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href="#Industrialised_areas_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Industrialised areas in the 19th and 20th centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrialised_areas_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item 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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gallery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gallery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Gallery</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gallery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " 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Available in 20 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-20" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">20 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Cymru" title="De Cymru – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="De Cymru" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_Cymru" title="De Cymru – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="De Cymru" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="South Wales" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCdwales" title="Südwales – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Südwales" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales_del_Sur" title="Gales del Sur – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Gales del Sur" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hegoaldeko_Gales" title="Hegoaldeko Gales – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Hegoaldeko Gales" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%B2_%D8%AC%D9%86%D9%88%D8%A8%DB%8C" title="ولز جنوبی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ولز جنوبی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pays_de_Galles_m%C3%A9ridional" title="Pays de Galles méridional – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pays de Galles méridional" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wales_Selatan" title="Wales Selatan – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Wales Selatan" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Galles_meridionale" title="Galles meridionale – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Galles meridionale" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zuid-Wales" title="Zuid-Wales – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Zuid-Wales" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E3%82%A6%E3%82%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%83%AB%E3%82%BA" title="南ウェールズ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="南ウェールズ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gales_do_Sul" title="Gales do Sul – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Gales do Sul" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C8%9Aara_Galilor_de_sud" title="Țara Galilor de sud – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Țara Galilor de sud" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AE%D0%B6%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%A3%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%81" title="Южный Уэльс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Южный Уэльс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sooth_Wales" title="Sooth Wales – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Sooth Wales" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Wales" title="South Wales – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="South Wales" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ju%C5%BEni_Wales" title="Južni Wales – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Južni Wales" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Etel%C3%A4-Wales" title="Etelä-Wales – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Etelä-Wales" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8D%97%E5%A8%81%E7%88%BE%E6%96%AF" title="南威爾斯 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="南威爾斯" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1286223#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> 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</div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Wales&params=51_41_N_3_23_W_type:adm2nd_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°41′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°23′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.683°N 3.383°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.683; -3.383</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Region of Wales</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the area of the United Kingdom. For the Australian state, see <a href="/wiki/New_South_Wales" title="New South Wales">New South Wales</a>.</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Wales_Map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/South_Wales_Map.svg/220px-South_Wales_Map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="263" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/South_Wales_Map.svg/330px-South_Wales_Map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/South_Wales_Map.svg/440px-South_Wales_Map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption>Map of one definition of South Wales, combining common definitions of <a href="/wiki/South_East_Wales" title="South East Wales">South East</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_West_Wales" title="South West Wales">South West Wales</a>, including <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>, which may also be considered <a href="/wiki/West_Wales" title="West Wales">West Wales</a>. Areas shaded light red are historically considered South Wales, but may be considered <a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales" title="Mid Wales">Mid Wales</a> today. Other definitions of the region exist.</figcaption></figure> <p><b>South Wales</b> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">De Cymru</i>) is a <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Wales" title="Regions of Wales">loosely defined region</a> of <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a> bordered by <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> to the east and <a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales" title="Mid Wales">mid Wales</a> to the north. Generally considered to include the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">historic counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a>, south Wales extends westwards to include <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>. In the western extent, from <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> westwards, local people would probably recognise that they lived in both south Wales and <a href="/wiki/West_Wales" title="West Wales">west Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons_National_Park" title="Brecon Beacons National Park">Brecon Beacons National Park</a> covers about a third of south Wales, containing <a href="/wiki/Pen_y_Fan" title="Pen y Fan">Pen y Fan</a>, the highest British mountain south of <a href="/wiki/Cadair_Idris" title="Cadair Idris">Cadair Idris</a> in <a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pen_y_Fan_from_Cribyn.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pen_y_Fan_from_Cribyn.jpg/220px-Pen_y_Fan_from_Cribyn.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pen_y_Fan_from_Cribyn.jpg/330px-Pen_y_Fan_from_Cribyn.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/Pen_y_Fan_from_Cribyn.jpg/440px-Pen_y_Fan_from_Cribyn.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>Pen y Fan<br />2,907 ft (886 metres)</figcaption></figure><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Principatus_Walliae_pars_australis_vulgo_South-Wales_-_CBT_6599377.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Principatus_Walliae_pars_australis_vulgo_South-Wales_-_CBT_6599377.jpg/220px-Principatus_Walliae_pars_australis_vulgo_South-Wales_-_CBT_6599377.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Principatus_Walliae_pars_australis_vulgo_South-Wales_-_CBT_6599377.jpg/330px-Principatus_Walliae_pars_australis_vulgo_South-Wales_-_CBT_6599377.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Principatus_Walliae_pars_australis_vulgo_South-Wales_-_CBT_6599377.jpg/440px-Principatus_Walliae_pars_australis_vulgo_South-Wales_-_CBT_6599377.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5739" data-file-height="4589" /></a><figcaption>17-18th century map of South Wales with <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">Monmouthshire</a> considered in this map to be <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire_(historic)#Ambiguity_over_status" title="Monmouthshire (historic)">part of England</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>A point of some discussion is whether the first element of the name should be capitalised: 'south Wales' or 'South Wales'. As the name is a geographical expression rather than a specific area with well-defined borders, <a href="/wiki/Style_guide" title="Style guide">style guides</a> such as those of the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <i><a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> use the form 'south Wales'. In a more authoritative style guide, the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Government" title="Welsh Government">Welsh Government</a>, in their international gateway website, Wales.com, state that it should always be capitalised.