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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Development</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Applications</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Characteristics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characteristics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Characteristics</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Characteristics subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Characteristics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-User_interfaces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_interfaces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>User interfaces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_interfaces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Processors_in_embedded_systems" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Processors_in_embedded_systems"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Processors in embedded systems</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Processors_in_embedded_systems-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ready-made_computer_boards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ready-made_computer_boards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.1</span> <span>Ready-made computer boards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ready-made_computer_boards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-ASIC_and_FPGA_SoC_solutions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#ASIC_and_FPGA_SoC_solutions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2.2</span> <span>ASIC and FPGA SoC solutions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-ASIC_and_FPGA_SoC_solutions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peripherals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peripherals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Peripherals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peripherals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tools" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tools"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Tools</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tools-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debugging" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debugging"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Debugging</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Debugging-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Debugging subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Debugging-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tracing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tracing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Tracing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tracing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reliability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reliability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Reliability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reliability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-High_vs._low_volume" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#High_vs._low_volume"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>High vs. low volume</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-High_vs._low_volume-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Embedded_software_architectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Embedded_software_architectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Embedded software architectures</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Embedded_software_architectures-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Embedded software architectures subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Embedded_software_architectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Simple_control_loop" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Simple_control_loop"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Simple control loop</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Simple_control_loop-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interrupt-controlled_system" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interrupt-controlled_system"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Interrupt-controlled system</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interrupt-controlled_system-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cooperative_multitasking" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cooperative_multitasking"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Cooperative multitasking</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cooperative_multitasking-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Preemptive_multitasking_or_multi-threading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Preemptive_multitasking_or_multi-threading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Preemptive multitasking or multi-threading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Preemptive_multitasking_or_multi-threading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Microkernels_and_exokernels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Microkernels_and_exokernels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Microkernels and exokernels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Microkernels_and_exokernels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monolithic_kernels" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monolithic_kernels"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Monolithic kernels</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monolithic_kernels-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_software_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_software_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Additional software components</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_software_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Domain-specific_architectures" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Domain-specific_architectures"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Domain-specific architectures</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Domain-specific_architectures-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Embedded system</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 47 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-47" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">47 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eingebettetes_System" title="Eingebettetes System – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Eingebettetes System" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%B6%D9%85%D9%86" title="نظام مضمن – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="نظام مضمن" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6m%C3%BCl%C3%BC_sisteml%C9%99r" title="Gömülü sistemlər – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Gömülü sistemlər" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%8F%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A1_%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AE" title="এমবেডেড সিস্টেম – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="এমবেডেড সিস্টেম" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вградена система – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вградена система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_incrustat" title="Sistema incrustat – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Sistema incrustat" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestav%C4%9Bn%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Vestavěný systém – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vestavěný systém" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indlejret_system" title="Indlejret system – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Indlejret system" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eingebettetes_System" title="Eingebettetes System – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Eingebettetes System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuss%C3%BCsteem" title="Manussüsteem – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Manussüsteem" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%95%CE%BD%CF%83%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%84%CF%89%CE%BC%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%BF_%CF%83%CF%8D%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Ενσωματωμένο σύστημα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ενσωματωμένο σύστημα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_embebido" title="Sistema embebido – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Sistema embebido" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_txertatu" title="Sistema txertatu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Sistema txertatu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%87%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%AF%D9%87" title="سامانه تعبیه‌شده – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سامانه تعبیه‌شده" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syst%C3%A8me_embarqu%C3%A9" title="Système embarqué – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Système embarqué" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%84%EB%B2%A0%EB%94%94%EB%93%9C_%EC%8B%9C%EC%8A%A4%ED%85%9C" title="임베디드 시스템 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="임베디드 시스템" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%83%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="अन्तःस्थापित तंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अन्तःस्थापित तंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_terbenam" title="Sistem terbenam – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Sistem terbenam" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_embedded" title="Sistema embedded – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sistema embedded" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A6%D7%AA_%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A9%D7%91" title="מערכת משובצת מחשב – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מערכת משובצת מחשב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AEterptin%C4%97s_sistemos" title="Įterptinės sistemos – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Įterptinės sistemos" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Be%C3%A1gyazott_rendszer" title="Beágyazott rendszer – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Beágyazott rendszer" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Вграден систем – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Вграден систем" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%8E%E0%B4%82%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B4%A1%E0%B4%A1%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BF%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%82" title="എംബെഡഡ് സിസ്റ്റം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="എംബെഡഡ് സിസ്റ്റം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="Embedded system" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Embedded system" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%B5%84%E3%81%BF%E8%BE%BC%E3%81%BF%E3%82%B7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%83%A0" title="組み込みシステム – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="組み込みシステム" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innebygd_system" title="Innebygd system – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Innebygd system" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Innbaka_system" title="Innbaka system – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Innbaka system" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/System_wbudowany" title="System wbudowany – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="System wbudowany" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistema_embarcado" title="Sistema embarcado – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sistema embarcado" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sistem_%C3%AEnglobat" title="Sistem înglobat – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Sistem înglobat" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Встраиваемая система – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Встраиваемая система" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Embedded_system" title="Embedded system – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Embedded system" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vstavan%C3%BD_syst%C3%A9m" title="Vstavaný systém – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Vstavaný systém" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A3%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%92%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC" title="Уграђени систем – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Уграђени систем" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ugra%C4%91eni_sistem" title="Ugrađeni sistem – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ugrađeni sistem" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulautettu_j%C3%A4rjestelm%C3%A4" title="Sulautettu järjestelmä – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Sulautettu järjestelmä" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inbyggt_system" title="Inbyggt system – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Inbyggt system" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%A3%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="பதிகணினியியல் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பதிகணினியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%9D%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7" title="ระบบฝังตัว – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ระบบฝังตัว" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6m%C3%BCl%C3%BC_sistem" title="Gömülü sistem – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Gömülü sistem" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вбудована система – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вбудована система" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%86%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%85_%D9%85%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%88%D9%86" title="نظام مدفون – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="نظام مدفون" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%87_th%E1%BB%91ng_nh%C3%BAng" title="Hệ thống nhúng – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hệ thống nhúng" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" title="嵌入式系统 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="嵌入式系统" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B5%8C%E5%85%A5%E5%BC%8F%E7%B3%BB%E7%BB%9F" 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_systems&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded systems">Embedded systems</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Computer system with a dedicated function</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DHCOM_Computer_On_Module_-_AM35x.