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cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle QRA stations subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-QRA_stations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Austria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Austria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Austria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Austria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Baltic_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Baltic_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Baltic States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Baltic_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bulgaria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bulgaria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Bulgaria</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bulgaria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Czech_Republic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Czech_Republic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Czech Republic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Czech_Republic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Finland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Finland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Finland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Finland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hungary" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hungary"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Hungary</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hungary-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iceland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iceland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Iceland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iceland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.11</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.12</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.13</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Romania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Romania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.14</span> <span>Romania</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Romania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Slovakia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Slovakia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.15</span> <span>Slovakia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Slovakia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.16</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Switzerland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Switzerland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.17</span> <span>Switzerland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Switzerland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Turkey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Turkey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.18</span> <span>Turkey</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Turkey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.19</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Germany_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2012_Olympics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2012_Olympics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>2012 Olympics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2012_Olympics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Security_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Security incidents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul 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interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Reaction_Alert" title="Quick Reaction Alert – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Quick Reaction Alert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Reaction_Alert" title="Quick Reaction Alert – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Quick Reaction Alert" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Reaction_Alert" title="Quick Reaction Alert – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Quick Reaction Alert" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Reaction_Alert" title="Quick Reaction Alert – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Quick Reaction Alert" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Reaction_Alert" title="Quick Reaction Alert – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Quick Reaction Alert" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quick_Reaction_Alert" title="Quick Reaction Alert – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Quick Reaction Alert" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/QRA" title="QRA – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="QRA" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%97%E7%BA%A6%E5%BF%AB%E9%80%9F%E5%8F%8D%E5%BA%94%E8%AD%A6%E6%8A%A5" title="北约快速反应警报 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="北约快速反应警报" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q15841388#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Readiness policy by NATO air forces</div> <p> <b>Quick Reaction Alert</b> (<b>QRA</b>) is state of <a href="/wiki/Combat_readiness" title="Combat readiness">readiness</a> and <i><a href="/wiki/Modus_operandi" title="Modus operandi">modus operandi</a></i> of <a href="/wiki/Anti-aircraft_warfare" title="Anti-aircraft warfare">air defence</a> maintained at all hours of the day by <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a> air forces. The United States usually refers to Quick Reaction Alert as 'Airspace Control Alert'. </p><p>Some non-NATO countries maintain a QRA,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> either full-time or part-time.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Tyhoon_Russian_Intercept.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RAF_Tyhoon_Russian_Intercept.jpg/250px-RAF_Tyhoon_Russian_Intercept.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RAF_Tyhoon_Russian_Intercept.jpg/375px-RAF_Tyhoon_Russian_Intercept.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/RAF_Tyhoon_Russian_Intercept.jpg/500px-RAF_Tyhoon_Russian_Intercept.