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is always capitalised on motorway signs. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Between the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Rhuddlan" title="Statute of Rhuddlan">Statute of Rhuddlan</a> of 1284 and the <a href="/wiki/Laws_in_Wales_Acts_1535_and_1542" title="Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542">Laws in Wales Act 1535</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crown_land" title="Crown land">crown land</a> in Wales formed the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Wales" title="Principality of Wales">Principality of Wales</a>. This was divided into a Principality of south Wales and a Principality of north Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-Watkin2012_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Watkin2012-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The southern principality was made up of the counties of <a href="/wiki/Ceredigion" title="Ceredigion">Ceredigion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a>, areas that had previously been part of the Welsh kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a> ('the southern land'). The legal responsibility for this area lay in the hands of the <a href="/wiki/Justiciar_of_South_Wales" title="Justiciar of South Wales">Justiciar of South Wales</a> based at <a href="/wiki/Carmarthen" title="Carmarthen">Carmarthen</a>. Other parts of southern Wales were in the hands of various <a href="/wiki/Marcher_Lord" class="mw-redirect" title="Marcher Lord">Marcher Lords</a>. </p><p>The Laws in Wales Acts 1542 created the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Great_Sessions_in_Wales" title="Court of Great Sessions in Wales">Court of Great Sessions in Wales</a> based on four legal circuits. The <a href="/wiki/Brecon" title="Brecon">Brecon</a> circuit served the <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_Wales" title="Historic counties of Wales">counties</a> of <a href="/wiki/Brecknockshire" title="Brecknockshire">Brecknockshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radnorshire" title="Radnorshire">Radnorshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a> while the Carmarthen circuit served Cardiganshire, Carmarthenshire and <a href="/wiki/Pembrokeshire" title="Pembrokeshire">Pembrokeshire</a>. <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a> was attached to the Oxford circuit for judicial purposes. These seven southern counties were thus differentiated from the six counties of north Wales. </p><p>The Court of the Great Sessions came to an end in 1830, but the counties survived until the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a> which came into operation in 1974. The creation of the county of <a href="/wiki/Powys" title="Powys">Powys</a> merged one northern county (<a href="/wiki/Montgomeryshire" title="Montgomeryshire">Montgomeryshire</a>) with two southern ones (Breconshire and Radnorshire). </p><p>There are thus different concepts of south Wales. Glamorgan and Monmouthshire are generally accepted by all as being in south Wales. But the status of Breconshire or Carmarthenshire, for instance, is more debatable. In the western extent, from <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> westwards, local people might feel that they live in both south Wales and <a href="/wiki/West_Wales" title="West Wales">west Wales</a>. Areas to the north of the <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons</a> and <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountains,_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Black Mountains, Wales">Black Mountains</a> are generally considered to be in Mid Wales. The valleys and upland mountain ridges were once a very rural area noted for its river valleys and ancient forests and lauded by romantic <a href="/wiki/Poet" title="Poet">poets</a> such as <a href="/wiki/William_Wordsworth" title="William Wordsworth">William Wordsworth</a> as well as poets in the Welsh language, although the interests of the latter lay more in society and culture than in the evocation of natural scenery. This natural environment changed to a considerable extent during the early <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> when the <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monmouthshire" title="Monmouthshire">Monmouthshire</a> valley areas were exploited for <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a>. By the 1830s, hundreds of tons of coal were being transported by barge to ports in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a>. In the 1870s, coal was transported by <a href="/wiki/Rail_transport" title="Rail transport">rail transport</a> networks to <a href="/wiki/Newport_Docks" title="Newport Docks">Newport Docks</a>, at the time the largest coal exporting docks in the world, and by the 1880s coal was being exported from <a href="/wiki/Barry,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Barry, Vale of Glamorgan">Barry, Vale of Glamorgan</a>. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg/150px-British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg/225px-British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg/300px-British.coalfields.19th.century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1088" data-file-height="2017" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Bute" title="Marquess of Bute">Marquess of Bute</a>, who owned much of the land north of <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, built a steam railway system on his land that stretched from Cardiff into many of the South Wales Valleys where the coal was being found. Lord Bute then charged fees per ton of coal that was transported out using his railways. With <a href="/wiki/Coal_mining" title="Coal mining">coal mining</a> and iron <a href="/wiki/Smelting" title="Smelting">smelting</a> being the main trades of south Wales, many thousands of immigrants from <a href="/wiki/The_Midlands" class="mw-redirect" title="The Midlands">the Midlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> came and set up homes and put down roots in the region. Very many came from other coal mining areas such as <a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Dean" title="Forest of Dean">Forest of Dean</a> in <a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Tin" title="Tin">tin</a> mines of <a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a> such as <a href="/wiki/Geevor_Tin_Mine" title="Geevor Tin Mine">Geevor Tin Mine</a>, as a large but experienced and willing workforce was required. Whilst some of the migrants left, many settled and established in the south Wales Valleys between <a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abergavenny" title="Abergavenny">Abergavenny</a> as English-speaking communities with a unique identity. Industrial workers were housed in cottages and terraced houses close to the mines and foundries in which they worked. The large influx over the years caused overcrowding which led to outbreaks of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">Cholera</a>, and on the social and cultural side, the near-loss of the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh language</a> in the area. </p><p>The 1930s inter-war <a href="/wiki/Great_Depression_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Great Depression in the United Kingdom">Great Depression in the United Kingdom</a> saw the loss of almost half of the coal pits in the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Coalfield" title="South Wales Coalfield">South Wales Coalfield</a>, and their number declined further in the years following <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>. This number is now very low, following the <a href="/wiki/UK_miners%27_strike_(1984%E2%80%9385)" class="mw-redirect" title="UK miners' strike (1984–85)">UK miners' strike (1984–85)</a>, and the last 'traditional' deep-shaft mine, <a href="/wiki/Tower_Colliery" title="Tower Colliery">Tower Colliery</a>, closed in January 2008. </p><p>Despite the intense industrialisation of the coal mining valleys, many parts of the landscape of South Wales such as the upper <a href="/wiki/Neath" title="Neath">Neath</a> valley, the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Vale of Glamorgan">Vale of Glamorgan</a> and the valleys of the <a href="/wiki/River_Usk" title="River Usk">River Usk</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Wye" title="River Wye">River Wye</a> remain distinctly beautiful and unspoilt and have been designated <a href="/wiki/Site_of_Special_Scientific_Interest" title="Site of Special Scientific Interest">Sites of Special Scientific Interest</a>. In addition, many once heavily industrialised sites have reverted to wilderness, some provided with a series of cycle tracks and other outdoor amenities. Large areas of forestry and open moorland also contribute to the amenity of the landscape. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:View_down_from_Corn_Du_-_Brecon_Beacons_National_Park_-_Wales_UK.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/View_down_from_Corn_Du_-_Brecon_Beacons_National_Park_-_Wales_UK.jpg/640px-View_down_from_Corn_Du_-_Brecon_Beacons_National_Park_-_Wales_UK.jpg" decoding="async" width="640" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/View_down_from_Corn_Du_-_Brecon_Beacons_National_Park_-_Wales_UK.jpg/960px-View_down_from_Corn_Du_-_Brecon_Beacons_National_Park_-_Wales_UK.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/View_down_from_Corn_Du_-_Brecon_Beacons_National_Park_-_Wales_UK.jpg/1280px-View_down_from_Corn_Du_-_Brecon_Beacons_National_Park_-_Wales_UK.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8518" data-file-height="1931" /></a><figcaption>View north into <a href="/wiki/Llyn_Cwm_Llwch" title="Llyn Cwm Llwch">Cwm Llwch</a> from <a href="/wiki/Corn_Du" title="Corn Du">Corn Du</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industrialised_areas_in_the_19th_and_20th_centuries">Industrialised areas in the 19th and 20th centuries</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Industrialised areas in the 19th and 20th centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>: <i lang="cy">Merthyr Tudful</i>) grew around the <a href="/wiki/Dowlais_Ironworks" title="Dowlais Ironworks">Dowlais Ironworks</a> which was founded to exploit the locally abundant seams of <a href="/wiki/Iron_ore" title="Iron ore">iron ore</a>, and in time it became the largest iron-producing town in the world. New coal mines were sunk nearby to feed the <a href="/wiki/Metallurgical_furnace" title="Metallurgical furnace">furnaces</a> and in time produced coal for export. By the 1831 census, the population of Merthyr was 60,000—more at that time than Cardiff, Swansea and Newport combined—and its industries included <a href="/wiki/Coal_mines" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal mines">coal mines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iron_works" class="mw-redirect" title="Iron works">iron works</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cable_factory&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cable factory (page does not exist)">cable factory</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Engine_sheds&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Engine sheds (page does not exist)">engine sheds</a> and <a href="/wiki/Siding_(rail)" title="Siding (rail)">sidings</a> and many others. The town was also the birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Parry" title="Joseph Parry">Joseph Parry</a>, composer of the song <i><a href="/wiki/Myfanwy" title="Myfanwy">Myfanwy</a></i>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Heads_of_the_Valleys" class="mw-redirect" title="Heads of the Valleys">Heads of the Valleys</a> towns, including <a href="/wiki/Rhymney" title="Rhymney">Rhymney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tredegar" title="Tredegar">Tredegar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ebbw_Vale" title="Ebbw Vale">Ebbw Vale</a>, rose out of the industrial revolution, producing coal, metal ores and later <a href="/wiki/Steel" title="Steel">steel</a>. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Aberfan" title="Aberfan">Aberfan</a>: The Merthyr Vale colliery began to produce coal in 1875. Spoil from the mine workings was piled on the hills close to the village which grew nearby. Tipping went on until the 1960s. Although nationalised, the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a> failed to appreciate the danger they had created. In October 1966, heavy rain made the giant coal tip unstable, resulting in the <a href="/wiki/Aberfan_disaster" title="Aberfan disaster">Aberfan disaster</a>. The recent dumping of small particles of coal and ash known as 'tailings' seems to have been partly responsible. A 30-foot-high (9 m) black wave tore downhill across the <a href="/wiki/Glamorganshire_Canal" title="Glamorganshire Canal">Glamorganshire Canal</a> and swept away houses on its path towards the village school. 114 children and 28 adults were killed. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rhondda" title="Rhondda">Rhondda</a> Valleys (Rhondda Fach and Rhondda Fawr) housed around 3,000 people in 1860, but by 1910 the population had soared to 160,000. The Rhondda had become the heart of a massive South Wales coal industry. <a href="/wiki/Mining_accident" title="Mining accident">Mining accidents</a> below ground were common, and in 1896 fifty-seven men and boys were killed in a gas explosion at the <a href="/wiki/Tylorstown_Colliery" class="mw-redirect" title="Tylorstown Colliery">Tylorstown Colliery</a>. An enquiry found that the pit involved had not been properly inspected over the previous 15 months. </p><p>Ebbw Vale, the valley of the <a href="/wiki/Ebbw_River" title="Ebbw River">Ebbw River</a> which stretches from the town of <a href="/wiki/Ebbw_Vale" title="Ebbw Vale">Ebbw Vale</a> to Newport, includes the mining towns and villages of <a href="/wiki/Newbridge,_Caerphilly" title="Newbridge, Caerphilly">Newbridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Risca" title="Risca">Risca</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crumlin,_Caerphilly" title="Crumlin, Caerphilly">Crumlin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abercarn" title="Abercarn">Abercarn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cwmcarn" title="Cwmcarn">Cwmcarn</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> Black Vein coal seams in the area lay some 900 feet (275 metres) below the surface and the mining activity associated with it was responsible for many tragic subsurface explosions, roof collapses and <a href="/wiki/Mining_accident" title="Mining accident">mining accidents</a>. </p><p>Now the Valleys' heavy industrial past is overprinted with urban regeneration, tourism and multi-national investment. Large factory units, either empty or turned over to retail use, bear witness to the lack of success in replacing older industries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The native language of the majority of people in South Wales is <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>, but there are many who also speak <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>. In western parts of <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a>, particularly the <a href="/wiki/Neath" title="Neath">Neath</a> and <a href="/wiki/Swansea_Valley" title="Swansea Valley">Swansea Valleys</a>, there remain significant Welsh-speaking communities such as <a href="/wiki/Ystradgynlais" title="Ystradgynlais">Ystradgynlais</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ystalyfera" title="Ystalyfera">Ystalyfera</a>, which share a heritage with other ex-<a href="/wiki/Anthracite" title="Anthracite">anthracite</a> mining areas in eastern <a href="/wiki/Carmarthenshire" title="Carmarthenshire">Carmarthenshire</a>, as much as with the <a href="/wiki/Glamorgan" title="Glamorgan">Glamorgan</a> valleys. </p><p>The local <a href="/wiki/Slang" title="Slang">slang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dialect" title="Dialect">dialect</a> and phrases of the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">South Wales Valleys</a> communities have been referred to as '<a href="/wiki/Wenglish" class="mw-redirect" title="Wenglish">Wenglish</a>', and are often used with comic effect.