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DHCOM_Computer_On_Module_-_AM35x.jpg/220px-DHCOM_Computer_On_Module_-_AM35x.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DHCOM_Computer_On_Module_-_AM35x.jpg/330px-DHCOM_Computer_On_Module_-_AM35x.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/DHCOM_Computer_On_Module_-_AM35x.jpg/440px-DHCOM_Computer_On_Module_-_AM35x.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2126" data-file-height="1185" /></a><figcaption>An <i>embedded system</i> on a plug-in card with processor, memory, power supply, and external interfaces</figcaption></figure> <p>An <b>embedded system</b> is a specialized <a href="/wiki/Computer_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer system">computer system</a>—a combination of a <a href="/wiki/Computer_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer processor">computer processor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_memory" title="Computer memory">computer memory</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Input/output" title="Input/output">input/output</a> peripheral devices—that has a dedicated function within a larger mechanical or <a href="/wiki/Electronics" title="Electronics">electronic</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-Barr-glossary_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-glossary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is embedded as part of a complete device often including electrical or electronic hardware and mechanical parts. Because an embedded system typically controls physical operations of the machine that it is embedded within, it often has <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time computing</a> constraints. Embedded systems control many devices in common use.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, it was estimated that ninety-eight percent of all microprocessors manufactured were used in embedded systems.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="Computing has changed a lot since 2009. (March 2022)">needs update</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Modern embedded systems are often based on <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">microcontrollers</a> (i.e. microprocessors with integrated memory and peripheral interfaces), but ordinary microprocessors (using external chips for memory and peripheral interface circuits) are also common, especially in more complex systems. In either case, the processor(s) used may be types ranging from general purpose to those specialized in a certain class of computations, or even custom designed for the application at hand. A common standard class of dedicated processors is the <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processor" title="Digital signal processor">digital signal processor</a> (DSP). </p><p>Since the embedded system is dedicated to specific tasks, <a href="/wiki/Design_engineer" title="Design engineer">design engineers</a> can optimize it to reduce the size and cost of the product and increase its reliability and performance. Some embedded systems are mass-produced, benefiting from <a href="/wiki/Economies_of_scale" title="Economies of scale">economies of scale</a>. </p><p>Embedded systems range in size from portable personal devices such as <a href="/wiki/Digital_watch" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital watch">digital watches</a> and <a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 players</a> to bigger machines like <a href="/wiki/Home_appliances" class="mw-redirect" title="Home appliances">home appliances</a>, industrial <a href="/wiki/Assembly_lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly lines">assembly lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robots" class="mw-redirect" title="Robots">robots</a>, transport vehicles, <a href="/wiki/Traffic_light_control_and_coordination" title="Traffic light control and coordination">traffic light controllers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> systems. Often they constitute subsystems of other machines like <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Aircraft" title="Aircraft">aircraft</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astrionics" title="Astrionics">astrionics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">spacecraft</a>. Large installations like <a href="/wiki/Factories" class="mw-redirect" title="Factories">factories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pipeline_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Pipeline transport">pipelines</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Electrical_grid" title="Electrical grid">electrical grids</a> rely on multiple embedded systems networked together. Generalized through software customization, embedded systems such as <a href="/wiki/Programmable_logic_controller" title="Programmable logic controller">programmable logic controllers</a> frequently comprise their functional units. </p><p>Embedded systems range from those low in complexity, with a single microcontroller chip, to very high with multiple units, <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a> and networks, which may reside in <a href="/wiki/Equipment_rack" class="mw-redirect" title="Equipment rack">equipment racks</a> or across large geographical areas connected via long-distance communications lines. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background">Background</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor_chronology" title="Microprocessor chronology">Microprocessor chronology</a></div> <p>The origins of the microprocessor and the microcontroller can be traced back to the <a href="/wiki/MOS_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS integrated circuit">MOS integrated circuit</a>, which is an <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> chip <a href="/wiki/Semiconductor_device_fabrication" title="Semiconductor device fabrication">fabricated</a> from <a href="/wiki/MOSFET" title="MOSFET">MOSFETs</a> (metal–oxide–semiconductor <a href="/wiki/Field-effect_transistor" title="Field-effect transistor">field-effect transistors</a>) and was developed in the early 1960s. By 1964, MOS chips had reached higher <a href="/wiki/Transistor_density" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistor density">transistor density</a> and lower manufacturing costs than <a href="/wiki/Bipolar_junction_transistor" title="Bipolar junction transistor">bipolar</a> chips. MOS chips further increased in complexity at a rate predicted by <a href="/wiki/Moore%27s_law" title="Moore's law">Moore's law</a>, leading to <a href="/wiki/Large-scale_integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Large-scale integration">large-scale integration</a> (LSI) with hundreds of <a href="/wiki/Transistors" class="mw-redirect" title="Transistors">transistors</a> on a single MOS chip by the late 1960s. The application of MOS LSI chips to <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a> was the basis for the first microprocessors, as engineers began recognizing that a complete <a href="/wiki/Computer_processor" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer processor">computer processor</a> system could be contained on several MOS LSI chips.<sup id="cite_ref-ieee_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ieee-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The first multi-chip microprocessors, the <a href="/wiki/Four-Phase_Systems_AL1" class="mw-redirect" title="Four-Phase Systems AL1">Four-Phase Systems AL1</a> in 1969 and the <a href="/wiki/Garrett_AiResearch" title="Garrett AiResearch">Garrett AiResearch</a> <a href="/wiki/MP944" class="mw-redirect" title="MP944">MP944</a> in 1970, were developed with multiple MOS LSI chips. The first single-chip microprocessor was the <a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a>, released in 1971. It was developed by <a href="/wiki/Federico_Faggin" title="Federico Faggin">Federico Faggin</a>, using his <a href="/wiki/Silicon-gate" class="mw-redirect" title="Silicon-gate">silicon-gate</a> MOS technology, along with <a href="/wiki/Intel" title="Intel">Intel</a> engineers <a href="/wiki/Marcian_Hoff" title="Marcian Hoff">Marcian Hoff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stan_Mazor" class="mw-redirect" title="Stan Mazor">Stan Mazor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Busicom" title="Busicom">Busicom</a> engineer <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Shima" title="Masatoshi Shima">Masatoshi Shima</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Development">Development</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Development"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>One of the first recognizably modern embedded systems was the <a href="/wiki/Apollo_Guidance_Computer" title="Apollo Guidance Computer">Apollo Guidance Computer</a>,<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="linked article claims it is the first IC-based computer. nothing there supports it being the first embedded system. (August 2018)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> developed ca. 1965 by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Stark_Draper" title="Charles Stark Draper">Charles Stark Draper</a> at the <a href="/wiki/MIT_Instrumentation_Laboratory" class="mw-redirect" title="MIT Instrumentation Laboratory">MIT Instrumentation Laboratory</a>. At the project's inception, the Apollo guidance computer was considered the riskiest item in the Apollo project as it employed the then newly developed <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_integrated_circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Monolithic integrated circuit">monolithic integrated circuits</a> to reduce the computer's size and weight. </p><p>An early mass-produced embedded system was the <a href="/wiki/D-17B" title="D-17B">Autonetics D-17 guidance computer</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Minuteman_(missile)" class="mw-redirect" title="Minuteman (missile)">Minuteman missile</a>, released in 1961. When the Minuteman II went into production in 1966, the D-17 was replaced with a new computer that represented the first high-volume use of integrated circuits. </p><p>Since these early applications in the 1960s, embedded systems have come down in price and there has been a dramatic rise in processing power and functionality. An early microprocessor, the <a href="/wiki/Intel_4004" title="Intel 4004">Intel 4004</a> (released in 1971), was designed for <a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">calculators</a> and other small systems but still required external memory and support chips. By the early 1980s, memory, input and output system components had been integrated into the same chip as the processor forming a microcontroller. Microcontrollers find applications where a general-purpose computer would be too costly. As the cost of microprocessors and microcontrollers fell, the prevalence of embedded systems increased. </p><p>A comparatively low-cost microcontroller may be programmed to fulfill the same role as a large number of separate components. With microcontrollers, it became feasible to replace, even in consumer products, expensive knob-based <a href="/wiki/Analogue_electronics" title="Analogue electronics">analog</a> components such as <a href="/wiki/Potentiometer" title="Potentiometer">potentiometers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Variable_capacitor" title="Variable capacitor">variable capacitors</a> with up/down buttons or knobs read out by a microprocessor. Although in this context an embedded system is usually more complex than a traditional solution, most of the complexity is contained within the microcontroller itself. Very few additional components may be needed and most of the design effort is in the software. Software prototype and test can be quicker compared with the design and construction of a new circuit not using an embedded processor. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applications">Applications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Applications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg/220px-Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="218" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg/330px-Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg/440px-Accupoll-embedded-computer.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1402" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>Embedded Computer Sub-Assembly for Accupoll Electronic Voting Machine<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Embedded systems are commonly found in consumer, industrial, <a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry" title="Automotive industry">automotive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Home_appliance" title="Home appliance">home appliances</a>, medical, telecommunication, commercial, aerospace and military applications. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Telecommunications system">Telecommunications systems</a> employ numerous embedded systems from <a href="/wiki/Telephone_switch" class="mw-redirect" title="Telephone switch">telephone switches</a> for the network to <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">cell phones</a> at the <a href="/wiki/End_user" title="End user">end user</a>. Computer networking uses dedicated <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">routers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Network_bridge" title="Network bridge">network bridges</a> to route data. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a> include <a href="/wiki/MP3_player" class="mw-redirect" title="MP3 player">MP3 players</a>, <a href="/wiki/Television_set" title="Television set">television sets</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">video game consoles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Digital_camera" title="Digital camera">digital cameras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> receivers, and <a href="/wiki/Computer_printer" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer printer">printers</a>. Household appliances, such as <a href="/wiki/Microwave_oven" title="Microwave oven">microwave ovens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Washing_machine" title="Washing machine">washing machines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dishwashers" class="mw-redirect" title="Dishwashers">dishwashers</a>, include embedded systems to provide flexibility, efficiency and features. Advanced <a href="/wiki/Heating,_ventilation,_and_air_conditioning" title="Heating, ventilation, and air conditioning">heating, ventilation, and air conditioning</a> (HVAC) systems use networked <a href="/wiki/Thermostat" title="Thermostat">thermostats</a> to more accurately and efficiently control temperature that can change by time of day and <a href="/wiki/Season" title="Season">season</a>. <a href="/wiki/Home_automation" title="Home automation">Home automation</a> uses wired- and wireless-networking that can be used to control lights, climate, security, audio/visual, surveillance, etc., all of which use embedded devices for sensing and controlling. </p><p>Transportation systems from flight to automobiles increasingly use embedded systems. New airplanes contain advanced <a href="/wiki/Avionics" title="Avionics">avionics</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Inertial_guidance_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Inertial guidance system">inertial guidance systems</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_Positioning_System" title="Global Positioning System">GPS</a> receivers that also have considerable safety requirements. <a href="/wiki/Spacecraft" title="Spacecraft">Spacecraft</a> rely on <a href="/wiki/Astrionics" title="Astrionics">astrionics</a> systems for trajectory correction. Various electric motors — <a href="/wiki/Brushless_DC_motor" class="mw-redirect" title="Brushless DC motor">brushless DC motors</a>, <a href="/wiki/Induction_motor" title="Induction motor">induction motors</a> and <a href="/wiki/DC_motor" title="DC motor">DC motors</a> — use electronic <a href="/wiki/Motor_controller" title="Motor controller">motor controllers</a>. <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">Automobiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electric_vehicle" title="Electric vehicle">electric vehicles</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Hybrid_vehicle" title="Hybrid vehicle">hybrid vehicles</a> increasingly use embedded systems to maximize efficiency and reduce pollution. Other automotive safety systems using embedded systems include <a href="/wiki/Anti-lock_braking_system" title="Anti-lock braking system">anti-lock braking system</a> (ABS), <a href="/wiki/Electronic_stability_control" title="Electronic stability control">electronic stability control</a> (ESC/ESP), <a href="/wiki/Traction_control_system" title="Traction control system">traction control</a> (TCS) and automatic <a href="/wiki/Four-wheel_drive" title="Four-wheel drive">four-wheel drive</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Medical_equipment" class="mw-redirect" title="Medical equipment">Medical equipment</a> uses embedded systems for <a href="/wiki/Monitoring_(medicine)" title="Monitoring (medicine)">monitoring</a>, and various <a href="/wiki/Medical_imaging" title="Medical imaging">medical imaging</a> (<a href="/wiki/Positron_emission_tomography" title="Positron emission tomography">positron emission tomography</a> (PET), <a href="/wiki/Single-photon_emission_computed_tomography" title="Single-photon emission computed tomography">single-photon emission computed tomography</a> (SPECT), <a href="/wiki/Computed_tomography" class="mw-redirect" title="Computed tomography">computed tomography</a> (CT), and <a href="/wiki/Magnetic_resonance_imaging" title="Magnetic resonance imaging">magnetic resonance imaging</a> (MRI) for non-invasive internal inspections. Embedded systems within medical equipment are often powered by industrial computers.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Embedded systems are used for <a href="/wiki/Safety-critical_system" title="Safety-critical system">safety-critical systems</a> in aerospace and defense industries. Unless connected to wired or wireless networks via on-chip 3G cellular or other methods for IoT monitoring and control purposes, these systems can be isolated from hacking and thus be more secure.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (April 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For fire safety, the systems can be designed to have a greater ability to handle higher temperatures and continue to operate. In dealing with security, the embedded systems can be self-sufficient and be able to deal with cut electrical and communication systems. </p><p>Miniature wireless devices called <a href="/wiki/Mote_(sensor)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mote (sensor)">motes</a> are networked wireless sensors. <a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_networking" class="mw-redirect" title="Wireless sensor networking">Wireless sensor networking</a> makes use of miniaturization made possible by advanced <a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">integrated circuit</a> (IC) design to couple full wireless subsystems to sophisticated sensors, enabling people and companies to measure a myriad of things in the physical world and act on this information through monitoring and control systems. These motes are completely self-contained and will typically run off a battery source for years before the batteries need to be changed or charged. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Embedded systems are designed to perform a specific task, in contrast with general-purpose computers designed for multiple tasks. Some have <a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">real-time</a> performance constraints that must be met, for reasons such as safety and usability; others may have low or no performance requirements, allowing the system hardware to be simplified to reduce costs. </p><p>Embedded systems are not always standalone devices. Many embedded systems are a small part within a larger device that serves a more general purpose. For example, the <a href="/wiki/Gibson_Robot_Guitar" title="Gibson Robot Guitar">Gibson Robot Guitar</a> features an embedded system for tuning the strings, but the overall purpose of the Robot Guitar is to play music.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Similarly, an embedded system in an <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a> provides a specific function as a subsystem of the car itself. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ESOM270_eSOM300_Computer_on_Modules.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ESOM270_eSOM300_Computer_on_Modules.jpg/220px-ESOM270_eSOM300_Computer_on_Modules.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ESOM270_eSOM300_Computer_on_Modules.jpg/330px-ESOM270_eSOM300_Computer_on_Modules.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/ESOM270_eSOM300_Computer_on_Modules.jpg/440px-ESOM270_eSOM300_Computer_on_Modules.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption>e-con Systems eSOM270 & eSOM300 Computer on Modules</figcaption></figure> <p>The program instructions written for embedded systems are referred to as <a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">firmware</a>, and are stored in read-only memory or <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> chips. They run with limited computer hardware resources: little memory, small or non-existent keyboard or screen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_interfaces">User interfaces</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: User interfaces"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg/220px-MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg/330px-MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg/440px-MicroVGA_TUI_demoapp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2932" data-file-height="2152" /></a><figcaption>Embedded system <a href="/wiki/Text_user_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Text user interface">text user interface</a> using MicroVGA<sup id="cite_ref-MicroVGA_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MicroVGA-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>nb 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></figcaption></figure> <p>Embedded systems range from <a href="/wiki/Headless_computer" title="Headless computer">no user interface</a> at all, in systems dedicated to one task, to complex <a href="/wiki/Graphical_user_interface" title="Graphical user interface">graphical user interfaces</a> that resemble modern computer desktop operating systems. Simple embedded devices use <a href="/wiki/Push-button" title="Push-button">buttons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Light-emitting_diode" title="Light-emitting diode">light-emitting diodes</a> (LED), graphic or character <a href="/wiki/Liquid-crystal_display" title="Liquid-crystal display">liquid-crystal displays</a> (LCD) with a simple <a href="/wiki/Menu_(computing)" title="Menu (computing)">menu system</a>. More sophisticated devices that use a graphical screen with <a href="/wiki/Touch_screen" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch screen">touch sensing</a> or screen-edge <a href="/wiki/Soft_key" title="Soft key">soft keys</a> provide flexibility while minimizing space used: the meaning of the buttons can change with the screen, and selection involves the natural behavior of pointing at what is desired. </p><p>Some systems provide user interface remotely with the help of a serial (e.g. <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a>) or network (e.g. <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>) connection. This approach extends the capabilities of the embedded system, avoids the cost of a display, simplifies the <a href="/wiki/Board_support_package" title="Board support package">board support package</a> (BSP) and allows designers to build a rich user interface on the PC. A good example of this is the combination of an <a href="/wiki/Embedded_HTTP_server" title="Embedded HTTP server">embedded HTTP server</a> running on an embedded device (such as an <a href="/wiki/IP_camera" title="IP camera">IP camera</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Router_(computing)" title="Router (computing)">network router</a>). The user interface is displayed in a <a href="/wiki/Web_browser" title="Web browser">web browser</a> on a PC connected to the device. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Processors_in_embedded_systems">Processors in embedded systems</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Processors in embedded systems"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of properties of typical embedded computers when compared with general-purpose counterparts, are low power consumption, small size, rugged operating ranges, and low per-unit cost. This comes at the expense of limited processing resources. </p><p><a href="/wiki/List_of_common_microcontrollers" title="List of common microcontrollers">Numerous microcontrollers</a> have been developed for embedded systems use. General-purpose microprocessors are also used in embedded systems, but generally, require more support circuitry than microcontrollers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ready-made_computer_boards">Ready-made computer boards</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Ready-made computer boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/PC/104" title="PC/104">PC/104</a> and PC/104+ are examples of standards for ready-made computer boards intended for small, low-volume embedded and ruggedized systems. These are mostly x86-based and often physically small compared to a standard PC, although still quite large compared to most simple (8/16-bit) embedded systems. They may use <a href="/wiki/DOS" title="DOS">DOS</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OpenHarmony" title="OpenHarmony">OpenHarmony</a> or an embedded <a href="/wiki/Real-time_operating_system" title="Real-time operating system">real-time operating system</a> (RTOS) such as <a href="/wiki/Micro-Controller_Operating_Systems" title="Micro-Controller Operating Systems">MicroC/OS-II</a>, <a href="/wiki/QNX" title="QNX">QNX</a> or <a href="/wiki/VxWorks" title="VxWorks">VxWorks</a>. </p><p>In certain applications, where small size or power efficiency are not primary concerns, the components used may be compatible with those used in general-purpose x86 personal computers. Boards such as the VIA <a href="/wiki/EPIA" title="EPIA">EPIA</a> range help to bridge the gap by being PC-compatible but highly integrated, physically smaller or have other attributes making them attractive to embedded engineers. The advantage of this approach is that low-cost commodity components may be used along with the same software development tools used for general software development. Systems built in this way are still regarded as embedded since they are integrated into larger devices and fulfill a single role. Examples of devices that may adopt this approach are <a href="/wiki/Automated_teller_machine" class="mw-redirect" title="Automated teller machine">automated teller machines</a> (ATM) and <a href="/wiki/Arcade_machines" class="mw-redirect" title="Arcade machines">arcade machines</a>, which contain code specific to the application. </p><p>However, most ready-made embedded systems boards are not PC-centered and do not use the <a href="/wiki/Industry_Standard_Architecture" title="Industry Standard Architecture">ISA</a> or <a href="/wiki/Peripheral_Component_Interconnect" title="Peripheral Component Interconnect">PCI</a> busses. When a <a