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class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Eastern liturgical rites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eastern_liturgical_rites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anglicanism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anglicanism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Anglicanism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anglicanism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Methodism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Methodism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Methodism</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Methodism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div 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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Reader (liturgy)</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 22 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-22" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">22 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86_(%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B5)" title="Четец (православие) – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Четец (православие)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektor_(c%C3%ADrkev)" title="Lektor (církev) – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lektor (církev)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektor_(r%C3%B6mischer_Ritus)" title="Lektor (römischer Ritus) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lektor (römischer Ritus)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_(%CE%A7%CF%81%CE%B9%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%BD%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%82)" title="Αναγνώστης (Χριστιανισμός) – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Αναγνώστης (Χριστιανισμός)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lector_(religi%C3%B3n)" title="Lector (religión) – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lector (religión)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lecteur_(liturgie)" title="Lecteur (liturgie) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lecteur (liturgie)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B4%D5%BA%D5%AB%D6%80" title="Դպիր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Դպիր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektor_(crkva)" title="Lektor (crkva) – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Lektor (crkva)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektor" title="Lektor – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lektor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lettore_(liturgia)" title="Lettore (liturgia) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lettore (liturgia)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Msomaji" title="Msomaji – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Msomaji" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Чтец – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Чтец" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektor" title="Lektor – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Lektor" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lector_(liturgie)" title="Lector (liturgie) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lector (liturgie)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%AA%A6%E7%B5%8C%E8%80%85" title="誦経者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="誦経者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektor_(liturgi)" title="Lektor (liturgi) – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lektor (liturgi)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektor_(pos%C5%82uga_ko%C5%9Bcielna)" title="Lektor (posługa kościelna) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Lektor (posługa kościelna)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leitor_(minist%C3%A9rio)" title="Leitor (ministério) – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leitor (ministério)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86_(%D0%BA%D0%BB%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA)" title="Чтец (клирик) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чтец (клирик)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lektor_(liturgia)" title="Lektor (liturgia) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Lektor (liturgia)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%86" title="Чтец – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Чтец" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lukija" title="Lukija – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lukija" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1433533#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Church_of_St._Anthony_the_Great_September_22%2C_2019._Reader-09.jpg/220px-Church_of_St._Anthony_the_Great_September_22%2C_2019._Reader-09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Church_of_St._Anthony_the_Great_September_22%2C_2019._Reader-09.jpg/330px-Church_of_St._Anthony_the_Great_September_22%2C_2019._Reader-09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Church_of_St._Anthony_the_Great_September_22%2C_2019._Reader-09.jpg/440px-Church_of_St._Anthony_the_Great_September_22%2C_2019._Reader-09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3263" data-file-height="2503" /></a><figcaption>Reader in the Divine Liturgy</figcaption></figure> <p>In some <a href="/wiki/Christian_denominations" class="mw-redirect" title="Christian denominations">Christian denominations</a>, a <b>reader</b> or <b>lector</b> is the person responsible for reading aloud excerpts of <a href="/wiki/Scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Scripture">scripture</a> at a <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a>. In early Christian times the reader was of particular value due to the rarity of <a