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The dialect is found in such coastal towns as <a href="/wiki/Barry,_Vale_of_Glamorgan" title="Barry, Vale of Glamorgan">Barry</a>, as featured in the BBC comedy series, <i><a href="/wiki/Gavin_%26_Stacey" title="Gavin & Stacey">Gavin & Stacey</a></i>. </p><p>Welsh is now a compulsory language up to <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSE</a> level for all students who start their education in Wales. Several secondary schools offering Welsh medium education operate in this area, for example <a href="/wiki/Ysgol_Gyfun_Llanhari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ysgol Gyfun Llanhari">Ysgol Gyfun Llanhari</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pontyclun" title="Pontyclun">Pontyclun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ysgol_Gyfun_Y_Cymmer" class="mw-redirect" title="Ysgol Gyfun Y Cymmer">Ysgol Gyfun Y Cymmer</a> in <a href="/wiki/Porth" title="Porth">Porth</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Rhondda" title="Rhondda">Rhondda</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ysgol_Gyfun_Rhydywaun" title="Ysgol Gyfun Rhydywaun">Ysgol Gyfun Rhydywaun</a> in <a href="/wiki/Penywaun" title="Penywaun">Penywaun</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Cynon_Valley" title="Cynon Valley">Cynon Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ysgol_Gyfun_Gwynllyw" title="Ysgol Gyfun Gwynllyw">Ysgol Gyfun Gwynllyw</a> in <a href="/wiki/Pontypool" title="Pontypool">Pontypool</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ysgol_Gyfun_Cwm_Rhymni" title="Ysgol Gyfun Cwm Rhymni">Ysgol Gyfun Cwm Rhymni</a> in <a href="/wiki/Blackwood,_Caerphilly" title="Blackwood, Caerphilly">Blackwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ysgol_Gymraeg_Plasmawr" class="mw-redirect" title="Ysgol Gymraeg Plasmawr">Ysgol Gymraeg Plasmawr</a> in Cardiff and <a href="/wiki/Ysgol_Gyfun_Garth_Olwg" class="mw-redirect" title="Ysgol Gyfun Garth Olwg">Ysgol Gyfun Garth Olwg</a> in <a href="/wiki/Church_Village" title="Church Village">Church Village</a>. </p><p>A significant number of people from ethnic minority communities speak another language as their first language, particularly in Cardiff and Newport. Commonly spoken languages in some areas include <a href="/wiki/Punjabi_language" title="Punjabi language">Punjabi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bengali_language" title="Bengali language">Bengali</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Somali_language" title="Somali language">Somali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a>, and increasingly <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central European</a> languages such as <a href="/wiki/Polish_language" title="Polish language">Polish</a>. </p><p>In the 19th and early 20th centuries, there was a vigorous literary and musical culture centred round <a href="/wiki/Eisteddfod" title="Eisteddfod">eisteddfodau</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Despite a few timid attempts to emulate this literature in English, it can be argued that few writers seem to connect with either the landscape or the literary tradition.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The one exception, to some extent, can be considered to be Dylan Thomas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></span></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs expansion</b>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a>. <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2023</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Factor" title="Welsh Factor">Welsh Factor</a> talent competition</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Religion">Religion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Religion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The South Wales landscape is marked by numerous chapels, places of worship (past and present) of the various Christian <a href="/wiki/Nonconformist_(Protestantism)" title="Nonconformist (Protestantism)">Nonconformist</a> congregations. The <a href="/wiki/Baptist" class="mw-redirect" title="Baptist">Baptist</a> congregation at <a href="/wiki/Ilston" title="Ilston">Ilston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gower" class="mw-redirect" title="Gower">Gower</a>, moved to <a href="/wiki/Swansea,_Massachusetts" title="Swansea, Massachusetts">Swansea, Massachusetts</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but after the restoration of the <a href="/wiki/Anglican" class="mw-redirect" title="Anglican">Anglican</a> worship with the issue of the <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Common_Prayer" title="Book of Common Prayer">Book of Common Prayer</a> in 1662, several "gathered" churches survived belonging to the Baptist, <a href="/wiki/Congregational_church" class="mw-redirect" title="Congregational church">Independent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian" class="mw-redirect" title="Presbyterian">Presbyterian</a> denominations. In the 18th century members of some of these congregations became dissatisfied with the theological innovations of some trained ministers, and created new congregations such as that at <a href="/wiki/Hengoed" title="Hengoed">Hengoed</a> near <a href="/wiki/Ystrad_Mynach" title="Ystrad Mynach">Ystrad Mynach</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same century, churches were sometimes involved in the <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> movement, especially at Groeswen and Watford near <a href="/wiki/Caerphilly" title="Caerphilly">Caerphilly</a>, which both received frequent visits from <a href="/wiki/John_Wesley" title="John Wesley">John Wesley</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The largest denomination, however, became the Calvinist Methodists (later the <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_of_Wales" title="Presbyterian Church of Wales">Presbyterian Church of Wales</a>), whose distinctive grey stone chapels can be seen in many parts. </p><p>These were mainly <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh-language</a> congregations. Anglicanism in South Wales became autonomous from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_England" title="Church of England">Church of England</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Church_Act_1914" title="Welsh Church Act 1914">Welsh Church Act 1914</a>, but the immediate demise of the denomination feared at that time has not taken place in the <a href="/wiki/Church_in_Wales" title="Church in Wales">Church in Wales</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are a number of <a href="/wiki/Open_Brethren" title="Open Brethren">Brethren</a> Assemblies in Cardiff and in the Swansea area and <a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ulster" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster">Free Presbyterian Churches</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rhiwderin" title="Rhiwderin">Rhiwderin</a>, near Newport and at <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> community, despite systematic persecution, survived in the 17th to 19th centuries, especially in <a href="/wiki/Brecon" title="Brecon">Brecon</a> and among minor gentry such as the Vaughans of <a href="/wiki/Welsh_Bicknor" title="Welsh Bicknor">Welsh Bicknor</a>, on the Monmouthshire–Herefordshire border.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among members of foreign origin of later urban Catholic congregations were the Bracchi, Italians in the café and catering trades often from Bardi in the Apennines.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Post-war diversity has brought <a href="/wiki/Mosque" title="Mosque">mosques</a>, especially in Cardiff and Newport, <a href="/wiki/Sikh" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh">Sikh</a> <a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">gurdwaras</a>, including one on the mountain near <a href="/wiki/Abercynon" title="Abercynon">Abercynon</a> and a growing number of <a href="/wiki/Evangelical" class="mw-redirect" title="Evangelical">Evangelical</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pentecostal" class="mw-redirect" title="Pentecostal">Pentecostal</a> congregations. These often add a strongly international element into local life, such as the "Pont" twinning project between <a href="/wiki/Pontypridd" title="Pontypridd">Pontypridd</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mbale" title="Mbale">Mbale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a>, and the creation of "Fairtrade" relationships with primary producers worldwide.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (January 2013)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Industry_today">Industry today</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Industry today"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The former heavy industries of <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iron" title="Iron">iron</a> production have disappeared since the economic struggles of the 1970s, with the closures of that decade continuing sharply into the 1980s, and by July 1985 just 31 coal pits remained in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Further closures left the region with just one deep mine by the early 1990s,<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and this finally closed in January 2008, by which time it had transferred to private ownership after being sold off by the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>These industries have since largely been replaced by <a href="/wiki/Service_sector" class="mw-redirect" title="Service sector">service sector</a> industries. </p><p>The cities along the <a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a> are home to a number of high-profile blue-chip companies such as <a href="/wiki/Admiral_Insurance" class="mw-redirect" title="Admiral Insurance">Admiral Insurance</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legal_%26_General" title="Legal & General">Legal & General</a> and the Welsh-based <a href="/wiki/Principality_Building_Society" title="Principality Building Society">Principality Building Society</a>. A large number of telephone <a href="/wiki/Call_centre" title="Call centre">call centres</a> are located in the region and in particular in the Valleys area. <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Tydfil" title="Merthyr Tydfil">Merthyr Tydfil</a> is home to the principal UK call centre for German mobile telephone company, <a href="/wiki/T-Mobile_International_AG" class="mw-redirect" title="T-Mobile International AG">T-Mobile</a>. Many jobs are also provided in small-scale and family businesses.