Chikungunya virus infection in human microglial C20 cells induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis

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These observations provide valuable insights into the ro …"><meta name="keywords" content="pmid:38716191, PMC11074397, doi:10.3389/fcimb.2024.1380736, Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't, Narendra Kumar, Rashmi Santhoshkumar, Manjunatha M Venkataswamy, Animals, Apoptosis*, Cell Line, Chikungunya Fever* / virology, Chikungunya virus* / physiology, Chlorocebus aethiops, Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral, Humans, Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial, Microglia* / virology, Mitochondria* / ultrastructure, Vero Cells, Virus Replication*, PubMed Abstract, NIH, NLM, NCBI, National Institutes of Health, National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, MEDLINE"><meta name="robots" content="index,nofollow,noarchive"><meta property="og:title" content="Chikungunya virus infection in human microglial C20 cells induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis - PubMed"><meta property="og:url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38716191/"><meta property="og:description" content="The study findings suggest that CHIKV infection induces apoptosis in C20 microglial cells via the mitochondrial pathway, with significant alterations in cell surface marker expression, particularly CD14 that is linked with apoptosis induction. 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These observations provide valuable insights into the ro …"><meta name="twitter:image" content="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/pubmed-meta-image-v2.jpg">  <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/persistent/opensearch.xml" title="PubMed search">  <noscript> <link rel="stylesheet" type="text/css" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/0d576970-ea4f-4f8d-9bab-bf51569c42d2/core/no-script.css"> </noscript> <meta name="citation_title" content="Chikungunya virus infection in human microglial C20 cells induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis"> <meta name="citation_authors" content="Kumar N;Santhoshkumar R;Venkataswamy MM;"> <meta name="citation_date" content="04/23/2024"> <meta name="citation_publisher" content="Front Cell Infect Microbiol"> <meta name="citation_journal_title" content="Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology"> <meta name="citation_pmid" content="38716191"> <meta name="citation_abstract_html_url" content="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38716191/"> <meta name="citation_volume" content="14"> <meta name="citation_doi" content="10.3389/fcimb.2024.1380736"> <meta name="citation_issn" content="2235-2988"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38716191/" /> </head> <body > <noscript> <div class="no-script-banner" id="no-script-banner"> <div class="warning-message"> <div class="warning-message-text"> This site needs JavaScript to work properly. 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usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"> <label for="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label> <select id="collections-action-panel-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('#collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"> </select> <div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="collections" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="bibliography-action-panel" class="bibliography-action-panel action-panel in-progress-dots-panel" aria-hidden="true" data-bibliography-open-panel-enabled="false" data-bibliography-open-panel-url-hash="#open-bibliography-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h3 class="action-panel-heading"> Add to My Bibliography </h3> <form id="bibliography-action-panel-form" class="bibliography-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form action-panel-smaller-selectors" data-add-to-bibliography-max-amount="100" data-add-to-bibliography-batch-size="10" data-bibliography-delegates-url="/list-bibliography-delegates/" data-add-to-bibliography-url="/add-to-bibliography/" data-get-article-ids-by-search-url="/get-article-ids-by-search/" data-mybib-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/collections/mybibliography/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="vWLrwIjqfsX7dmNuehpLDAHHnlI0l6tw23uCfaUbK6iJU42L9EZ6ohLTIciZx3tp"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap bibliographies-controls"> <div class="choice-group"> <ul class="bibliographies-action-add radio-group-items"> <li> <input name="bibliography" id="my-bibliography" class="my-bibliography" type="radio" checked/> <label for="my-bibliography">My Bibliography</label> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="bibliographies-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your delegates due to an error<br> <a href="#">Please try again</a> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore> Add </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to bibliography' panel" ref="linksrc=close_bibliography_panel" aria-controls="bibliography-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="mybib" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="saved-search-action-panel" class="saved-search-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true" data-saved-search-open-panel-enabled="false" data-saved-search-open-panel-url-hash="#open-saved-search-panel"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your saved search </h2> <form id="saved-search-action-panel-form" class="saved-search-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-saved-search-url="/create-saved-search/" data-try-search-terms-url="/try-search-term/" data-saved-search-root-url="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/myncbi/searches/"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="vWLrwIjqfsX7dmNuehpLDAHHnlI0l6tw23uCfaUbK6iJU42L9EZ6ohLTIciZx3tp"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-name" class="action-panel-label saved-search-name-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of saved search: </label> <input maxlength="200" type="text" name="saved-search-name" id="saved-search-name" class="saved-search-name" value="" required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-term" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Search terms: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-term" id="saved-search-term" class="saved-search-term" required></textarea> </div> <div