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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Siege and storm of Frankfurt</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Siege_and_storm_of_Frankfurt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aftermath" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aftermath"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Aftermath</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aftermath-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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</div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Batalla_de_Fr%C3%A1ncfort_del_%C3%93der" title="Batalla de Fráncfort del Óder – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Batalla de Fráncfort del Óder" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Battaglia_di_Francoforte_sull%27Oder" title="Battaglia di Francoforte sull'Oder – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Battaglia di Francoforte sull'Oder" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slag_bij_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" title="Slag bij Frankfurt an der Oder – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Slag bij Frankfurt an der Oder" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8_%D0%A4%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D1%84%D1%83%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5-%D0%BD%D0%B0-%D0%9E%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B5" title="Битва при Франкфурте-на-Одере – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Битва при Франкфурте-на-Одере" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slaget_vid_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" title="Slaget vid Frankfurt an der Oder – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Slaget vid Frankfurt an der Oder" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frankfurt_(Oder)_Muharebesi_(1631)" title="Frankfurt (Oder) Muharebesi (1631) – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Frankfurt (Oder) Muharebesi (1631)" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q3636439#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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.geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder&params=52_21_N_14_33_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">14°33′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.350°N 14.550°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.350; 14.550</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1631 battle of the Thirty Years' War</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-right{float:right;clear:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-left{float:left}.mw-parser-output .stack-right{float:right}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-left{float:left;clear:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-clear-right{float:right;clear:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-left{float:left;margin-right:1em}.mw-parser-output .stack-margin-right{float:right;margin-left:1em}}</style><div class="stack mw-stack stack-clear-right"><div><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dankaerts-Historis-9291.tif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dankaerts-Historis-9291.tif/lossy-page1-300px-Dankaerts-Historis-9291.tif.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dankaerts-Historis-9291.tif/lossy-page1-450px-Dankaerts-Historis-9291.tif.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Dankaerts-Historis-9291.tif/lossy-page1-600px-Dankaerts-Historis-9291.tif.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5214" data-file-height="3486" /></a></span><br /><i>Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder</i><br />by <a href="/wiki/Matth%C3%A4us_Merian" class="mw-redirect" title="Matthäus Merian">Matthäus Merian</a> (1642)</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>13 April 1631<sup id="cite_ref-date_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt an der Oder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margraviate_of_Brandenburg" title="Margraviate of Brandenburg">Margraviate of Brandenburg</a><br />(present-day <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>)</div><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder&params=52_21_N_14_33_E_"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">52°21′N</span> <span class="longitude">14°33′E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">52.350°N 14.550°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">52.350; 14.550</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Swedish victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Germany</a><br /><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Catholic_League_(Germany).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg/24px-Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="24" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg/36px-Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg/48px-Catholic_League_%28Germany%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="858" /></a></span> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)" title="Catholic League (German)">German Catholic League</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus" title="Gustavus Adolphus">Gustavus Adolphus</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/John_Hepburn_(soldier)" title="John Hepburn (soldier)">John Hepburn</a><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden"><img alt="Sweden" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Robert_Monro" title="Robert Monro">Robert Monro</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <b><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_von_Tiefenbach" title="Rudolf von Tiefenbach">Rudolf von Tiefenbach</a></b><br /><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire"><img alt="Holy Roman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/23px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/35px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg/45px-Banner_of_the_Holy_Roman_Emperor_without_haloes_%281400-1806%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Walter_Butler_of_Roscrea" title="Walter Butler of Roscrea">Walter Butler</a> (<a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war"><abbr title="Prisoner of war">POW</abbr></a>)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 18,000</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 6,400</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 800 killed or wounded</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 3,000 killed</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><div class="switcher-container"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap 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.pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandenburg_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frankfurt an der Oder is located in Brandenburg"><img alt="Frankfurt an der Oder is located in