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1786" data-file-height="1282" /></a><figcaption>A QRA Typhoon from <a href="/wiki/No._11_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 11 Squadron RAF">XI Sqn</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coningsby" title="RAF Coningsby">RAF Coningsby</a> escorts a Russian <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tu-95</a> (<a href="/wiki/NATO_reporting_name" title="NATO reporting name">ASCC designation</a> <i>"Bear"</i>) in August 2008</figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Operation">Operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="QRA_in_the_United_Kingdom">QRA in the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: QRA in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There are two QRA stations in the United Kingdom, one at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Coningsby" title="RAF Coningsby">RAF Coningsby</a> in the east of England, and the other at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Lossiemouth" title="RAF Lossiemouth">RAF Lossiemouth</a> in Scotland. </p><p>Pilots and engineers on QRA duty are at immediate readiness twenty-four hours a day. They are <a href="/wiki/Flight_suit" title="Flight suit">fully dressed</a> in the Crew <a href="/wiki/Ready_Room" class="mw-redirect" title="Ready Room">Ready Room</a>, which are next to the <a href="/wiki/Hangar" title="Hangar">hangars</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Hardened_aircraft_shelter" title="Hardened aircraft shelter">hardened aircraft shelter</a> known informally as <i>Q-sheds</i>, which houses the <a href="/wiki/Interceptor_aircraft" title="Interceptor aircraft">interceptor aircraft</a>, since 2007 the <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a>. <a href="/wiki/Fighter_pilot" title="Fighter pilot">Pilots</a> are on QRA duty around once or twice a month, each a twenty-four-hour shift. </p><p>Engineers are on QRA duty three or four times a year, each for a twenty-four-hour a day shift, for seven days at a time. Two Typhoon aircraft are maintained at readiness, along with a <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A330_MRTT" title="Airbus A330 MRTT">Voyager tanker</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Brize_Norton" title="RAF Brize Norton">RAF Brize Norton</a> in <a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a>. Before 2014 this task was carried out by a <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_TriStar_(RAF)" title="Lockheed TriStar (RAF)">TriStar</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cleitreabhal_a%27Deas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15297.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cleitreabhal_a%27Deas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15297.jpg/220px-Cleitreabhal_a%27Deas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15297.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cleitreabhal_a%27Deas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15297.jpg/330px-Cleitreabhal_a%27Deas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15297.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Cleitreabhal_a%27Deas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15297.jpg/440px-Cleitreabhal_a%27Deas_-_geograph.org.uk_-_15297.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="434" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RRH_Benbecula" title="RRH Benbecula">RRH Benbecula</a> in June 2004</figcaption></figure> <p>Civilian aircraft in the UK are monitored by <a href="/wiki/NATS_Holdings" title="NATS Holdings">NATS Holdings</a> at: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Swanwick,_Hampshire" title="Swanwick, Hampshire">Swanwick, Hampshire</a> with the <a href="/wiki/London_Area_Control_Centre" title="London Area Control Centre">London Area Control Centre</a> and <a href="/wiki/London_Terminal_Control_Centre" title="London Terminal Control Centre">London Terminal Control Centre</a> (at <a href="/wiki/RAF_West_Drayton" title="RAF West Drayton">RAF West Drayton</a> until 2007), broadly known as the London Air Traffic Control Centre, which covers the London Flight Information Region (EGTT). The RAF have a team at Swanwick.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prestwick" title="Prestwick">Prestwick</a>, which covers the Scotland <a href="/wiki/Flight_information_region" title="Flight information region">Flight Information Region</a> (EGPX) which is north of the <a href="/wiki/Solway_Firth" title="Solway Firth">Solway Firth</a>.</li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:R.A.F._Staxton_Wold_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330500.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/R.A.F._Staxton_Wold_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330500.jpg/220px-R.A.F._Staxton_Wold_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330500.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/R.A.F._Staxton_Wold_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330500.jpg/330px-R.A.F._Staxton_Wold_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/R.A.F._Staxton_Wold_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330500.jpg/440px-R.A.F._Staxton_Wold_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1330500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RRH_Staxton_Wold" title="RRH Staxton Wold">RRH Staxton Wold</a> in May 2009. Staxton Wold is possibly the oldest operational radar station in the world</figcaption></figure> <p>Military radar in the UK is controlled by the UK Air Surveillance and Control System (ASACS),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> looked after by ASACS Force Command.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It has <a href="/wiki/Remote_radio_head" title="Remote radio head">Remote Radar Heads</a> (RRH) at: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RRH_Benbecula" title="RRH Benbecula">RRH Benbecula</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Outer_Hebrides" title="Outer Hebrides">Outer Hebrides</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Saxa_Vord" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Saxa Vord">RRH Saxa Vord</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland</a> (AN/TPS-77 radar moved from RRH Staxton Wold)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH_Buchan" title="RRH Buchan">RRH Buchan</a> (former Master Radar Station, or MRS, Buchan) off the <a href="/wiki/A90_road" title="A90 road">A90</a> south of <a href="/wiki/Peterhead" title="Peterhead">Peterhead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH_Brizlee_Wood" title="RRH Brizlee Wood">RRH Brizlee Wood</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hulne_Park" title="Hulne Park">Hulne Park</a>, Northumberland (west of <a href="/wiki/RAF_Boulmer" title="RAF Boulmer">RAF Boulmer</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH_Staxton_Wold" title="RRH Staxton Wold">RRH Staxton Wold</a> off the B1249 in <a href="/wiki/Willerby,_North_Yorkshire" title="Willerby, North Yorkshire">Willerby, North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH_Neatishead" title="RRH Neatishead">RRH Neatishead</a> at <a href="/wiki/Neatishead" title="Neatishead">Neatishead</a>, Norfolk</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RRH_Portreath" title="RRH Portreath">RRH Portreath</a> in Cornwall</li></ul> <p>From 1997, the radars were the 1.1MW <a href="/wiki/Plessey_AR-320" title="Plessey AR-320">Plessey AR-320</a> (Type 93), and were replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin" title="Lockheed Martin">Lockheed Martin</a> <a href="/wiki/AN/FPS-117" title="AN/FPS-117">AN/FPS-117</a> system. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="QRA_in_the_United_States">QRA in the United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: QRA in the United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The United States refers to Quick Reaction Alert as Airspace Control Alert.