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class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Situs"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Daftar isi" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Daftar isi</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Awal</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Pandangan_tradisional" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandangan_tradisional"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Pandangan tradisional</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandangan_tradisional-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pandangan_modern" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pandangan_modern"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Pandangan modern</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pandangan_modern-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Globalisasi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Globalisasi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Globalisasi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Globalisasi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intervensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Intervensi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Intervensi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Gulingkan subbagian Intervensi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Intervensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Intervensi_militer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervensi_militer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Intervensi militer</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intervensi_militer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Intervensi_kemanusiaan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Intervensi_kemanusiaan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Intervensi kemanusiaan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Intervensi_kemanusiaan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Negara_gagal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Negara_gagal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Negara gagal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Negara_gagal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Lihat_pula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Lihat_pula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Lihat pula</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Lihat_pula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bacaan_lebih_lanjut"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Bacaan lebih lanjut</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bacaan_lebih_lanjut-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referensi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referensi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Referensi</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referensi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Daftar isi" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Gulingkan daftar isi" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Gulingkan daftar isi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Kedaulatan Westfalia</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pergi ke artikel dalam bahasa lain. Terdapat 18 bahasa" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 bahasa</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A9_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سيادة وستفاليا – Arab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سيادة وستفاليا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="سياده وستفاليا – Arab Mesir" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="سياده وستفاليا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Arab Mesir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Вестфалска система – Bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Вестфалска система" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestf%C3%A1lsk%C3%A1_suverenita" title="Vestfálská suverenita – Cheska" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Vestfálská suverenita" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Cheska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westf%C3%A4lisches_System" title="Westfälisches System – Jerman" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Westfälisches System" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Jerman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Westphalian_system" title="Westphalian system – Inggris" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Westphalian system" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Inggris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberan%C3%ADa_de_Westfalia" title="Soberanía de Westfalia – Spanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Soberanía de Westfalia" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D8%A7%DA%A9%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%AA_%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C" title="حاکمیت وستفالی – Persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="حاکمیت وستفالی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8E%D5%A5%D5%BD%D5%BF%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%B5%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%AB%D5%B6%D6%84%D5%B6%D5%AB%D5%B7%D5%AD%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Վեստֆալյան ինքնիշխանություն – Armenia" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Վեստֆալյան ինքնիշխանություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sovranit%C3%A0_territoriale" title="Sovranità territoriale – Italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Sovranità territoriale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A7%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AC%E3%83%B3%E4%BD%93%E5%88%B6" title="ヴェストファーレン体制 – Jepang" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヴェストファーレン体制" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Jepang" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A0%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8%ED%8C%94%EB%A0%8C_%EC%B2%B4%EC%A0%9C" title="베스트팔렌 체제 – Korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="베스트팔렌 체제" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_westfalske_systemet" title="Det westfalske systemet – Bokmål Norwegia" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Det westfalske systemet" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bokmål Norwegia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soberania_de_Vestf%C3%A1lia" title="Soberania de Vestfália – Portugis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Soberania de Vestfália" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%B4%D1%83%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D1%8B%D1%85_%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%88%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Вестфальская система международных отношений – Rusia" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Вестфальская система международных отношений" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rusia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vestfalya_sistemi" title="Vestfalya sistemi – Turki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Vestfalya sistemi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%84%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B0_%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%85_%D0%B2%D1%96%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%BD" title="Вестфальська система міжнародних відносин – Ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Вестфальська система міжнародних відносин" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%A5%BF%E7%99%BC%E9%87%8C%E4%BA%9E%E4%B8%BB%E6%AC%8A%E9%AB%94%E7%B3%BB" title="西發里亞主權體系 – Tionghoa" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="西發里亞主權體系" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Tionghoa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q442402#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Sunting pranala interwiki" class="wbc-editpage">Sunting pranala</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ruang nama"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kedaulatan_Westfalia" title="Lihat halaman isi [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Halaman</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Pembicaraan:Kedaulatan_Westfalia" rel="discussion" title="Pembicaraan halaman isi [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Pembicaraan</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Ubah varian bahasa" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Bahasa Indonesia</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Tampilan"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Kedaulatan_Westfalia"><span>Baca</span></a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&veaction=edit" title="Sunting halaman ini [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Sunting</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=edit" title="Sunting kode sumber halaman ini [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Sunting sumber</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=history" title="Revisi sebelumnya dari halaman ini. [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Lihat riwayat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Peralatan halaman"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Perkakas" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Perkakas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Perkakas</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">pindah ke bilah sisi</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sembunyikan</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Opsi lainnya" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Tindakan </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected 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href="/wiki/Istimewa:Pranala_balik/Kedaulatan_Westfalia" title="Daftar semua halaman wiki yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Pranala balik</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Perubahan_terkait/Kedaulatan_Westfalia" rel="nofollow" title="Perubahan terbaru halaman-halaman yang memiliki pranala ke halaman ini [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Perubahan terkait</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Halaman_istimewa" title="Daftar semua halaman istimewa [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Halaman istimewa</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&oldid=26087200" title="Pranala permanen untuk revisi halaman ini"><span>Pranala permanen</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=info" title="Informasi lanjut tentang halaman ini"><span>Informasi 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mw-parser-output" lang="id" dir="ltr"><p><b>Kedaulatan Westfalia</b> adalah konsep <a href="/wiki/Kedaulatan" title="Kedaulatan">kedaulatan</a> <a href="/wiki/Negara_bangsa" title="Negara bangsa">negara bangsa</a> di teritorinya sendiri tanpa campur tangan agen asing dalam struktur domestiknya. </p><p>Para pakar hubungan internasional menyebut <a href="/wiki/Hubungan_internasional" title="Hubungan internasional">sistem internasional</a> <a href="/wiki/Negara_berdaulat" title="Negara berdaulat">negara</a>, <a href="/wiki/Perusahaan_multinasional" title="Perusahaan multinasional">perusahaan multinasional</a>, dan organisasi modern yang berorientasi Barat bermula di <a href="/wiki/Perdamaian_Westfalia" title="Perdamaian Westfalia">Perdamaian Westfalia</a> tahun 1648.