href="/wiki/Literacy" title="Literacy">literacy</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Catholic_Church">Catholic Church<span class="anchor" id="CatholicLector"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reader_(liturgy)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Catholic Church"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Latin_liturgical_rites" title="Latin liturgical rites">Latin liturgical rites</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic Church</a>, the term <i><a href="/wiki/Lector" title="Lector">lector</a></i> or <i>reader</i>"<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> means someone who in a particular <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgy</a> is assigned to read a <a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Biblical</a> text other than the <a href="/wiki/Gospel" title="Gospel">Gospel</a> (reading the Gospel at <a href="/wiki/Mass_(liturgy)" title="Mass (liturgy)">Mass</a> is reserved specifically to the <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">deacon</a> or, in his absence, to the <a href="/wiki/Priest" title="Priest">priest</a>). But it also has the more specific meaning of a person who has been <a href="/wiki/Minister_(Catholic_Church)#Instituted_ministries" title="Minister (Catholic Church)">"instituted" as a lector or reader</a>, and is such even when not assigned to read in a specific liturgy. </p><p>The office was formerly classed as one of the four <a href="/wiki/Minor_orders" title="Minor orders">minor orders</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Latin_Church" title="Latin Church">Latin Church</a>. However, since 1 January 1973, the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_letter#Letters_of_the_popes_in_modern_times" title="Ecclesiastical letter">apostolic letter</a> <i>Ministeria quaedam</i> decreed instead that:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>What up to now were called minor orders are henceforth to be called <i>ministries</i>.</li> <li>Ministries may be assigned to lay Christians; hence they are no longer to be considered as reserved to candidates for the sacrament of orders.</li> <li>Two ministries, adapted to present-day needs, are to be preserved in the whole Latin Church, namely, those of reader and <a href="/wiki/Acolyte" title="Acolyte">acolyte</a>. The functions heretofore assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">subdeacon</a> are entrusted to the reader and the acolyte.</li> <li>The reader is appointed for a function proper to him, that of reading the word of God in the liturgical assembly. Accordingly, he is to proclaim the readings from sacred Scripture, except for the gospel in the Mass and other sacred celebrations; he is to recite the <a href="/wiki/Psalm" class="mw-redirect" title="Psalm">psalm</a> between the readings when there is no psalmist; he is to present the intentions for the general intercessions in the absence of a deacon or cantor; he is to direct the singing and the participation by the faithful; he is to instruct the faithful for the worthy reception of the sacraments. He may also, insofar as may be necessary, take care of preparing other faithful who are appointed on a temporary basis to read the Scriptures in liturgical celebrations. That he may more fittingly and perfectly fulfill these functions, he is to meditate assiduously on sacred Scripture.</li></ol> <dl><dd>Aware of the office he has undertaken, the reader is to make every effort and employ suitable means to acquire that increasingly warm and living love and knowledge of Scripture that will make him a more perfect disciple of the Lord.</dd></dl> <p><a href="/wiki/Canon_(canon_law)" title="Canon (canon law)">Canon</a> 1035 of the <a href="/wiki/1983_Code_of_Canon_Law" title="1983 Code of Canon Law">1983 <i>Code of Canon Law</i></a> requires candidates for <a href="/wiki/Deacon" title="Deacon">diaconal</a> ordination to have received and have exercised for an appropriate time the ministries of lector and acolyte and prescribes that institution in the second of these ministries must precede by at least six months ordination as a deacon.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Instituted lectors, either men or women (since the 2021 <a href="/wiki/Motu_proprio" title="Motu proprio">motu proprio</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Spiritus_Domini_(Pope_Francis)" title="Spiritus Domini (Pope Francis)">spiritus domini</a></i>),<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> are obliged, when proclaiming the readings at Mass, to wear an <a href="/wiki/Alb" title="Alb">alb</a> or an "other suitable attire that has been legitimately approved by the Conference of Bishops".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> such as <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">cassock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Surplice" title="Surplice">surplice</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others who perform the function of lector, "may go to the ambo in ordinary attire, but this should be in keeping with the customs of the different regions."<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <i><a href="/wiki/General_Instruction_of_the_Roman_Missal" title="General Instruction of the Roman Missal">General Instruction of the Roman Missal</a></i> speaks as follows of those who, without being lectors in the specific sense, carry out their functions at Mass: "In the absence of an instituted lector, other lay people may be deputed to proclaim the readings from Sacred Scripture, people who are truly suited to carrying out this function and carefully prepared, so that by their hearing the readings from the sacred texts the faithful may conceive in their hearts a sweet and living affection for Sacred Scripture."<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In its sections the same document lists the lector's specific duties at Mass.