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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Since_the_1990s"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Since the 1990s </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Since_the_1990s-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Islands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Islands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Islands </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Islands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Biodiversity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Biodiversity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Biodiversity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Biodiversity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Government_and_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Government_and_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Government and politics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Government and politics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Government_and_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Supreme_Leader" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_Leader"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Supreme Leader </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_Leader-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-President" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#President"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 President </div> </a> <ul id="toc-President-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guardian_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guardian_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Guardian Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Guardian_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supreme_National_Security_Council" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supreme_National_Security_Council"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Supreme National Security Council </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supreme_National_Security_Council-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legislature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legislature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Legislature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legislature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Law" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Law"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Law </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Law-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Administrative_divisions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_divisions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Administrative divisions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_divisions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_relations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_relations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Foreign relations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_relations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.9 Military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nuclear_program" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nuclear_program"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.10 Nuclear program </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nuclear_program-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regional_influence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regional_influence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.11 Regional influence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regional_influence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Human_rights_and_censorship" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Human_rights_and_censorship"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.12 Human rights and censorship </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Human_rights_and_censorship-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tourism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Tourism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Agriculture_and_fishery" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Agriculture_and_fishery"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Agriculture and fishery </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Agriculture_and_fishery-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industry_and_services" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industry_and_services"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Industry and services </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industry_and_services-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Energy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Science_and_technology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Science_and_technology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Science and technology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Science_and_technology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Iranian_Space_Agency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iranian_Space_Agency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6.1 Iranian Space Agency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iranian_Space_Agency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Telecommunication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Telecommunication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Telecommunication </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Telecommunication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demographics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demographics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Demographics </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Demographics subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Demographics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ethnic_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethnic_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Ethnic groups </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethnic_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Languages" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Languages"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Languages </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Languages-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Religion </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Health" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Health"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.5 Health </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Health-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Architecture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_Heritage_Sites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 World Heritage Sites </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_Heritage_Sites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Weaving" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Weaving"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 Weaving </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Weaving-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literature" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.5 Literature </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.6 Philosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mythology_and_folklore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mythology_and_folklore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.7 Mythology and folklore </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mythology_and_folklore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Museums" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Museums"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.8 Museums </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Museums-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_and_dance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_and_dance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.9 Music and dance </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_and_dance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fashion_and_clothing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fashion_and_clothing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.10 Fashion and clothing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fashion_and_clothing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cinema,_animation_and_theatre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cinema,_animation_and_theatre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.11 Cinema, animation and theatre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cinema,_animation_and_theatre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.12 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.13 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.14 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Observances" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Observances"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.15 Observances </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Observances-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_holidays" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_holidays"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.15.1 Public holidays </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_holidays-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Footnotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Footnotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Footnotes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Footnotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Iran</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 287 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-287" aria-hidden="true" > 287 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Acehnese" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Acehnese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Acèh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbd mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D1%8A%D0%B0%D0%B6%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9" title="Къажэрей – Kabardian" lang="kbd" hreflang="kbd" data-title="Къажэрей" data-language-autonym="Адыгэбзэ" data-language-local-name="Kabardian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгэбзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ady mw-list-item"><a href="https://ady.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Adyghe" lang="ady" hreflang="ady" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Адыгабзэ" data-language-local-name="Adyghe" class="interlanguage-link-target">Адыгабзэ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%AD%E1%88%B5" title="ፋርስ – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፋርስ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-smn mw-list-item"><a href="https://smn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Inari Sami" lang="smn" hreflang="smn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Anarâškielâ" data-language-local-name="Inari Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Anarâškielâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ईरान – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="ईरान" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Persealand" title="Persealand – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Persealand" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ab mw-list-item"><a href="https://ab.