часть 2</i> [<i>Soviet Air Defense Forces in the last years of the USSR: Part 2</i>] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Info Ol. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861180616">861180616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%92%D0%9E+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+2&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=Info+Ol&rft.date=2014&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861180616&rft.aulast=Lenskii&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rft.au=Tsybin%2C+M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLenskiiTsybin2015" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Lenskii, A.G.; Tsybin, M.M. (2015). <i>Советские Войска ПВО в последние годы Союза ССР. Часть 3</i> [<i>Soviet Air Defense Forces in the last years of the USSR: Part 3</i>] (in Russian). St. Petersburg: Info Ol. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/861180616">861180616</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D0%A1%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%92%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%9F%D0%92%D0%9E+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B+%D0%A1%D0%BE%D1%8E%D0%B7%D0%B0+%D0%A1%D0%A1%D0%A0.+%D0%A7%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8C+3&rft.place=St.+Petersburg&rft.pub=Info+Ol&rft.date=2015&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F861180616&rft.aulast=Lenskii&rft.aufirst=A.G.&rft.au=Tsybin%2C+M.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOdom1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/William_Eldridge_Odom" title="William Eldridge Odom">Odom, William E.</a> (1998). <i>The Collapse of the Soviet Military</i>. New Haven and London: Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Collapse+of+the+Soviet+Military&rft.place=New+Haven+and+London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Odom&rft.aufirst=William+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScottScott1979" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Harriet Fast; Scott, William Fontaine (1979). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/armedforcesofuss00scot"><i>The Armed Forces of the USSR</i></a></span>. Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89158-276-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89158-276-2"><bdi>978-0-89158-276-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Armed+Forces+of+the+USSR&rft.place=Boulder%2C+Colo.&rft.pub=Westview+Press&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=978-0-89158-276-2&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Harriet+Fast&rft.au=Scott%2C+William+Fontaine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Farmedforcesofuss00scot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSuvorov1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Viktor_Suvorov" title="Viktor Suvorov">Suvorov, Viktor</a> (1982). <i><a href="/wiki/Inside_the_Soviet_Army" title="Inside the Soviet Army">Inside the Soviet Army</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Hamish_Hamilton" title="Hamish Hamilton">Hamish Hamilton</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-241-10889-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-241-10889-6"><bdi>0-241-10889-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inside+the+Soviet+Army&rft.pub=Hamish+Hamilton&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-241-10889-6&rft.aulast=Suvorov&rft.aufirst=Viktor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>"Советские Войска ПВО в последние годы Союза ССР. Часть 1" by A.G. Lenskiy and M.M. Tsybin, Saint Petersburg 2013, 164 pages. Comprehensive history of the Air Defence Forces, with unit histories of all units in existence during the last years of the USSR. Volume 2 is expected in 2014.</li> <li>«На страже северного неба» (Москва, 2005) председатель совета ветеранов 10-й армии ПВО генерал-майор А. С. Иванов</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDabrowski2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Dabrowski, Krzysztof (2022). <i>Defending Rodinu</i>. Europe @ War (20). Vol. 1 Build-up and Operational History of the Soviet Air Defence Force, 1945–1960. Warwick, UK: Helion & Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-915070-71-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-915070-71-5"><bdi>978-1-915070-71-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Defending+Rodinu&rft.place=Warwick%2C+UK&rft.series=Europe+%40+War+%2820%29&rft.pub=Helion+%26+Co.&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-1-915070-71-5&rft.aulast=Dabrowski&rft.aufirst=Krzysztof&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASoviet+Air+Defence+Forces" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Soviet_Air_Defence_Forces&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Roundel_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Roundel_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Roundel_of_Azerbaijan.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_Air_and_Air_Defence_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="Azerbaijani Air and Air Defence Force">Azerbaijan Air Force</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Belarus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Roundel_of_Belarus.svg/15px-Roundel_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Roundel_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Roundel_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Roundel_of_Belarus.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1236" data-file-height="1176" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Air_Force" title="Belarusian Air Force">Belarusian Air Force</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Kazakhstan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roundel_of_Kazakhstan.svg/15px-Roundel_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roundel_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Roundel_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Roundel_of_Kazakhstan.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="932" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kazakh_Air_Defense_Forces" title="Kazakh Air Defense Forces">Kazakhstan Air Force</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roundel_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/15px-Roundel_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roundel_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Roundel_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Roundel_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyz_Air_Force" title="Kyrgyz Air Force">Kyrgyz Air Force</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Moldova.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Roundel_of_Moldova.svg/15px-Roundel_of_Moldova.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Roundel_of_Moldova.svg/23px-Roundel_of_Moldova.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Roundel_of_Moldova.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Moldova.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="609" data-file-height="609" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Moldovan_Air_Force" title="Moldovan Air Force">Moldovan Air Force</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Roundel_of_Russia.svg/15px-Roundel_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Roundel_of_Russia.svg/23px-Roundel_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Roundel_of_Russia.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="629" data-file-height="598" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Tajikistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Roundel_of_Tajikistan.svg/15px-Roundel_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Roundel_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Roundel_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Roundel_of_Tajikistan.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="1175" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Tajik_Air_Force" title="Tajik Air Force">Tajik Air Force</a></li> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Uzbekistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roundel_of_Uzbekistan.svg/15px-Roundel_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roundel_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Roundel_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Roundel_of_Uzbekistan.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan_Air_and_Air_Defence_Forces" title="Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces">Uzbekistan Air and Air Defence Forces</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Associate</dt> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Turkmenistan.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Roundel_of_Turkmenistan.svg/15px-Roundel_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Roundel_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Roundel_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Roundel_of_Turkmenistan.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="601" data-file-height="601" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_Air_Force" title="Turkmen Air Force">Turkmen Air Force</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <dl><dt>Former</dt> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Georgia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Roundel_of_Georgia.svg/15px-Roundel_of_Georgia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Roundel_of_Georgia.svg/23px-Roundel_of_Georgia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Roundel_of_Georgia.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Georgia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Georgian_Air_Force" title="Georgian Air Force">Georgian Air Force</a></dd> <dd><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Roundel_of_Ukraine.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Roundel_of_Ukraine.svg/15px-Roundel_of_Ukraine.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Roundel_of_Ukraine.svg/23px-Roundel_of_Ukraine.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Roundel_of_Ukraine.svg/30px-Roundel_of_Ukraine.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="602" data-file-height="602" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Air_Force" title="Ukrainian Air Force">Ukrainian Air Force</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_aircraft_of_the_Soviet_Union_and_the_CIS" title="List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS">List of military aircraft of the Soviet Union and the CIS</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q631009#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th 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