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Traditionalist Catholic">Traditionalist Catholic</a> organizations such as the <a href="/wiki/Priestly_Fraternity_of_St._Peter" class="mw-redirect" title="Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter">Priestly Fraternity of St. Peter</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Christ_the_King_Sovereign_Priest" title="Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest">Institute of Christ the King Sovereign Priest</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Personal_Apostolic_Administration_of_Saint_John_Mary_Vianney" title="Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney">Personal Apostolic Administration of Saint John Mary Vianney</a> are authorized to use the pre-1973 rite for their members who receive the office of lector.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eastern_liturgical_rites">Eastern liturgical rites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reader_(liturgy)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Eastern liturgical rites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Rite_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="Eastern Rite (disambiguation)">Eastern liturgical rites</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reader_ordination.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Reader_ordination.jpg/220px-Reader_ordination.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="152" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Reader_ordination.jpg/330px-Reader_ordination.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Reader_ordination.jpg/440px-Reader_ordination.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2600" data-file-height="1800" /></a><figcaption>The tonsuring of readers in a seminary by a Russian Orthodox bishop. The readers being ordained are wearing the short phelon (in white).</figcaption></figure> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox_Church" title="Eastern Orthodox Church">Eastern Orthodox Church</a> and in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Catholic_Churches" title="Eastern Catholic Churches">Eastern Catholic Churches</a> of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Rite" title="Byzantine Rite">Byzantine tradition</a>, the reader (in <a href="/wiki/Greek_language" title="Greek language">Greek</a>, <span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">Ἀναγνώστης</span></span> <i>Anagnostis</i>; in <a href="/wiki/Church_Slavonic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Church Slavonic language">Church Slavonic</a>, Чтец <i>Chtets</i>) is the second highest of the minor orders of clergy. This order is higher than the <a href="/wiki/Ostiarius" title="Ostiarius">Doorkeeper</a> (now largely obsolete) and lower than the <a href="/wiki/Subdeacon" title="Subdeacon">subdeacon</a>. </p><p>Immediately before ordination as a reader, the candidate is <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsured</a> as a sign of his submission and obedience upon entry into the clerical state. It is a separate act from ordination. The tonsure is performed only once, immediately prior to the actual ordination of a reader, which the ordination rite refers to as "the first degree of priesthood". However, it is not the means whereby a person becomes a reader. Readers, like subdeacons, are ordained by <i>Cheirothesia</i> - literally, "to place hands" - whereas <i><a href="/wiki/Christian_laying_on_of_hands" title="Christian laying on of hands">Cheirotonia</a></i> - "to stretch out the hands" - is practised at the ordination of the higher clergy: bishops, priests and deacons.<sup id="cite_ref-Ordination_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ordination-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lukijaksivihkiminen.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lukijaksivihkiminen.jpg/220px-Lukijaksivihkiminen.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lukijaksivihkiminen.jpg/330px-Lukijaksivihkiminen.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/Lukijaksivihkiminen.jpg/440px-Lukijaksivihkiminen.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2048" /></a><figcaption>The ordination of a reader in Finland.</figcaption></figure> <p>After being tonsured, the reader is <a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">vested</a> in a short <a href="/wiki/Phelonion" title="Phelonion">phelon</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which he wears while reading the Epistle for the first time. This short phelon is then removed (and never worn thereafter) and replaced with a <a href="/wiki/Sticharion" title="Sticharion">stikhar</a>, which the reader wears thereafter whenever he performs his liturgical duties. This practice is not universal, however, and many bishops and priests will allow a reader to perform his function dressed only in a cassock or (if a <a href="/wiki/Monk" title="Monk">monk</a>) a <a href="/wiki/Cassock" title="Cassock">riassa</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes, a bishop will decree what vesting practice he wishes to be followed within his own <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocese</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> <a href="/wiki/Icon" title="Icon">icons</a> often show readers and church singers wearing a stikhar-like garment (more loose and flowing than the modern stikhar) and a pointed hat with the brim pulled out to the sides.