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%8F%D1%8C%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%82%D3%99%D1%8B%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Џьамтәыла – Abkhazian" lang="ab" hreflang="ab" data-title="Џьамтәыла" data-language-autonym="Аԥсшәа" data-language-local-name="Abkhazian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Аԥсшәа</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إيران – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="إيران" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%90%DC%9D%DC%AA%DC%90%DC%A2" title="ܐܝܪܐܢ – Aramaic" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܐܝܪܐܢ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramaic" class="interlanguage-link-target">ܐܪܡܝܐ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Իրան – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Իրան" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Արեւմտահայերէն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Aromanian" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Aromanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Armãneashti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Arpetan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইৰান – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ইৰান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इरान – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="इरान" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Avaric" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Avaric" class="interlanguage-link-target">Авар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="İran" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایران – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="ایران" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইরান – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ইরান" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Banyumasan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Іран – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Іран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Іран – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Іран" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ईरान – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="ईरान" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Bislama" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bislama" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bislama</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A1%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A3%E0%BD%84%E0%BC%8B%E0%BC%8D" title="ཡི་ལང་། – Tibetan" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="ཡི་ལང་།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetan" class="interlanguage-link-target">བོད་ཡིག</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dr%C3%A1n" title="Írán – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Írán" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chavacano de Zamboanga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ny mw-list-item"><a href="https://ny.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Nyanja" lang="ny" hreflang="ny" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Chi-Chewa" data-language-local-name="Nyanja" class="interlanguage-link-target">Chi-Chewa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani" title="Irani – Shona" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Irani" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Shona" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiShona</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Tumbuka" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbuka" class="interlanguage-link-target">ChiTumbuka</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranu" title="Iranu – Corsican" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Iranu" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsican" class="interlanguage-link-target">Corsu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dagbanli</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A5%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="إيران – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="إيران" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">الدارجة</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Northern Sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Northern Sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pdc mw-list-item"><a href="https://pdc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraen" title="Iraen – Pennsylvania German" lang="pdc" hreflang="pdc" data-title="Iraen" data-language-autonym="Deitsch" data-language-local-name="Pennsylvania German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deitsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%87%DE%A9%DE%83%DE%A7%DE%82%DE%B0" title="އީރާން – Divehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="އީރާން" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divehi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ދިވެހިބަސް</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsiik%CA%BCi_D%C3%A9%C3%ADbaal%C3%AD_Bik%C3%A9yah" title="Tsiikʼi Déíbaalí Bikéyah – Navajo" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Tsiikʼi Déíbaalí Bikéyah" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="Navajo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Diné bizaad</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Lower Sorbian" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Lower Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इरान – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="इरान" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target">डोटेली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dz mw-list-item"><a href="https://dz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A8%E0%BD%B2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B1%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B" title="ཨི་རཱན་ – Dzongkha" lang="dz" hreflang="dz" data-title="ཨི་རཱན་" data-language-autonym="ཇོང་ཁ" data-language-local-name="Dzongkha" class="interlanguage-link-target">ཇོང་ཁ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan" title="Iraan – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Iraan" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%99%CF%81%CE%AC%CE%BD" title="Ιράν – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ιράν" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0n" title="Iràn – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Iràn" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80" title="Иран Мастор – Erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Иран Мастор" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Эрзянь</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irano" title="Irano – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Irano" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایران – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایران" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ff mw-list-item"><a href="https://ff.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Fula" lang="ff" hreflang="ff" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Fulfulde" data-language-local-name="Fula" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fulfulde</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/An_Iar%C3%A1in" title="An Iaráin – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="An Iaráin" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yn_Eeraan" title="Yn Eeraan – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Yn Eeraan" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gag mw-list-item"><a href="https://gag.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran – Gagauz" lang="gag" hreflang="gag" data-title="İran" data-language-autonym="Gagauz" data-language-local-name="Gagauz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagauz</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ior%C3%A0n" title="Ioràn – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ioràn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="ХӀиран – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="ХӀиран" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target">ГӀалгӀай</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="伊朗" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target">贛語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Kikuyu" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Kikuyu" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gĩkũyũ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-glk mw-list-item"><a href="https://glk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ايران – Gilaki" lang="glk" hreflang="glk" data-title="ايران" data-language-autonym="گیلکی" data-language-local-name="Gilaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">گیلکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%88%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%A8" title="ઈરાન – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઈરાન" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target">ગુજરાતી</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8D%82%F0%90%8C%B0%F0%90%8C%BD" title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽 – Gothic" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌹𐍂𐌰𐌽" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="Gothic" class="interlanguage-link-target">𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="ईराण – Goan Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="ईराण" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goan Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target">गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%B4%EB%9E%80" title="이란 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="이란" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlana" title="ʻIlana – Hawaiian" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="ʻIlana" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Hawaiian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hawaiʻi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BB%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%B6" title="Իրան – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Իրան" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ईरान – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ईरान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%87%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ইরান – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="ইরান" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target">বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IIran" title="IIran – Xhosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IIran" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Xhosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Irani" title="I-Irani – Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="I-Irani" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Dran" title="Íran – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Íran" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="איראן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="איראן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%C9%A9" title="Iranɩ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Iranɩ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kabɩyɛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರಾನ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಇರಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Karachay-Balkar" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="Karachay-Balkar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Къарачай-малкъар</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ირანი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ირანი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%96%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایٖران – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ایٖران" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Kashubian" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Kashubian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kaszëbsczi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rw mw-list-item"><a href="https://rw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani" title="Irani – Kinyarwanda" lang="rw" hreflang="rw" data-title="Irani" data-language-autonym="Ikinyarwanda" data-language-local-name="Kinyarwanda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikinyarwanda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani" title="Irani – Rundi" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Irani" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="Rundi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ikirundi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uajemi" title="Uajemi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Uajemi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kv mw-list-item"><a href="https://kv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Komi" lang="kv" hreflang="kv" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Коми" data-language-local-name="Komi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Kongo" lang="kg" hreflang="kg" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kongo" data-language-local-name="Kongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irana" title="Irana – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Irana" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kotava</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Eran" title="Îran – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Îran" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mrj mw-list-item"><a href="https://mrj.