href="/wiki/System-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-chip">system-on-a-chip</a> processor is involved, there may be little benefit to having a standardized bus connecting discrete components, and the environment for both hardware and software tools may be very different. </p><p>One common design style uses a small system module, perhaps the size of a business card, holding high density <a href="/wiki/Ball_grid_array" title="Ball grid array">BGA</a> chips such as an <a href="/wiki/ARM_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="ARM architecture">ARM</a>-based <a href="/wiki/System-on-a-chip" class="mw-redirect" title="System-on-a-chip">system-on-a-chip</a> processor and peripherals, external <a href="/wiki/Flash_memory" title="Flash memory">flash memory</a> for storage, and <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_random_access_memory" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic random access memory">DRAM</a> for runtime memory. The module vendor will usually provide boot software and make sure there is a selection of operating systems, usually including <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> and some real-time choices. These modules can be manufactured in high volume, by organizations familiar with their specialized testing issues, and combined with much lower volume custom mainboards with application-specific external peripherals. Prominent examples of this approach include <a href="/wiki/Arduino" title="Arduino">Arduino</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="ASIC_and_FPGA_SoC_solutions">ASIC and FPGA SoC solutions</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: ASIC and FPGA SoC solutions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">system on a chip</a> (SoC) contains a complete system - consisting of multiple processors, multipliers, caches, even different types of memory and commonly various peripherals like interfaces for wired or wireless communication on a single chip. Often graphics processing units (GPU) and DSPs are included such chips. SoCs can be implemented as an <a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">application-specific integrated circuit</a> (ASIC) or using a <a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">field-programmable gate array</a> (FPGA) which typically can be reconfigured. </p><p>ASIC implementations are common for very-high-volume embedded systems like <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">smartphones</a>. ASIC or FPGA implementations may be used for not-so-high-volume embedded systems with special needs in kind of signal processing performance, interfaces and reliability, like in avionics. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peripherals">Peripherals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Peripherals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg/220px-SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg/330px-SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg/440px-SMSC_LAN91C110_ethernet_chip.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1920" /></a><figcaption>A close-up of the SMSC LAN91C110 (SMSC 91x) chip, an embedded <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a> chip</figcaption></figure> <p>Embedded systems talk with the outside world via <a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">peripherals</a>, such as: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serial_communication_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial communication interface">Serial communication interfaces</a> (SCI): <a href="/wiki/RS-232" title="RS-232">RS-232</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-422" title="RS-422">RS-422</a>, <a href="/wiki/RS-485" title="RS-485">RS-485</a>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronous_Serial_Interface" title="Synchronous Serial Interface">Synchronous Serial Interface</a>: <a href="/wiki/I2C" class="mw-redirect" title="I2C">I2C</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serial_Peripheral_Interface_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Serial Peripheral Interface Bus">SPI</a>, SSC and ESSI (Enhanced Synchronous Serial Interface)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Serial_Bus" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Serial Bus">Universal Serial Bus</a> (USB)</li> <li>Media cards (<a href="/wiki/SD_card" title="SD card">SD cards</a>, <a href="/wiki/CompactFlash" title="CompactFlash">CompactFlash</a>, etc.)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_interface_controller" title="Network interface controller">Network interface controller</a>: <a href="/wiki/Ethernet" title="Ethernet">Ethernet</a>, <a href="/wiki/WiFi" class="mw-redirect" title="WiFi">WiFi</a>, etc.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fieldbus" title="Fieldbus">Fieldbuses</a>: <a href="/wiki/CAN_bus" title="CAN bus">CAN bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_Interconnect_Network" title="Local Interconnect Network">LIN-Bus</a>, <a href="/wiki/PROFIBUS" class="mw-redirect" title="PROFIBUS">PROFIBUS</a>, etc.</li> <li>Timers: <a href="/wiki/Phase-locked_loop" title="Phase-locked loop">Phase-locked loops</a>, <a href="/wiki/Programmable_interval_timer" title="Programmable interval timer">programmable interval timers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/General_Purpose_Input/Output" class="mw-redirect" title="General Purpose Input/Output">General Purpose Input/Output</a> (GPIO)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analog-to-digital_converter" title="Analog-to-digital converter">Analog-to-digital</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital-to-analog_converter" title="Digital-to-analog converter">digital-to-analog converters</a></li> <li>Debugging: <a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">JTAG</a>, <a href="/wiki/In-system_programming" title="In-system programming">In-system programming</a>, <a href="/wiki/Background_debug_mode_interface" title="Background debug mode interface">background debug mode interface</a> port, BITP, and DB9 ports.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tools">Tools</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tools"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As with other software, embedded system designers use <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compilers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assemblers</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Debugger" title="Debugger">debuggers</a> to develop embedded system software. However, they may also use more specific tools: </p> <ul><li>In circuit debuggers or emulators (see <a href="#Debugging">next section</a>).</li> <li>Utilities to add a checksum or <a href="/wiki/Cyclic_redundancy_check" title="Cyclic redundancy check">CRC</a> to a program, so the embedded system can check if the program is valid.</li> <li>For systems using <a href="/wiki/Digital_signal_processing" title="Digital signal processing">digital signal processing</a>, developers may use a <a href="/wiki/Computational_notebook" class="mw-redirect" title="Computational notebook">computational notebook</a> to simulate the mathematics.</li> <li>System-level modeling and simulation tools help designers to construct simulation models of a system with hardware components such as processors, <a href="/wiki/Memories" class="mw-redirect" title="Memories">memories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Direct_memory_access" title="Direct memory access">DMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interface_(computing)" title="Interface (computing)">interfaces</a>, buses and software behavior flow as a state diagram or flow diagram using configurable library blocks. Simulation is conducted to select the right components by performing power vs. performance trade-offs, reliability analysis and bottleneck analysis. Typical reports that help a designer to make architecture decisions include application latency, device throughput, device utilization, power consumption of the full system as well as device-level power consumption.</li> <li>A model-based development tool creates and simulates graphical data flow and UML state chart diagrams of components like digital filters, motor controllers, communication protocol decoding and multi-rate tasks.</li> <li>Custom compilers and linkers may be used to optimize specialized hardware.</li> <li>An embedded system may have its own special language or design tool, or add enhancements to an existing language such as <a href="/wiki/Forth_(programming_language)" title="Forth (programming language)">Forth</a> or <a href="/wiki/BASIC_Stamp" title="BASIC Stamp">Basic</a>.</li> <li>Another alternative is to add a RTOS or <a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">embedded operating system</a></li> <li>Modeling and code generating <a href="/wiki/UML_tool" title="UML tool">tools</a> often based on <a href="/wiki/UML_state_machine" title="UML state machine">state machines</a></li></ul> <p>Software tools can come from several sources: </p> <ul><li>Software companies that specialize in the embedded market</li> <li>Ported from the <a href="/wiki/GNU" title="GNU">GNU</a> software development tools</li> <li>Sometimes, development tools for a personal computer can be used if the embedded processor is a close relative to a common PC processor</li></ul> <p>As the complexity of embedded systems grows, higher-level tools and operating systems are migrating into machinery where it makes sense. For example, <a href="/wiki/Cellphone" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellphone">cellphones</a>, <a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">personal digital assistants</a> and other consumer computers often need significant software that is purchased or provided by a person other than the manufacturer of the electronics. In these systems, an open programming environment such as <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/NetBSD" title="NetBSD">NetBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/FreeBSD" title="FreeBSD">FreeBSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/OSGi" title="OSGi">OSGi</a> or <a href="/wiki/Embedded_Java" title="Embedded Java">Embedded Java</a> is required so that the third-party software provider can sell to a large market. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debugging">Debugging</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Debugging"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Embedded <a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a> may be performed at different levels, depending on the facilities available. Considerations include: does it slow down the main application, how close is the debugged system or application to the actual system or application, how expressive are the triggers that can be set for debugging (e.g., inspecting the memory when a particular <a href="/wiki/Program_counter" title="Program counter">program counter</a> value is reached), and what can be inspected in the debugging process (such as, only memory, or memory and registers, etc.). </p><p>From simplest to most sophisticated debugging techniques and systems are roughly grouped into the following areas: </p> <ul><li>Interactive resident debugging, using the simple shell provided by the embedded operating system (e.g. Forth and Basic)</li> <li>Software-only debuggers have the benefit that they do not need any hardware modification but have to carefully control what they record in order to conserve time and storage space.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>External debugging using logging or serial port output to trace operation using either a monitor in flash or using a debug server like the <a href="/wiki/Remedy_Debugger" title="Remedy Debugger">Remedy Debugger</a> that even works for heterogeneous <a href="/wiki/Multi-core_processor" title="Multi-core processor">multicore</a> systems.</li> <li>An in-circuit debugger (ICD), a hardware device that connects to the microprocessor via a <a href="/wiki/JTAG" title="JTAG">JTAG</a> or <a href="/wiki/Nexus_(standard)" title="Nexus (standard)">Nexus</a> interface.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This allows the operation of the microprocessor to be controlled externally, but is typically restricted to specific debugging capabilities in the processor.</li> <li>An <a href="/wiki/In-circuit_emulator" class="mw-redirect" title="In-circuit emulator">in-circuit emulator</a> (ICE) replaces the microprocessor with a simulated equivalent, providing full control over all aspects of the microprocessor.</li> <li>A complete <a href="/wiki/Emulator" title="Emulator">emulator</a> provides a simulation of all aspects of the hardware, allowing all of it to be controlled and modified, and allowing debugging on a normal PC. The downsides are expense and slow operation, in some cases up to 100 times slower than the final system.</li> <li>For SoC designs, the typical approach is to verify and debug the design on an FPGA prototype board. Tools such as Certus<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are used to insert probes in the FPGA implementation that make signals available for observation. This is used to debug hardware, firmware and software interactions across multiple FPGAs in an implementation with capabilities similar to a logic analyzer.</li></ul> <p>Unless restricted to external debugging, the programmer can typically load and run software through the tools, view the code running in the processor, and start or stop its operation. The view of the code may be as <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assembly_code" class="mw-redirect" title="Assembly code">assembly code</a> or mixture of both. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tracing">Tracing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Tracing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Real-time operating systems often support <a href="/wiki/Tracing_(software)" title="Tracing (software)">tracing</a> of operating system events. A graphical view is presented by a host PC tool, based on a recording of the system behavior. The trace recording can be performed in software, by the RTOS, or by special tracing hardware. RTOS tracing allows developers to understand timing and performance issues of the software system and gives a good understanding of the high-level system behaviors. Trace recording in embedded systems can be achieved using hardware or software solutions. Software-based trace recording does not require specialized debugging hardware and can be used to record traces in deployed devices, but it can have an impact on CPU and RAM usage.