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="QRA_response">QRA response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: QRA response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Air traffic across Europe is controlled by <a href="/wiki/Eurocontrol" title="Eurocontrol">Eurocontrol</a> in Brussels. Military aircraft from Russia can be tracked across Norway, and reported to the <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_Joint_Headquarters" title="Norwegian Joint Headquarters">Norwegian Joint Headquarters</a> near <a href="/wiki/Bod%C3%B8" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodø">Bodø</a>, or the <a href="/wiki/Combined_Air_Operations_Centre" title="Combined Air Operations Centre">Combined Air Operations Centre</a> 2 (CAOC UE) in <a href="/wiki/Uedem" title="Uedem">Uedem</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Rhine-Westphalia" title="North Rhine-Westphalia">North Rhine-Westphalia</a> close to the border with the Netherlands. <a href="/wiki/Combined_Air_Operations_Centre_Finderup" title="Combined Air Operations Centre Finderup">Combined Air Operations Centre Finderup</a> (CAOC Finderup),<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in Denmark, watches Russian aircraft and can alert the UK, and has RAF staff there. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Russian_Air_Force" title="Russian Air Force">Russian Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-95" title="Tupolev Tu-95">Tupolev Tu-95</a> aircraft originate from the <a href="/wiki/Olenya_(air_base)" class="mw-redirect" title="Olenya (air base)">Olenya</a> air base on the <a href="/wiki/Kola_Peninsula" title="Kola Peninsula">Kola Peninsula</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-160" title="Tupolev Tu-160">Tupolev Tu-160</a> Blackjack aircraft come from the <a href="/wiki/Engels-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Engels-2">Engels-2</a> base near <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>. The Tu-95 aircraft are on 12-14 hour missions, and when tracked across Norway have been colloquially referred to with the codename of <i>zombies</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>A QRA response involves the <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter aircraft</a> being scrambled to investigate an infringement of the NATO country's airspace or area of interest. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="QRA_response_in_the_United_Kingdom">QRA response in the United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: QRA response in the United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>This may also be a civilian aircraft that poses a threat, if not sufficiently responding to <a href="/wiki/Air_traffic_control" title="Air traffic control">air traffic control</a> (ATC). Incidents of this nature in the UK are monitored by the <a href="/wiki/Control_and_Reporting_Centre" title="Control and Reporting Centre">Control and Reporting Centre</a> (CRC) at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Boulmer" title="RAF Boulmer">RAF Boulmer</a>, which builds a 3D Recognised Air Picture. The National Air and Space Operations Centre (NASOC) at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Air_Command" title="RAF Air Command">RAF Air Command</a>, <a href="/wiki/RAF_High_Wycombe" title="RAF High Wycombe">RAF High Wycombe</a> decides whether to send a QRA response. The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Force_Air_Component_Headquarters" title="Joint Force Air Component Headquarters">Joint Force Air Component Headquarters</a> is also at High Wycombe. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:QRA_Scramble_to_Intercept_Russian_Blackjack_Aircraft_MOD_45151233.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/QRA_Scramble_to_Intercept_Russian_Blackjack_Aircraft_MOD_45151233.jpg/250px-QRA_Scramble_to_Intercept_Russian_Blackjack_Aircraft_MOD_45151233.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="162" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/QRA_Scramble_to_Intercept_Russian_Blackjack_Aircraft_MOD_45151233.jpg/375px-QRA_Scramble_to_Intercept_Russian_Blackjack_Aircraft_MOD_45151233.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/QRA_Scramble_to_Intercept_Russian_Blackjack_Aircraft_MOD_45151233.jpg/500px-QRA_Scramble_to_Intercept_Russian_Blackjack_Aircraft_MOD_45151233.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1558" data-file-height="1008" /></a><figcaption>A QRA <a href="/wiki/Panavia_Tornado_ADV" title="Panavia Tornado ADV">Tornado F3</a> of <a href="/wiki/No._111_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 111 Squadron RAF">111 Sqn</a> at Leuchars intercepting a Russian <a href="/wiki/Tupolev_Tu-160" title="Tupolev Tu-160">Tupolev Tu-160</a> flying west of <a href="/wiki/Stornoway" title="Stornoway">Stornoway</a> in March 2010</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="QRA_stations">QRA stations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: QRA stations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Austria">Austria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Austria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Austria has only daylight QRA readiness. <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Air_Force" title="Austrian Air Force">Austrian Air Force</a> Air Surveillance Command is located at <a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>. Fighter Squadron 1 & 2 with <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoon</a> are at <a href="/wiki/Zeltweg_Air_Base" title="Zeltweg Air Base">Zeltweg Air Base</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Baltic_States">Baltic States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Baltic States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Lithuania, Latvia and Estonia, though members of NATO, have no fighters capable of QRA intercepts. Other NATO nations provide periodic air defence at the NATO QRA standard as part of <a href="/wiki/Baltic_Air_Policing" title="Baltic Air Policing">NATO Baltic Air Policing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bulgaria">Bulgaria</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Bulgaria"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Graf_Ignatievo_Air_Base" title="Graf Ignatievo Air Base">Graf Ignatievo Air Base</a> (3rd Fighter Air Base) of the <a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_Air_Force" title="Bulgarian Air Force">BuAF</a> has a single <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan_MiG-29" title="Mikoyan MiG-29">MiG-29</a> squadron, which carry two <a href="/wiki/R-73_(missile)" title="R-73 (missile)">R-73 missiles</a>. The Bulgarian CRC is at Sofia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Croatia">Croatia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Air_Force" title="Croatian Air Force">Croatian Air Force</a>'s Air Force and Air Defence Command is located in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vojnipilot.hr/191-eskadrila-lovackih-aviona/">191. Fighter Squadron</a>, flies <a href="/wiki/Mikoyan-Gurevich_MiG-21" title="Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21">MiG-21bisD/UMDs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Pleso" class="mw-redirect" title="Pleso">Pleso</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zagreb_Airport" title="Zagreb Airport">Zagreb Airport</a>). The MiG-21 will be replaced with <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Rafale" title="Dassault Rafale">Dassault Rafale</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Czech_Republic">Czech Republic</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Czech Republic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 261st Control and Reporting Centre (CRC), is in Hlavenec. The <a href="/wiki/Czech_Air_Force" title="Czech Air Force">Czech Air Force</a> uses <a href="/wiki/JAS_39_Gripen" class="mw-redirect" title="JAS 39 Gripen">JAS-39C/D Gripen</a> at <a href="/wiki/%C4%8C%C3%A1slav" title="Čáslav">Čáslav</a> AFB. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Denmark">Denmark</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Danish_Air_Force" title="Royal Danish Air Force">Royal Danish Air Force</a> Command is headquartered at <a href="/wiki/Karup_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Karup Air Base">Karup Air Base</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Fighter_Wing_Skrydstrup" title="Fighter Wing Skrydstrup">Fighter Wing</a> with the Eskadrille 727 and the Eskadrille 730, at <a href="/wiki/Skrydstrup_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Skrydstrup Air Base">Skrydstrup Air Base</a> use <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon_variants#F-16AM/BM_Block_15_MLU" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon variants">F-16AM/BM Falcon</a>, soon to be replaced with <a href="/wiki/F-35A" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35A">F-35A</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Finland">Finland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Finland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Finnish Air Operations Centre is at <a href="/wiki/Jyv%C3%A4skyl%C3%A4_Airport" title="Jyväskylä Airport">Jyväskylä–Tikkakoski Air Base</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Finnish_Air_Force" title="Finnish Air Force">Finnish Air Force</a> <a href="/wiki/No._31_Squadron,_Finnish_Air_Force" class="mw-redirect" title="No. 31 Squadron, Finnish Air Force">Fighter Squadron 31</a> (Hävittäjälentolaivue 31, HävLLv 31) uses <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">F-18C/D</a> from <a href="/wiki/Rovaniemi_Airport" title="Rovaniemi Airport">Rovaniemi</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kuopio_Airport" title="Kuopio Airport">Kuopio</a>. In addition to the Air Force's main operating bases, QRA aircraft may by rotated between civilian airports and other temporary operating bases.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The municipality of <a href="/wiki/Uedem" title="Uedem">Uedem</a> houses NATO's Combined Air Operations Centre (CAOC) Uedem.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Taktisches_Luftwaffengeschwader_74" title="Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 74">Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 74</a> provides cover in the south, and <a href="/wiki/Taktisches_Luftwaffengeschwader_71_%22Richthofen%22" title="Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 71 "Richthofen"">Taktisches Luftwaffengeschwader 71 "Richthofen"</a> in the north. The <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a> uses <a href="/wiki/Eurofighter_Typhoon" title="Eurofighter Typhoon">Eurofighter Typhoons</a> from <a href="/wiki/Wittmund" title="Wittmund">Wittmund</a> (QRA North) and <a href="/wiki/Neuburg_Air_Base" title="Neuburg Air Base">Neuburg Air Base</a> (QRA South), with alternate QRA bases in <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rvenich" title="Nörvenich">Nörvenich</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rostock-Laage_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Rostock-Laage Airport">Rostock-Laage Airport</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hungary">Hungary</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Hungary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hungarian Air Command and Control Centre is in <a href="/wiki/Veszpr%C3%A9m" title="Veszprém">Veszprém</a>. The QRA base is at the <a href="/wiki/Kecskem%C3%A9t_Air_Base" title="Kecskemét Air Base">Kecskemét Air Base</a>. The Fighter Squadron Puma operates <a href="/wiki/JAS_39_Gripen" class="mw-redirect" title="JAS 39 Gripen">JAS-39C/D Gripen</a> fighters. The Hungarian Gripens are responsible for the air police service over Slovenia.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iceland">Iceland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Iceland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Iceland, though a member of NATO, has no standing armed forces. Other NATO nations provide periodic air defence at the NATO QRA standard as part of NATO <a href="/wiki/Icelandic_Air_Policing" title="Icelandic Air Policing">Icelandic Air Policing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Italian_Air_Force" title="Italian Air Force">Italian Air Force</a> squadrons equipped with Typhoon and F-35 jets provide QRA coverage on a rotational basis. These squadrons are based at <a href="/wiki/Grosseto_Air_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Grosseto Air Base">Grosseto Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tuscany" title="Tuscany">Tuscany</a> (IX Gruppo of 4º Stormo), <a href="/wiki/Gioia_del_Colle_Air_Base" title="Gioia del Colle Air Base">Gioia del Colle Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Apulia" title="Apulia">Apulia</a> (10° Gruppo and 12° Gruppo of 36º Stormo), <a href="/wiki/Trapani-Birgi_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Trapani-Birgi Airport">Trapani Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a> (18° Gruppo of 37° Stormo), and <a href="/wiki/Istrana_Air_Base" title="Istrana Air Base">Istrana Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Veneto" title="Veneto">Veneto</a> (132° Gruppo of 51° Stormo), all of them operating Typhoons. More recently the F-35As based at <a href="/wiki/Amendola_Air_Base" title="Amendola Air Base">Amendola Air Base</a> in Apulia (13° Gruppo of 32° Stormo) have been given QRA tasks as well, and F-35s at <a href="/wiki/Ghedi_Air_Base" title="Ghedi Air Base">Ghedi Air Base</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lombardy" title="Lombardy">Lombardy</a> will be on QRA too.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Netherlands_Air_Force" title="Royal Netherlands Air Force">Royal Netherlands Air Force</a> (RNLAF) have <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Martin_F-35_Lightning_II" title="Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II">F-35</a> aircraft at <a href="/wiki/Volkel_Air_Base" title="Volkel Air Base">Volkel Air Base</a> or <a href="/wiki/Leeuwarden_Air_Base" title="Leeuwarden Air Base">Leeuwarden Air Base</a> on high alert. They intercept once notified by the <a href="/wiki/Air_Operations_Control_Station_Nieuw-Milligen" title="Air Operations Control Station Nieuw-Milligen">Air Operations Control Station Nieuw-Milligen</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Apeldoorn" title="Apeldoorn">Apeldoorn</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gelderland" title="Gelderland">Gelderland</a>. The RNLAF alternates the responsibilities for QRA above <a href="/wiki/Benelux" title="Benelux">Benelux</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Belgian_Air_Component" title="Belgian Air Component">Belgian Air Component</a> every four months since 2016/2017. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Norwegian_Air_Force" title="Royal Norwegian Air Force">Royal Norwegian Air Force</a> Quick Reaction Alert force consists of two <a href="/wiki/F-35" class="mw-redirect" title="F-35">F-35s</a> on high alert from <a href="/wiki/Evenes_Air_Station" title="Evenes Air Station">Evenes Air Station</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Romania">Romania</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Romania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/RoAF_71st_Air_Base" title="RoAF 71st Air Base">RoAF 71st Air Base</a> (<i>Baza 71 Aeriană</i>) at <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mpia_Turzii" title="Câmpia Turzii">Câmpia Turzii</a> in central Romania and the <a href="/wiki/RoAF_86th_Air_Base" title="RoAF 86th Air Base">RoAF 86th Air Base</a> (<i>Baza 86 Aeriană</i>) at <a href="/wiki/Borcea" title="Borcea">Borcea</a> in south-east Romania are on QRA duty. Romania operates <a href="/wiki/F-16_Fighting_Falcon" class="mw-redirect" title="F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16 Fighting Falcons</a>, which carry <a href="/wiki/AIM-9X" class="mw-redirect" title="AIM-9X">AIM-9X</a> and <a href="/wiki/AIM-120C" class="mw-redirect" title="AIM-120C">AIM-120C</a> missiles. The Romanian CRC is at <a href="/wiki/Balote%C8%99ti" title="Balotești">Balotești</a> in southern Romania. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Slovakia">Slovakia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Slovakia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Air Force Command of the <a href="/wiki/Slovak_Air_Force" title="Slovak Air Force">Slovak Air Force</a> is in <a href="/wiki/Zvolen" title="Zvolen">Zvolen</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The 1st Tactical Squadron is waiting for delivery of <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16V</a> at <a href="/wiki/Slia%C4%8D_Air_Base" title="Sliač Air Base">Sliač Air Base</a>. Currently the Slovak airspace is guarded by <a href="/wiki/German_Air_Force" title="German Air Force">German Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czech_Air_Force" title="Czech Air Force">Czech Air Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polish_Air_Force" title="Polish Air Force">Polish Air Force</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hungarian_Air_Force" title="Hungarian Air Force">Hungarian Air Force</a> until the American <a href="/wiki/General_Dynamics_F-16_Fighting_Falcon" title="General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon">F-16s</a> are delivered.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Spanish Air Force and Space Force establishes a number of multipurpose fighter units that take turns among themselves. On the one hand, there are four units dependent on the Air Combat Command (MACOM) that are responsible for protecting the airspace. </p><p>The QRAs are attended to by different predisposed units, which follow an action plan, in which several Air Force aircraft are prepared to respond to the alert within a maximum time of 15 minutes. A single base is not established as an operations center that is responsible for these activities, but there are several in Spanish territory that are "on duty" to respond to any requirement. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Switzerland">Switzerland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Switzerland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The main base for the QRA of the <a href="/wiki/Swiss_Air_Force" title="Swiss Air Force">Swiss Air Force</a> is <a href="/wiki/Payerne_Air_Base" title="Payerne Air Base">Payerne Air Base</a>. The QRA also operates from <a href="/wiki/Emmen_Air_Base" title="Emmen Air Base">Emmen Air Base</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meiringen_Air_Base" title="Meiringen Air Base">Meiringen Air Base</a> for several weeks per year. <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Airport" title="Zurich Airport">Zurich Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geneva_Airport" title="Geneva Airport">Geneva Airport</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sion_Airport" title="Sion Airport">Sion Airport</a> serve as alternative locations. All QRA operations are guided by the Operations Center (EZ-LUV)/CRC at <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCbendorf_Air_Base" title="Dübendorf Air Base">Dübendorf Air Base</a>. The Swiss QRA are equipped with <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F/A-18_Hornet" title="McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet">F/A-18C/D</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Turkey">Turkey</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Turkey"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Amasya_Merzifon_Airport" title="Amasya Merzifon Airport">Merzifon Air Base</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Air_Force" title="Turkish Air Force">TuAF</a> (<i>Türk Hava Kuvvetleri</i>), in northern Turkey, has two F-16 squadrons (built by <a href="/wiki/Turkish_Aerospace_Industries" title="Turkish Aerospace Industries">TAI</a>) with the 5th Air Wing (<i>5 Ana Jet Üs</i>). <a href="/wiki/Band%C4%B1rma_Airport" title="Bandırma Airport">Bandırma Air Base</a> has two F-16 squadrons of the 6th Air Wing. The Turkish CRC is at Ahlatlıbel near <a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Currently there are two QRA RAF stations, of <a href="/wiki/No._1_Group_RAF" title="No. 1 Group RAF">1 Group</a>. </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Coningsby" title="RAF Coningsby">RAF Coningsby</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> looks after the southern sector of the UK, known as <b>QRA South</b>, with <a href="/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 3 Squadron RAF">3 Sqn</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._11_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 11 Squadron RAF">11 Sqn</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RAF_Lossiemouth" title="RAF Lossiemouth">RAF Lossiemouth</a> in <a href="/wiki/Moray" title="Moray">Moray</a> protects the northern sector of the UK, referred to as <b>QRA North</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> hosted by <a href="/wiki/No._1_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 1 Squadron RAF">1 Sqn</a>, <a href="/wiki/No._2_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 2 Squadron RAF">2 Sqn</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._6_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 6 Squadron RAF">6 Sqn</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Quick Reaction Alert is the current iteration of <a href="/wiki/Scrambling_(military)" title="Scrambling (military)">scrambling</a>, developed by <a href="/wiki/RAF_Fighter_Command" title="RAF Fighter Command">RAF Fighter Command</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Germany_2">Germany</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/RAF_Wildenrath" title="RAF Wildenrath">RAF Wildenrath</a> provided air defence cover for <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force_Germany" title="Royal Air Force Germany">Royal Air Force Germany</a> (RAFG), which flew Phantoms with <a href="/wiki/No._92_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 92 Squadron RAF">92 Sqn</a> and <a href="/wiki/No._19_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 19 Squadron RAF">19 Sqn</a> until 1991. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy_2">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first country to put the Typhoon onto QRA duty was Italy in December 2005, by IX Gruppo of 4º Stormo. 12° Gruppo of 36º Stormo followed in July 2007 and 10° Gruppo in July 2010. Typhoons replaced the F-16A/ADF of 37° Stormo at Trapani from May 2012. From March 2018 the F-35 of 32° Stormo based in Amendola, has implemented the QRA assets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain_2">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>111 Sqn put the first Typhoon on QRA duty in July 2008, followed by 142 Sqn of Ala 14, and later 141 Sqn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom_2">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EE_Lightning_F.3_XP694_D.29_WATT_16.09.72_edited-3.