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One site of note on the M4 corridor is <a href="/wiki/Port_Talbot_Steelworks" title="Port Talbot Steelworks">Port Talbot Steelworks</a> – the largest steel producer in the UK and one of the biggest in Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> and <a href="/wiki/Film" title="Film">film</a> sectors are fast becoming a major industry in South Wales. In 2021, the Welsh screen sector saw a turnover of £575 million.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Prominent film studios have been established in Cardiff (Wolf Studios Wales, Seren Stiwdios, Enfys Studios) as well as Bridgend (Dragon Studios) and Swansea (Bay Studios).<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Railways">Railways</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Railways"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Great_Western_Railway_(train_operating_company)" title="Great Western Railway (train operating company)">Great Western Railway</a> operate services from <a href="/wiki/Swansea_railway_station" title="Swansea railway station">Swansea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Central_railway_station" title="Cardiff Central railway station">Cardiff Central</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newport_railway_station" title="Newport railway station">Newport</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paddington_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Paddington railway station">London Paddington</a> with <a href="/wiki/British_Rail_Class_800" title="British Rail Class 800">Class 800s</a>. Most services in South Wales are operated by <a href="/wiki/Transport_for_Wales_Rail" title="Transport for Wales Rail">Transport for Wales Rail</a> on the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Main_Line" title="South Wales Main Line">South Wales Main Line</a> and associated branches such as the <a href="/wiki/Valley_Lines" class="mw-redirect" title="Valley Lines">Valley Lines</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Media">Media</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Radio stations include: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capital_South_Wales" title="Capital South Wales">Capital South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heart_South_Wales" title="Heart South Wales">Heart South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hits_Radio_South_Wales" title="Hits Radio South Wales">Hits Radio South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greatest_Hits_Radio_South_Wales" title="Greatest Hits Radio South Wales">Greatest Hits Radio South Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_Radio" class="mw-redirect" title="Easy Radio">Easy Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Carmarthenshire" title="Radio Carmarthenshire">Radio Carmarthenshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Radio_Pembrokeshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Radio Pembrokeshire">Radio Pembrokeshire</a></li></ul> </td> <td valign="top"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bridge_FM_(Wales)" title="Bridge FM (Wales)">Bridge FM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Wales" title="BBC Radio Wales">BBC Radio Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Cymru" title="BBC Radio Cymru">BBC Radio Cymru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nation_Radio_Wales" title="Nation Radio Wales">Nation Radio Wales</a></li></ul> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The Welsh national media is based in Cardiff where the <a href="/wiki/BBC_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="BBC Wales">BBC</a> and <a href="/wiki/ITV_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="ITV Wales">ITV</a> have their main studios and offices. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gallery">Gallery</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Gallery"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_Ogmore_Castle_and_countryside_by_Merthyr_Mawr_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429117.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ogmore Castle and Merthyr Mawr"><img alt="Ogmore Castle and Merthyr Mawr" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_view_of_Ogmore_Castle_and_countryside_by_Merthyr_Mawr_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429117.jpg/120px-A_view_of_Ogmore_Castle_and_countryside_by_Merthyr_Mawr_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429117.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="87" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_view_of_Ogmore_Castle_and_countryside_by_Merthyr_Mawr_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429117.jpg/180px-A_view_of_Ogmore_Castle_and_countryside_by_Merthyr_Mawr_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429117.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f2/A_view_of_Ogmore_Castle_and_countryside_by_Merthyr_Mawr_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429117.jpg/240px-A_view_of_Ogmore_Castle_and_countryside_by_Merthyr_Mawr_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1429117.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="463" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Ogmore_Castle" title="Ogmore Castle">Ogmore Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merthyr_Mawr" title="Merthyr Mawr">Merthyr Mawr</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Central_Cardiff.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Section of the southeastern Cardiff skyline"><img alt="Section of the southeastern Cardiff skyline" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Central_Cardiff.jpg/120px-Central_Cardiff.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Central_Cardiff.jpg/180px-Central_Cardiff.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Central_Cardiff.jpg/240px-Central_Cardiff.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="533" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Section of the southeastern <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a> skyline</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Barry_Island_(26138857225).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Beach at Barry Island"><img alt="Beach at Barry Island" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Barry_Island_%2826138857225%29.jpg/120px-Barry_Island_%2826138857225%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="68" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Barry_Island_%2826138857225%29.jpg/180px-Barry_Island_%2826138857225%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Barry_Island_%2826138857225%29.jpg/240px-Barry_Island_%2826138857225%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="1840" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Beach at <a href="/wiki/Barry_Island" title="Barry Island">Barry Island</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wales_blaenavon_bigpit.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The Big Pit National Coal Museum at Blaenavon – exhibiting economic past"><img alt="The Big Pit National Coal Museum at Blaenavon – exhibiting economic past" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wales_blaenavon_bigpit.jpg/120px-Wales_blaenavon_bigpit.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wales_blaenavon_bigpit.jpg/180px-Wales_blaenavon_bigpit.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wales_blaenavon_bigpit.jpg/240px-Wales_blaenavon_bigpit.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The <a href="/wiki/Big_Pit_National_Coal_Museum" title="Big Pit National Coal Museum">Big Pit National Coal Museum</a> at <a href="/wiki/Blaenavon" title="Blaenavon">Blaenavon</a> – exhibiting economic past</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wingfield_Crescent,_Llanbradach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372337.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Terraced housing in Llanbradach in the South Wales Valleys"><img alt="Terraced housing in Llanbradach in the South Wales Valleys" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wingfield_Crescent%2C_Llanbradach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372337.jpg/120px-Wingfield_Crescent%2C_Llanbradach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372337.