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One example of a software-based tracing method used in RTOS environments is the use of empty <a href="/wiki/Macro_(computer_science)" title="Macro (computer science)">macros</a> which are invoked by the operating system at strategic places in the code, and can be implemented to serve as <a href="/wiki/Hooking" title="Hooking">hooks</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reliability">Reliability</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Reliability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Embedded systems often reside in machines that are expected to run continuously for years without error, and in some cases recover by themselves if an error occurs. Therefore, the software is usually developed and tested more carefully than that for personal computers, and unreliable mechanical moving parts such as disk drives, switches or buttons are avoided. </p><p>Specific reliability issues may include: </p> <ul><li>The system cannot safely be shut down for repair, or it is too inaccessible to repair. Examples include space systems, undersea cables, navigational beacons, bore-hole systems, and automobiles.</li> <li>The system must be kept running for safety reasons. Reduced functionality in the event of failure may be intolerable. Often backups are selected by an operator. Examples include aircraft navigation, reactor control systems, safety-critical chemical factory controls, train signals.</li> <li>The system will lose large amounts of money when shut down: Telephone switches, factory controls, bridge and elevator controls, funds transfer and market making, automated sales and service.</li></ul> <p>A variety of techniques are used, sometimes in combination, to recover from errors—both software bugs such as <a href="/wiki/Memory_leak" title="Memory leak">memory leaks</a>, and also <a href="/wiki/Soft_error" title="Soft error">soft errors</a> in the hardware: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Watchdog_timer" title="Watchdog timer">watchdog timer</a> that resets and restarts the system unless the software periodically notifies the watchdog subsystems</li> <li>Designing with a <a href="/wiki/Trusted_computing_base" title="Trusted computing base">trusted computing base</a> (TCB) architecture ensures a highly secure and reliable system environment<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A <a href="/wiki/Hypervisor" title="Hypervisor">hypervisor</a> designed for embedded systems is able to provide secure encapsulation for any subsystem component so that a compromised software component cannot interfere with other subsystems, or privileged-level system software.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This encapsulation keeps faults from propagating from one subsystem to another, thereby improving reliability. This may also allow a subsystem to be automatically shut down and restarted on fault detection.</li> <li>Immunity-aware programming can help engineers produce more reliable embedded systems code.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Guidelines and coding rules such as <a href="/wiki/MISRA_C" title="MISRA C">MISRA C/C++</a> aim to assist developers produce reliable, portable firmware in a number of different ways: typically by advising or mandating against coding practices which may lead to run-time errors (memory leaks, invalid pointer uses), use of run-time checks and exception handling (range/sanity checks, divide-by-zero and buffer index validity checks, default cases in logic checks), loop bounding, production of human-readable, well commented and well structured code, and avoiding language ambiguities which may lead to compiler-induced inconsistencies or side-effects (expression evaluation ordering, recursion, certain types of macro). These rules can often be used in conjunction with code <a href="/wiki/Static_program_analysis" title="Static program analysis">static checkers</a> or bounded <a href="/wiki/Model_checking" title="Model checking">model checking</a> for functional verification purposes, and also assist in determination of code <a href="/wiki/Worst-case_execution_time" title="Worst-case execution time">timing properties</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="High_vs._low_volume">High vs. low volume</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: High vs. low volume"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For high-volume systems such as <a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">mobile phones</a>, minimizing cost is usually the primary design consideration. Engineers typically select hardware that is just good enough to implement the necessary functions. </p><p>For low-volume or prototype embedded systems, general-purpose computers may be adapted by limiting the programs or by replacing the operating system with an RTOS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Embedded_software_architectures">Embedded software architectures</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Embedded software architectures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Embedded_software" title="Embedded software">Embedded software</a></div> <p>In 1978 <a href="/wiki/National_Electrical_Manufacturers_Association" title="National Electrical Manufacturers Association">National Electrical Manufacturers Association</a> released ICS 3-1978, a standard for programmable microcontrollers,<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including almost any computer-based controllers, such as <a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">single-board computers</a>, numerical, and event-based controllers. </p><p>There are several different types of software architecture in common use. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Simple_control_loop">Simple control loop</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Simple control loop"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this design, the software simply has a <a href="/wiki/Loop_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Loop (computing)">loop</a> which monitors the input devices. The loop calls <a href="/wiki/Subroutine" class="mw-redirect" title="Subroutine">subroutines</a>, each of which manages a part of the hardware or software. Hence it is called a simple control loop or programmed input-output. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interrupt-controlled_system">Interrupt-controlled system</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Interrupt-controlled system"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some embedded systems are predominantly controlled by <a href="/wiki/Interrupt" title="Interrupt">interrupts</a>. This means that tasks performed by the system are triggered by different kinds of events; an interrupt could be generated, for example, by a timer at a predefined interval, or by a serial port controller receiving data. </p><p>This architecture is used if event handlers need low latency, and the event handlers are short and simple. These systems run a simple task in a main loop also, but this task is not very sensitive to unexpected delays. Sometimes the interrupt handler will add longer tasks to a queue structure. Later, after the interrupt handler has finished, these tasks are executed by the main loop. This method brings the system close to a multitasking kernel with discrete processes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cooperative_multitasking">Cooperative multitasking</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Cooperative multitasking"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Cooperative_multitasking" title="Cooperative multitasking">Cooperative multitasking</a> is very similar to the simple control loop scheme, except that the loop is hidden in an <a href="/wiki/Application_programming_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Application programming interface">API</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Barr-glossary_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Barr-glossary-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The programmer defines a series of tasks, and each task gets its own environment to run in. When a task is idle, it calls an idle routine which passes control to another task. </p><p>The advantages and disadvantages are similar to that of the control loop, except that adding new software is easier, by simply writing a new task, or adding to the queue. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Preemptive_multitasking_or_multi-threading">Preemptive multitasking or multi-threading</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Preemptive multitasking or multi-threading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In this type of system, a low-level piece of code switches between tasks or threads based on a timer invoking an interrupt. This is the level at which the system is generally considered to have an operating system kernel. Depending on how much functionality is required, it introduces more or less of the complexities of managing multiple tasks running conceptually in parallel. </p><p>As any code can potentially damage the data of another task (except in systems using a <a href="/wiki/Memory_management_unit" title="Memory management unit">memory management unit</a>) programs must be carefully designed and tested, and access to shared data must be controlled by some synchronization strategy such as <a href="/wiki/Message_queue" title="Message queue">message queues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Semaphore_(programming)" title="Semaphore (programming)">semaphores</a> or a <a href="/wiki/Non-blocking_synchronization" class="mw-redirect" title="Non-blocking synchronization">non-blocking synchronization</a> scheme. </p><p>Because of these complexities, it is common for organizations to use an off-the-shelf RTOS, allowing the application programmers to concentrate on device functionality rather than operating system services. The choice to include an RTOS brings in its own issues, however, as the selection must be made prior to starting the application development process. This timing forces developers to choose the embedded operating system for their device based on current requirements and so restricts future options to a large extent.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The level of complexity in embedded systems is continuously growing as devices are required to manage peripherals and tasks such as serial, USB, TCP/IP, <a href="/wiki/Bluetooth" title="Bluetooth">Bluetooth</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wireless_LAN" title="Wireless LAN">Wireless LAN</a>, trunk radio, multiple channels, data and voice, enhanced graphics, multiple states, multiple threads, numerous wait states and so on. These trends are leading to the uptake of <a href="/wiki/Embedded_middleware" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded middleware">embedded middleware</a> in addition to an RTOS. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Microkernels_and_exokernels">Microkernels and exokernels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Microkernels and exokernels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Microkernel" title="Microkernel">microkernel</a> allocates memory and switches the CPU to different threads of execution. User-mode processes implement major functions such as file systems, network interfaces, etc. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Exokernel" title="Exokernel">Exokernels</a> communicate efficiently by normal subroutine calls. The hardware and all the software in the system are available to and extensible by application programmers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monolithic_kernels">Monolithic kernels</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Monolithic kernels"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A <a href="/wiki/Monolithic_kernel" title="Monolithic kernel">monolithic kernel</a> is a relatively large kernel with sophisticated capabilities adapted to suit an embedded environment. This gives programmers an environment similar to a desktop operating system like <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> or <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Windows" title="Microsoft Windows">Microsoft Windows</a>, and is therefore very productive for development. On the downside, it requires considerably more hardware resources, is often more expensive, and, because of the complexity of these kernels, can be less predictable and reliable. </p><p>Common examples of embedded monolithic kernels are <a href="/wiki/Embedded_Linux" class="mw-redirect" title="Embedded Linux">embedded Linux</a>, <a href="/wiki/VXWorks" class="mw-redirect" title="VXWorks">VXWorks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Windows_CE" class="mw-redirect" title="Windows CE">Windows CE</a>. </p><p>Despite the increased cost in hardware, this type of embedded system is increasing in popularity, especially on the more powerful embedded devices such as <a href="/wiki/Wireless_router" title="Wireless router">wireless routers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Automotive_navigation_system" title="Automotive navigation system">GPS navigation systems</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_software_components">Additional software components</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Additional software components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to the core operating system, many embedded systems have additional upper-layer software components. These components include networking protocol stacks like <a href="/wiki/Controller%E2%80%93area_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Controller–area network">CAN</a>, <a href="/wiki/TCP/IP" class="mw-redirect" title="TCP/IP">TCP/IP</a>, <a href="/wiki/FTP" class="mw-redirect" title="FTP">FTP</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, and <a href="/wiki/HTTPS" title="HTTPS">HTTPS</a>, and storage capabilities like <a href="/wiki/File_Allocation_Table" title="File Allocation Table">FAT</a> and flash memory management systems. If the embedded device has audio and video capabilities, then the appropriate drivers and codecs will be present in the system. In the case of the monolithic kernels, many of these software layers may be included in the kernel. In the RTOS category, the availability of additional software components depends upon the commercial offering. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Domain-specific_architectures">Domain-specific architectures</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Domain-specific architectures"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the automotive sector, <a href="/wiki/AUTOSAR" title="AUTOSAR">AUTOSAR</a> is a standard architecture for embedded software. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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Microprocessors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silicon_compiler" title="Silicon compiler">Silicon compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_module" title="System on module">System on module</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-MicroVGA-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MicroVGA_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">For more details of MicroVGA see this <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.microvga.com/pdf/uvga-text-ds.pdf">PDF</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns 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.citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFMichael_Barr" class="citation web cs1"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Barr_(software_engineer)" title="Michael Barr (software engineer)">Michael Barr</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.netrino.com/Embedded-Systems/Glossary">"Embedded Systems Glossary"</a>. <i>Neutrino Technical Library</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2007-04-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Neutrino+Technical+Library&rft.atitle=Embedded+Systems+Glossary&rft.au=Michael+Barr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.netrino.com%2FEmbedded-Systems%2FGlossary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeath2003" class="citation book cs1">Heath, Steve (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat"><i>Embedded systems design</i></a></span>. EDN series for design engineers (2 ed.). Newnes. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/embeddedsystemsd0000heat/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5546-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-5546-0"><bdi>978-0-7506-5546-0</bdi></a>. <q>An embedded system is a <a href="/wiki/Microprocessor" title="Microprocessor">microprocessor</a> based system that is built to control a function or a range of functions.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embedded+systems+design&rft.series=EDN+series+for+design+engineers&rft.pages=2&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-5546-0&rft.aulast=Heath&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fembeddedsystemsd0000heat&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_BarrAnthony_J._Massa2006" class="citation book cs1">Michael Barr; Anthony J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2 February</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Embedded+virtualization+for+the+design+of+secure+IoT+applications&rft.btitle=Proceedings+of+the+27th+International+Symposium+on+Rapid+System+Prototyping%3A+Shortening+the+Path+from+Specification+to+Prototype&rft.pages=2-6&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A17466572%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1145%2F2990299.2990301&rft.isbn=9781450345354&rft.aulast=Moratelli&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Johann%2C+S&rft.au=Neves%2C+M&rft.au=Hessel%2C+F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F7909116&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShort2008" class="citation book cs1">Short, Michael (March 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/4493674">"Development guidelines for dependable real-time embedded systems"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/Development_Guidelines_for_Dependable_Real-Time_Embedded_Systems_/10083272"><i>2008 IEEE/ACS International Conference on Computer Systems and Applications</i></a>. pp. 1032–1039. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1109%2FAICCSA.2008.4493674">10.1109/AICCSA.2008.4493674</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-1967-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4244-1967-8"><bdi>978-1-4244-1967-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:14163138">14163138</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Development+guidelines+for+dependable+real-time+embedded+systems&rft.btitle=2008+IEEE%2FACS+International+Conference+on+Computer+Systems+and+Applications&rft.pages=1032-1039&rft.date=2008-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A14163138%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1109%2FAICCSA.2008.4493674&rft.isbn=978-1-4244-1967-8&rft.aulast=Short&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fieeexplore.ieee.org%2Fdocument%2F4493674&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMotor_Industry_Software_Reliability_Association" class="citation web cs1">Motor Industry Software Reliability Association. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.misra.org.uk/product/misra-c2012-third-edition-first-revision/">"MISRA C:2012 Third Edition, First Revision"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-02-03</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=MISRA+C%3A2012+Third+Edition%2C+First+Revision&rft.au=Motor+Industry+Software+Reliability+Association&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.misra.org.uk%2Fproduct%2Fmisra-c2012-third-edition-first-revision%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nema.org/docs/default-source/standards-document-library/faq-programmable-controllers.pdf?sfvrsn=a03312d_2">"FAQs: Programmable Controllers"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-10</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=FAQs%3A+Programmable+Controllers&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nema.org%2Fdocs%2Fdefault-source%2Fstandards-document-library%2Ffaq-programmable-controllers.pdf%3Fsfvrsn%3Da03312d_2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.clarinox.com/docs/whitepapers/Whitepaper_06_CrossPlatformDiscussion.pdf">"Working across Multiple Embedded Platforms"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. clarinox. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110219200027/http://www.clarinox.com/docs/whitepapers/Whitepaper_06_CrossPlatformDiscussion.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2011-02-19<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2010-08-17</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Working+across+Multiple+Embedded+Platforms&rft.pub=clarinox&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.clarinox.com%2Fdocs%2Fwhitepapers%2FWhitepaper_06_CrossPlatformDiscussion.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+system" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_Catsoulis2005" class="citation book cs1">John Catsoulis (May 2005). <i>Designing Embedded Hardware, 2nd Edition</i>. O'Reilly. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-596-00755-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-596-00755-8"><bdi>0-596-00755-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Designing+Embedded+Hardware%2C+2nd+Edition&rft.pub=O%27Reilly&rft.date=2005-05&rft.isbn=0-596-00755-8&rft.au=John+Catsoulis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJames_M._ConradAlexander_G._Dean2011" class="citation book cs1">James M. Conrad; Alexander G. Dean (September 2011). <i>Embedded Systems, An Introduction Using the Renesas RX62N Microcontroller</i>. Micrium. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1935-7729-96" title="Special:BookSources/978-1935-7729-96"><bdi>978-1935-7729-96</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embedded+Systems%2C+An+Introduction+Using+the+Renesas+RX62N+Microcontroller&rft.pub=Micrium&rft.date=2011-09&rft.isbn=978-1935-7729-96&rft.au=James+M.+Conrad&rft.au=Alexander+G.+Dean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+system" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlaus_Elk2016" class="citation book cs1">Klaus Elk (August 2016). <i>Embedded Software Development for the Internet Of Things, The Basics, The Technologies and Best Practices</i>. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1534602533" title="Special:BookSources/978-1534602533"><bdi>978-1534602533</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Embedded+Software+Development+for+the+Internet+Of+Things%2C+The+Basics%2C+The+Technologies+and+Best+Practices&rft.pub=CreateSpace+Independent+Publishing+Platform&rft.date=2016-08&rft.isbn=978-1534602533&rft.au=Klaus+Elk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEmbedded+system" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Embedded_system&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Embedded_systems" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Embedded systems">Embedded systems</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/40px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/60px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg/80px-Wikibooks-logo-en-noslogan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="400" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: <i><b><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Embedded_Systems" class="extiw" title="wikibooks:Embedded Systems">Embedded Systems</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Embedded_System_Engineering" class="extiw" title="v:Embedded System Engineering">Embedded System Engineering</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=H-OKGOMoCSI&list=PLo7bVbJhQ6qwlDa-R6pz7tA7kPzn1s5Ae">Embedded Systems course with mbed</a> YouTube, ongoing from 2015</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geer.tinho.net/geer.nro.6xi13.txt">Trends in Cyber Security and Embedded Systems</a> Dan Geer, November 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLPW8O6W-1chwyTzI3BHwBLbGQoPFxPAPM">Modern Embedded Systems Programming Video Course</a> YouTube, ongoing from 2013</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.esweek.org/">Embedded Systems Week (ESWEEK)</a> yearly event with conferences, workshops and tutorials covering all aspects of embedded systems and software</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180211173413/http://www.emsig.net/conf/2015/wese/">Workshop on Embedded and Cyber-Physical Systems Education</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived 2018-02-11), workshop covering educational aspects of embedded systems</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://microcontrollershop.com/An%20Embedded%20Tools%20Introduction.php">Developing Embedded Systems - A Tools Introduction</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul 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href="/wiki/Computer_appliance" title="Computer appliance">Appliances</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arcade_cabinet" title="Arcade cabinet">Arcade cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diskless_node" title="Diskless node">Diskless node</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_appliance" title="Internet appliance">Internet appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intelligent_terminal" class="mw-redirect" title="Intelligent terminal">Intelligent terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interactive_kiosk" title="Interactive kiosk">Interactive kiosk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_client" title="Rich client">Rich client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simulator_ride" title="Simulator ride">Simulator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_speaker" title="Smart speaker">Smart speaker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_TV" title="Smart TV">Smart TV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thin_client" title="Thin client">Thin client</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game_console" title="Video game console">Video game console</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_video_game_console" title="Home video game console">Home console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microconsole" title="Microconsole">Microconsole</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By use</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaming_computer" title="Gaming computer">Gaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Home_computer" title="Home computer">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_PC" title="Industrial PC">Industrial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_computer" title="Personal computer">Personal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Personal_supercomputer" title="Personal supercomputer">Personal super</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_computer" title="Public computer">Public</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Server_(computing)" title="Server (computing)">Server</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Home_server" title="Home server">Home server</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workstation" title="Workstation">Workstation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By size</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/All-in-one_computer" title="All-in-one computer">All-in-one</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Panel_PC" title="Panel PC">Panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Table_computer" title="Table computer">Tabletop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surface_computer" title="Surface computer">Surface</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desktop_computer" title="Desktop computer">Desktop</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deskside_computer" class="mw-redirect" title="Deskside computer">Deskside</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pizza-box_form_factor" title="Pizza-box form factor">Pizza box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_tower" title="Computer