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id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Περιεχόμενα" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Περιεχόμενα</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">μετακίνηση στην πλαϊνή μπάρα</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">απόκρυψη</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Αρχή</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Παραπομπές" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Παραπομπές"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Παραπομπές</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Παραπομπές-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Περιεχόμενα" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Εναλλαγή του πίνακα περιεχομένων" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Εναλλαγή του πίνακα περιεχομένων</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Φρεατική έκρηξη</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Μεταβείτε σε ένα λήμμα σε άλλη γλώσσα. Διαθέσιμο σε 31 γλώσσες" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">31 γλώσσες</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatiese_uitbarsting" title="Freatiese uitbarsting – Αφρικάανς" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Freatiese uitbarsting" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Αφρικάανς" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%AF%D9%81%D9%82%D9%8A" title="ثوران تدفقي – Αραβικά" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثوران تدفقي" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Αραβικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B2%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B3%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" title="Фреатично вулканично изригване – Βουλγαρικά" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фреатично вулканично изригване" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Βουλγαρικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupci%C3%B3_fre%C3%A0tica" title="Erupció freàtica – Καταλανικά" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Erupció freàtica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Καταλανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatick%C3%A1_erupce" title="Freatická erupce – Τσεχικά" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Freatická erupce" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Τσεχικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatische_Explosion" title="Phreatische Explosion – Γερμανικά" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Phreatische Explosion" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Γερμανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phreatic_eruption" title="Phreatic eruption – Αγγλικά" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Phreatic eruption" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Αγγλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupci%C3%B3n_fre%C3%A1tica" title="Erupción freática – Ισπανικά" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Erupción freática" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Ισπανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupzio_freatiko" title="Erupzio freatiko – Βασκικά" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Erupzio freatiko" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Βασκικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%81%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C" title="فوران اشباعی – Περσικά" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="فوران اشباعی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Περσικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freaattinen_purkaus" title="Freaattinen purkaus – Φινλανδικά" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Freaattinen purkaus" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Φινλανδικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ruption_phr%C3%A9atique" title="Éruption phréatique – Γαλλικά" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Éruption phréatique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Γαλλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%AA%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A6%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%98%D7%99%D7%AA" title="התפרצות פריאטית – Εβραϊκά" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="התפרצות פריאטית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Εβραϊκά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Letusan_freatik" title="Letusan freatik – Ινδονησιακά" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Letusan freatik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Ινδονησιακά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sprengigos" title="Sprengigos – Ισλανδικά" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sprengigos" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Ισλανδικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eruzione_di_tipo_freatico" title="Eruzione di tipo freatico – Ιταλικά" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Eruzione di tipo freatico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Ιταλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%97%E7%88%86%E7%99%BA" title="水蒸気爆発 – Ιαπωνικά" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="水蒸気爆発" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Ιαπωνικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%88%98%EC%A6%9D%EA%B8%B0_%EB%B6%84%ED%99%94" title="수증기 분화 – Κορεατικά" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="수증기 분화" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Κορεατικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B1%D1%83%D0%B2" title="Фреатичен избув – Σλαβομακεδονικά" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Фреатичен избув" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Σλαβομακεδονικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatische_eruptie" title="Freatische eruptie – Ολλανδικά" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Freatische eruptie" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Ολλανδικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatisk_utbrot" title="Freatisk utbrot – Νορβηγικά Νινόρσκ" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Freatisk utbrot" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Νορβηγικά Νινόρσκ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatisk_utbrudd" title="Freatisk utbrudd – Νορβηγικά Μποκμάλ" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Freatisk utbrudd" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Νορβηγικά Μποκμάλ" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupcion_freatica" title="Erupcion freatica – Οξιτανικά" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Erupcion freatica" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Οξιτανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erupcja_freatyczna" title="Erupcja freatyczna – Πολωνικά" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Erupcja freatyczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Πολωνικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Erup%C3%A7%C3%A3o_fre%C3%A1tica" title="Erupção freática – Πορτογαλικά" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Erupção freática" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Πορτογαλικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%B2%D0%B7%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%B2" title="Фреатический взрыв – Ρωσικά" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фреатический взрыв" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ρωσικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatska_erupcija" title="Freatska erupcija – Σλοβενικά" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Freatska erupcija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Σλοβενικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatiskt_utbrott" title="Freatiskt utbrott – Σουηδικά" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Freatiskt utbrott" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Σουηδικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Фреатичне виверження – Ουκρανικά" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фреатичне виверження" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ουκρανικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freatik_portlash" title="Freatik portlash – Ουζμπεκικά" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Freatik portlash" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Ουζμπεκικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%BD%9C%E6%B0%B4%E8%92%B8%E6%B0%94%E5%96%B7%E5%8F%91" title="潜水蒸气喷发 – Κινεζικά" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="潜水蒸气喷发" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Κινεζικά" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1067217#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Επεξεργασία διαγλωσσικών συνδέσεων" class="wbc-editpage">Επεξεργασία συνδέσμων</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Ονοματοχώροι"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BE%CE%B7" title="Προβολή της σελίδας περιεχομένου [c]" 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Παρακαλούμε ενημερώστε τους σελιδοδείκτες του περιηγητή σας και παρακαλούμε χρησιμοποιήστε εναλλακτικά την προεπιλεγμένη λειτουργία εκτύπωσης του περιηγητή σας.</div></div><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="el" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%CE%91%CF%81%CF%87%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%BF:Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg/200px-Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="320" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg/300px-Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg/400px-Phreatic_St._Helens.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>Φρεατική έκρηξη στο <a href="/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CE%B3%CE%AF%CE%B1%CF%82_%CE%95%CE%BB%CE%AD%CE%BD%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Όρος της Αγίας Ελένης">όρος της Αγίας Ελένης</a> το 1980.