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Thrace" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Thrace">Eastern Thrace</a>, during the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> period and prior to the tragedy of 1922, some lay people were selected through symbolic <a href="/wiki/Tonsure" title="Tonsure">tonsure</a> and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cheirothesia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cheirothesia (page does not exist)">Cheirothesia</a> to receive the ecclesiastical blessing and rank of <a href="/w/index.php?title=%27%27Anagnostis%27%27&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="''Anagnostis'' (page does not exist)">''Anagnostis''</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%91%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BD%CF%8E%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" class="extiw" title="el:Αναγνώστης">el</a>]</span>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anglicanism">Anglicanism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reader_(liturgy)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Anglicanism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Lay_Reader" class="mw-redirect" title="Lay Reader">Lay Reader</a></div> <p>Minor orders were discontinued in the reformed <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a>. The modern office of reader was introduced in 1866 and is distinct from the traditional minor order of reader. It is the office of a licensed lay minister and, for this reason, a person holding the office is referred to as a "lay reader" in many parts of the Anglican Communion. After a period of theological training (often, in the case of the Church of England, three years of evening classes), a lay person is licensed to preach and lead public worship. A reader is not a member of the clergy and cannot preside at the <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">Eucharist</a>, officiate at <a href="/wiki/Wedding" title="Wedding">marriages</a>, <a href="/wiki/Absolution" title="Absolution">absolve</a> or <a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">bless</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A reader is licensed to lead non-sacramental worship (including, in some cases, <a href="/wiki/Funeral" title="Funeral">funerals</a>), may assist in the leadership of eucharistic worship and may preach. <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> readers in some countries often wear a blue <a href="/wiki/Tippet" title="Tippet">tippet</a> with <a href="/wiki/Choir_dress" title="Choir dress">choir dress</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-auto_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Methodism">Methodism</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reader_(liturgy)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Methodism"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_Methodist_Church" title="United Methodist Church">United Methodist Church</a> in the United States, similar to the Anglican office, a certified lay minister is a servant, who is called and equipped to conduct public worship, care for the congregation, assist in program leadership, develop new and existing faith communities, preach the Word, lead small groups, or establish community outreach ministries as part of a ministry team with the supervision and support of an ordained minister.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The role of certified lay minister is intended for missional leadership in churches or other ministry settings as part of a team ministry under the supervision of clergy, and they are <i>assigned</i> to a local church by the district superintendent, unlike clergy who are <i>appointed</i> by a bishop.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reader_(liturgy)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baal_keriah" title="Baal keriah">Baal keriah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cantor_(church)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cantor (church)">Cantor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_orders" title="Holy orders">Holy orders</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Endnotes">Endnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Reader_(liturgy)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Endnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The term "lector" is used in preference to that of "reader" in the official English text of the <a href="/wiki/General_Instruction_of_the_Roman_Missal" title="General Instruction of the Roman Missal">General Instruction of the Roman Missal</a> ("reader" is found in no. 352 of this document, but not elsewhere), but "reader" is used in the English version of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/holy_father/benedict_xvi/apost_exhortations/documents/hf_ben-xvi_exh_20100930_verbum-domini_en.html">Post-Synodal Apostolic Exhortation <i>Verbum Domini</i></a>, which capitalizes "Reader" to indicate an "instituted" reader or lector.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ewtn.com/catholicism/library/ministeria-quaedam-9006">"Pope Paul VI - Ministeria Quaedam"</a>. <i>ewtn.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ewtn.com&rft.atitle=Pope+Paul+VI+-+Ministeria+Quaedam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ewtn.com%2Fcatholicism%2Flibrary%2Fministeria-quaedam-9006&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.intratext.com/IXT/ENG0017/_P3Q.HTM">"Code of Canon Law: text - IntraText CT"</a>. <i>intratext.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=intratext.com&rft.atitle=Code+of+Canon+Law%3A+text+-+IntraText+CT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.intratext.com%2FIXT%2FENG0017%2F_P3Q.HTM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncronline.org/news/vatican/francis-changes-catholic-church-law-women-explicitly-allowed-lectors-altar-servers">"Francis changes Catholic Church law: women explicitly allowed as lectors, altar servers"</a>. <i>National Catholic Reporter</i>. January 11, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Catholic+Reporter&rft.atitle=Francis+changes+Catholic+Church+law%3A+women+explicitly+allowed+as+lectors%2C+altar+servers&rft.date=2021-01-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncronline.org%2Fnews%2Fvatican%2Ffrancis-changes-catholic-church-law-women-explicitly-allowed-lectors-altar-servers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">General Instruction of the Order of Mass, 339</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/the-mass/general-instruction-of-the-roman-missal/girm-chapter-6.cfm">"Chapter VI: The Requisites for the Celebration of Mass"</a>. <i>usccb.