tower">Tower</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_computer" title="Portable computer">Portable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Small_form_factor_PC" title="Small form factor PC">Small form factor</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mini_PC" title="Mini PC">Mini PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plug_computer" title="Plug computer">Plug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stick_PC" title="Stick PC">Stick PC</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/19-inch_rack" title="19-inch rack">Rack</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blade_server" title="Blade server">Blade server</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blade_PC" title="Blade PC">Blade PC</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_computing" title="Mobile computing">Mobile</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Laptop" title="Laptop">Laptop</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop" title="2-in-1 laptop">2-in-1</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_convertible" title="2-in-1 laptop">Convertible</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudbook" title="Cloudbook">Cloudbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_workstation" title="Mobile workstation">Mobile workstation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notebook_(laptop)" title="Notebook (laptop)">Notebook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subnotebook" title="Subnotebook">Subnotebook</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Netbook" title="Netbook">Netbook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartbook" title="Smartbook">Smartbook</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tablet_computer" title="Tablet computer">Tablet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2-in-1_laptop#2-in-1_detachable" title="2-in-1 laptop">Detachable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phablet" title="Phablet">Phablet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mobile_device" title="Mobile device">Handheld</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_organizer" title="Electronic organizer">Electronic organizer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-reader" title="E-reader">E-reader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_game_console" title="Handheld game console">Handheld game console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handheld_PC" title="Handheld PC">Handheld PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_data_terminal" title="Mobile data terminal">Mobile data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_phone" title="Mobile phone">Mobile phone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Camera_phone" title="Camera phone">Camera</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feature_phone" title="Feature phone">Feature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartphone" title="Smartphone">Smartphone</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foldable_smartphone" title="Foldable smartphone">Foldable</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palmtop_PC" title="Palmtop PC">Palmtop PC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_digital_assistant" title="Personal digital assistant">Personal digital assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocket_computer" title="Pocket computer">Pocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_data_terminal" title="Portable data terminal">Portable data terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portable_media_player" title="Portable media player">Portable media player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siftable" title="Siftable">Siftable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultra-mobile_PC" title="Ultra-mobile PC">Ultra-mobile PC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Calculator" title="Calculator">Calculator</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Graphing_calculator" title="Graphing calculator">Graphing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programmable_calculator" title="Programmable calculator">Programmable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scientific_calculator" title="Scientific calculator">Scientific</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wearable_computer" title="Wearable computer">Wearable</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_tracker" title="Activity tracker">Activity tracker</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Smart_band" class="mw-redirect" title="Smart band">Smart band</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watch#Digital" title="Watch">Digital wristwatch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_watch" title="Calculator watch">Calculator watch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartwatch" title="Smartwatch">Smartwatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GPS_watch" title="GPS watch">Sportwatch</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartglasses" title="Smartglasses">Smartglasses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smart_ring" title="Smart ring">Smart ring</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Midrange_computer" title="Midrange computer">Midrange</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minicomputer" title="Minicomputer">Mini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superminicomputer" title="Superminicomputer">Supermini</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Large</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">Grid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainframe_computer" title="Mainframe computer">Mainframe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minisupercomputer" title="Minisupercomputer">Minisuper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supercomputer" title="Supercomputer">Super</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_appliance" title="Information appliance">Information appliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanocomputer" title="Nanocomputer">Nano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_computer" title="Rugged computer">Rugged</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rugged_smartphone" title="Rugged smartphone">Rugged smartphone</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer-on-module" title="Computer-on-module">Computer-on-module</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smartdust" title="Smartdust">Smartdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wireless_sensor_network" title="Wireless sensor network">Wireless sensor network</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Classes_of_computers" title="Category:Classes of computers">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Computer_science" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Computer_science" title="Template:Computer science"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Computer_science" title="Template talk:Computer science"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Computer_science" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Computer science"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Computer_science" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Note: This template roughly follows the 2012 <a href="/wiki/ACM_Computing_Classification_System" title="ACM Computing Classification System">ACM Computing Classification System</a>.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">Hardware</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Printed_circuit_board" title="Printed circuit board">Printed circuit board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral" title="Peripheral">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit" title="Integrated circuit">Integrated circuit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Very_Large_Scale_Integration" class="mw-redirect" title="Very Large Scale Integration">Very Large Scale Integration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">Systems on Chip (SoCs)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_computing" title="Green computing">Energy consumption (Green computing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_design_automation" title="Electronic design automation">Electronic design automation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_acceleration" title="Hardware acceleration">Hardware acceleration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">Processor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_computer_size_categories" title="List of computer size categories">Size</a> / <a href="/wiki/Form_factor_(design)" title="Form factor (design)">Form</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Computer systems organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_architecture" title="Computer architecture">Computer architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity" title="Computational complexity">Computational complexity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dependability" title="Dependability">Dependability</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Embedded system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Real-time_computing" title="Real-time computing">Real-time computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">Networks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Network_architecture" title="Network architecture">Network architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">Network protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Networking_hardware" title="Networking hardware">Network components</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_scheduler" title="Network scheduler">Network scheduler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_performance" title="Network performance">Network performance evaluation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_service" title="Network service">Network service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software organization</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interpreter_(computing)" title="Interpreter (computing)">Interpreter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middleware" title="Middleware">Middleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_machine" title="Virtual machine">Virtual machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Programming_language_theory" title="Programming language theory">Software notations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Programming_tool" title="Programming tool">tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">Programming language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compiler_construction" class="mw-redirect" title="Compiler construction">Compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Domain-specific_language" title="Domain-specific language">Domain-specific language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">Software framework</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_development_environment" title="Integrated development environment">Integrated development environment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_repository" title="Software repository">Software repository</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software_development" title="Software development">Software development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Control_variable_(programming)" class="mw-redirect" title="Control variable (programming)">Control variable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_analysis" title="Requirements analysis">Requirements analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_construction" title="Software construction">Software construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_team" title="Programming team">Programming team</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Open-source_software" title="Open-source software">Open-source model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theory_of_computation" title="Theory of computation">Theory of computation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_of_computation" title="Model of computation">Model of computation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stochastic_computing" title="Stochastic computing">Stochastic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_language" title="Formal language">Formal language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automata_theory" title="Automata theory">Automata theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computability_theory" title="Computability theory">Computability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_complexity_theory" title="Computational complexity theory">Computational complexity theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logic_in_computer_science" title="Logic in computer science">Logic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semantics_(computer_science)" title="Semantics (computer science)">Semantics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Algorithm" title="Algorithm">Algorithms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algorithm_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Algorithm design">Algorithm design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Analysis_of_algorithms" title="Analysis of algorithms">Analysis of algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algorithmic_efficiency" title="Algorithmic efficiency">Algorithmic efficiency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randomized_algorithm" title="Randomized algorithm">Randomized algorithm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_geometry" title="Computational geometry">Computational geometry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Mathematics of <a href="/wiki/Computing" title="Computing">computing</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Discrete_mathematics" title="Discrete mathematics">Discrete mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Probability" title="Probability">Probability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statistics" title="Statistics">Statistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_software" title="Mathematical software">Mathematical