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Western Mari" lang="mrj" hreflang="mrj" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Кырык мары" data-language-local-name="Western Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кырык мары</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ladino</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lbe mw-list-item"><a href="https://lbe.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Lak" lang="lbe" hreflang="lbe" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Лакку" data-language-local-name="Lak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лакку</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%9B%E0%BA%B0%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%97%E0%BA%94%E0%BA%AD%E0%BA%B4%E0%BA%AB%E0%BA%A3%E0%BB%88%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%99" title="ປະເທດອິຫຣ່ານ – Lao" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ປະເທດອິຫຣ່ານ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Lao" class="interlanguage-link-target">ລາວ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irania" title="Irania – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Irania" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C4%81na" title="Irāna – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Irāna" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iranas" title="Iranas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Iranas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingála</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lingua Franca Nova</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Livvinkarjala</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/iran" title="iran – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="iran" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mad mw-list-item"><a href="https://mad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Madurese" lang="mad" hreflang="mad" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Madhurâ" data-language-local-name="Madurese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Madhurâ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इरान – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="इरान" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A0na" title="Iràna – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Iràna" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%B1%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BB" title="ഇറാൻ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഇറാൻ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%AAr%C4%81na" title="Īrāna – Māori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Īrāna" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Māori" class="interlanguage-link-target">Māori</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A3" title="इराण – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इराण" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%98" title="ირანი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ირანი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ايران – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ايران" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%D9%86" title="ایرون – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="ایرون" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%8F%EA%AF%94%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯏꯔꯥꯟ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯏꯔꯥꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Minangkabau" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Minangkabau" class="interlanguage-link-target">Minangkabau</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eiran" title="Eiran – Mirandese" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Eiran" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mirandese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Mirandés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%A1%E1%80%AE%E1%80%9B%E1%80%94%E1%80%BA%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%84%E1%80%B6" title="အီရန်နိုင်ငံ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="အီရန်နိုင်ငံ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Fijian" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fijian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Na Vosa Vakaviti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इरान – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="इरान" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="इरान – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="इरान" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाल भाषा</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A9%E3%83%B3" title="イラン – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="イラン" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Neapolitan" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="Neapolitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Napulitano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nqo mw-list-item"><a href="https://nqo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DF%8C%DF%99%DF%8A%DF%B2%DF%AB" title="ߌߙߊ߲߫ – N’Ko" lang="nqo" hreflang="nqo" data-title="ߌߙߊ߲߫" data-language-autonym="ߒߞߏ" data-language-local-name="N’Ko" class="interlanguage-link-target">ߒߞߏ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan" title="Iraan – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Iraan" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eraan" title="Eraan – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Eraan" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norfuk / Pitkern</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target">Олык марий</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%87%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ଇରାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ଇରାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target">ଓଡ଼ିଆ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan" title="Iraan – Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Iraan" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eron" title="Eron – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Eron" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%88%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%A8" title="ਈਰਾਨ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਈਰਾਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pi mw-list-item"><a href="https://pi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ईरान – Pali" lang="pi" hreflang="pi" data-title="ईरान" data-language-autonym="पालि" data-language-local-name="Pali" class="interlanguage-link-target">पालि</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pag mw-list-item"><a href="https://pag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Pangasinan" lang="pag" hreflang="pag" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Pangasinan" data-language-local-name="Pangasinan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangasinan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ami mw-list-item"><a href="https://ami.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Amis" lang="ami" hreflang="ami" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Pangcah" data-language-local-name="Amis" class="interlanguage-link-target">Pangcah</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایران – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="ایران" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pap mw-list-item"><a href="https://pap.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Papiamento" lang="pap" hreflang="pap" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Papiamentu" data-language-local-name="Papiamento" class="interlanguage-link-target">Papiamentu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ايران – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ايران" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-koi mw-list-item"><a href="https://koi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Komi-Permyak" lang="koi" hreflang="koi" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Перем коми" data-language-local-name="Komi-Permyak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Перем коми</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%A2%E1%9F%8A%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9A%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%84%E1%9F%8B" title="អ៊ីរ៉ង់ – Khmer" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="អ៊ីរ៉ង់" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Khmer" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A3" title="Irã – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Irã" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Kara-Kalpak" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-Kalpak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="İran" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qırımtatarca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rm mw-list-item"><a href="https://rm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Romansh" lang="rm" hreflang="rm" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Rumantsch" data-language-local-name="Romansh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Rumantsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Іран – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Іран" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Ираан – Yakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Ираан" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Yakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sakizaya</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Samoan" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%88%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="ईरान – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="ईरान" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sg mw-list-item"><a href="https://sg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Sango" lang="sg" hreflang="sg" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sängö" data-language-local-name="Sango" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sängö</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A8%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B1" title="ᱤᱨᱟᱱ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱤᱨᱟᱱ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایران – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="ایران" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-trv mw-list-item"><a href="https://trv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Taroko" lang="trv" hreflang="trv" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Seediq" data-language-local-name="Taroko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seediq</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iroan" title="Iroan – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Iroan" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Seeltersk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-st mw-list-item"><a href="https://st.