Brandenburg" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Brandenburg_location_map.svg/220px-Brandenburg_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Brandenburg_location_map.svg/330px-Brandenburg_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Brandenburg_location_map.svg/440px-Brandenburg_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1022" data-file-height="1075" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:54%;left:90.789%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-15px;top:-15px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Frankfurt an der Oder"><img alt="Frankfurt an der Oder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/30px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/45px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/60px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:16px"><div>Frankfurt an der Oder</div></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Brandenburg_location_map.svg" title="File:Brandenburg location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within Brandenburg</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Brandenburg</span></div></div></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238443738" /><div class="center"><div class="locmap" style="width:220px;float:none;clear:both;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"><div style="width:220px;padding:0"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Germany_adm_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Frankfurt an der Oder is located in Germany"><img alt="Frankfurt an der Oder is located in Germany" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/220px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/330px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Germany_adm_location_map.svg/440px-Germany_adm_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1073" data-file-height="1272" /></a></span><div class="od notheme" style="top:34.81%;left:90.5%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-15px;top:-15px"><span class="notpageimage" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Frankfurt an der Oder"><img alt="Frankfurt an der Oder" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/30px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="23" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/45px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg/60px-Battle_icon_%28crossed_swords%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="52" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div><div class="pl" style="width:6em;right:16px"><div>Frankfurt an der Oder</div></div></div></div><div style="padding-top:0.2em">Frankfurt an der Oder (Germany)</div><span class="switcher-label" style="display:none">Show map of Germany</span></div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Template:Campaignbox Thirty Years' War"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Thirty Years' War"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Campaignbox Thirty Years' War"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Thirty_Years&#039;_War16404" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="line-height:1.6em"><a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War"><span class="wrap">Thirty Years' War</span></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks" style="background-color: transparent; color: var( --color-base, #202122 ); border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Bohemian_Revolt" title="Bohemian Revolt">Bohemian Revolt (1618–1620)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Pilsen" title="Siege of Pilsen">Pilsen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lomnice" title="Battle of Lomnice">Lomnice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Sablat" title="Battle of Sablat">Sablat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wisternitz" title="Battle of Wisternitz">Wisternitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Bautzen_(1620)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Bautzen (1620) (page does not exist)">Bautzen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_White_Mountain" title="Battle of White Mountain">White Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Neu_Titschein" title="Battle of Neu Titschein">Neu Titschein</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Palatinate_campaign" title="Palatinate campaign">Palatinate campaign (1620–1623)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bad_Kreuznach" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Bad Kreuznach">Bad Kreuznach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Oppenheim" title="Capture of Oppenheim">Oppenheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Bacharach" title="Capture of Bacharach">Bacharach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_J%C3%BClich_(1621%E2%80%931622)" title="Siege of Jülich (1621–1622)">Jülich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mingolsheim" title="Battle of Mingolsheim">Mingolsheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wimpfen" title="Battle of Wimpfen">Wimpfen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_H%C3%B6chst" title="Battle of Höchst">Höchst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Bergen_op_Zoom_(1622)" title="Siege of Bergen op Zoom (1622)">Bergen op Zoom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Heidelberg_(1622)" title="Siege of Heidelberg (1622)">Heidelberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fleurus_(1622)" title="Battle of Fleurus (1622)">Fleurus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Mannheim" title="Capture of Mannheim">Mannheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Frankenthal" title="Siege of Frankenthal">Frankenthal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stadtlohn" title="Battle of Stadtlohn">Stadtlohn</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Transylvanian invasions of Hungary (1619–1621, 1623–1624, 1626)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Humenn%C3%A9" title="Battle of Humenné">Humenné</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_%C3%89rsek%C3%BAjv%C3%A1r_(1621)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Érsekújvár (1621) (page does not exist)">Érsekújvár</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Tyrnau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Tyrnau (page does not exist)">Tyrnau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Tyrnau" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Tyrnau">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hodon%C3%ADn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hodonín (page does not exist)">Hodonín</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlach_uprisings_in_Moravia" title="Vlach uprisings in Moravia">Vlach uprisings</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Danish intervention (1625–1629)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1624)" title="Siege of Breda (1624)">Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Dessau_Bridge" title="Battle of Dessau Bridge">Dessau Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Oldenzaal_(1626)" title="Siege