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usccb.org&rft.atitle=Chapter+VI%3A+The+Requisites+for+the+Celebration+of+Mass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Fthe-mass%2Fgeneral-instruction-of-the-roman-missal%2Fgirm-chapter-6.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.catholicliturgy.com/index.cfm/FuseAction/documentText/Index/2/SubIndex/11/ContentIndex/133/Start/126">"Chapter III: Offices and Ministries in the Celebration of the Liturgy of the Word within Mass"</a>. <i>catholicliturgy.com</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=catholicliturgy.com&rft.atitle=Chapter+III%3A+Offices+and+Ministries+in+the+Celebration+of+the+Liturgy+of+the+Word+within+Mass&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.catholicliturgy.com%2Findex.cfm%2FFuseAction%2FdocumentText%2FIndex%2F2%2FSubIndex%2F11%2FContentIndex%2F133%2FStart%2F126&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/roman-missal/general-instruction-of-the-roman-missal/girm-chapter-3.cfm">"101"</a>. <i>usccb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usccb.org&rft.atitle=101&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Froman-missal%2Fgeneral-instruction-of-the-roman-missal%2Fgirm-chapter-3.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.usccb.org/prayer-and-worship/roman-missal/general-instruction-of-the-roman-missal/girm-chapter-4.cfm">"194-198"</a>. <i>usccb.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=usccb.org&rft.atitle=194-198&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.usccb.org%2Fprayer-and-worship%2Froman-missal%2Fgeneral-instruction-of-the-roman-missal%2Fgirm-chapter-4.cfm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">"Only in <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_consecrated_life" title="Institute of consecrated life">Institutes of Consecrated Life</a> and <a href="/wiki/Society_of_apostolic_life" title="Society of apostolic life">Societies of Apostolic Life</a> which are under the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Commission_Ecclesia_Dei" title="Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei">Pontifical Commission Ecclesia Dei</a>, and in those which use the <a href="/wiki/Liturgy" title="Liturgy">liturgical</a> books of the <i><a href="/wiki/Preconciliar_rites_after_the_Second_Vatican_Council" title="Preconciliar rites after the Second Vatican Council">forma extraordinaria</a></i>, is the use of the <i><a href="/wiki/Roman_Pontifical" title="Roman Pontifical">Pontificale Romanum</a></i> of 1962 for the conferral of minor and major orders permitted" (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_commissions/ecclsdei/documents/rc_com_ecclsdei_doc_20110430_istr-universae-ecclesiae_en.html">Instruction on the Application of <i>Summorum Pontificum</i>, 30 April 2011</a>, 31).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ordination-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ordination_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.goarch.org/ourfaith/ourfaith7106">"The Sacramental Life of the Orthodox Church - Liturgy & Worship - Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of America"</a>. <i>www.goarch.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.goarch.org&rft.atitle=The+Sacramental+Life+of+the+Orthodox+Church+-+Liturgy+%26+Worship+-+Greek+Orthodox+Archdiocese+of+America&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.goarch.org%2Fourfaith%2Fourfaith7106&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060304093128/http://old.svots.edu/Three-Hierarchs-Chapel/2004-1005-patterson/pages/1200_JPG.htm">"Patterson / 1200.JPG"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.svots.edu/Three-Hierarchs-Chapel/2004-1005-patterson/pages/1200_JPG.htm">the original</a> on 2006-03-04<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2006-01-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Patterson+%2F+1200.JPG&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.svots.edu%2FThree-Hierarchs-Chapel%2F2004-1005-patterson%2Fpages%2F1200_JPG.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kosovo.net/289_y.jpg">"Image"</a>. <i>kosovo.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">12 June</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=kosovo.net&rft.atitle=Image&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.kosovo.net%2F289_y.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.holy-trinity.org/liturgics/tikhon.lit1.html">"HTC: Liturgical Order #1"</a>. <i>holy-trinity.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=holy-trinity.org&rft.atitle=HTC%3A+Liturgical+Order+%231&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.holy-trinity.org%2Fliturgics%2Ftikhon.lit1.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://saints.oca.org/IconDirectory/LG/GreatLent/sundayorthodoxy.jpg">"Icon Directory, lower left corner"</a>. <i>oca.org</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 April</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=oca.org&rft.atitle=Icon+Directory%2C+lower+left+corner&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsaints.oca.org%2FIconDirectory%2FLG%2FGreatLent%2Fsundayorthodoxy.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://readers.cofe.anglican.org/">"Anglican Readers' website - Home Page"</a>. <i>anglican.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=anglican.org&rft.atitle=Anglican+Readers%27+website+-+Home+Page&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Freaders.cofe.anglican.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AReader+%28liturgy%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.umcdiscipleship.org/leadership-resources/clm-faqs#anchor1">"CLM FAQs"</a>. <i>umc.org</i>.</cite><span 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