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/EE_Lightning_F.3_XP694_D.29_WATT_16.09.72_edited-3.jpg/150px-EE_Lightning_F.3_XP694_D.29_WATT_16.09.72_edited-3.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/EE_Lightning_F.3_XP694_D.29_WATT_16.09.72_edited-3.jpg/225px-EE_Lightning_F.3_XP694_D.29_WATT_16.09.72_edited-3.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/EE_Lightning_F.3_XP694_D.29_WATT_16.09.72_edited-3.jpg/300px-EE_Lightning_F.3_XP694_D.29_WATT_16.09.72_edited-3.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="680" /></a><figcaption>A Lightning F.3 <i>XP694</i> of 29 Sqn at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wattisham" title="RAF Wattisham">RAF Wattisham</a> in September 1972</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RAF_Pilot_Exiting_Aircraft_MOD_45157166.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/RAF_Pilot_Exiting_Aircraft_MOD_45157166.jpg/120px-RAF_Pilot_Exiting_Aircraft_MOD_45157166.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="183" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/RAF_Pilot_Exiting_Aircraft_MOD_45157166.jpg/180px-RAF_Pilot_Exiting_Aircraft_MOD_45157166.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/RAF_Pilot_Exiting_Aircraft_MOD_45157166.jpg/240px-RAF_Pilot_Exiting_Aircraft_MOD_45157166.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3151" data-file-height="4800" /></a><figcaption>A QRA pilot at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Leuchars" title="RAF Leuchars">RAF Leuchars</a> in October 2010</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Russian_SU-27_Flanker_with_RAF_Typhoon_MOD_45157730.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Russian_SU-27_Flanker_with_RAF_Typhoon_MOD_45157730.jpg/250px-Russian_SU-27_Flanker_with_RAF_Typhoon_MOD_45157730.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Russian_SU-27_Flanker_with_RAF_Typhoon_MOD_45157730.jpg/375px-Russian_SU-27_Flanker_with_RAF_Typhoon_MOD_45157730.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Russian_SU-27_Flanker_with_RAF_Typhoon_MOD_45157730.jpg/500px-Russian_SU-27_Flanker_with_RAF_Typhoon_MOD_45157730.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2544" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/RAF_Typhoon" class="mw-redirect" title="RAF Typhoon">RAF Typhoon</a> of 3 Sqn intercepts a Russian <i>Flanker</i> <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-27" title="Sukhoi Su-27">Sukhoi Su-27</a> over the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic states</a> in June 2014. The aircraft were at <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0iauliai_International_Airport" title="Šiauliai International Airport">Šiauliai</a> from March 2014 with <a href="/wiki/Operation_Azotize" class="mw-redirect" title="Operation Azotize">Operation Azotize</a></figcaption></figure> <p>In the 1950s and 1960s, training as a fighter controller in the UK was at MRS Bawdsey (<a href="/wiki/RAF_Bawdsey" title="RAF Bawdsey">RAF Bawdsey</a>). The main central control was known as ADOC, which monitored the UK Air Defence Region (UK ADR). It was similar to the USA's and Canada's <a href="/wiki/North_American_Aerospace_Defense_Command" class="mw-redirect" title="North American Aerospace Defense Command">NORAD</a> at <a href="/wiki/Peterson_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Peterson Air Force Base">Peterson Air Force Base</a>. The <a href="/wiki/ROTOR" title="ROTOR">ROTOR</a> system was developed in the 1950s.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Before computers arrived in the 1970s, the Russian aircraft were plotted on a map, mainly by <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Royal_Air_Force" title="Women's Royal Air Force">WRAF</a> personnel. <a href="/wiki/No._11_Group_RAF" title="No. 11 Group RAF">11 Group</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bentley_Priory" title="RAF Bentley Priory">RAF Bentley Priory</a> from 1968 and <a href="/wiki/RAF_High_Wycombe" title="RAF High Wycombe">RAF High Wycombe</a> from 1972, looked after the UK's air defence until the 1990s. High Wycombe today has the <a href="/wiki/European_Air_Group" title="European Air Group">European Air Group</a>. </p><p>Every QRA alert required a <a href="/wiki/Handley_Page_Victor" title="Handley Page Victor">Victor</a> tanker from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Marham" title="RAF Marham">RAF Marham</a> in <a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a>, with the codename <i>Dragonfly</i>. One fighter squadron would be on QRA for six month shifts. The <a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_F-4_Phantom_II" title="McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II">Phantom</a> had much better range than the Lightning, and had far-better <i><a href="/wiki/Look-down/shoot-down" title="Look-down/shoot-down">look down</a></i> radar, but the <a href="/wiki/English_Electric_Lightning" title="English Electric Lightning">Lightning</a> had better performance. </p><p>The RAF Phantom variant had <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_Spey" title="Rolls-Royce Spey">Spey</a> engines, which were not intentionally designed for the aircraft, and gave lower performance. It had an advanced <a href="/wiki/Electronic_counter-countermeasure" title="Electronic counter-countermeasure">jam-resistant</a> <a href="/wiki/Inertial_navigation_system" title="Inertial navigation system">inertial navigation system</a> but the RAF Phantoms could not take off immediately as this inertial system had to align first. The Lightning left service in 1988 and the Phantom in 1992. When the Tornado F.3 arrived, the RAF QRA duty had an aircraft with complete night-vision capabilities and could connect to the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_E-3_Sentry" title="Boeing E-3 Sentry">Sentry</a> aircraft. </p><p>In the 1960s, <i>Southern Q</i> was maintained by the Lightnings of <a href="/wiki/No._5_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 5 Squadron RAF">5 Sqn</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Binbrook" title="RAF Binbrook">RAF Binbrook</a> and those of <a href="/wiki/No._29_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 29 Squadron RAF">29 Sqn</a> and 111 Squadron at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Wattisham" title="RAF Wattisham">RAF Wattisham</a>. <i>Southern Q</i> was rotated around the three RAF bases. RAF Leeming took over <i>Southern Q</i> from RAF Coningsby in 1988. 11 Sqn left RAF Leeming in October 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In June 2007, <a href="/wiki/No._3_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 3 Squadron RAF">3 Sqn</a> at RAF Coningsby took over <i>Southern Q</i> from the Tornados of <a href="/wiki/No._25_Squadron_RAF" title="No. 25 Squadron RAF">25 Sqn</a> at <a href="/wiki/RAF_Leeming" title="RAF Leeming">RAF Leeming</a> in <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>. The Typhoons of 3 Sqn had their first scramble in August 2007 when they intercepted a Russian <i>Bear</i>. 3 Sqn took over all of <i>Southern Q</i> from April 2008. </p><p>In August 2007 the Russians had begun to launch long-distance patrols after a 15-year hiatus. Typhoons arrived at RAF Leuchars with 6 Sqn from September 2010, performing their first QRA scramble in January 2011. Typhoons joined 1 Sqn from September 2012. 