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wingfield_Crescent%2C_Llanbradach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372337.jpg/180px-Wingfield_Crescent%2C_Llanbradach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372337.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Wingfield_Crescent%2C_Llanbradach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372337.jpg/240px-Wingfield_Crescent%2C_Llanbradach_-_geograph.org.uk_-_372337.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="507" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Terraced housing in <a href="/wiki/Llanbradach" title="Llanbradach">Llanbradach</a> in the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">South Wales Valleys</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coast_path_from_Mumbles_to_Langland_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_461032.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Gower and Swansea Bay Coast Path, part of the Wales Coast Path"><img alt="Gower and Swansea Bay Coast Path, part of the Wales Coast Path" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Coast_path_from_Mumbles_to_Langland_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_461032.jpg/120px-Coast_path_from_Mumbles_to_Langland_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_461032.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Coast_path_from_Mumbles_to_Langland_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_461032.jpg/180px-Coast_path_from_Mumbles_to_Langland_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_461032.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Coast_path_from_Mumbles_to_Langland_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_461032.jpg/240px-Coast_path_from_Mumbles_to_Langland_Bay_-_geograph.org.uk_-_461032.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Gower_and_Swansea_Bay_Coast_Path" title="Gower and Swansea Bay Coast Path">Gower and Swansea Bay Coast Path</a>, part of the <a href="/wiki/Wales_Coast_Path" title="Wales Coast Path">Wales Coast Path</a></div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Porthcawl_promenade_(2)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1490500.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Porthcawl seafront"><img alt="Porthcawl seafront" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Porthcawl_promenade_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1490500.jpg/120px-Porthcawl_promenade_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1490500.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Porthcawl_promenade_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1490500.jpg/180px-Porthcawl_promenade_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1490500.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Porthcawl_promenade_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1490500.jpg/240px-Porthcawl_promenade_%282%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1490500.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Porthcawl" title="Porthcawl">Porthcawl</a> seafront</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Bilingual_railway_sign_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33133.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bilingual signs in Cardiff"><img alt="Bilingual signs in Cardiff" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bilingual_railway_sign_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33133.jpg/120px-Bilingual_railway_sign_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33133.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bilingual_railway_sign_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33133.jpg/180px-Bilingual_railway_sign_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33133.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Bilingual_railway_sign_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33133.jpg/240px-Bilingual_railway_sign_-_geograph.org.uk_-_33133.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">Bilingual signs in <a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <i><b><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/South_Wales#Q1286223" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:South Wales">South Wales</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Wales" title="South East Wales">South East Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Wales" title="West Wales">West Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales" title="Mid Wales">Mid Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geography of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Subdivisions_of_Wales" title="Subdivisions of Wales">Subdivisions of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M4_corridor" title="M4 corridor">M4 corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_coalfield" class="mw-redirect" title="South Wales coalfield">South Wales coalfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">South Wales Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Metro" title="South Wales Metro">South Wales Metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Police" title="South Wales Police">South Wales Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Police_and_Crime_Commissioner" title="South Wales Police and Crime Commissioner">South Wales Police and Crime Commissioner</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=South_Wales&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation cs2">"People", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/wales/culture/sites/aboutwales/pages/people.shtml"><i>Culture</i></a>, Wales, UK: The BBC</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=People&rft.btitle=Culture&rft.place=UK&rft.series=Wales&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fwales%2Fculture%2Fsites%2Faboutwales%2Fpages%2Fpeople.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">BBC Academy, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/academy/journalism/article/art20130702112133530">Grammar, spelling and punctuation</a>'. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>The Guardian</i>, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/guardian-observer-style-guide-c">Guardian and Observer style guide: C </a>'. Retrieved 27 December 2015.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wales.com, '<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wales.com/editorial-style-guides/language-style-guide">Language and style guidance</a>'. Retrieved 1 July 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Watkin2012-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Watkin2012_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Glyn_Watkin2012" class="citation book cs1">Thomas Glyn Watkin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QFWuBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA107"><i>The Legal History of Wales</i></a>. Cardiff: University of Wales Press. p. 107. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2545-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7083-2545-2"><bdi>978-0-7083-2545-2</bdi></a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 December</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Legal+History+of+Wales&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pages=107&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-0-7083-2545-2&rft.au=Thomas+Glyn+Watkin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQFWuBwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdwards1985" class="citation book cs1">Edwards, John (1985). <i>Talk Tidy</i>. Bridgend, Wales, UK: D Brown & Sons Ltd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0905928458" title="Special:BookSources/0905928458"><bdi>0905928458</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Talk+Tidy&rft.place=Bridgend%2C+Wales%2C+UK&rft.pub=D+Brown+%26+Sons+Ltd&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0905928458&rft.aulast=Edwards&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScorpion1877" class="citation cs2">Scorpion, ed. (1877), <i>Cofiant Caledfryn</i>, Bala</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cofiant+Caledfryn&rft.pub=Bala&rft.date=1877&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRhys1984" class="citation cs2">Rhys, Beti (1984), <i>Dyfed: Bywyd a Gwaith Evan Rees 1850–1923</i>, Dinbych: Gwasg Gee</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dyfed%3A+Bywyd+a+Gwaith+Evan+Rees+1850%E2%80%931923&rft.place=Dinbych&rft.pub=Gwasg+Gee&rft.date=1984&rft.aulast=Rhys&rft.aufirst=Beti&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalters1987" class="citation cs2">Walters, Huw (1987), <i>Canu'r Pwll a'r Pulpud: Portread o'r Diwylliant Barddol Cymraeg yn Nyffryn Aman</i>, Barddas: Cyhoeddiadau</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canu%27r+Pwll+a%27r+Pulpud%3A+Portread+o%27r+Diwylliant+Barddol+Cymraeg+yn+Nyffryn+Aman&rft.place=Barddas&rft.pub=Cyhoeddiadau&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Walters&rft.aufirst=Huw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenai1928" class="citation cs2">Menai, Huw (1928), "Hills of the Rhondda in