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baik dasar maupun kesimpulan pandangan ini dikritik oleh sejumlah akademisi dan <a href="/wiki/Politikus" title="Politikus">politikus</a> <a href="/wiki/Revisionisme_sejarah" title="Revisionisme sejarah">revisionis</a>. Para revisionis mempertanyakan pentingnya perjanjian damai Westfalia tersebut. Sejumlah <a href="/w/index.php?title=Komentator_politik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komentator politik (halaman belum tersedia)">komentator</a> dan politikus menyerang sistem negara bangsa berdaulat Westfalia. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pandangan_tradisional">Pandangan tradisional</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Sunting bagian: Pandangan tradisional" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=edit&section=1" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pandangan tradisional"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Penganut konsep sistem Westfalia merujuk pada <a href="/wiki/Perdamaian_Westfalia" title="Perdamaian Westfalia">Perdamaian Westfalia</a> yang ditandatangani tahun 1648 yang mengakhiri <a href="/wiki/Perang_Tiga_Puluh_Tahun" title="Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun">Perang Tiga Puluh Tahun</a>. Waktu itu sebagian besar negara Eropa (<a href="/wiki/Kekaisaran_Romawi_Suci" title="Kekaisaran Romawi Suci">Kekaisaran Romawi Suci</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Spanyol" title="Imperium Spanyol">Spanyol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerajaan_Prancis" title="Kerajaan Prancis">Prancis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Imperium_Swedia" title="Imperium Swedia">Swedia</a>, dan <a href="/wiki/Republik_Belanda" title="Republik Belanda">Republik Belanda</a>) sepakat untuk menghormati prinsip <a href="/w/index.php?title=Integritas_wilayah&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Integritas wilayah (halaman belum tersedia)">integritas wilayah</a>. Dalam sistem Westfalia, kepentingan nasional dan tujuan negara (serta negara bangsa) secara luas dianggap melampaui kepentingan dan tujuan warga negara atau penguasa manapun. Negara menjadi agen institusional utama dalam sistem hubungan antarnegara. Perdamaian Westfalia kabarnya berhasil mengakhiri upaya penerapan kewenangan supranasional terhadap negara-negara Eropa. Doktrin "Westfalia" yang menyebutkan negara sebagai agen merdeka dipertegas oleh perkembangan pola pikir <a href="/wiki/Nasionalisme" title="Nasionalisme">nasionalisme</a> pada abad ke-19. Pola pikir nasionalisme menganggap <a href="/wiki/Negara_berdaulat" title="Negara berdaulat">negara</a> yang sah punya kaitannya dengan <i><a href="/wiki/Bangsa" title="Bangsa">bangsa</a></i>, yaitu sekumpulan masyarakat yang disatukan oleh bahasa dan budaya. </p><p>Sistem Westfalia mencapai puncaknya pada akhir abad ke-19. Meski pertimbangan praktisnya masih mendorong negara-negara kuat berusaha memengaruhi urusan negara lain, intervensi paksa oleh suatu negara terhadap urusan dalam negeri negara lainnya semakin berkurang antara 1850 dan 1900, berbeda dengan periode sebelumnya (Leurdijk 1986). </p><p>Perdamaian Westfalia penting dipelajari dalam teori <a href="/wiki/Hubungan_internasional" title="Hubungan internasional">hubungan internasional</a> modern dan sering ditetapkan sebagai awal sistem internasional yang dibahas dalam disiplin ilmu ini.<sup id="cite_ref-Osiander_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Osiander-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gross_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gross-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Croxton_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Croxton-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Beberapa teoriwan hubungan internasional mengidentifikasi sejumlah prinsip utama dalam Perdamaian Westfalia yang menjelaskan pentingnya Perdamaian tersebut dan damaknya terhadap dunia masa kini: </p> <ol><li>Prinsip <a href="/wiki/Kedaulatan" title="Kedaulatan">kedaulatan</a> <a href="/wiki/Negara_berdaulat" title="Negara berdaulat">negara</a> dan hak asasi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Penentuan_nasib&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Penentuan nasib (halaman belum tersedia)">penentuan nasib</a> politik</li> <li>Prinsip kesetaraan hukum antarnegara</li> <li>Prinsip non-intervensi suatu negara terhadap urusan dalam negeri negara lainnya</li></ol> <p>Prinsip-prinsip tersebut dianut oleh paradigma hubungan internasional <a href="/wiki/Realisme_(hubungan_internasional)" title="Realisme (hubungan internasional)">"realis"</a> masa kini, sehingga semakin jelas alasannya sistem negara disebut sebagai "Sistem Westfalia". </p><p>Baik ide kedaulatan Westfalia dan penerapannya telah dipertanyakan sejak pertengahan abad ke-20 sampai seterusnya dari berbagai sudut pandang. Sebagian besar perdebatan membahas ide <a href="/wiki/Internasionalisme_(politik)" title="Internasionalisme (politik)">internasionalisme</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi">globalisasi</a> yang tampaknya bertentangan dengan kedaulatan Westfalia dilihat dari sejumlah interpretasi. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pandangan_modern">Pandangan modern</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Sunting bagian: Pandangan modern" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=edit&section=2" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Pandangan modern"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sistem Westfalia dijadikan singkatan oleh para akademisi untuk mendeskripsikan sistem negara yang membentuk dunia saat ini.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 1998, di Simposium Pelanjutan Relevansi Politik Perdamaian Westfalia, Sekretaris Jenderal <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> <a href="/wiki/Javier_Solana" title="Javier Solana">Javier Solana</a> mengatakan bahwa "kemanusiaan dan demokrasi [adalah] dua prinsip yang pada dasarnya tidak relevan dengan tatanan Westfalia yang asli" dan mengkritik bahwa "sistem Westfalia memiliki batasan. Misalnya, prinsip kedaulatan yang digantungkannya juga menciptakan alasan persaingan, bukan kerja sama antarnegara; pengucilan, bukan integrasi."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pada tahun 2000, <a href="/wiki/Menteri_Luar_Negeri_Jerman" class="mw-redirect" title="Menteri Luar Negeri Jerman">Menteri Luar Negeri Jerman</a> <a href="/wiki/Joschka_Fischer" title="Joschka Fischer">Joschka Fischer</a> mengomentari Perdamaian Westfalia dalam pidatonya di <a href="/wiki/Universitas_Humboldt_Berlin" title="Universitas Humboldt Berlin">Universitas Humboldt Berlin</a>. Ia berpendapat bahwa sistem politik Eropa yang dibentuk oleh Westfalia sudah kedaluwarsa: "Inti konsep Eropa pasca-1945 masih merupakan penolakan terhadap prinsip keseimbangan kekuatan Eropa dan ambisi hegemonik negara-negara individual yang bermunculan setelah Perdamaian Westfalia tahun 1648, penolakan yang terwujud dalam pencampuran kepentingan vital dan peralihan hak kedaulatan negara-bangsa ke sejumlah lembaga supranasional Eropa."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Setelah <a href="/wiki/Serangan_Madrid_11_Maret_2004" class="mw-redirect" title="Serangan Madrid 11 Maret 2004">serangan Madrid 11 Maret 2004</a>, Lewis Atiyyatullah, yang mengaku sebagai wakil jaringan teroris <a href="/wiki/Al-Qaeda" title="Al-Qaeda">al-Qaeda</a>, menyatakan bahwa "sistem internasional yang dikembangkan Barat sejak Perjanjian Westfalia akan runtuh; dan sistem internasional baru akan bangkit di bawah kepemimpinan satu negara Islam yang kuat".<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi">Globalisasi</a> juga diklaim telah <a href="/wiki/Evolusi" title="Evolusi">mengubah</a> sistem internasional melampaui sistem negara berdaulat Westfalia.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Benedict_Anderson" class="mw-redirect" title="Benedict Anderson">Benedict Anderson</a> menyebut "bangsa" yang sifatnya putatif (diada-adakan atau diciptakan) adalah "<a href="/w/index.php?title=Komunitas_khayalan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Komunitas khayalan (halaman belum tersedia)">komunitas khayalan</a>" semata. </p><p>Pihak lainnya justru mendukung sistem negara Westfalia, termasuk <a href="/wiki/Nasionalisme" title="Nasionalisme">nasionalis</a> Eropa dan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Paleokonservatisme&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paleokonservatisme (halaman belum tersedia)">palokonservatif</a> Amerika Serikat <a href="/wiki/Pat_Buchanan" title="Pat Buchanan">Pat Buchanan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Para pendukung negara Westfalia menentang sosialisme dan sebagian wujud kapitalisme karena meremehkan negara bangsa. Karier politik Buchanan dipenuhi serangan terhadap <a href="/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi">globalisasi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teori_kritis" title="Teori kritis">teori kritis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neokonservatif" class="mw-redirect" title="Neokonservatif">neokonservatisme</a>, dan pemikiran lain yang ia anggap berbahaya bagi bangsa-bangsa Barat masa kini. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Globalisasi">Globalisasi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Sunting bagian: Globalisasi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=edit&section=3" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Globalisasi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Selama 1980-an dan awal 1990-an, literatur globalisasi masih berfokus pada pengikisan <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_ketergantungan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedaulatan ketergantungan (halaman belum tersedia)">kedaulatan ketergantungan</a> dan kedaulatan Westfalia. Kebanyakan literatur tersebut mengkritik model politik internasional <a href="/wiki/Realisme_(hubungan_internasional)" title="Realisme (hubungan internasional)">realis</a> yang menganggap tafsiran negara Westfalia selaku agen kesatuan sebagai sesuatu yang aksiomatis (Camilleri dan Falk 1992). </p><p>Konsep berbagi kedaulatan yang dianut <a href="/wiki/Uni_Eropa" title="Uni Eropa">Uni Eropa</a> juga agak bertentangan dengan pandangan historis kedaulatan Westfalia, karena Uni Eropa mengizinkan agen asing ikut campur dalam urusan dalam negeri suatu negara. </p><p>Dalam artikel tahun 2008, Phil Williams mengaitkan kebangkitan <a href="/wiki/Terorisme" title="Terorisme">terorisme</a> dan aktor non-negara keras lainnya (<a href="/w/index.php?title=VNSA&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VNSA (halaman belum tersedia)">VNSA</a>; <i>violent non-state actor</i>) dengan <a href="/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi">globalisasi</a>. Terorisme dan VNSA dianggap mengancam kedaulatan <a href="/wiki/Negara_berdaulat" title="Negara berdaulat">negara</a> Westfalia.