class="test-search-term-wrap"> <a href="#" class="try-search-term">Test search terms</a> </div> <div class="choice-group action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <span class="action-panel-label" id="fieldset-label"> Would you like email updates of new search results? </span> <fieldset id="saved-search-alert" aria-describedby="fieldset-label"> <legend class="usa-sr-only">Saved Search Alert Radio Buttons</legend> <ul class="radio-group-items"> <li> <input type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-yes" class="saved-search-alert-yes" name="saved-search-alert" value="yes" checked> <label for="saved-search-alert-yes" class="action-panel-label">Yes</label> </li> <li> <input aria-label="No radio input" type="radio" id="saved-search-alert-no" class="saved-search-alert-no" name="saved-search-alert" value="no"> <label for="saved-search-alert-no" class="action-panel-label">No</label> </li> </ul> </fieldset> </div> <div class="alert-schedule-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label class="action-panel-label"> Email: </label> <span aria-label="Email address" id="saved-search-email" class="action-panel-label"><span class="action-panel-label-bold"></span> (<a class="myncbi-account-settings" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/account/settings/">change</a>)</span> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="saved-search-frequency" class="action-panel-label"> Frequency: </label> <select id="saved-search-frequency" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-frequency"> <option value="monthly">Monthly</option> <option value="weekly">Weekly</option> <option value="daily">Daily</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-monthly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-monthly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector"> <option value="Sunday">The first Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">The first Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">The first Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">The first Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">The first Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">The first Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">The first Saturday</option> <option value="day">The first day</option> <option value="weekday">The first weekday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap saved-search-weekly-additional"> <label for="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="action-panel-label"> Which day? </label> <select id="saved-search-weekly-on-day" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-weekly-on-day"> <option value="Sunday">Sunday</option> <option value="Monday">Monday</option> <option value="Tuesday">Tuesday</option> <option value="Wednesday">Wednesday</option> <option value="Thursday">Thursday</option> <option value="Friday">Friday</option> <option value="Saturday">Saturday</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-report" class="action-panel-label"> Report format: </label> <select id="saved-search-report" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-report"> <option value="DocSum">Summary</option> <option value="DocSumText">Summary (text)</option> <option value="Abstract">Abstract</option> <option value="AbstractText">Abstract (text)</option> <option value="MEDLINE">PubMed</option> </select> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-amount" class="action-panel-label"> Send at most: </label> <select id="saved-search-amount" class="no-border-panel-selector saved-search-amount"> <option value="1">1 item</option> <option value="5" selected>5 items</option> <option value="10">10 items</option> <option value="20">20 items</option> <option value="50">50 items</option> <option value="100">100 items</option> <option value="200">200 items</option> </select> </div> <div> <input type="checkbox" id="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="saved-search-send-if-no-result" name="saved-search-send-if-no-result"> <label for="saved-search-send-if-no-result" class="action-panel-label smaller-checkbox"> Send even when there aren't any new results </label> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap option-text-in-email-wrap"> <label for="saved-search-email-text" class="action-panel-label"> Optional text in email: </label> <textarea name="saved-search-email-text" id="saved-search-email-text" class="saved-search-email-text"></textarea> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Saving..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Save </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your saved search' panel" ref="linksrc=close_saved_search_panel" aria-controls="saved-search-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="citation-manager-action-panel" class="citation-manager-action-panel action-panel" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Create a file for external citation management software </h2> <form id="citation-manager-action-panel-form" class="action-panel-content action-form" action="/results-export-ids/" data-by-search-action="/results-export-search-data/" data-by-ids-action="/results-export-ids/" method="post" data-by-search-method="post" data-by-ids-method="post"> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="vWLrwIjqfsX7dmNuehpLDAHHnlI0l6tw23uCfaUbK6iJU42L9EZ6ohLTIciZx3tp"> <input name="results-format" type="hidden" value="pubmed"/> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Sending..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="save"> Create file </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Send citations to citation manager' panel" ref="linksrc=close_citation_manager_panel" aria-controls="citation-manager-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="citation_manager" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> <div id="rss-action-panel" class="rss-action-panel action-panel " aria-hidden="true"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <h2 class="action-panel-heading"> Your RSS Feed </h2> <form id="rss-action-panel-form" class="rss-action-panel-form action-panel-content action-form" data-create-rss-feed-url="/create-rss-feed-url/" data-search-form-term-value=""> <input type="hidden" name="csrfmiddlewaretoken" value="vWLrwIjqfsX7dmNuehpLDAHHnlI0l6tw23uCfaUbK6iJU42L9EZ6ohLTIciZx3tp"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap"> <label for="rss-name" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name of RSS Feed: </label> <input maxlength="200" placeholder="Name" type="text" name="rss-name" id="rss-name" class="rss-name" value='' required pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/"> </div> <div class="rss-limit-wrap"> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap action-panel-extra-margin-top"> <label for="rss-limit" class="action-panel-label"> Number of items displayed: </label> <select id="rss-limit" class="no-border-panel-selector rss-limit"> <option value="5">5</option> <option value="10">10</option> <option value="15" selected="selected">15</option> <option value="20">20</option> <option value="50">50</option> <option value="100">100</option> </select> </div> </div> <div class="action-panel-actions"> <button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Creating..." data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="save"> Create RSS </button> <button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Your RSS' panel" ref="linksrc=close_rss_panel" aria-controls="rss-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="alert" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button> </div> <div class="action-panel-control-wrap rss-link-copy-wrap"> <label for="rss-link" class="usa-sr-only">RSS Link</label> <input placeholder="Your RSS Feed Link" type="text" name="rss-link" id="rss-link" class="rss-link" title="RSS Link"> <button type="button" disabled class="rss-link-copy-button disabled" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="rss" data-ga-label="copy"> Copy </button> </div> </form> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="article-page" id="article-page" data-article-pmid="38716191"> <aside class="page-sidebar"> <div class="inner-wrap"> <div class="full-text-links"> <div class="full-view"> <h3 class="title"> Full text links </h3> <div class="full-text-links-list"> <a class="link-item dialog-focus" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1380736" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=False&PrId=6956&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=38716191&db=pubmed&nlmid=101585359" title="See full text options at Frontiers Media SA" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="Frontiers Media SA" data-ga-label="38716191" ><img src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/corehtml/query/egifs/https:--www.frontiersin.org-alerts-logo-PubMed.png" alt="full text provider logo"><span class="text"> Frontiers Media SA </span></a><a class="link-item pmc " href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/pmid/38716191/" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=fulltextorjournal_fulltext&is_pmc=True&PrId=3494&itool=Abstract-def&log$=linkouticon&uid=38716191&db=pubmed&nlmid=101585359" title="Free full text at PubMed Central" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMC" data-ga-label="38716191" ><span class="text"> Free PMC article </span></a> </div> </div> <div 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value="vWLrwIjqfsX7dmNuehpLDAHHnlI0l6tw23uCfaUbK6iJU42L9EZ6ohLTIciZx3tp"><div class="choice-group" role="radiogroup"><ul class="radio-group-items"><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-new" class="collections-new" name="collections" value="new" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_new"><label for="collections-action-dialog-new">Create a new collection</label></li><li><input type="radio" id="collections-action-dialog-existing" class="collections-existing" name="collections" value="existing" checked="true" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="collections_radio_existing"><label for="collections-action-dialog-existing">Add to an existing collection</label></li></ul></div><div class="controls-wrapper"><div class="action-panel-control-wrap new-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="action-panel-label required-field-asterisk"> Name your collection: </label><input type="text" name="add-to-new-collection" id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-new" class="collections-action-add-to-new" pattern="[^"&=<>\/]*" title="The following characters are not allowed in the Name field: "&=<>/" maxlength="100" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="create_collection" data-ga-label="non_favorties_collection"><div class="collections-new-name-too-long usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Name must be less than 100 characters </div></div><div class="action-panel-control-wrap existing-collections-controls"><label for="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-label"> Choose a collection: </label><select id="collections-action-dialog-add-to-existing" class="action-panel-selector collections-action-add-to-existing" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="select_collection" data-ga-label="($('.collections-action-add-to-existing').val() === 'Favorites') ? 'Favorites' : 'non_favorites_collection'"></select><div class="collections-retry-load-on-error usa-input-error-message selection-validation-message"> Unable to load your collection due to an error<br><a href="#">Please try again</a></div></div></div><div class="action-panel-actions"><button class="action-panel-submit" type="submit" data-loading-label="Adding..." data-pinger-ignore data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="add"> Add </button><button class="action-panel-cancel" aria-label="Close 'Add to Collections' panel" ref="linksrc=close_collections_panel" aria-controls="collections-action-panel" aria-expanded="false" data-ga-category="collections_button" data-ga-action="click" data-ga-label="cancel"> Cancel </button></div></form></div></div></div></div><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" 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data-ga-label="Narendra Kumar">Narendra Kumar</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Santhoshkumar+R&cauthor_id=38716191" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Rashmi Santhoshkumar">Rashmi Santhoshkumar</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Neuropathology, Electron Microscopy, Common Research Facility, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India." href="#full-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Venkataswamy+MM&cauthor_id=38716191" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Manjunatha M Venkataswamy">Manjunatha M Venkataswamy</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India." href="#full-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> </div> <div class="short-article-details"> Affiliations <button class="more-details" id="toggle-authors" data-alt-text="Collapse" aria-controls="expanded-authors" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore data-fetch-url="/38716191/long-authors/" data-id-prefix=""> <span class="title"> Expand </span> </button> </div> <div class="extended-article-details" id="expanded-authors" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="expanded-authors" id="full-view-expanded-authors"> 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class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Santhoshkumar+R&cauthor_id=38716191" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Rashmi Santhoshkumar">Rashmi Santhoshkumar</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Neuropathology, Electron Microscopy, Common Research Facility, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India." href="#short-view-affiliation-2" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 2 </a></sup><span class="comma">, </span></span><span class="authors-list-item "><a class="full-name" href="/?term=Venkataswamy+MM&cauthor_id=38716191" ref="linksrc=author_name_link" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="author_link" data-ga-label="Manjunatha M Venkataswamy">Manjunatha M Venkataswamy</a><sup class="affiliation-links"><span class="author-sup-separator"> </span><a class="affiliation-link" title="Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India." href="#short-view-affiliation-1" ref="linksrc=author_aff"> 1 </a></sup></span> </div> </div> <div class="affiliations"> <h3 class="title"> Affiliations </h3> <ul class="item-list"> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-1" id="short-view-affiliation-1" ><sup class="key">1</sup> Department of Neurovirology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru, India.</li> <li data-affiliation-id="short-view-affiliation-2" id="short-view-affiliation-2" ><sup class="key">2</sup> Department of Neuropathology, Electron Microscopy, Common Research Facility, NIMHANS, Bengaluru, India.</li> </ul> </div> </div> <ul class="identifiers" id="short-view-identifiers"> <li> <span class="identifier pubmed"> <span class="id-label"> PMID: </span> <strong class="current-id" title="PubMed ID">38716191</strong> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier pmc"> <span class="id-label"> PMCID: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=PMC11074397&id_type=PMC" href="https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11074397/" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="PMCID" > PMC11074397 </a> </span> </li> <li> <span class="identifier doi"> <span class="id-label"> DOI: </span> <a class="id-link" target="_blank" rel="noopener" ref="linksrc=article_id_link&article_id=10.3389/fcimb.2024.1380736&id_type=DOI" href="https://doi.org/10.3389/fcimb.2024.1380736" data-ga-category="full_text" data-ga-action="DOI" > 10.3389/fcimb.2024.1380736 </a> </span> </li> </ul> <div class="in-clipboard-label " hidden> Item in Clipboard </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="actions-buttons inline"><div class="inner-wrap"><button class="full-text-links-button full-text-links-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with full text links" ref="linksrc=full_text_links"> Full text links </button><button class="citation-button citation-dialog-trigger" aria-label="Open dialog with citation text in different styles" data-ga-category="save_share" data-ga-action="cite" data-ga-label="open" data-all-citations-url="/38716191/citations/" data-citation-style="nlm" data-pubmed-format-link="/38716191/export/"><span class="button-label">Cite</span></button><button class="more-actions-button more-actions-dialog-trigger" title="Open dialog with more actions to take" ref="linksrc=more_actions_btn"></button><div class="display-options" data-format-key="format" data-default-format-value="abstract" data-current-format-value="abstract" role="region"><button class="trigger usa-button" title="Change format" data-ga-category="display_options" data-ga-action="display_options_dialog"><span class="button-label">Display options</span></button><div class="dropdown" hidden><div class="title"> Display options </div><div class="content"><div class="format-container"><span class="option-label"> Format </span><select name="format" data-initial-value="abstract" aria-label="Display format" id="inline-actions-display-format"><option value="abstract">Abstract</option><option value="pubmed">PubMed</option><option value="pmid">PMID</option></select></div></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="abstract" id="abstract"> <h2 class="title"> Abstract </h2> <div class="abstract-content selected" id="eng-abstract"> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Introduction: </strong> Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) infection is associated with acute clinical manifestations and chronic joint inflammation. CHIKV has emerged as a significant causative agent of central nervous system (CNS) complications, including encephalitis and related sequelae. Microglial cells, crucial for immune responses and tissue repair in the CNS, play a vital role in the host response to viral infections, with their activation potentially leading to either protection or pathology. In this study, the infection biology of CHIKV in the C20 human microglial cell line was investigated. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Methods: </strong> The permissiveness of C20 cells to CHIKV infection was assessed, and viral replication kinetics were compared to Vero E6 cells. Cytopathic effects of CHIKV infection on C20 cells were examined, along with ultrastructural changes using transmission electron microscopy. Additionally, apoptosis induction, mitochondrial membrane potential, and alterations in cell surface marker expression were evaluated by flow cytometry. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Results: </strong> CHIKV infection demonstrated permissiveness in C20 cells, similar to Vero cells, resulting in robust viral replication and cytopathic effects. Ultrastructural analysis revealed viral replication, mature virion formation, and distinctive cytoplasmic and nuclear changes in infected C20 cells. CHIKV infection induced significant apoptosis in C20 cells, accompanied by mitochondrial membrane depolarization and altered expression of cell surface markers such as CD11c, CD14, and HLA-DR. Notably, decreased CD14 expression was observed in CHIKV-infected C20 cells. </p> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Discussion: </strong> The study findings suggest that CHIKV infection induces apoptosis in C20 microglial cells via the mitochondrial pathway, with significant alterations in cell surface marker expression, particularly CD14 that is linked with apoptosis induction. These observations provide valuable insights into the role of human microglial cells in the host response to CHIKV infection and contribute to the knowledge on the neuropathogenesis of this virus. </p> </div> <p> <strong class="sub-title"> Keywords: </strong> C20 cells; apoptosis; chikungunya virus; growth-kinetics; human microglia; transmission electron microscopy. </p> </div> <p class="copyright" id="copyright"> Copyright © 2024 Kumar, Santhoshkumar and Venkataswamy. </p> <p class="disclaimer" id="disclaimer"> <a href="/disclaimer/" target="_blank" ga_category="literature_resources" ga_action="disclaimer_link" ga_label="under_abstract">PubMed Disclaimer</a> </p> <div class="conflict-of-interest" id="conflict-of-interest"> <h2 class="title"> Conflict of interest statement </h2> <div class="statement"> <p xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:p1="http://pubmed.gov/pub-one">The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest.</p> </div> </div> <div class="figures" id="figures"> <h2 class="title"> Figures </h2> <div class="figures-list" id="slides-container" itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageGallery"> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="0" data-label-slug="figure-1"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/bbb15308764a/fcimb-14-1380736-g001.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-0" role="button" data-image-width="649" data-image-height="546" data-image-alt="Figure 1" data-pmc-id="PMC11074397" data-figure-id="f1"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-0" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/6b38dd7aee15/fcimb-14-1380736-g001.gif" alt="Figure 1" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="649"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="546"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Infection of Vero E6 and… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 1 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Infection of Vero E6 and C20 cells with Chikungunya virus at MOI 1.… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-0" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 1 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Infection of Vero E6 and C20 cells with Chikungunya virus at MOI 1. <b>(A)</b> Bright-field microscopy images of infected Vero E6 and C20 cells at different timepoints with both the cells showing cytopathic effect at later timepoints. Bar represents 100 µm. <b>(B)</b> Replication kinetics of CHIKV-infected Vero E6 and C20 cells. The values indicate the average number of plaques, with Vero E6 showing higher viral titer at most of the timepoints. Two way ANOVA followed by Sidak’s multiple comparison test have been used to analyze the statistical significance <b>(C)</b> Cell viability of mock and CHIKV-infected Vero E6 and C20 cells at different timepoints with decline in cell viability at later timepoints in both the cells. The data is presented as the mean ± standard error of mean. ANOVA followed by <i>post hoc</i> analysis (Dunnett’s) for multiple comparisons have been used to analyze the statistical significance. All the experiments were performed in triplicates. ** indicates p < 0.005, *** indicates p < 0.0001 and ns indicates non-significant.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="1" data-label-slug="figure-2"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/d1ac61147018/fcimb-14-1380736-g002.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-1" role="button" data-image-width="649" data-image-height="827" data-image-alt="Figure 2" data-pmc-id="PMC11074397" data-figure-id="f2"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-1" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/9896e22ebe98/fcimb-14-1380736-g002.gif" alt="Figure 2" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="649"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="827"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Electron micrographs of mock and… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 2 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Electron micrographs of mock and CHIKV-infected C20 cells (MOI 1) at 24 hours… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-1" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 2 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Electron micrographs of mock and CHIKV-infected C20 cells (MOI 1) at 24 hours post infection: <b>(A)</b> Low magnification micrograph of mock infected C20 cells showing normal contour, nuclei and numerous electron dense structures, x1000. <b>(B)</b> Normal sub-cellular structures like mitochondria (M), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER, arrow), free ribosomes and numerous electron dense structures are seen at high magnification in mock infected C20 cells, x2500. <b>(C)</b> Numerous immature virions (IV) are present within the cytoplasm (circle) and abnormal mitochondria in CHIKV-infected C20 cells, x10000; Inset - high magnification showing collection of immature virions. <b>(D)</b> Orderly arrangement of numerous immature virions is seen on the membrane of cytoplasmic vesicle (square), golgi body (GB) is also seen, x10000. <b>(E)</b> Numerous viral particles (arrow) seen on both external and internal surface of the cell membrane, x6000. <b>(F)</b> Small clusters of mature viral particles (arrow) appear to be releasing from the cell membrane, x10000. <b>(G, H)</b> Membrane bound large cytopathic vacuoles (asterisk) with clear regions and with accumulation of electron dense degraded material with elongated mitochondria in CHIKV-infected C20 cells, x 3000.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="2" data-label-slug="figure-3"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/0f6b7862312c/fcimb-14-1380736-g003.