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Southern Sotho" lang="st" hreflang="st" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sesotho" data-language-local-name="Southern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Northern Sotho" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Northern Sotho" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sesotho sa Leboa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irani" title="Irani – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Irani" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B1%E0%B6%BA" title="ඉරානය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ඉරානය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ايران – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ايران" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Irani" title="I-Irani – Swati" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="I-Irani" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Swati" class="interlanguage-link-target">SiSwati</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ir%C3%A1n" title="Irán – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Irán" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iiraan" title="Iiraan – Somali" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Iiraan" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somali" class="interlanguage-link-target">Soomaaliga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%DB%8E%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئێران – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="ئێران" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Sranan Tongo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="Sranan Tongo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sranantongo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Sundanese" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%88%E0%AE%B0%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D" title="ஈரான் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஈரான்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taclḥit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%E1%B9%9Ban" title="Iṛan – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Iṛan" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-tara mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-tara.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Tarantino" lang="nap-x-tara" hreflang="nap-x-tara" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Tarandíne" data-language-local-name="Tarantino" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tarandíne</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%AD%E1%80%B0%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8%E1%80%A2%E1%80%AE%E1%82%87%E1%80%9B%E1%81%A2%E1%81%BC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၼ်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="မိူင်းဢီႇရၢၼ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target">ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tay mw-list-item"><a href="https://tay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Tayal" lang="tay" hreflang="tay" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Tayal" data-language-local-name="Tayal" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tayal</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%87%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%A8%E0%B1%8D" title="ఇరాన్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="ఇరాన్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraun" title="Iraun – Tetum" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Iraun" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Tetum" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tetun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99" title="ประเทศอิหร่าน – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ประเทศอิหร่าน" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%A2%E1%88%AB%E1%8A%95" title="ኢራን – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ኢራን" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%AD%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD" title="Эрон – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Эрон" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CA%BBIlaani" title="ʻIlaani – Tongan" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="ʻIlaani" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lea faka-Tonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A2%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%82" title="ᎢᎴᏂ – Cherokee" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎢᎴᏂ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Cherokee" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8%E0%B3%8D" title="ಇರಾನ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಇರಾನ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">ತುಳು</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="İran" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/E%C3%BDran" title="Eýran – Turkmen" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Eýran" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tw mw-list-item"><a href="https://tw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Twi" lang="tw" hreflang="tw" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Twi" data-language-local-name="Twi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Twi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Иран – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Иран" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bug mw-list-item"><a href="https://bug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%A8%95%E1%A8%97%E1%A8%88" title="ᨕᨗᨈ – Buginese" lang="bug" hreflang="bug" data-title="ᨕᨗᨈ" data-language-autonym="Basa Ugi" data-language-local-name="Buginese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Ugi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%86%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD" title="Іран – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Іран" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ایران – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="ایران" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A6%D9%89%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" title="ئىران – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="ئىران" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Zhuang" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Zhuang" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vahcuengh</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lir%C3%A4n" title="Lirän – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Lirän" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target">Volapük</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan" title="Iraan – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Iraan" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Walloon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Walloon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="伊朗" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wo mw-list-item"><a href="https://wo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iraan" title="Iraan – Wolof" lang="wo" hreflang="wo" data-title="Iraan" data-language-autonym="Wolof" data-language-local-name="Wolof" class="interlanguage-link-target">Wolof</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="伊朗" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Tsonga" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Tsonga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Xitsonga</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9F" title="איראן – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="איראן" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%8Cr%C3%A1n%C3%AC" title="Ìránì – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Ìránì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="伊朗" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B0ran" title="İran – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="İran" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Irans" title="Irans – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Irans" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E6%9C%97" title="伊朗 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="伊朗" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target">Batak Mandailing</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kadazandusun</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran" title="Iran – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Iran" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron" title="Iron – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Iron" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%8F" title="ⵉⵔⴰⵏ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵉⵔⴰⵏ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q794#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iran&params=32_N_53_E_dim:1000km_type:country_region:IR">32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53</a></div></div> <div id="mw-indicator-pp-default" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Protection_policy#extended" title="This article is extended-protected."><img alt="Page extended-protected" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/20px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/30px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8c/Extended-protection-shackle.svg/40px-Extended-protection-shackle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Persia&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Persia">Persia</a>)</div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Country in West Asia</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Iran_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Iran (disambiguation)">Iran (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Persia" redirects here. Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Persis" title="Persis">Persis</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Persia_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Persia (disambiguation)">Persia (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043282317">.mw-parser-output .ib-country{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country td,.mw-parser-output .ib-country th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-country .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-header{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-names{padding-top:0.25em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-name-style{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country .infobox-image{padding:0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-anthem{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding-top:0.5em;margin-top:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-largest,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-lang{font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-ethnic,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-religion,.mw-parser-output .ib-country-sovereignty{font-weight:normal;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fake-li2{text-indent:0.5em;margin-left:1em;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-website{line-height:11pt}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-map-caption3{position:relative;top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn{text-align:left;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .ib-country-fn-num{margin-left:1em}</style><table class="infobox ib-country vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr"><div class="fn org country-name">Islamic Republic of Iran</div><div class="ib-country-names"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>جمهوری اسلامی ایران (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>) Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Iran_(official).