of Oldenzaal (1626)">Oldenzaal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lutter" title="Battle of Lutter">Lutter am Barenberge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Groenlo_(1627)" title="Siege of Groenlo (1627)">Groenlo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Stralsund_(1628)" title="Siege of Stralsund (1628)">Stralsund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolgast" title="Battle of Wolgast">Wolgast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_%27s-Hertogenbosch" title="Siege of 's-Hertogenbosch">'s-Hertogenbosch</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> <a href="/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_the_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War">Swedish intervention (1630–1635)</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Swedish landing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Frankfurt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Magdeburg" title="Sack of Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Werben" title="Battle of Werben">Werben</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">1st Breitenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bamberg" title="Battle of Bamberg">Bamberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rain" title="Battle of Rain">Rain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Maastricht" title="Capture of Maastricht">Maastricht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Nuremberg" title="Siege of Nuremberg">Nuremberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wiesloch_(1632)" title="Battle of Wiesloch (1632)">Wiesloch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Alte_Veste" title="Battle of the Alte Veste">Alte Veste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_F%C3%BCrth" title="Battle of Fürth">Fürth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_L%C3%BCtzen_(1632)" title="Battle of Lützen (1632)">Lützen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Oldendorf" title="Battle of Oldendorf">Oldendorf</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Pfaffenhofen_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Pfaffenhofen (1633) (page does not exist)">Pfaffenhofen</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Steinau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Steinau (page does not exist)">Steinau</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Konstanz_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief of Konstanz (1633) (page does not exist)">Konstanz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Relief_of_Breisach_(1633)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relief of Breisach (1633) (page does not exist)">1st Breisach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Rheinfelden_(1633)" title="Siege of Rheinfelden (1633)">1st Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Liegnitz_(1634)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Liegnitz (1634) (page does not exist)">Liegnitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Liegnitz_(1634)" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Liegnitz (1634)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1634)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1634)">1st Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Strasbourg_Bridge" title="Battle of Strasbourg Bridge">Strasbourg Bridge</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Swedish-French Period (1635–1648)</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Les_Avins" title="Battle of Les Avins">Les Avins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Leuven" title="Siege of Leuven">Leuven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Schenkenschans" title="Siege of Schenkenschans">Schenkenschans</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Ray-sur-Sa%C3%B4ne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Ray-sur-Saône (page does not exist)">Ray-sur-Saône</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_D%C3%B6mitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dömitz (page does not exist)">Dömitz</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_D%C3%B6mitz" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Dömitz">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Hasel%C3%BCnne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Haselünne (page does not exist)">Haselünne</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Hasel%C3%BCnne" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Haselünne">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Raon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Raon (page does not exist)">Raon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tornavento" title="Battle of Tornavento">Tornavento</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Magdeburg_(1636)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Magdeburg (1636) (page does not exist)">2nd Magdeburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossing_of_the_Somme" title="Crossing of the Somme">Somme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wittstock" title="Battle of Wittstock">Wittstock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breda_(1637)" title="Siege of Breda (1637)">2nd Breda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Venlo_(1637)" title="Siege of Venlo (1637)">Venlo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Leipzig_(1637)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Leipzig (1637) (page does not exist)">Leipzig</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hanau_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hanau (1638) (page does not exist)">Hanau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rheinfelden" title="Battle of Rheinfelden">2nd Rheinfelden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Saint-Omer" title="Siege of Saint-Omer">Saint Omer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Fuenterrab%C3%ADa_(1638)" title="Siege of Fuenterrabía (1638)">Fuenterrabía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kallo" title="Battle of Kallo">Kallo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wittenweiher" title="Battle of Wittenweiher">Wittenweiher</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Thann_(1638)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Thann (1638) (page does not exist)">Thann</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Treffen_auf_dem_Ochsenfelde" class="extiw" title="de:Treffen auf dem Ochsenfelde">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Vlotho" title="Battle of Vlotho">Vlotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Breisach" title="Siege of Breisach">2nd Breisach</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Freiberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Freiberg (page does not exist)">1st Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Chemnitz" title="Battle of Chemnitz">Chemnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Melnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Melnik (page does not