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-2" role="button" data-image-width="649" data-image-height="796" data-image-alt="Figure 3" data-pmc-id="PMC11074397" data-figure-id="f3"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-2" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/1c98f4b35c2c/fcimb-14-1380736-g003.gif" alt="Figure 3" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="649"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="796"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Electron micrographs of mock and… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 3 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> Electron micrographs of mock and CHIKV-infected C20 cells (MOI 1) at 48 hours… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-2" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 3 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">Electron micrographs of mock and CHIKV-infected C20 cells (MOI 1) at 48 hours post infection: <b>(A)</b> Low magnification micrograph of mock infected C20 cells showing normal contour, nucleus, numerous electron dense structures, x2000. <b>(B)</b> High magnification of mock infected C20 cells showing normal sub-cellular structures like mitochondria (M), rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER, arrow), free ribosomes, golgi body (GB) and numerous electron dense structures, x5000. <b>(C)</b> CHIKV-infected cell with eccentric nucleus (N) at low magnification, x300. <b>(D, E)</b> Numerous immature virions (IV, arrow) are seen in the cytoplasm freely and within membrane bound vesicle, x20000. <b>(F)</b> Clusters of mature virions (MV) released from infected cells, x15000. <b>(G)</b> Numerous slender and elongated mitochondria, x5000. <b>(H)</b> Membrane bound cytopathic vacuole (*) with clear regions and with accumulation of electron dense degraded material, x12000.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="3" data-label-slug="figure-4"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/85a9e4df6531/fcimb-14-1380736-g004.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-3" role="button" data-image-width="551" data-image-height="580" data-image-alt="Figure 4" data-pmc-id="PMC11074397" data-figure-id="f4"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-3" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/4e92c8cef370/fcimb-14-1380736-g004.gif" alt="Figure 4" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="551"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="580"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CHIKV infection induces apoptosis in… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 4 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CHIKV infection induces apoptosis in C20 human microglial cells. <b> (A) </b> Zebra plot showing… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-3" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 4 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">CHIKV infection induces apoptosis in C20 human microglial cells. <b>(A)</b> Zebra plot showing flow cytometric analysis of annexin-V and Propidium Iodide (PI) staining in mock-infected and CHIKV-infected C20 cells at 72 hours post infection <b>(B)</b> Early, late and total apoptosis of CHIKV-infected C20 cells at 72 hours post infection. The data is presented as the mean ± standard error of mean. Unpaired t test was performed to analyze statistical significance. The experiments were performed in triplicates. *** indicates p < 0.0001.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="4" data-label-slug="figure-5"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/180ff50db875/fcimb-14-1380736-g005.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-4" role="button" data-image-width="768" data-image-height="931" data-image-alt="Figure 5" data-pmc-id="PMC11074397" data-figure-id="f5"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-4" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/949939a34bb3/fcimb-14-1380736-g005.gif" alt="Figure 5" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="768"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="931"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CHIKV infection causes mitochondrial membrane… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 5 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CHIKV infection causes mitochondrial membrane depolarization in C20 human microglial cells. <b> (A) </b> Density… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-4" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 5 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">CHIKV infection causes mitochondrial membrane depolarization in C20 human microglial cells. <b>(A)</b> Density plot showing flow cytometric analysis of mitochondrial membrane depolarization by JC-1 dye staining in mock-infected and CHIKV-infected C20 cells at 72 hours post infection <b>(B)</b> Significant proportion of cells showing depolarization in CHIKV-infected C20 cells. The data is presented as the mean ± standard error of mean. Unpaired t test was performed to analyze statistical significance. The experiments were performed in triplicates. *** indicates p < 0.0001.</div> </figcaption> </figure> <figure class="figure-item " itemscope itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="associatedMedia" data-slide-index="5" data-label-slug="figure-6"> <a class="figure-link" href="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/2fde0ca5138b/fcimb-14-1380736-g006.jpg" itemprop="contentUrl" aria-describedby="figure-caption-5" role="button" data-image-width="768" data-image-height="509" data-image-alt="Figure 6" data-pmc-id="PMC11074397" data-figure-id="f6"> <img class="figure-thumb" itemprop="thumbnail" id="article-image-5" src="https://cdn.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/blobs/e54c/11074397/2cbc233d4e28/fcimb-14-1380736-g006.gif" alt="Figure 6" /> </a> <meta itemprop="width" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="768"> <meta itemprop="height" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" content="509"> <div class="figure-caption figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="caption" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="caption-wrap"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CHIKV infection causes alteration in… </p></div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-caption-medium figure-caption-text" aria-hidden="true"> <strong class="figure-label"> <p> Figure 6 </p> </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents"><p> CHIKV infection causes alteration in cell surface markers in C20 human microglial cells.… </p></div> </div> <figcaption id="figure-caption-5" class="figure-caption-full figure-caption-text" itemtype="http://schema.org/ImageObject" itemprop="description"> <strong class="figure-label"> Figure 6 </strong> <div class="figure-caption-contents">CHIKV infection causes alteration in cell surface markers in C20 human microglial cells. Zebra plot showing flow cytometric analysis of mock-infected and CHIKV-infected C20 human microglial cells to assess the surface expression of: <b>(A)</b> CD11c, <b>(B)</b> CD14, <b>(C)</b> HLA-DR and <b>(D)</b> percentage of cells showing either upregulation or downregulation of the markers. The data is presented as the mean ± standard error of mean. Unpaired t test was performed to analyze statistical significance. The experiments were performed in triplicates. ** indicates p < 0.05 and *** indicates p < 0.001.