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of Iran"><img alt="Flag of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Iran_%28official%29.svg/125px-Flag_of_Iran_%28official%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Iran_%28official%29.svg/188px-Flag_of_Iran_%28official%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_Iran_%28official%29.svg/250px-Flag_of_Iran_%28official%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="572" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Iran" title="Flag of Iran">Flag</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Emblem_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Emblem of Iran"><img alt="Emblem of Iran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/85px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/128px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Emblem_of_Iran.svg/170px-Emblem_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Emblem_of_Iran" title="Emblem of Iran"> Emblem</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto: اَللَّٰهُ أَكْبَرُ Allāhu ʾakbar (<a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbir</a>) "<a href="/wiki/God_in_Islam" title="God in Islam">God</a> is greater [than everything]" (<a href="/wiki/De_jure" title="De jure">de jure</a>) استقلال، آزادی، جمهوری اسلامی Esteqlâl, Âzâdi, Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi "Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic" (<a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a>)<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data anthem">Anthem: سرود ملی جمهوری اسلامی ایران Sorud-e Melli-ye Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân "<a href="/wiki/National_Anthem_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran">National Anthem of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a>"<div class="paragraphbreak" style="margin-top:0.5em"></div><div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" style="width:220px;" data-durationhint="58" data-mwtitle="Sorud-e_Mellí-e_Yomhurí-e_Eslamí-e_Irán_(instrumental).oga" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f2/Sorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f2/Sorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga/Sorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga&lang=ar&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ar" label="العربية ‪(ar)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga&lang=en&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="en" label="English ‪(en)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga&lang=fa&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="fa" label="فارسی ‪(fa)‬" data-dir="rtl" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga&lang=id&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="id" label="Bahasa Indonesia ‪(id)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga&lang=kge&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="kge" label="Kumoring ‪(kge)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga&lang=ko&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ko" label="한국어 ‪(ko)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga&lang=ro&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="ro" label="română ‪(ro)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga&lang=tr&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="tr" label="Türkçe ‪(tr)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga&lang=vi&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="vi" label="Tiếng Việt ‪(vi)‬" data-dir="ltr" /><track src="https://commons.wikimedia.org/w/api.php?action=timedtext&title=File%3ASorud-e_Mell%C3%AD-e_Yomhur%C3%AD-e_Eslam%C3%AD-e_Ir%C3%A1n_%28instrumental%29.oga&lang=zh-hant&trackformat=vtt&origin=%2A" kind="subtitles" type="text/vtt" srclang="zh-Hant" label="中文（繁體） ‪(zh-hant)‬" data-dir="ltr" /></audio></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/250px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/375px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/500px-Iran_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a>Iran on the globe</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_-_Location_Map_(2013)_-_IRN_-_UNOCHA.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Iran_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_IRN_-_UNOCHA.svg/250px-Iran_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_IRN_-_UNOCHA.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="250" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Iran_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_IRN_-_UNOCHA.svg/375px-Iran_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_IRN_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Iran_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_IRN_-_UNOCHA.svg/500px-Iran_-_Location_Map_%282013%29_-_IRN_-_UNOCHA.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="250" data-file-height="250" /></a>Map of Iran</div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital<div class="ib-country-largest">and largest city</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iran&params=35_41_N_51_25_E_type:city">35°41′N 51°25′E / 35.683°N 51.417°E / 35.683; 51.417</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Official languages</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">Demonym(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Government</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Unitary <a href="/wiki/Presidential_republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Presidential republic">presidential</a> theocratic <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Masoud Pezeshkian</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Vice_President_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Vice President of Iran">Vice President</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Reza_Aref" title="Mohammad Reza Aref">Mohammad Reza Aref</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Legislature</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Formation</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median kingdom</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data"><abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 678 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">550 BC</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1501</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">1736</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Constitutional Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">12 December 1905</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">15 December 1925</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">11 February 1979</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Current constitution</a> </div></th><td class="infobox-data">3 December 1979</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Area </a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Water (%)</div></th><td class="infobox-data">1.63 (as of 2015)<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Population</a></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• 2024 estimate</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Neutral increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/11px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/17px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Increase_Neutral.svg/22px-Increase_Neutral.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="347" data-file-height="346" /> 89,819,750<a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population" title="List of countries and dependencies by population">17th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Density</div></th><td class="infobox-data">55/km2 (142.4/sq mi) (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">132nd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(<a href="/wiki/Purchasing_power_parity" title="Purchasing power parity">PPP</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $1.698 trillion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IR-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">23rd</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $19,607<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IR-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita">95th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gross_domestic_product" title="Gross domestic product">GDP</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(nominal)</th><td class="infobox-data">2024 estimate</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $434.243 billion<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IR-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal)">37th</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div class="ib-country-fake-li">• Per capita</div></th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> $5,013<a href="#cite_note-IMFWEO.IR-4">[4]</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(nominal)_per_capita" title="List of countries by GDP (nominal) per capita">120th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Gini_coefficient" title="Gini coefficient">Gini</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Positive decrease" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/11px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/17px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Decrease_Positive.svg/22px-Decrease_Positive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 34.8<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style>medium inequality</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Human_Development_Index" title="Human Development Index">HDI</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488">(2022)</th><td class="infobox-data"><img alt="Increase" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/11px-Increase2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="11" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/17px-Increase2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Increase2.svg/22px-Increase2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /> 0.780<a href="#cite_note-UNHDR-6">[6]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494">high (<a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_Human_Development_Index" title="List of countries by Human Development Index">78th</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Currency</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Iranian rial</a> (<span class="Nastaliq" dir="rtl" title="Nastaliq" style="font-family: 'Jameel Noori Nastaleeq', 'Urdu Typesetting', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu', 'Noto Nastaliq Urdu Draft', 'Hussaini Nastaleeq', 'AlQalam Taj Nastaleeq', IranNastaliq, 'Awami Nastaliq', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta3', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta2', 'Awami Nastaliq Beta1', 'Nafees Nastaleeq', 'Nafees Nastaleeq v1.01', 'Pak Nastaleeq', 'PDMS_Jauhar', 'Alvi Lahori Nastaleeq'; font-size: 110%; font-style: normal;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84#Persian" class="extiw" title="wikt:ریال">ریال</a>) (<a href="/wiki/ISO_4217" title="ISO 4217">IRR</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Time zone</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Coordinated_Universal_Time" title="Coordinated Universal Time">UTC</a>+3:30 (<a href="/wiki/Iran_Standard_Time" title="Iran Standard Time">IRST</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IR" title="ISO 3166-2:IR">IR</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Country_code_top-level_domain" title="Country code top-level domain">Internet TLD</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/.ir" title=".ir">.ir</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/.ir" title=".ir">ایران.