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Φρεατική έκρηξη</b> είναι η έκρηξη ατμού που δημιουργείται σε ένα <a href="/wiki/%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%AF%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Ηφαίστειο">ηφαίστειο</a> όταν το καυτό <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B3%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Μάγμα">μάγμα</a> συναντήσει ένα θύλακα νερού, επιφανειακό ή υπόγειο. Η ακραία θερμοκρασία του μάγματος, η οποία κυμαίνεται από 500 μέχρι 1.170 °C προκαλεί σχεδόν ακαριαία εξάτμιση του νερού, η οποία οδηγεί σε μία έκρηξη <a href="/wiki/%CE%91%CF%84%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Ατμός">ατμού</a>, νερού, τέφρας, βράχων και <a href="/wiki/%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B2%CF%8C%CE%BC%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Ηφαιστειακή βόμβα">ηφαιστειακών βομβών</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USGS_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USGS-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Η παρουσία <a href="/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Λάβα">λάβας</a> είναι ασυνήθης. Αν περιλαμβάνει λιωμένο μάγμα, τότε η έκρηξη ονομάζεται φρεατομαγματική. Οι εκρήξεις αυτές δημιουργούν αβαθείς <a href="/wiki/%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%AE%CF%81%CE%B1%CF%82" title="Ηφαιστειακός κρατήρας">κρατήρες</a> γνωστούς ως <a href="/wiki/%CE%9C%CE%AC%CE%B1%CF%81" title="Μάαρ">μάαρ</a>. </p><p>Συνήθως οι φρεατικές έχουν τοπικό μόνο αντίκτυπο, αλλά τα αναβλήμματα μπορούν να εκτοξευθούν χιλιόμετρα ψηλά στην ατμόσφαιρα και να επηρεάσουν τις αερομεταφορές.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Παρόλα αυτά, οι φρεατικές εκρήξεις μπορούν να προκαλέσουν σημαντικό αριθμό θυμάτων, όπως για παράδειγμα το 2014 μια φρεατική έκρηξη στο <a href="/wiki/%CE%8C%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%9F%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%AC%CE%BA%CE%B5" title="Όρος Οντάκε">όρος Οντάκε</a> προκάλεσε το θάνατο 57 τουλάχιστον ατόμων.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ένας άλλος κίνδυνος είναι έκλυση δηλητηριωδών αερίων. Το 1979 στην <a href="/wiki/%CE%99%CE%AC%CE%B2%CE%B1" title="Ιάβα">Ιάβα</a> μια μεσαίου μεγέθους φρεατική έκρηξη προκάλεσε το θάνατο 142 ατόμων, ο οποίος αποδόθηκε στην έκλυση αερίων με μεγάλη συγκέντρωση <a href="/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%BF%CE%BE%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BF_%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%85_%CE%AC%CE%BD%CE%B8%CF%81%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%B1" title="Διοξείδιο του άνθρακα">διοξειδίου του άνθρακα</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Σε αντίθεση με τις ηφαιστειακές εκρήξεις οι οποίες σχετίζονται με την κίνηση μεγάλων ποσοτήτων μάγματος, η πρόβλεψη των φρεατικών εκρήξεων είναι πιο δύσκολη. Οποιαδήποτε πρόδρομα χαρακτηριστικά σχετίζονται με τις φρεατικές εκρήξεις είναι πολύ τοπικά και βραχύβια. Τέτοια χαρακτηριστικά περιλαμβάνουν ανώμαλη <a href="/wiki/%CE%A3%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82" title="Σεισμός">σεισμική δραστηριότητα</a>, παραμόρφωση του εδάφους και αλλαγές στη χημική σύσταση και θερμοκρασία των <a href="/wiki/%CE%A6%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%BC%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B7" title="Φουμαρόλη">φουμαρόλων</a> και των <a href="/w/index.php?title=%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%AE_%CF%80%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%AE&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Θερμή πηγή (δεν έχει γραφτεί ακόμα)">θερμών πηγών</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Παραπομπές"><span id=".CE.A0.CE.B1.CF.81.CE.B1.CF.80.CE.BF.CE.BC.CF.80.CE.AD.CF.82"></span>Παραπομπές</h2></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-USGS-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-USGS_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/images/pglossary/HydroVolcEruption.php">«VHP Photo Glossary: Phreatic eruption»</a>. <i>Volcano Hazards Program</i>. U.S. Geological Survey<span class="reference-accessdate">. Ανακτήθηκε στις 13 Νοεμβρίου 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Volcano+Hazards+Program&rft.atitle=VHP+Photo+Glossary%3A+Phreatic+eruption&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fvolcanoes.usgs.gov%2Fimages%2Fpglossary%2FHydroVolcEruption.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fel.wikipedia.org%3A%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE+%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BE%CE%B7" class="Z3988"><span style="display:none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Caudron, Corentin; Taisne, Benoit; Neuberg, Jurgen; Jolly, Arthur D.; Christenson, Bruce; Lecocq, Thomas; Suparjan; Syahbana, Devy <i>και άλλοι</i>. (24 October 2018). «Anatomy of phreatic eruptions». <i>Earth, Planets and Space</i> <b>70</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs40623-018-0938-x">10.1186/s40623-018-0938-x</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Anatomy+of+phreatic+eruptions&rft.jtitle=Earth%2C+Planets+and+Space&rft.aulast=Caudron&rft.aufirst=Corentin&rft.au=Caudron%2C%26%2332%3BCorentin&rft.au=Taisne%2C%26%2332%3BBenoit&rft.au=Neuberg%2C%26%2332%3BJurgen&rft.au=Jolly%2C%26%2332%3BArthur+D.