</div> </figcaption> </figure> </div>  <div class="pswp figures-dialog" id="figures-dialog" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-hidden="true" data-image-gallery-uid="article-figures" aria-label="Figures Dialog">  <div class="pswp__bg"></div>  <div class="pswp__scroll-wrap">  <div class="pswp__container"> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> <div class="pswp__item"></div> </div>  <div class="pswp__ui pswp__ui--hidden"> <div class="pswp__top-bar">  <div class="pswp__counter"></div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--close" title="Close (Esc)"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--share" title="Share"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--fs" title="Toggle fullscreen"></button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--zoom" title="Zoom in/out"></button>   <div class="pswp__preloader"> <div class="pswp__preloader__icn"> <div class="pswp__preloader__cut"> <div class="pswp__preloader__donut"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="pswp__share-modal pswp__share-modal--hidden pswp__single-tap"> <div class="pswp__share-tooltip"></div> </div> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--left" title="Previous (arrow left)"> </button> <button class="pswp__button pswp__button--arrow--right" title="Next (arrow right)"> </button> <div class="pswp__caption"> <div class="pswp__caption__center"></div> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="figure-dialog-caption"> <div class="figure-caption-link-container"> <a class="figure-caption-link" href="#">See this image and copyright information in PMC</a> </div> <div class="figure-caption-center" data-expand-title="click to show full caption" data-collapse-title="click to hide full caption"> </div> <button class="figure-caption-toggle-btn" aria-label="show full caption" data-expand-text="show full caption" data-collapse-text="hide full caption">  </button> </div> </div> <div class="similar-articles" id="similar"> <h2 class="title"> Similar articles </h2> <ul class="articles-list" id="similar-articles-list"> <li class="full-docsum"> <div class="docsum-content" style="display:inline;"> <a class="docsum-title" href="/35352315/" ref="article_id=35352315&linksrc=similar_articles_link&ordinalpos=1" data-ga-category="similar_article" data-ga-action="35352315" data-ga-label=""> Infection of human microglial cell line CHME-3 to study neuropathogenesis of chikungunya virus. </a> <div class="docsum-citation full-citation"> <span class="docsum-authors full-authors">Qadri SW, Kumar N, Santhoshkumar R, Desai A, Ravi V, Venkataswamy MM.</span> <span class="docsum-authors short-authors">Qadri SW, et al.</span> <span class="docsum-journal-citation full-journal-citation">J Neurovirol. 2022 Jun;28(3):374-382. doi: 10.1007/s13365-022-01070-7. 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class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Animals" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Animals </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-0" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Animals"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Animals%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Animals"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Animals"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Animals" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Animals"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Animals"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Animals"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Apoptosis*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Apoptosis* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-1" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Apoptosis*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Apoptosis%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Apoptosis%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Apoptosis"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Apoptosis*"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Apoptosis" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Apoptosis*"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Apoptosis"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Apoptosis"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cell Line" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Cell Line </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-2" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cell Line"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Cell+Line%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Cell+Line%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cell Line"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Cell Line"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cell+Line" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Cell Line"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Cell Line"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Cell Line"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Chikungunya Fever* / virology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-3" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Chikungunya Fever* / virology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-3" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Chikungunya Fever* / virology"><div 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data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Chikungunya Fever/virology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Chikungunya virus* / physiology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-4" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Chikungunya virus* / physiology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-4" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Chikungunya virus* / physiology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Chikungunya+virus%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Chikungunya+virus%2Fphysiology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Chikungunya virus/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Chikungunya