6 Sqn moved to Lossiemouth in June 2014, with 1 Sqn moving in August 2014. QRA North was moved from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Leuchars" title="RAF Leuchars">RAF Leuchars</a> to RAF Lossiemouth in September 2014. The first QRA sortie from Lossiemouth was on 19 September 2014 with 6 Sqn. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2012_Olympics">2012 Olympics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: 2012 Olympics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>To cover the <a href="/wiki/Security_for_the_2012_Summer_Olympics" title="Security for the 2012 Summer Olympics">security</a> for the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a>, part of QRA South was briefly deployed from RAF Coningsby to operate from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Northolt" title="RAF Northolt">RAF Northolt</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Security_incidents">Security incidents</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Security incidents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1969_theft_of_C-130" title="1969 theft of C-130">1969 theft of C-130</a>, two French QRA aircraft took off</li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/1999_South_Dakota_Learjet_crash" title="1999 South Dakota Learjet crash">1999 South Dakota Learjet crash</a></div> <ul><li>On 25 September 1979 a light aircraft 'G-BGHR' left at 1pm from Stansted airport; it descended from 31,000ft to 12,000ft, in an exercise at 2.36pm; it flew in circles, after the pilot became ill from <a href="/wiki/Hypoxia_(medicine)" title="Hypoxia (medicine)">hypoxia</a>, and the plane began to make four-mile-wide circular paths for six hours, moving south, and crashed in a French vineyard at <a href="/wiki/Le_Tremblay" title="Le Tremblay">Le Tremblay</a> at 8.20pm, 12 miles south-east of Nantes; the aircraft was followed by an RAF Nimrod over the English Channel, and two French Air Force Mirage III and three Mirage F1 followed from 1810 to 2010; French pilots were given orders to shoot the plane down, if it was nearing a town;<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> on the aircraft were Tom Lampitt, aged 47, from Loom Lane, Radlett in <a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a>, a former pilot of <a href="/wiki/Aer_Lingus" title="Aer Lingus">Aer Lingus</a>, and Lieutenant-Colonel Fausto Aguiar de Barros Valla, from <a href="/wiki/Sacav%C3%A9m" title="Sacavém">Sacavém</a> in Portugal, of the Portuguese Army;<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tom Lampitt, originally from <a href="/wiki/Houghton-le-Spring" title="Houghton-le-Spring">New Penshaw</a>, had flown in 43 Sqn at Leuchars in an aerobatics team with <a href="/wiki/Peter_Bairsto" title="Peter Bairsto">Peter Bairsto</a><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1983_Scotland_Learjet_25_crash" class="mw-redirect" title="1983 Scotland Learjet 25 crash">1983 Scotland Learjet 25 crash</a>, on Wednesday 18 May 1983, a pilotless <a href="/wiki/Learjet_25" title="Learjet 25">Learjet 25</a> flew across the UK, crashing 260 miles off Stornoway at around 8.30pm; a <a href="/wiki/Hawker_Siddeley_Nimrod" title="Hawker Siddeley Nimrod">Nimrod</a> from <a href="/wiki/RAF_Kinloss" title="RAF Kinloss">RAF Kinloss</a> searched for wreckage;<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the West German aircraft had taken off from <a href="/wiki/Vienna_International_Airport" title="Vienna International Airport">Vienna International Airport</a> at 2.53pm, flying at around 40,000 ft (FL390) across Holland; radio contact had been lost near <a href="/wiki/Fulda" title="Fulda">Fulda</a> in West Germany at 3.49pm; the Learjet had been followed by Dutch QRA pilots, who had likewise seen no-one at the controls; the aircraft 'D-CDPD' was registered by Air Traffic GmbH of Munich; the pilot was believed to be Peter Blangman;<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Learjet was intercepted by an RAF Phantom over <a href="/wiki/Loch_Rannoch" title="Loch Rannoch">Loch Rannoch</a>, with pilot 23 year old Flying Officer Mark Hanna, the son of <a href="/wiki/Ray_Hanna" title="Ray Hanna">Ray Hanna</a>, and navigator 28 year old Flt Lt John Marr, of Portsmouth, from 111 Sqn at Leuchars; the RAF aircrew could see no-one in the cockpit, from a distance of 30 feet; the Learjet flew at around 450mph: the Phantom followed the aircraft to around 150 miles west of Kinloss, as there was no tanker aircraft; from there the Learjet was followed by another QRA RAF Phantom.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Belgium_MiG-23_crash" title="1989 Belgium MiG-23 crash">1989 Belgium MiG-23 crash</a>, on 4 July 1989, where multiple QRA aircraft were scrambled</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helios_Airways_Flight_522" title="Helios Airways Flight 522">Helios Airways Flight 522</a>, on 14 August 2005, intercepted by two Greek F-16 aircraft from <a href="/wiki/Nea_Anchialos_National_Airport" title="Nea Anchialos National Airport">Nea Anchialos National Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Olsberg_mid-air_collision" title="2014 Olsberg mid-air collision">2014 Olsberg mid-air collision</a>, on 23 June 2014, a QRA exercise resulted in a mid-air collision between a <a href="/wiki/Learjet_35" title="Learjet 35">Learjet 35</a> and a German Air Force aircraft from <a href="/wiki/N%C3%B6rvenich_Air_Base" title="Nörvenich Air Base">Nörvenich Air Base</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018_Horizon_Air_Q400_incident" title="2018 Horizon Air Q400 incident">2018 Horizon Air Q400 incident</a> on 10 August 2018 in the western US</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_aviation_articles" title="Index of aviation articles">Index of aviation articles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_established_military_terms" title="List of established military terms">List of established military terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Command_and_Control_System" title="Air Command and Control System">ACCS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltic_Air_Policing" title="Baltic Air Policing">Baltic Air Policing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cold_War_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Cold War II">Cold War II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minimum_interval_takeoff" title="Minimum interval takeoff">Minimum interval takeoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NATO_Integrated_Air_Defense_System" title="NATO Integrated Air Defense System">NATO Integrated Air Defense System</a> (NADGE, or NATO Air Defence Ground Environment, in the 1950s)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_radars_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Military radars of the United Kingdom">Category:Military radars of the United Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Telecommunications_equipment_of_the_Cold_War" title="Category:Telecommunications equipment of the Cold War">Category:Telecommunications equipment of the Cold War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Soviet_Long_Range_Aviation_bases" title="Category:Soviet Long Range Aviation bases">Category:Soviet Long Range Aviation bases</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output 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Whereto?</i>, vdf Hochschulverlag AG, 2007, Page 95.