Autumn", in Rees-Davies, Ieuan (ed.), <i>Caniadau Cwm Rhondda: Detholiad o Delynegion, Sonedau a Chaneuon Cymraeg a Saesneg</i>, London: Foyle's Welsh Depot, <q>The rust has gathered on the plough, The tide of Autumn here is high, The hills are at their reddest now ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Hills+of+the+Rhondda+in+Autumn&rft.btitle=Caniadau+Cwm+Rhondda%3A+Detholiad+o+Delynegion%2C+Sonedau+a+Chaneuon+Cymraeg+a+Saesneg&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Foyle%27s+Welsh+Depot&rft.date=1928&rft.aulast=Menai&rft.aufirst=Huw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies1955" class="citation cs2">Davies, Aneurin Talfan (1955), <i>Crwydro Sir Gâr</i>, Llandybie: Llyfrau'r Dryw, pp. 104ff</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Crwydro+Sir+G%C3%A2r&rft.place=Llandybie&rft.pages=104ff&rft.pub=Llyfrau%27r+Dryw&rft.date=1955&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Aneurin+Talfan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan-Thomas1983" class="citation cs2">Vaughan-Thomas, Wynford (1983) [1976], <i>Portrait of Gower</i>, London: Robert Hale, pp. 84–85</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Portrait+of+Gower&rft.place=London&rft.pages=84-85&rft.pub=Robert+Hale&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Vaughan-Thomas&rft.aufirst=Wynford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins1931" class="citation cs2">Jenkins, John Gwili (1931), <i>Hanfod Duw a Pherson Crist: Athrawiaeth y Drindod a Duwdod Crist, yn bennaf yn ei pherthynas â Chymru</i>, Liverpool: Gwasg y Brython</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hanfod+Duw+a+Pherson+Crist%3A+Athrawiaeth+y+Drindod+a+Duwdod+Crist%2C+yn+bennaf+yn+ei+pherthynas+%C3%A2+Chymru&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Gwasg+y+Brython&rft.date=1931&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=John+Gwili&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1900" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Beriah_Gwynfe_Evans" title="Beriah Gwynfe Evans">Evans, Beriah Gwynfe</a> (1900), <i>Diwygwyr Cymru</i>, Caernarfon: the author</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diwygwyr+Cymru&rft.place=Caernarfon&rft.pub=the+author&rft.date=1900&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=Beriah+Gwynfe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWesley1903" class="citation cs2">Wesley, John (1903), <i>Journal</i> (abridged ed.), London</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Journal&rft.place=London&rft.edition=abridged&rft.date=1903&rft.aulast=Wesley&rft.aufirst=John&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Citation" title="Template:Citation">citation</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Diocesan Yearbook</i>, Llandaff, c. 1977</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diocesan+Yearbook&rft.pub=Llandaff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1">"Complete list of parishes and clergy". <i>Crockford's Clerical Directory</i>. London: Church House Publishing. 2000–2001.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Complete+list+of+parishes+and+clergy&rft.btitle=Crockford%27s+Clerical+Directory&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Church+House+Publishing&rft.date=2000%2F2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCusack_O'Keefe1970" class="citation cs2">Cusack O'Keefe, Madge (1970), <i>Four Martyrs of South Wales and the Marches</i>, Archdiocese of Cardiff</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Martyrs+of+South+Wales+and+the+Marches&rft.pub=Archdiocese+of+Cardiff&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Cusack+O%27Keefe&rft.aufirst=Madge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Mill_Hill_Father1969" class="citation cs2">A Mill Hill Father (1969) [1955], <i>Remembered in Blessing: The Courtfield Story</i>, London: Sands & Co, <q>Until the 1890s Courtfield and Welsh Bicknor parish were part of Monmouthshire, and hence in South Wales</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remembered+in+Blessing%3A+The+Courtfield+Story&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Sands+%26+Co&rft.date=1969&rft.au=A+Mill+Hill+Father&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>Popular accounts</i>, Cardiff: St Fagans Museum</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Popular+accounts&rft.place=Cardiff&rft.pub=St+Fagans+Museum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"1984 strike", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agor.org.uk/cwm/themes/events/1984_strike.asp"><i>Events</i></a>, UK: Agor</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=1984+strike&rft.btitle=Events&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Agor&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agor.org.uk%2Fcwm%2Fthemes%2Fevents%2F1984_strike.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.welshcoalmines.co.uk/">"Welsh coal mines"</a>. <i>Welshcoalmines.co.uk</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Welshcoalmines.co.uk&rft.atitle=Welsh+coal+mines&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.welshcoalmines.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2">"Wales", <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/wales/7200432.stm"><i>News</i></a>, UK: The BBC, 25 January 2008</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Wales&rft.btitle=News&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=The+BBC&rft.date=2008-01-25&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fwales%2F7200432.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Business analysis with the former INDIS, Mid Glamorgan industrial information unit</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://wales.gov.uk/news/archivepress/enterprisepress/einpress2005/707312/?lang=en">[1]</a> <sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged June 2022">dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.wales/thats-wrap-another-busy-year-film-and-tv-wales#:~:text=In%202021%2C%20the%20Welsh%20screen,in%20the%20country%27s%20economic%20output">"That's a wrap on another busy year for film and TV in Wales | GOV.WALES"</a>. 27 December 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=That%27s+a+wrap+on+another+busy+year+for+film+and+TV+in+Wales+%26%23124%3B+GOV.WALES&rft.date=2022-12-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.wales%2Fthats-wrap-another-busy-year-film-and-tv-wales%23%3A~%3Atext%3DIn%25202021%252C%2520the%2520Welsh%2520screen%2Cin%2520the%2520country%2527s%2520economic%2520output&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.creative.wales/filming-wales/studio-and-build-spaces">"Studio and build spaces"</a>. 8 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Studio+and+build+spaces&rft.date=2023-03-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.creative.wales%2Ffilming-wales%2Fstudio-and-build-spaces&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASouth+Wales" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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.navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Regions_and_regional_bodies_of_Wales" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Regions_of_Wales" title="Template:Regions of Wales"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Regions_of_Wales" title="Template talk:Regions of Wales"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Regions_of_Wales" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Regions of Wales"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Regions_and_regional_bodies_of_Wales" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Wales" title="Regions of Wales">Regions and regional bodies of Wales</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Statistical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/International_Territorial_Level" title="International Territorial Level">ITL</a> (formerly <a href="/wiki/Nomenclature_of_Territorial_Units_for_Statistics" title="Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics">NUTS</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Wales" title="East Wales">East Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Wales_and_the_Valleys" title="West Wales and the Valleys">West Wales and the Valleys</a> (<a href="/wiki/West_Wales" title="West Wales">West Wales</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">South Wales Valleys</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#AFD697;">StatsWales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales" title="Mid Wales">Mid Wales</a>†</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Wales" title="South East Wales">South East Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Wales" title="South West Wales">South West Wales</a>†</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Wales" title="Geography of Wales">Geographical</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#AFD697;">Physical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brecon_Beacons" title="Brecon