</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1092331828">@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .contains-special-characters{width:22em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right contains-special-characters noprint selfref" style="width: 290px;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/40px-Farsi.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/60px-Farsi.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Farsi.svg/80px-Farsi.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="384" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">You may need <a href="/wiki/Help:Arabic" title="Help:Arabic">rendering support</a> to display the <a href="/wiki/Persian_alphabet" title="Persian alphabet">Persian text</a> in this article correctly.</div></div> </div> Iran,<a href="#cite_note-8">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[b]</a> officially the Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI),<a href="#cite_note-10">[c]</a> also known as Persia,<a href="#cite_note-11">[d]</a> is a country in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>. It borders <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> to the northwest and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> to the west, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> to the north, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> to the east, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> to the southeast, the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> to the south. With a <a href="/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran" title="Ethnicities in Iran">multi-ethnic</a> population of almost 90 million in an area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi), Iran ranks 17th globally in both <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_area" title="List of countries and dependencies by area">geographic size</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_and_dependencies_by_population_density" title="List of countries and dependencies by population density">population</a>.<a href="#cite_note-12">[8]</a> It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_area" title="List of Asian countries by area">sixth-largest country</a> entirely in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a> and one of the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">most mountainous</a> countries. Officially an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a>, Iran has <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">a Muslim-majority population</a>. The country is divided into <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iran" title="Regions of Iran">five regions</a> with <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">31 provinces</a>. <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> is the nation's <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">capital</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">largest city</a> and <a href="/wiki/Financial_center" class="mw-redirect" title="Financial center">financial center</a>. A <a href="/wiki/Cradle_of_civilization" title="Cradle of civilization">cradle of civilization</a>, Iran has been inhabited since the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Palaeolithic" class="mw-redirect" title="Lower Palaeolithic">Lower Palaeolithic</a>. The large part of Iran was first unified as a <a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">political entity</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a> under <a href="/wiki/Cyaxares" title="Cyaxares">Cyaxares</a> in the seventh century BC, and reached its territorial height in the sixth century BC, when <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a> founded the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>, one of the largest in <a href="/wiki/Ancient_history" title="Ancient history">ancient history</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexander_the_Great" title="Alexander the Great">Alexander the Great</a> conquered the empire in the fourth century BC. An Iranian rebellion established the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a> in the third century BC and liberated the country, which was succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a> in the third century AD. <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">Ancient Iran</a> saw some of the earliest developments of writing, agriculture, urbanisation, religion and central government. <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslims conquered</a> the region in the seventh century AD, leading to <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Iran's Islamization</a>. The blossoming <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">philosophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age#Mathematics" title="Islamic Golden Age">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_medicine" title="Ancient Iranian medicine">medicine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age#Astronomy" title="Islamic Golden Age">astronomy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">art</a> became major elements for Iranian civilization during the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic Golden Age</a>. A series of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Intermezzo" title="Iranian Intermezzo">Iranian Muslim dynasties</a> ended Arab rule, revived the <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian language</a> and ruled the country until the <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Mongol</a> conquests of the 11th to 14th centuries. In the 16th century, the native <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavids</a> re-established a unified Iranian state with <a href="/wiki/Twelver_Shi%27ism" title="Twelver Shi'ism">Twelver Shi'ism</a> as the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">official religion</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Empire</a> in the 18th century, Iran was a leading world power, though by the 19th century, it had lost significant territory through <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">conflicts with the Russian Empire</a>. The early 20th century saw the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a> and the establishment of the <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty</a>. Attempts by <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Mosaddegh" title="Mohammad Mosaddegh">Mohammad Mosaddegh</a> to <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">nationalize the oil industry</a> led to an <a href="/wiki/1953_Iran_coup" class="mw-redirect" title="1953 Iran coup">Anglo-American coup in 1953</a>. After the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, the monarchy was overthrown in 1979 and the Islamic Republic of Iran was established by <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a>, who became the country's first <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a>. In 1980, <a href="/wiki/Iraqi_invasion_of_Iran" title="Iraqi invasion of Iran">Iraq invaded Iran</a>, sparking the eight-year-long <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a>, which ended in stalemate. Iran is <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">officially governed</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Unitary_state" title="Unitary state">unitary</a> <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> with a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_system" title="Presidential system">presidential system</a>, with ultimate authority vested in a Supreme Leader. The government is <a href="/wiki/Authoritarian" class="mw-redirect" title="Authoritarian">authoritarian</a> and has attracted widespread criticism for its significant violations of <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran">human rights</a> and civil liberties. Iran is a major <a href="/wiki/Regional_power" title="Regional power">regional power</a>, due to its large reserves of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a>, including the world's second largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_reserves_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Natural gas reserves in Iran">natural gas supply</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">third largest proven oil reserves</a>, its geopolitically significant location, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">military capabilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cultural_hegemony" title="Cultural hegemony">cultural hegemony</a>, regional influence, and role as the world's focal point of <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iranian economy</a> is the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">23rd-largest by PPP</a>. Iran is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">OIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">ECO</a> as well as a current member of the <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">SCO</a>, and <a href="/wiki/BRICS" title="BRICS">BRICS</a>. Iran is home to 28 <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iran">UNESCO World Heritage Sites</a>, the 10th highest in the world, and ranks 5th in <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>, or human treasures. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Name of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Inscription of Ardeshir Babakan (ruling 224–242) in Naqsh-e Rostam" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg/220px-Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg/330px-Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg/440px-Irnp105-Grobowce_Naqsh-E_Rustam.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6016" data-file-height="4016" /></a><figcaption>Rock relief of <a href="/wiki/Ardashir_I" title="Ardashir I">Ardashir I</a> (224–242 AD) in <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a>, inscribed "This is the figure of Mazdaworshipper, the lord Ardashir, King of Iran."</figcaption></figure> The term <a href="/wiki/Iran_(word)" title="Iran (word)">Iran</a> 'the land of the Aryans' derives from <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> Ērān, first attested in a 3rd-century inscription at <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Rostam" title="Naqsh-e Rostam">Naqsh-e Rostam</a>, with the accompanying <a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> inscription using Aryān, in reference to the <a href="/wiki/Arya_(Iran)" title="Arya (Iran)">Iranians</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998-13">[9]</a> Ērān and Aryān are oblique plural forms of <a href="/wiki/Demonym" title="Demonym">gentilic</a> nouns ēr- (Middle Persian) and ary- (Parthian), deriving from <a href="/wiki/Proto-Iranian_language" title="Proto-Iranian language">Proto-Iranian language</a> *arya- (meaning '<a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryan</a>', i.e. of the Iranians),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998-13">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987-14">[10]</a> recognised as a derivative of <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-European_language" title="Proto-Indo-European language">Proto-Indo-European language</a> *ar-yo-, meaning 'one who assembles (skilfully)'.<a href="#cite_note-15">[11]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Iranian mythology</a>, the name comes from <a href="/wiki/Iraj" title="Iraj">Iraj</a>, a legendary king.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004-16">[12]</a> Iran was referred to as Persia by <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">the West</a>, due to <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a> historians who referred to all of Iran as Persís, meaning 'the land of the <a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a>'.