exist)">Melnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Thionville" title="Relief of Thionville">Thionville</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Salses" title="Siege of Salses">Salses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cambrils" title="Battle of Cambrils">Cambrils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Montju%C3%AFc_(1641)" title="Battle of Montjuïc (1641)">Montjuïc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Pre%C3%9Fnitz" title="Battle of Preßnitz">Preßnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Plauen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Plauen (page does not exist)">Plauen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_La_Marf%C3%A9e" title="Battle of La Marfée">La Marfée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dorsten" title="Siege of Dorsten">Dorsten</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wolfenb%C3%BCttel" title="Battle of Wolfenbüttel">Wolfenbüttel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kempen" title="Battle of Kempen">Kempen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Honnecourt" title="Battle of Honnecourt">Honnecourt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Schweidnitz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Schweidnitz (page does not exist)">Schweidnitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1642)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1642)">2nd Breitenfeld</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Freiberg_(1642)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Freiberg (1642) (page does not exist)">2nd Freiberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Rocroi" title="Battle of Rocroi">Rocroi</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Brno_(1643)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Brno (1643) (page does not exist)">1st Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Tuttlingen" title="Battle of Tuttlingen">Tuttlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kolding_(1644)" title="Battle of Kolding (1644)">Kolding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Freiburg" title="Battle of Freiburg">Freiburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Philippsburg_(1644)" title="Siege of Philippsburg (1644)">Philippsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_J%C3%BCterbog" title="Battle of Jüterbog">Jüterbog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bysj%C3%B6n" title="Battle of Bysjön">Bysjön</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Jankau" title="Battle of Jankau">Jankau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Brno" title="Siege of Brno">2nd Brno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Herbsthausen" title="Battle of Herbsthausen">Mergentheim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_N%C3%B6rdlingen_(1645)" title="Battle of Nördlingen (1645)">2nd Nördlingen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Hulst_(1645)" title="Siege of Hulst (1645)">3rd Hulst</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Korneuburg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Korneuburg (page does not exist)">Korneuburg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Korneuburg_(1646)" class="extiw" title="de:Belagerung von Korneuburg (1646)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Totenh%C3%B6he&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Totenhöhe (page does not exist)">Totenhöhe</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gefecht_auf_der_Totenh%C3%B6he" class="extiw" title="de:Gefecht auf der Totenhöhe">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Hohent%C3%BCbingen&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Hohentübingen (page does not exist)">Hohentübingen</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belagerung_von_Schloss_Hohent%C3%BCbingen" class="extiw" title="de:Belagerung von Schloss Hohentübingen">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Siege_of_Mardyck_(1646)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Siege of Mardyck (1646) (page does not exist)">Mardyck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Dunkirk_(1646)" title="Siege of Dunkirk (1646)">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Triebl" title="Battle of Triebl">Triebl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neapolitan_Revolt_(1647%E2%80%931648)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neapolitan Revolt (1647–1648)">Naples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Zusmarshausen" title="Battle of Zusmarshausen">Zusmarshausen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wevelinghoven" title="Battle of Wevelinghoven">Wevelinghoven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Lens" title="Battle of Lens">Lens</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Dachau&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Battle of Dachau (page does not exist)">Dachau</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlacht_bei_Dachau" class="extiw" title="de:Schlacht bei Dachau">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Prague_(1648)" title="Battle of Prague (1648)">Prague</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="background:transparent; padding-bottom:0;"> Naval battles</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Gibraltar_(1621)" title="Battle of Gibraltar (1621)">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relief_of_Genoa" title="Relief of Genoa">Genoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Slaak" title="Battle of the Slaak">The Slaak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Saint_Martin_(1633)" title="Capture of Saint Martin (1633)">1st Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_off_Lizard_Point" title="Battle off Lizard Point">Lizard Point</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_18_February_1639" title="Action of 18 February 1639">Dunkirk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fight_in_the_Channel" title="Fight in the Channel">Channel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Downs" title="Battle of the Downs">The Downs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Cape_St._Vincent_(1641)" title="Battle of Cape St. Vincent (1641)">Cape St. Vincent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Attack_on_Saint_Martin" title="Attack on Saint Martin">2nd Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Action_of_16_May_1644" title="Action of 16 May 1644">Lister Dyb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Colberger_Heide" title="Battle of Colberger Heide">Colberger Heide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fehmarn_(1644)" title="Battle of Fehmarn (1644)">Fehmarn</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div><sub><b><a href="/wiki/Template:Thirty_Years%27_War_treaties" title="Template:Thirty Years' War treaties">Treaties</a></b></sub></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></div> <p>The <b>Battle of Frankfurt an der Oder</b> on 13 April 1631<sup id="cite_ref-date_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-date-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> took