&rft.au=Christenson%2C%26%2332%3BBruce&rft.au=Lecocq%2C%26%2332%3BThomas&rft.au=Suparjan&rft.au=Syahbana%2C%26%2332%3BDevy&rft.au=Suantika%2C%26%2332%3BGede&rft.date=24+October+2018&rft.volume=70&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fs40623-018-0938-x&rfr_id=info:sid/el.wikipedia.org:%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BE%CE%B7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Strehlow, Karen; Sandri, Laura; Gottsmann, Joachim H.; Kilgour, Geoff; Rust, Alison C.; Tonini, Roberto (3 February 2017). «Phreatic eruptions at crater lakes: occurrence statistics and probabilistic hazard forecast». <i>Journal of Applied Volcanology</i> <b>6</b> (1). <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1186%2Fs13617-016-0053-2">10.1186/s13617-016-0053-2</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Phreatic+eruptions+at+crater+lakes%3A+occurrence+statistics+and+probabilistic+hazard+forecast&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Applied+Volcanology&rft.aulast=Strehlow&rft.aufirst=Karen&rft.au=Strehlow%2C%26%2332%3BKaren&rft.au=Sandri%2C%26%2332%3BLaura&rft.au=Gottsmann%2C%26%2332%3BJoachim+H.&rft.au=Kilgour%2C%26%2332%3BGeoff&rft.au=Rust%2C%26%2332%3BAlison+C.&rft.au=Tonini%2C%26%2332%3BRoberto&rft.date=3+February+2017&rft.volume=6&rft.issue=1&rft_id=info:doi/10.1186%2Fs13617-016-0053-2&rfr_id=info:sid/el.wikipedia.org:%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BE%CE%B7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">F. Le Guern, H. Tazieff and R. Faivre Pierret, "An example of health hazard: People killed by gas during a phreatic eruption: Diëng plateau (Java, Indonesia), February 20th 1979", <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_Volcanology" title="Bulletin of Volcanology">Bulletin of Volcanology</a></i> <b>45</b> (1982): 153–156.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation Journal">Barberi, F.; Bertagnini, A.; Landi, P.; Principe, C. (October 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-volcanology-and-geothermal-research_1992-10_52_4/page/231">«A review on phreatic eruptions and their precursors»</a>. <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i> <b>52</b> (4): 231–246. <a href="/wiki/Digital_object_identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital object identifier">doi</a>:<span class="neverexpand"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0377-0273%2892%2990046-G">10.1016/0377-0273(92)90046-G</a></span><span class="printonly">. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-volcanology-and-geothermal-research_1992-10_52_4/page/231">https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-volcanology-and-geothermal-research_1992-10_52_4/page/231</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=A+review+on+phreatic+eruptions+and+their+precursors&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Volcanology+and+Geothermal+Research&rft.aulast=Barberi&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Barberi%2C%26%2332%3BF.&rft.au=Bertagnini%2C%26%2332%3BA.&rft.au=Landi%2C%26%2332%3BP.&rft.au=Principe%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.date=October+1992&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=231%E2%80%93246&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0377-0273%2892%2990046-G&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-volcanology-and-geothermal-research_1992-10_52_4%2Fpage%2F231&rfr_id=info:sid/el.wikipedia.org:%CE%A6%CF%81%CE%B5%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%AD%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%B7%CE%BE%CE%B7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Ανακτήθηκε από "<a dir="ltr" href="https://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Φρεατική_έκρηξη&oldid=10287000">https://el.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Φρεατική_έκρηξη&oldid=10287000</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/%CE%95%CE%B9%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%8C:%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B5%CF%82" title="Ειδικό:Κατηγορίες">Κατηγορία</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%B1%CF%84%CE%B7%CE%B3%CE%BF%CF%81%CE%AF%CE%B1:%CE%97%CF%86%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B5%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Κατηγορία:Ηφαιστειότητα">Ηφαιστειότητα</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Τελευταία τροποποίηση 05:28, 12 Νοεμβρίου 2023.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Όλα τα κείμενα είναι διαθέσιμα υπό την <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.el">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License</a>· μπορεί να ισχύουν και πρόσθετοι όροι. 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