software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_theory" title="Information theory">Information theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_analysis" title="Mathematical analysis">Mathematical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numerical_analysis" title="Numerical analysis">Numerical analysis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theoretical_computer_science" title="Theoretical computer science">Theoretical computer science</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Information_system" title="Information system">Information systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Database" title="Database">Database management system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">Information storage systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_information_system" title="Enterprise information system">Enterprise information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software" title="Social software">Social information systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographic_information_system" title="Geographic information system">Geographic information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision_support_system" title="Decision support system">Decision support system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Process_control" class="mw-redirect" title="Process control">Process control system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimedia_database" title="Multimedia database">Multimedia information system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">Data mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_library" title="Digital library">Digital library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Computing platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_marketing" title="Digital marketing">Digital marketing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">Information retrieval</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_security" title="Computer security">Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_hacker" title="Security hacker">Security hacker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Security_service_(telecommunication)" title="Security service (telecommunication)">Security services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intrusion_detection_system" title="Intrusion detection system">Intrusion detection system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardware_security" title="Hardware security">Hardware security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_security" title="Network security">Network security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_security" title="Information security">Information security</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Application_security" title="Application security">Application security</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Human%E2%80%93computer_interaction" title="Human–computer interaction">Human–computer interaction</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interaction_design" title="Interaction design">Interaction design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_computing" title="Social computing">Social computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ubiquitous_computing" title="Ubiquitous computing">Ubiquitous computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visualization_(graphics)" title="Visualization (graphics)">Visualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Concurrency_(computer_science)" title="Concurrency (computer science)">Concurrency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Concurrent_computing" title="Concurrent computing">Concurrent computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallel_computing" title="Parallel computing">Parallel computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multithreading_(computer_architecture)" title="Multithreading (computer architecture)">Multithreading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiprocessing" title="Multiprocessing">Multiprocessing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Natural_language_processing" title="Natural language processing">Natural language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowledge_representation_and_reasoning" title="Knowledge representation and reasoning">Knowledge representation and reasoning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_vision" title="Computer vision">Computer vision</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automated_planning_and_scheduling" title="Automated planning and scheduling">Automated planning and scheduling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mathematical_optimization" title="Mathematical optimization">Search methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_theory" title="Control theory">Control method</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Philosophy of artificial intelligence">Philosophy of artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Distributed_artificial_intelligence" title="Distributed artificial intelligence">Distributed artificial intelligence</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">Machine learning</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supervised_learning" title="Supervised learning">Supervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unsupervised_learning" title="Unsupervised learning">Unsupervised learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reinforcement_learning" title="Reinforcement learning">Reinforcement learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multi-task_learning" title="Multi-task learning">Multi-task learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross-validation_(statistics)" title="Cross-validation (statistics)">Cross-validation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_graphics" title="Computer graphics">Graphics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_animation" title="Computer animation">Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rendering_(computer_graphics)" title="Rendering (computer graphics)">Rendering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photograph_manipulation" title="Photograph manipulation">Photograph manipulation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphics_processing_unit" title="Graphics processing unit">Graphics processing unit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixed_reality" title="Mixed reality">Mixed reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virtual_reality" title="Virtual reality">Virtual reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_compression" title="Image compression">Image compression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solid_modeling" title="Solid modeling">Solid modeling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applied computing</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quantum_Computing" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum Computing">Quantum Computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">E-commerce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_software" title="Enterprise software">Enterprise software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_mathematics" title="Computational mathematics">Computational mathematics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_physics" title="Computational physics">Computational physics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_chemistry" title="Computational chemistry">Computational chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_biology" title="Computational biology">Computational biology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_social_science" title="Computational social science">Computational social science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computational_engineering" title="Computational engineering">Computational engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Differentiable_computing" title="Template:Differentiable computing">Differentiable computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_informatics" title="Health informatics">Computational healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_art" title="Digital art">Digital art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_publishing" title="Electronic publishing">Electronic publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_voting" title="Electronic voting">Electronic voting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Video_game" title="Video game">Video games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Word_processor" title="Word processor">Word processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operations_research" title="Operations research">Operations research</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_technology" title="Educational technology">Educational technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Document_management_system" title="Document management system">Document management</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Computer_science" title="Category:Computer science">Category</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Outline"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/10px-Global_thinking.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/15px-Global_thinking.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Global_thinking.svg/21px-Global_thinking.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="130" data-file-height="200" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_computer_science" title="Outline of computer science">Outline</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/16px-Symbol_question.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/23px-Symbol_question.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e0/Symbol_question.svg/31px-Symbol_question.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Template:Glossaries_of_computers" title="Template:Glossaries of computers">Glossaries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Embedded_systems" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Embedded_systems" title="Template:Embedded systems"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Embedded_systems" title="Template talk:Embedded systems"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Embedded_systems" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Embedded systems"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Embedded_systems" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Embedded systems</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General terms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Application-specific_integrated_circuit" title="Application-specific integrated circuit">ASIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Board_support_package" title="Board support package">Board support package</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bootloader" title="Bootloader">Bootloader</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consumer_electronics" title="Consumer electronics">Consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_compiler" title="Cross compiler">Cross compiler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_database" title="Embedded database">Embedded database</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_hypervisor" title="Embedded hypervisor">Embedded hypervisor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_operating_system" title="Embedded operating system">Embedded OS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embedded_software" title="Embedded software">Embedded software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Field-programmable_gate_array" title="Field-programmable gate array">FPGA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Internet_of_things" title="Internet of things">IoT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memory_footprint" title="Memory footprint">Memory footprint</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">Microcontroller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Single-board_computer" title="Single-board computer">Single-board computer</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Raspberry_Pi" title="Raspberry Pi">Raspberry Pi</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_on_a_chip" title="System on a chip">SoC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a> and controls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Firmware" title="Firmware">Firmware</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Custom_firmware" title="Custom firmware">Custom firmware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_firmware" title="Proprietary firmware">Proprietary firmware</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Closed_platform" title="Closed platform">Closed platform</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crippleware" title="Crippleware">Crippleware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defective_by_Design" title="Defective by Design">Defective by Design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hacking_of_consumer_electronics" title="Hacking of consumer electronics">Hacking of consumer electronics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Homebrew_(video_games)" title="Homebrew (video games)">Homebrew (video games)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IOS_jailbreaking" title="IOS jailbreaking">iOS jailbreaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlayStation_3_Jailbreak" title="PlayStation 3 Jailbreak">PlayStation 3 Jailbreak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rooting_(Android)" title="Rooting (Android)">Rooting (Android)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UEFI" title="UEFI">UEFI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vendor_lock-in" title="Vendor lock-in">Vendor lock-in</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Booting" title="Booting">Boot loaders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Das_U-Boot" title="Das U-Boot">U-Boot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barebox" title="Barebox">Barebox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Library_(computing)" title="Library (computing)">Software 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