place during the <a href="/wiki/Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Thirty Years' War">Thirty Years' War</a>. It was fought between the <a href="/wiki/Swedish_Empire" title="Swedish Empire">Swedish Empire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a> for the strategically important, fortified <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> crossing <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_an_der_Oder" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt an der Oder">Frankfurt an der Oder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broeckling57-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The town was the first major Imperial stronghold attacked by Sweden outside the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Brzezinski12_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzezinski12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Sweden had established a bridgehead in 1630</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TRE175_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRE175-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After a two-day siege, Swedish forces, supported by <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> auxiliaries,<sup id="cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackillop64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> stormed the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broeckling57-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The result was a Swedish victory.<sup id="cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broeckling57-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackillop64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the subsequent clearance of nearby <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_(Warthe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsberg (Warthe)">Landsberg (Warthe)</a> (now Gorzow),<sup id="cite_ref-TRE175_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRE175-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Frankfurt served to protect the Swedish army's rear when <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a> proceeded further into Central Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackillop64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prelude">Prelude</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Prelude"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">Treaty of Stettin (1630)</a></div> <p>Swedish king <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a> started to <a href="/wiki/Swedish_intervention_in_the_Thirty_Years%27_War" title="Swedish intervention in the Thirty Years' War">intervene in the Thirty Years' War</a> by <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stralsund_(1628)" class="mw-redirect" title="Battle of Stralsund (1628)">supporting Stralsund against Wallenstein in 1628</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Stettin_(1630)" title="Treaty of Stettin (1630)">landed in Pomerania in June 1630</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TRE175_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRE175-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the central parts of the <a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Pomerania" title="Duchy of Pomerania">Duchy of Pomerania</a>, Sweden had gained a bridgehead in the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Roman_Empire" title="Holy Roman Empire">Holy Roman Empire</a>'s northeasternmost corner,<sup id="cite_ref-TRE175_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRE175-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while the rest of the empire was occupied by forces of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_League_(German)" title="Catholic League (German)">Catholic League</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ferdinand_II,_Holy_Roman_Emperor" title="Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor">Ferdinand II, Holy Roman Emperor</a>. Except for <a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, which had allied with Sweden on 1 August, the German Protestant states distrusted Gustavus Adolphus and hesitated to enter an alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-Ringmar5_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ringmar5-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lorenzen67_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lorenzen67-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In January 1631, Swedish forces garrisoned in the Pomeranian bridgehead proceeded southwards, and sacked the Pomeranian towns of <a href="/wiki/Gartz_(Oder)" class="mw-redirect" title="Gartz (Oder)">Gartz (Oder)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greifenhagen" title="Greifenhagen">Greifenhagen</a> (now Gryfino) near Pomerania's border with <a href="/wiki/Brandenburg" title="Brandenburg">Brandenburg</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-TRE175_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRE175-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further southward advances along the <a href="/wiki/Oder" title="Oder">Oder</a> into the territory of <a href="/wiki/George_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="George William, Elector of Brandenburg">George William, Elector of Brandenburg</a> followed, and on 23 January 1631, Sweden allied with <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_B%C3%A4rwalde" title="Treaty of Bärwalde">Treaty of Bärwalde</a>, concluded in Brandenburgian <a href="/wiki/Mieszkowice" title="Mieszkowice">Bärwalde</a> (now Mieszkowice).<sup id="cite_ref-TRE175_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRE175-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Siege_and_storm_of_Frankfurt">Siege and storm of Frankfurt</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Siege and storm of Frankfurt"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Frankfurt-aOder1631.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Frankfurt-aOder1631.jpg/310px-Frankfurt-aOder1631.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Frankfurt-aOder1631.jpg/465px-Frankfurt-aOder1631.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/19/Frankfurt-aOder1631.jpg/620px-Frankfurt-aOder1631.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2178" data-file-height="1453" /></a><figcaption>Offensive on Lebus Gate</figcaption></figure> <p>The Swedish forces, commanded by <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broeckling57-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> were supported by <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scottish</a> auxiliaries commanded by <a href="/wiki/John_Hepburn_(soldier)" title="John Hepburn (soldier)">John Hepburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Monro" title="Robert Monro">Robert Monro</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackillop64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They laid siege on the town for two days, and stormed it on the second day.