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Intervensi">Intervensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Sunting bagian: Intervensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=edit&section=4" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Intervensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervensi_militer">Intervensi militer</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Sunting bagian: Intervensi militer" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=edit&section=5" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Intervensi militer"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sejak akhir abad ke-20, ide kedaulatan Westfalia semakin dipertanyakan setelah terjadi serangkaian rencana maupun aksi intervensi militer di bekas <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavia" title="Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a>, dan lainnya. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Intervensi_kemanusiaan">Intervensi kemanusiaan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Sunting bagian: Intervensi kemanusiaan" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=edit&section=6" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Intervensi kemanusiaan"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Intervensi yang dilancarkan ke <a href="/wiki/Kamboja" title="Kamboja">Kamboja</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perang_Kamboja-Vietnam" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Kamboja-Vietnam">Perang Kamboja-Vietnam</a>) atau ke <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a> (waktu itu bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>) oleh <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perang_Pembebasan_Bangladesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh">Perang Pembebasan Bangladesh</a> dan <a href="/wiki/Perang_India-Pakistan_1971" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang India-Pakistan 1971">Perang India-Pakistan 1971</a>) memiliki dasar yang diragukan atau lemah dalam hukum internasional, tetapi dilakukan atas dasar bahwa mereka melakukan <a href="/wiki/Intervensi_kemanusiaan" title="Intervensi kemanusiaan">intervensi kemanusiaan</a> yang bertujuan mencegah <a href="/wiki/Genosida" title="Genosida">genosida</a>, kehilangan jiwa dalam jumlah besar, atau <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pemusnahan_etnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pemusnahan etnik (halaman belum tersedia)">pemusnahan etnik</a>. Untuk kasus Pakistan Timur/Bangladesh, India mengklaim bahwa mereka bertindak untuk mempertahankan diri alih-alih kepentingan kemanusiaan. India berpendapat bahwa skala arus pengungsi dari Pakistan Timur ke India mengancam stabilitas dalam negeri India, sehingga mereka mengintervensi Benggala Timur untuk memberantas akar ancaman terhadap India. </p><p>Walaupun begitu, muncul perdebatan seputar apakah penerobosan kedaulatan negara terkini, seperti yang terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> (waktu itu bagian dari <a href="/wiki/Serbia_dan_Montenegro" title="Serbia dan Montenegro">Serbia dan Montenegro</a>) oleh NATO (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pengeboman_Yugoslavia_oleh_NATO_1999&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pengeboman Yugoslavia oleh NATO 1999 (halaman belum tersedia)">Pengeboman Yugoslavia oleh NATO 1999</a>) dan pemisahan <i>de facto</i> <a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> dari <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a>, di <a href="/wiki/Irak" title="Irak">Irak</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Amerika_Serikat" title="Amerika Serikat">Amerika Serikat</a> dan sejumlah sekutunya seperti <a href="/wiki/Britania_Raya" title="Britania Raya">Britania Raya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perang_Irak_2003" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang Irak 2003">Perang Irak 2003</a>), di <a href="/wiki/Georgia" title="Georgia">Georgia</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/Rusia" title="Rusia">Rusia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perang_Ossetia_Selatan_2008" title="Perang Ossetia Selatan 2008">Perang Ossetia Selatan 2008</a>), atau di <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a> oleh <a href="/wiki/NATO" class="mw-redirect" title="NATO">NATO</a> (<a href="/wiki/Perang_saudara_Libya_2011" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang saudara Libya 2011">Perang saudara Libya 2011</a>), juga merefleksikan prinsip yang lebih agung atau apakah justifikasi sejatinya hanya mengandung kepentingan politik dan ekonomi. </p><p>Tafsiran baru mengenai <a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_kontingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kedaulatan kontingen (halaman belum tersedia)">kedaulatan kontingen</a> mulai tercipta, tetapi belum mencapai titik legitimasi internasional. <a href="/wiki/Neokonservatisme" title="Neokonservatisme">Neokonservatisme</a> telah mengembangkan pola pikir serupa dan menegaskan bahwa ketiadaan demokrasi bisa jadi menciptakan krisis kemanusiaan pada masa depan, atau bahwa demokrasi itu sendiri adalah hak asasi manusia sehingga negara bangsa yang tidak menghormati prinsip-prinsip demokrasi membuka dirinya sendiri terhadap <a href="/wiki/Perang_sah" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang sah">perang sah</a> dengan negara lain.