<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PnH9WUfaW8IC&pg=PA95">Swiss Air Power</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Georg Mader; "Austria further reduces QRA capabilities", Air Platforms, <i>Jane's 360</i>, IHS, 21 August 2014.<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.janes.com/article/42214/austria-further-reduces-qra-capabilities">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/rafboulmer/aboutus/engandlogs.cfm">"ASACS"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">31 March</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scramblemagazine.nl&rft.atitle=Orbats+-+Scramble&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.scramblemagazine.nl%2Forbats%2Fcroatia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuick+Reaction+Alert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ilmavoimat.fi/en/monitoring-and-securing-of-finland-s-territorial-integrity">"Monitoring and Securing of Finland's Territorial Integrity"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monitoring+and+Securing+of+Finland%27s+Territorial+Integrity&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Filmavoimat.fi%2Fen%2Fmonitoring-and-securing-of-finland-s-territorial-integrity&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuick+Reaction+Alert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ac.nato.int/archive/2021/CAOCU_COC_2021">"Belgium takes over command of NATO's Northern CAOC"</a>. <i>NATO</i>. 29 September 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://airheadsfly.com/2014/01/08/hungarian-gripens-police-slovenia/">the original</a> on 24 December 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">23 December</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AIRheads%E2%86%91FLY&rft.atitle=Hungarian+Gripens+police+Slovenia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fairheadsfly.com%2F2014%2F01%2F08%2Fhungarian-gripens-police-slovenia%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuick+Reaction+Alert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/department-national-defence/services/operations/military-operations/current-operations/operation-ignition.html">"Canadian Department of National Defence"</a>. 20 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F35%3A+il+32%C2%B0+Stormo+svolge+il+servizio+di+NATO+QRA.+aeronautica.difesa.it%2C+27+January+2022&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aeronautica.difesa.it%2Fcomunicazione%2Fnotizie%2FPagine%2FF35IL32STORMODIAMENDOLASVOLGEILSERVIZIODINATOQRA.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuick+Reaction+Alert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://twitter.com/Forsvaret_no/status/1635748480336396296?lang=en">"At 10:45 today, 2 Norwegian F-35s were scrambled for a #NATO Quick Reaction Alert mission from Evenes, #Norway. The F-35s identified 2 Russian military aircraft in int. airspace outside Norway: a SU-24 ("Fencer") and a MIG-31 ("Foxhound"). Photo: MiG-31 and NOR F-35"</a>. <i>X</i>. Norwegian Armed Forces<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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ABC Nyheter<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scramble.nl/orbats/slovakia">the original</a> on 17 April 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 September</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Scramble&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scramble.nl%2Forbats%2Fslovakia&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuick+Reaction+Alert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeraz.sk2023" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Teraz.sk (12 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.teraz.sk/slovensko/vzdusny-priestor-sr-bude-spolu-s-pols/720704-clanok.html">"Vzdušný priestor SR bude spolu s Poľskom a Českom chrániť aj Maďarsko"</a>. <i>TERAZ.sk</i> (in Slovak)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">17 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TERAZ.sk&rft.atitle=Vzdu%C5%A1n%C3%BD+priestor+SR+bude+spolu+s+Po%C4%BEskom+a+%C4%8Ceskom+chr%C3%A1ni%C5%A5+aj+Ma%C4%8Farsko&rft.date=2023-06-12&rft.au=Teraz.sk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.teraz.sk%2Fslovensko%2Fvzdusny-priestor-sr-bude-spolu-s-pols%2F720704-clanok.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuick+Reaction+Alert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flugrevue.de/Militär/Schweizer-luftwaffe-luftpolizeidienst-jetzt-rund-um-die-uhr/">Swiss Air Force 24h QRA (German )</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swissinfo.ch/eng/politics/swiss-air-force-finally-on-call-around-the-clock/46253116">"Swiss Air Force finally on call around the clock"</a>. <i>SWI swissinfo.ch</i>. 30 December 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SWI+swissinfo.ch&rft.atitle=Swiss+Air+Force+finally+on+call+around+the+clock&rft.date=2020-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swissinfo.ch%2Feng%2Fpolitics%2Fswiss-air-force-finally-on-call-around-the-clock%2F46253116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuick+Reaction+Alert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.raf.mod.uk/news/archive/first-qra-for-raf-lossiemouth-19092014">"QRA North September 2014"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 May</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=QRA+North+September+2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.raf.mod.uk%2Fnews%2Farchive%2Ffirst-qra-for-raf-lossiemouth-19092014&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AQuick+Reaction+Alert" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Force V: The history of Britain's airborne deterrent, by Andrew Brookes. Jane's Publishing Co Ltd; First Edition 1 Jan. 1982, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0710602383" title="Special:BookSources/0710602383">0710602383</a>, p.130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Tornado F3 in Focus: A Navigator's Eye on Britain's Last Interceptor</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Daily Record</i> Friday 28 September 1979, page 2</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/wikibase/328493">1979 Incident</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/aaib-reports/9-1980-beechcraft-super-king-air-200-g-bghr-25-september-1979">AAIB Report</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liverpool Echo</i> Thursday 27 September 1979, page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Scotsman Friday 29 June 1956, page 10</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://asn.flightsafety.org/asndb/327644">May 1983 Learjet</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aberdeen Press and Journal</i> Friday 20 May 1983, page 9</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Times</i> Friday May 20 1983, page 3</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liverpool Daily Post</i> Friday 20 May 1983, page 5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Liverpool Echo</i> Thursday 19 May 1983, page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Aberdeen Press and Journal</i> Thursday 19 May 1983, page 1</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/20/world/german-learjet-cockpit-empty-is-thought-to-crash-in-the-atlantic.html">1983 Learjet</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Quick_Reaction_Alert&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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