<sup id="cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broeckling57-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The assault was successful and resulted in the sack of the town.<sup id="cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broeckling57-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackillop64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The success was in part due to internal quarrels in the defending force—mercenaries who had not been paid refused to fight without receiving their pay first.<sup id="cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Broeckling57-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The defenders were "slaughtered [...] where they stood" and suffered 3,000 deaths, compared to 800 casualties on the Swedish side.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker203_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker203-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many deaths occurred when the town was looted.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackillop64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Aftermath"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Scottish major general in Swedish service <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Leslie_(Swedish_army)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Leslie (Swedish army) (page does not exist)">John Leslie</a> was appointed governor of the town and gave orders to have its defenses strengthened and the thousands of bodies buried.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackillop64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The latter task was achieved by digging mass graves for over a hundred bodies each; after six days, all dead had been buried.<sup id="cite_ref-Parker203_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Parker203-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> John Leslie was soon succeeded as Frankfurt's governor by another Scot, <a href="/w/index.php?title=James_MacDougal&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="James MacDougal (page does not exist)">James MacDougal</a>, who was in turn succeeded by a third Scot, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Leslie" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Leslie">Alexander Leslie</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackillop64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frankfurt served to protect the rear of the advancing Swedish army.<sup id="cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mackillop64-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The other major town in <a href="/wiki/Neumark" title="Neumark">northeastern Brandenburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Landsberg_(Warthe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Landsberg (Warthe)">Landsberg (Warthe)</a> (now Gorzow) was taken on 23 April.<sup id="cite_ref-TRE175_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRE175-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsequently, <a href="/wiki/George_William,_Elector_of_Brandenburg" title="George William, Elector of Brandenburg">George William, Elector of Brandenburg</a> was forced into treaties with Sweden on 14 May, 20 June, and 10 September 1631, which put Sweden in charge of the Brandenburgian military capacities, but did not have the status of an actual alliance.<sup id="cite_ref-TRE175_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRE175-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Throughout 1631, <a href="/wiki/Gustavus_Adolphus_of_Sweden" class="mw-redirect" title="Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden">Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden</a> advanced into central Germany, and while <a href="/wiki/Sack_of_Magdeburg" title="Sack of Magdeburg">Magdeburg was lost in May</a> and Gustavus Adolphus was <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Werben" title="Battle of Werben">hard-pressed at Werben in July</a>, the subsequent <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Breitenfeld_(1631)" title="Battle of Breitenfeld (1631)">victory at Breitenfeld in September</a> paved the way for his advance into southern Germany.<sup id="cite_ref-Brzezinski12_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzezinski12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-date-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-date_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-date_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">The battle is mentioned as happening on <a href="/wiki/Palm_Sunday" title="Palm Sunday">Palm Sunday</a> 1631 in contemporary sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Brzezinski12_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Brzezinski12-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was on 13 April for congregations using the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> (most Catholic nations) and 3 April for those still using the <a href="/wiki/Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian calendar</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Easter_date_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Easter_date-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Krause & Balz (1993) give 15 April.<sup id="cite_ref-TRE175_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-TRE175-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="References">References</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Brzezinski12-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Brzezinski12_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brzezinski12_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Brzezinski12_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brzezinski (2001), p.12</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Easter_date-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Easter_date_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yotov, 1999</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-TRE175-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-TRE175_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRE175_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRE175_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRE175_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRE175_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRE175_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRE175_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRE175_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-TRE175_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theologische Realenzyklopädie I (1993), p.175</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Broeckling57-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Broeckling57_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Bröckling (1998), p.57</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackillop64-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mackillop64_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Mackillop (2003), p.64</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ringmar5-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ringmar5_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ringmar (1996), p.5</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lorenzen67-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lorenzen67_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lorenzen (2006), p.67</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Parker203-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Parker203_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Parker203_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Parker (1997), p.203</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Frankfurt_an_der_Oder&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 28em"> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBröcklingSikora1998" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bröckling, Ulrich; Sikora, Michael (1998). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ol0-R3AayIYC&pg=PA57"><i>Armeen und ihre Deserteure: Vernachlässigte Kapital einer Militärgeschichte der Neuzeit</i></a></span> (in German). Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-525-01365-5" title="Special:BookSources/3-525-01365-5"><bdi>3-525-01365-5</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Armeen+und+ihre+Deserteure%3A+Vernachl%C3%A4ssigte+Kapital+einer+Milit%C3%A4rgeschichte+der+Neuzeit&rft.pub=Vandenhoeck+%26+Ruprecht&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=3-525-01365-5&rft.aulast=Br%C3%B6ckling&rft.aufirst=Ulrich&rft.au=Sikora%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dol0-R3AayIYC%26pg%3DPA57&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frankfurt+an+der+Oder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBrzezinskiTurner2001" class="citation book cs1">Brzezinski, Richard; Turner, Graham (2001). <i>Lützen 1632: climax of the thirty years war. Volume 68 of Osprey campaign series</i>. Osprey Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85532-552-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-85532-552-7"><bdi>1-85532-552-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%C3%BCtzen+1632%3A+climax+of+the+thirty+years+war.+Volume+68+of+Osprey+campaign+series&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=1-85532-552-7&rft.aulast=Brzezinski&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Turner%2C+Graham&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frankfurt+an+der+Oder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKrauseBalz1993" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Krause, Gerhard; Balz, Horst Robert (1993). <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_M%C3%BCller_(Lutheran_theologian)" title="Gerhard Müller (Lutheran theologian)">Müller, Gerhard</a> (ed.). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=HhZDnqtKHpkC&pg=PA172"><i>Theologische Realenzyklopädie I</i></a></span> (in German). <a href="/wiki/De_Gruyter" title="De Gruyter">De Gruyter</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-11-013898-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-11-013898-0"><bdi>3-11-013898-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Theologische+Realenzyklop%C3%A4die+I&rft.pub=De+Gruyter&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=3-11-013898-0&rft.aulast=Krause&rft.aufirst=Gerhard&rft.au=Balz%2C+Horst+Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DHhZDnqtKHpkC%26pg%3DPA172&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frankfurt+an+der+Oder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLorenzen2006" class="citation book cs1">Lorenzen, Jan N. (2006). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tW27bFN27zAC&pg=PA67"><i>Die grossen Schlachten: Mythen, Menschen, Schicksale</i></a></span>. Campus Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-593-38122-2" title="Special:BookSources/3-593-38122-2"><bdi>3-593-38122-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Die+grossen+Schlachten%3A+Mythen%2C+Menschen%2C+Schicksale&rft.pub=Campus+Verlag&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-593-38122-2&rft.aulast=Lorenzen&rft.aufirst=Jan+N.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtW27bFN27zAC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frankfurt+an+der+Oder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMackillopMurdoch2003" class="citation book cs1">Mackillop, Andrew; Murdoch, Steve (2003). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XlFrbYjhEboC&pg=PA64"><i>Military governors and imperial frontiers c. 1600-1800: A study of Scotland and empires</i></a></span>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/90-04-12970-7" title="Special:BookSources/90-04-12970-7"><bdi>90-04-12970-7</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 August</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Military+governors+and+imperial+frontiers+c.+1600-1800%3A+A+study+of+Scotland+and+empires&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=90-04-12970-7&rft.aulast=Mackillop&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft.au=Murdoch%2C+Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXlFrbYjhEboC%26pg%3DPA64&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frankfurt+an+der+Oder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFParkerAdams1997" class="citation book cs1">Parker, Geoffrey; Adams, Simon (1997). <i>The Thirty Years' War</i> (2 ed.). Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-12883-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-12883-8"><bdi>0-415-12883-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Thirty+Years%27+War&rft.edition=2&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-415-12883-8&rft.aulast=Parker&rft.aufirst=Geoffrey&rft.au=Adams%2C+Simon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frankfurt+an+der+Oder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRingmar1996" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Erik_Ringmar" title="Erik Ringmar">Ringmar, Erik</a> (1996). <i>Identity, interest and action: A cultural explanation of Sweden's intervention in the Thirty Years War</i>. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Cambridge University">Cambridge University</a> Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-56314-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-56314-3"><bdi>0-521-56314-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Identity%2C+interest+and+action%3A+A+cultural+explanation+of+Sweden%27s+intervention+in+the+Thirty+Years+War&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-521-56314-3&rft.aulast=Ringmar&rft.aufirst=Erik&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABattle+of+Frankfurt+an+der+Oder" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFYotov1999" class="citation web cs1">Yotov, Petko (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://5ko.free.fr/en/easter.php?y=17">"Side-by-side Easter calendar reference for the 17th century"</a>. <i>5ko.free.fr</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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