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Akan tetapi, para pengusung teori ini dituduh hanya mempermasalahkan demokrasi, HAM, dan krisis kemanusiaan di negara-negara yang menentang dominasi global Amerika Serikat, seperti bekas Yugoslavia, Irak, Iran, Rusia, Tiongkok, Belarus, Korea Utara, Sudan, Venezuela, dan lain-lain, namun malah mengabaikan isu yang sama di negara-negara yang bersahabat dengan Amerika Serikat, seperti Pakistan, Arab Saudi, Uni Emirat Arab, Yordania, Mesir, Georgia, dan Kolombia. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Negara_gagal">Negara gagal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Sunting bagian: Negara gagal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=edit&section=7" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Negara gagal"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kritik lain yang dilontarkan terhadap kedaulatan Westfalia berkaitan dengan <a href="/wiki/Negara_gagal" title="Negara gagal">negara yang diduga gagal</a>. <a href="/wiki/Afganistan" title="Afganistan">Afganistan</a> (sebelum <a href="/wiki/Perang_di_Afganistan_(2001-sekarang)" class="mw-redirect" title="Perang di Afganistan (2001-sekarang)">invasi AS tahun 2001</a>) sering dianggap contoh negara gagal.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dalam hal ini, kedaulatan dianggap tidak ada dan intervensi internasional diizinkan atas dasar kemanusiaan serta ancaman yang dimiliki negara gagal tersebut terhadap negara tetangganya dan seluruh dunia. </p><p>Perdebatan seputar sistem kedaulatan Westfalia juga mengacu pada situasi yang terjadi di <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lihat_pula">Lihat pula</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Sunting bagian: Lihat pula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=edit&section=8" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Lihat pula"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hubungan_internasional" title="Hubungan internasional">Hubungan internasional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perdamaian_Westfalia" title="Perdamaian Westfalia">Perdamaian Westfalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Globalisasi" title="Globalisasi">Globalisasi</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bacaan_lebih_lanjut">Bacaan lebih lanjut</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Sunting bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=edit&section=9" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Bacaan lebih lanjut"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Camilleri, J. and Falk, J. (1992), <i>The End of Sovereignty?: The Politics of a Shrinking and Fragmenting World</i>, Edward Elgar, Aldershot.</li> <li>Leurdijk, J. (1986), <i>Intervention in International Politics</i>, Eisma BV, Leeuwarden, Netherlands.</li> <li>Phil Williams: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISFPub&fileid=8EEBA9FE-478E-EA2C-AA15-32FC9A59434A&lng=en"><i>Violent Non-State Actors and National and International Security</i></a>, ISN, 2008.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referensi">Referensi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Sunting bagian: Referensi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>sunting</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kedaulatan_Westfalia&action=edit&section=10" title="Sunting kode sumber bagian: Referensi"><span>sunting sumber</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r18833634">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGabel2003" class="citation"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Medard_Gabel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Medard Gabel (halaman belum tersedia)">Gabel, Medard</a> (2003), <i>Global Inc.: An Atlas of the Multinational Corporation</i>, <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York</a>: <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_New_Press&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The New Press (halaman belum tersedia)">The New Press</a>, hlm. 2, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/1-56584-727-X" title="Istimewa:Sumber buku/1-56584-727-X">1-56584-727-X</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Global+Inc.