Beacons">Brecon Beacons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Desert_of_Wales" title="Desert of Wales">Desert of Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elenydd" title="Elenydd">Elenydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snowdonia" title="Snowdonia">Snowdonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Wales_Valleys" title="South Wales Valleys">South Wales Valleys</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Bay_(region)" title="Swansea Bay (region)">Swansea Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Clwyd" title="Vale of Clwyd">Vale of Clwyd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Lake_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Lake District">Welsh Lake District</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#AFD697;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Wales" title="North Wales">North Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_East_Wales" title="North East Wales">North East Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_West_Wales" title="North West Wales">North West Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales" title="Mid Wales">Mid Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_and_South_West_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Mid and South West Wales">Mid and South West Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_and_West_Wales" title="Mid and West Wales">Mid and West Wales</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">South Wales</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Wales" title="South West Wales">South West Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Wales" title="South East Wales">South East Wales</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Wales" title="East Wales">East Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Wales" title="West Wales">West Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Wales_and_the_Valleys" title="West Wales and the Valleys">West Wales and the Valleys</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Deheubarth" title="Deheubarth">Deheubarth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edeirnion" title="Edeirnion">Edeirnion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meirionnydd" title="Meirionnydd">Meirionnydd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perfeddwlad" title="Perfeddwlad">Perfeddwlad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhos_(North_Wales)" title="Rhos (North Wales)">Rhos (North Wales)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhwng_Gwy_a_Hafren" title="Rhwng Gwy a Hafren">Rhwng Gwy a Hafren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ystrad_Tywi" title="Ystrad Tywi">Ystrad Tywi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Marches" title="Welsh Marches">Welsh Marches</a> (cross-border)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Welsh_Lost_Lands" class="mw-redirect" title="Welsh Lost Lands">Welsh Lost Lands</a> (claims in England)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Wales" title="Local government in Wales">Local governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_economy_in_Wales" title="Regional economy in Wales">City regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ambition_North_Wales" title="Ambition North Wales">Ambition North Wales</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff_Capital_Region" title="Cardiff Capital Region">Cardiff Capital Region</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Growing_Mid_Wales_Partnership" class="mw-redirect" title="Growing Mid Wales Partnership">Growing Mid Wales Partnership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea_Bay_City_Region" title="Swansea Bay City Region">Swansea Bay City Region</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#AFD697;"><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Joint_Committee" title="Corporate Joint Committee">Corporate Joint Committees</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Wales_Corporate_Joint_Committee" title="Mid Wales Corporate Joint Committee">Mid Wales Corporate Joint Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Wales_Corporate_Joint_Committee" title="North Wales Corporate Joint Committee">North Wales Corporate Joint Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Wales_Corporate_Joint_Committee" title="South East Wales Corporate Joint Committee">South East Wales Corporate Joint Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Wales_Corporate_Joint_Committee" title="South West Wales Corporate Joint Committee">South West Wales Corporate Joint Committee</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#AFD697;">Tourism partnerships (defunct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_Partnership_North_Wales" title="Tourism Partnership North Wales">Tourism Partnership North Wales</a></li> <li>South West Wales Tourism Partnership</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tourism_Partnership_Mid_Wales&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tourism Partnership Mid Wales (page does not exist)">Tourism Partnership Mid Wales</a></li> <li>Capital Region Tourism</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgotten_Landscapes_Project" title="Forgotten Landscapes Project">Forgotten Landscapes Project</a> (<a href="/wiki/Blaenavon" title="Blaenavon">Blaenavon</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal;background:#AFD697;">Transport consortia (defunct)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_East_Wales_Transport_Alliance" title="South East Wales Transport Alliance">South East Wales Transport Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_West_Wales_Integrated_Transport_Consortium" title="South West Wales Integrated Transport Consortium">South West Wales Integrated Transport Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taith_Joint_Board" title="Taith Joint Board">Taith Joint Board</a> (North Wales excluding Meirionydd in Gwynedd)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=TraCC&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="TraCC (page does not exist)">TraCC</a> (Mid Wales including Meirionydd in Gwynedd)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background:#AFD697;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_England_beyond_Wales" title="Little England beyond Wales">Little England beyond Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Landsker_Line" title="Landsker Line">Landsker Line</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach_Loop" title="Mach Loop">Mach Loop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senedd_electoral_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Senedd electoral regions">Senedd electoral regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Y_Fro_Gymraeg" title="Y Fro Gymraeg">Y Fro Gymraeg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="background:#AFD697;"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/16px-Terra.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/24px-Terra.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Terra.png/32px-Terra.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Geography" title="Portal:Geography">Geography</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics</a></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/16px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/24px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/32px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Wales" title="Portal:Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><i><b>†</b> may be grouped together as <a href="/wiki/Mid_and_West_Wales" title="Mid and West Wales">Mid and South West Wales</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Wales#List_of_regions" title="Regions of Wales">List</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Regions_of_Wales" title="Category:Regions of Wales">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1286223#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1286223#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1286223#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1692626/">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Wales (Süd)"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4120415-3">Germany</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85144892">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007548863705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p><span class="geo-inline-hidden noexcerpt"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=South_Wales&params=51_41_N_3_23_W_type:adm2nd_region:GB"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">51°41′N</span> <span class="longitude">3°23′W</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">51.683°N 3.383°W</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">51.683; -3.383</span></span></span></a></span></span> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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