virus* / physiology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Chikungunya+virus" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Chikungunya virus* / physiology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Chikungunya virus/physiology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Chikungunya virus/physiology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Chlorocebus aethiops" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Chlorocebus aethiops </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-5" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Chlorocebus aethiops"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Chlorocebus+aethiops%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Chlorocebus+aethiops%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Chlorocebus aethiops"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Chlorocebus aethiops"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Chlorocebus+aethiops" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Chlorocebus aethiops"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Chlorocebus aethiops"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Chlorocebus aethiops"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-6" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Cytopathogenic+Effect%2C+Viral%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Cytopathogenic+Effect%2C+Viral%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Cytopathogenic+Effect%2C+Viral" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Cytopathogenic Effect, Viral"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Humans" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Humans </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-7" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Humans"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Humans%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Humans" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Humans"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Humans"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Humans"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-8" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Membrane+Potential%2C+Mitochondrial%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Membrane+Potential%2C+Mitochondrial%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Membrane+Potential%2C+Mitochondrial" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Microglia* / virology" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-9" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Microglia* / virology </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-9" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Microglia* / virology"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Microglia%2Fvirology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Microglia%2Fvirology%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Microglia/virology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Microglia* / virology"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Microglia" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Microglia* / virology"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Microglia/virology"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Microglia/virology"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Mitochondria* / ultrastructure" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-10" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Mitochondria* / ultrastructure </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-10" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Mitochondria* / ultrastructure"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Mitochondria%2Fultrastructure%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Mitochondria%2Fultrastructure%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Mitochondria/ultrastructure"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Mitochondria* / ultrastructure"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Mitochondria" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Mitochondria* / ultrastructure"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Mitochondria/ultrastructure"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Mitochondria/ultrastructure"[MAJR]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Vero Cells" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Vero Cells </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-11" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Vero Cells"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Vero+Cells%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Vero+Cells%22%5BMeSH%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Vero Cells"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Vero Cells"> Search in PubMed </a></li><li><a class="search-in-mesh-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=search_in_mesh_link" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/mesh?term=Vero+Cells" data-ga-category="search_mesh" data-ga-action="mesh_term_link" data-ga-label="Vero Cells"> Search in MeSH </a></li><li><a class="add-to-search-link dropdown-block-link" ref="linksrc=add_to_search_link" role="button" data-search-term=""Vero Cells"[MeSH]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="add_to_search" data-ga-label=""Vero Cells"[MeSH]" href="#"> Add to Search </a></li></ul></div></div></div></li><li><div class="keyword-actions dropdown-block"><button class="keyword-actions-trigger trigger keyword-link major" aria-label="Toggle dropdown menu for keyword Virus Replication*" tabindex="0" aria-controls="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-12" aria-expanded="false" data-pinger-ignore> Virus Replication* </button><div id="keyword-actions-mesh-terms-major-12" class="keyword-actions-dropdown dropdown dropdown-container" hidden aria-label="Dropdown menu for keyword Virus Replication*"><div class="title">Actions</div><div class="content"><ul class="keyword-actions-links"><li><a class="search-in-pubmed-link dropdown-block-link" href="/?term=%22Virus+Replication%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" data-href="/?term=%22Virus+Replication%22%5BMAJR%5D&sort=date&sort_order=desc" ref="linksrc=search_in_pubmed_keyword_link&mesh="Virus Replication"[MAJR]" data-ga-category="search" data-ga-action="mesh_term" data-ga-label="Virus Replication*"> Search in 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Chikungunya virus infection in human microglial C20 cells induces mitochondria-mediated apoptosis - PubMed