%3A+An+Atlas+of+the+Multinational+Corporation&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=The+New+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=1-56584-727-X&rft.aulast=Gabel&rft.aufirst=Medard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKedaulatan+Westfalia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|coauthors=</code> yang tidak diketahui mengabaikan (<code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|author=</code> yang disarankan) (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored_suggest" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osiander-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Osiander_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFOsiander,_Andreas2001" class="citation">Osiander, Andreas (2001), "Sovereignty, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth", <i>International Organization</i>, <b>55</b> (2): 251–287, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1162%2F00208180151140577">10.1162/00208180151140577</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Organization&rft.atitle=Sovereignty%2C+International+Relations%2C+and+the+Westphalian+Myth&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=251-287&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1162%2F00208180151140577&rft.au=Osiander%2C+Andreas&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKedaulatan+Westfalia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> Here: p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gross-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gross_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFGross,_Leo1948" class="citation">Gross, Leo (1948), "The Peace of Westphalia", <i>The American Journal of International Law</i>, <b>42</b> (1): 20–41, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2193560">10.2307/2193560</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/2193560">2193560</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+American+Journal+of+International+Law&rft.atitle=The+Peace+of+Westphalia&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=20-41&rft.date=1948&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2193560&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2193560&rft.au=Gross%2C+Leo&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKedaulatan+Westfalia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span> <span style="display:none;font-size:100%" class="error citation-comment">Parameter <code style="color:inherit; border:inherit; padding:inherit;">|month=</code> yang tidak diketahui akan diabaikan (<a href="/wiki/Bantuan:Galat_CS1#parameter_ignored" title="Bantuan:Galat CS1">bantuan</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, R.H.; P. Owens (2005) "The Evolution of World Society" in: John Baylis; Steve Smith (eds.). <i>The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations.</i> <a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a>: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>, p. 53. <a href="/wiki/Istimewa:Sumber_buku/156584727X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 1-56584-727-X</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Croxton-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Croxton_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCroxton,_Derek1999" class="citation">Croxton, Derek (1999), "The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the Origins of Sovereignty", <i>International History Review</i>, <b>21</b> (3): 569–91, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F07075332.1999.9640869">10.1080/07075332.1999.9640869</a>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.jstor.org/stable/40109077">40109077</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+History+Review&rft.atitle=The+Peace+of+Westphalia+of+1648+and+the+Origins+of+Sovereignty&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=569-91&rft.date=1999&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F07075332.1999.9640869&rft_id=%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F40109077&rft.au=Croxton%2C+Derek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKedaulatan+Westfalia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Osiander, p. 251.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFSolana,_Javier1998" class="citation">Solana, Javier (November 12, 1998), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/1998/s981112a.htm"><i>Securing Peace in Europe</i></a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Treaty_Organization" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic Treaty Organization">North Atlantic Treaty Organization</a><span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-05-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Securing+Peace+in+Europe&rft.pub=North+Atlantic+Treaty+Organization&rft.date=1998-11-12&rft.au=Solana%2C+Javier&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nato.int%2Fdocu%2Fspeech%2F1998%2Fs981112a.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKedaulatan+Westfalia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFischer,_Joschka2000" class="citation">Fischer, Joschka (May 12, 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/en/eu_politik/ausgabe_archiv?suche=1&archiv_id=1027&bereich_id=4&type_id=3"><i>From Confederacy to Federation - Thoughts on the Finality of European Integration</i></a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Federal_Foreign_Office_(Jerman)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Federal Foreign Office (Jerman) (halaman belum tersedia)">Auswärtiges Amt</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20020502231325/http://www.auswaertiges-amt.de/www/en/eu_politik/ausgabe_archiv?suche=1&archiv_id=1027&bereich_id=4&type_id=3">diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2002-05-02<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-07-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Confederacy+to+Federation+-+Thoughts+on+the+Finality+of+European+Integration&rft.pub=Ausw%C3%A4rtiges+Amt&rft.date=2000-05-12&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Joschka&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.auswaertiges-amt.de%2Fwww%2Fen%2Feu_politik%2Fausgabe_archiv%3Fsuche%3D1%26archiv_id%3D1027%26bereich_id%3D4%26type_id%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKedaulatan+Westfalia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBerman,_Yaniv2004" class="citation">Berman, Yaniv (April 1, 2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themedialine.org/news/news_detail.asp?NewsID=5420"><i>Exclusive - Al-Qa'ida: Islamic State Will Control the World</i></a>, The Media Line, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20040610173219/http://www.themedialine.org/news/news_detail.asp?NewsID=5420">diarsipkan</a> dari versi asli tanggal 2004-06-10<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-07-06</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Exclusive+-+Al-Qa%27ida%3A+Islamic+State+Will+Control+the+World&rft.pub=The+Media+Line&rft.date=2004-04-01&rft.au=Berman%2C+Yaniv&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themedialine.org%2Fnews%2Fnews_detail.asp%3FNewsID%3D5420&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKedaulatan+Westfalia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFCutler,_A._Claire2001" class="citation">Cutler, A. Claire (2001), "Critical Reflections on the Westphalian Assumptions of International Law and Organization: A Crisis of Legitimacy", <i>Review of International Studies</i>, <b>27</b> (2): 133–150, <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0260210500001339">10.1017/S0260210500001339</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Review+of+International+Studies&rft.atitle=Critical+Reflections+on+the+Westphalian+Assumptions+of+International+Law+and+Organization%3A+A+Crisis+of+Legitimacy&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=133-150&rft.date=2001&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0260210500001339&rft.au=Cutler%2C+A.+Claire&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKedaulatan+Westfalia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_J._Buchanan2002" class="citation">Patrick J. Buchanan (January 1, 2002), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080514032857/http://www.taemag.com/issues/articleid.16969/article_detail.asp"><i>Say Goodbye to the Mother Continent</i></a>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericancause.org/patsaygoodbye.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-05-14<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-05-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Say+Goodbye+to+the+Mother+Continent&rft.date=2002-01-01&rft.au=Patrick+J.+Buchanan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericancause.org%2Fpatsaygoodbye.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKedaulatan+Westfalia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFPatrick_J._Buchanan2006" class="citation">Patrick J. Buchanan (May 23, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080925045835/http://www.theamericancause.org/print/052206_print.htm"><i>The Death of the Nation State</i></a>, diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theamericancause.org/print/052206_print.htm">versi asli</a> tanggal 2008-09-25<span class="reference-accessdate">, diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2008-05-21</span></span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Death+of+the+Nation+State&rft.date=2006-05-23&rft.au=Patrick+J.+Buchanan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theamericancause.org%2Fprint%2F052206_print.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKedaulatan+Westfalia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISFPub&fileid=8EEBA9FE-478E-EA2C-AA15-32FC9A59434A&lng=en">http://se2.isn.ch/serviceengine/FileContent?serviceID=ISFPub&fileid=8EEBA9FE-478E-EA2C-AA15-32FC9A59434A&lng=en</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web">Olivier, Michèle (October 3, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029194712/http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=866:impact-of-the-arab-spring-is-democracy-emerging-as-a-human-right-in-africa&catid=91:rights-in-focus&Itemid=296">"Impact of the Arab Spring: Is democracy emerging as a human right in Africa?"</a>. <i>Rights in focus discussion paper</i>. Consultancy Africa Intelligence. Diarsipkan dari <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.consultancyafrica.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=866:impact-of-the-arab-spring-is-democracy-emerging-as-a-human-right-in-africa&catid=91:rights-in-focus&Itemid=296">versi asli</a> tanggal 2013-10-29<span class="reference-accessdate">. Diakses tanggal <span class="nowrap">2012-01-16</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Rights+in+focus+discussion+paper&rft.atitle=Impact+of+the+Arab+Spring%3A+Is+democracy+emerging+as+a+human+right+in+Africa%3F&rft.date=2011-10-03&rft.aulast=Olivier&rft.aufirst=Mich%C3%A8le&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.consultancyafrica.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D866%3Aimpact-of-the-arab-spring-is-democracy-emerging-as-a-human-right-in-africa%26catid%3D91%3Arights-in-focus%26Itemid%3D296&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fid.wikipedia.org%3AKedaulatan+Westfalia" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The Washington Quarterly, Volume 25, Issue 3, 2002 "The new nature of nation‐state failure" Robert I. Rotbergab</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23782733">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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