<a href="#cite_note-Arnold_Wilson-17">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-Fishman-18">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-Lewis1984-19">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[16]</a> Persia is the <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars province</a> in southwest Iran, the 4th largest province, also known as Pârs.<a href="#cite_note-Your_Gateway_to_Knowledge-21">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[18]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a> Fârs (فارس), derived from the earlier form Pârs (پارس), which is in turn derived from Pârsâ (<a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>: 𐎱𐎠𐎼𐎿). Due to Fars' historical importance,<a href="#cite_note-23">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[20]</a> Persia originated from <a href="/wiki/Fars_(territory)" title="Fars (territory)">this territory</a> through Greek in around 550 BC,<a href="#cite_note-25">[21]</a> and Westerners referred to the entire country as Persia,<a href="#cite_note-26">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[23]</a> until 1935, when <a href="/wiki/Reza_Shah" title="Reza Shah">Reza Shah</a> requested the international community to use its native and original name, Iran;<a href="#cite_note-28">[24]</a> Iranians called their nation Iran since at least 1000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Your_Gateway_to_Knowledge-21">[17]</a> Today, both Iran and Persia are used culturally, while Iran remains mandatory in official use.<a href="#cite_note-artarena-29">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[29]</a> The Persian pronunciation of Iran is <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[ʔiːˈɾɒːn]</a>. <a href="/wiki/English_in_the_Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="English in the Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth English</a> pronunciations of Iran are listed in the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_English_Dictionary" title="Oxford English Dictionary">Oxford English Dictionary</a> as <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈrɑːn/</a> and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈræn/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Oxford_Iran-34">[30]</a> while <a href="/wiki/American_English" title="American English">American English</a> dictionaries provide pronunciations which map to <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈrɑːn, -ˈræn, aɪˈræn/</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MW_Iran-35">[31]</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈræn, ɪˈrɑːn, aɪˈræn/</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Advanced_Learner%27s_Dictionary" title="Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary">Cambridge Dictionary</a> lists <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈrɑːn/</a> as the British pronunciation and <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈræn/</a> as the American pronunciation. <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a>'s pronunciation guide provides <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈrɑːn/</a>.<a href="#cite_note-36">[32]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Expand_section plainlinks metadata ambox mbox-small-left ambox-content" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="[icon]" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/20px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/30px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg/40px-Wiki_letter_w_cropped.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="44" data-file-height="31" /></a></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section needs expansion. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit&section=">adding to it</a> or <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk%3AIran&preload=Template%3ASubmit+an+edit+request%2Fpreload&action=edit&section=new&editintro=Template%3AEdit+extended-protected%2Feditintro&preloadtitle=Extended-confirmed-protected+edit+request+on+23+November+2024&preloadparams%5B%5D=edit+extended-protected&preloadparams%5B%5D=Iran">making an edit request</a>. (September 2024)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of Iran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Iranian_history" title="Timeline of Iranian history">Timeline of Iranian history</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Choqa_Zanbil_Darafsh_1_(36).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Choqa_Zanbil_Darafsh_1_%2836%29.JPG/220px-Choqa_Zanbil_Darafsh_1_%2836%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Choqa_Zanbil_Darafsh_1_%2836%29.JPG/330px-Choqa_Zanbil_Darafsh_1_%2836%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Choqa_Zanbil_Darafsh_1_%2836%29.JPG/440px-Choqa_Zanbil_Darafsh_1_%2836%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a> is one of the few extant <a href="/wiki/Ziggurat" title="Ziggurat">ziggurats</a> outside of <a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia" title="Mesopotamia">Mesopotamia</a> and is considered to be the best preserved example in the world.</figcaption></figure> Iran is home to one of the world's oldest continuous major civilizations, with historical and urban settlements dating back to 4000 BC.<a href="#cite_note-People.cn-37">[33]</a> The western part of the Iranian plateau participated in the traditional <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Near_East" title="Ancient Near East">ancient Near East</a> with <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a> (3200–539 BC), and later with other peoples such as the <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Mannaeans</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gutian_people" title="Gutian people">Gutians</a>. <a href="/wiki/Georg_Wilhelm_Friedrich_Hegel" title="Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel">Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel</a> called the Persians the "first Historical People".<a href="#cite_note-IRHEGEL-38">[34]</a> The Iranian Empire began in the <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> with the rise of the <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>, who unified Iran as a nation and empire in 625 BC.<a href="#cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia_Article:_Media-39">[35]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> (550–330 BC), founded by <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus the Great</a>, was the largest empire the world had seen, spanning from the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> to <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> and <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>. They were succeeded by the <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empires</a>, who governed Iran for almost 1,000 years, making Iran a leading power once again. Persia's arch-rival during this time was the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> and its successor, the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a>. Iran endured invasions by the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Macedonians" title="Ancient Macedonians">Macedonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Arabs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Mongols" title="Mongols">Mongols</a>. Despite these invasions, Iran continually reasserted its <a href="/wiki/National_identity" title="National identity">national identity</a> and developed as a distinct political and cultural entity. The <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest of Persia</a> (632–654) ended the Sasanian Empire and marked a turning point in Iranian history, leading to the <a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization of Iran</a> from the eighth to tenth centuries and the decline of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>. However, the achievements of prior Persian civilizations were absorbed into the new <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Golden_Age" title="Islamic Golden Age">Islamic</a> polity. Iran suffered invasions by nomadic tribes during the <a href="/wiki/Late_Middle_Ages" title="Late Middle Ages">Late Middle Ages</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_modern_period" title="Early modern period">early modern period</a>, negatively impacting the region.<a href="#cite_note-40">[36]</a> Iran was reunified as an independent state in 1501 by the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid dynasty</a>, which established <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> as the empire's official religion,<a href="#cite_note-savoryeiref-41">[37]</a> marking another turning point in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Islam" title="History of Islam">history of Islam</a>.<a href="#cite_note-islamic1600-42">[38]</a> Iran functioned again as a leading world power, especially in rivalry with the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. In the 19th century, Iran lost significant territories in the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> following the <a href="/wiki/Russo-Persian_Wars" title="Russo-Persian Wars">Russo-Persian Wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-books.google.nl1-43">[39]</a> Iran remained a monarchy until the 1979 <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, when it officially became an <a href="/wiki/Islamic_republic" title="Islamic republic">Islamic republic</a> on 1 April 1979.<a href="#cite_note-44">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-45">[41]</a> Since then, Iran has experienced significant political, social, and economic changes. The establishment of the Islamic Republic of Iran led to the restructuring of its political system, with <a href="/wiki/Ayatollah_Khomeini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ayatollah Khomeini">Ayatollah Khomeini</a> as the Supreme Leader. Iran's foreign relations have been shaped by the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War</a> (1980–1988), ongoing tensions with the United States, and its nuclear program, which has been a point of contention in international diplomacy. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Since_the_1990s">Since the 1990s</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a>, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">Operation Martyr Soleimani</a>, <a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel</a>, and <a href="/wiki/October_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">October 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · 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a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Iran" title="Category:History of Iran">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History of Iran</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><a href="/wiki/File:Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/200px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/300px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg/400px-Persepolis_24.11.2009_11-12-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2477" data-file-height="1857" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistoric period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">BCE / BC</a> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baradostian_culture" title="Baradostian culture">Baradostian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 36,000–18,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarzian_culture" title="Zarzian culture">Zarzian culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 20,000–10,000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shulaveri%E2%80%93Shomu_culture" title="Shulaveri–Shomu culture">Shulaveri–Shomu culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6000–5000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zayandeh_River_Culture" title="Zayandeh River Culture">Zayandeh River Culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th millennium</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dalma_culture" title="Dalma culture">Dalma culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 5th millennium</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Prehistory" title="History of Iran">Ancient period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura–Araxes culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3400–2000</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Helmand_culture" title="Helmand culture">Helmand culture</a>/<a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3300–2200</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3200–2700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi Kingdom</a>/<a href="/wiki/Zamua" title="Zamua">Zamua</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 3100-675</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elam</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2700–539</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Marhasi" title="Marhasi">Marhaši</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2550-2020</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bactria%E2%80%93Margiana_Archaeological_Complex" title="Bactria–Margiana Archaeological Complex">Oxus Civilization</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2400–1700</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 2400–2150</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–1155</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Avestan_period" title="Avestan period">Avestan period</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 1500–500</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 911–609</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 860–590</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mannaea" title="Mannaea">Mannaea</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 850–616</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zikirti" title="Zikirti">Zikirti</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750-521</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saparda" title="Saparda">Saparda</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 720-670</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Classical_antiquity" title="History of Iran">Imperial period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Median_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Median state">Median Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 678–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 652–625 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Teispids" title="Teispids">Anshanite Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 635 BC–550 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 626 BC–539 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sogdia" title="Sogdia">Sogdia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 6th century BC–11th century AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550 BC–330 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 331 BC–428 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 323 BC–226 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of Cappadocia</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 320s BC–17 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 312 BC–63 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 281 BC–62 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Fratarakas" class="mw-redirect" title="Fratarakas">Fratarakas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 3rd-century BC–132 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 247 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Elymais" title="Elymais">Elymais</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 147 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Characene" title="Characene">Characene</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 141 BC–222 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 132 BC–224 AD</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Indo-Parthian_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Indo-Parthian Kingdom">Indo-Parthian Kingdom</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 19 AD–224/5</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Paratarajas" title="Paratarajas">Paratarajas</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 125–300</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 224–651</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zarmihrids" title="Zarmihrids">Zarmihrids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 6th century–785</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qarinvand_dynasty" title="Qarinvand dynasty">Qarinvandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 550s–11th century</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Medieval_period" title="History of Iran">Medieval period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><a href="/wiki/Common_Era" title="Common Era">CE / AD</a> <table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 632-661</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 661–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 750–1258</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Dabuyid_dynasty" title="Dabuyid dynasty">Dabuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 642–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Bavand_dynasty" title="Bavand dynasty">Bavandids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–1349</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Masmughans_of_Damavand" title="Masmughans of Damavand">Masmughans of Damavand</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 651–760</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Baduspanids" title="Baduspanids">Baduspanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 665–1598</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Justanids" title="Justanids">Justanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 791 – 11th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alid dynasties</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 864 – 14th century</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 821–873</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 819–999</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 861–1003</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> pre-879 – 1215</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sajid_dynasty" title="Sajid dynasty">Sajid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 889–929</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sallarid_dynasty" title="Sallarid dynasty">Sallarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 919–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 930–1090</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Banu_Ilyas" title="Banu Ilyas">Ilyasids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 932–968</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 934–1062</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Rawadid_dynasty" title="Rawadid dynasty">Rawadid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 955–1070</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hasanwayhids" title="Hasanwayhids">Hasanwayhids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 959–1095</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 977–1186</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Annazids" title="Annazids">Annazids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 990/1–1117</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kakuyids" title="Kakuyids">Kakuyids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1008–1141</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Nasrid_dynasty_(Sistan)" title="Nasrid dynasty (Sistan)">Nasrid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1029–1236</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Shabankara" title="Shabankara">Shabankara</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1030–1355</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1037–1194</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khwarazmian_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Khwarazmian dynasty">Khwarazmian dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1077–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1135–1225</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Atabegs_of_Yazd" title="Atabegs of Yazd">Atabegs of Yazd</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1141–1319</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Salghurids" title="Salghurids">Salghurids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1148–1282</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Hazaraspids" title="Hazaraspids">Hazaraspids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1424</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pishkinid_dynasty" title="Pishkinid dynasty">Pishkinid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1155–1231</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Khorshidi_dynasty" title="Khorshidi dynasty">Khorshidi dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1184-1597</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qutlugh-Khanids" title="Qutlugh-Khanids">Qutlugh-Khanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1223-1306</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mihrabanids" title="Mihrabanids">Mihrabanids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1236–1537</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kurt_dynasty" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurt dynasty">Kurt dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1244–1396</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1256–1335</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1393</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Sarbadars" title="Sarbadars">Sarbadars</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1337–1376</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Injuids" title="Injuids">Injuids</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1335–1357</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afrasiyab_dynasty" title="Afrasiyab dynasty">Afrasiyab dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1349–1504</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Mar%27ashis" title="Mar'ashis">Mar'ashis</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1359–1596</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370–1507</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Kar-Kiya_dynasty" title="Kar-Kiya dynasty">Kar-Kiya dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1370s–1592</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1406–1468</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1468–1508</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Early_modern_period" title="History of Iran">Early modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1501–1736</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> (<a href="/wiki/Hotak_dynasty" title="Hotak dynasty">Hotak dynasty</a>)</td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1722–1729</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1736–1796</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand dynasty</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1751–1794</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Modern_period" title="History of Iran">Modern period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1789–1925</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_Iran" title="Pahlavi Iran">Pahlavi Iran</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1925–1979</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran#Contemporary_period" title="History of Iran">Contemporary period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;padding-right:0.2em"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Islamic Republic</a></td><td style="text-align:right;font-size:90%;white-space:nowrap"> 1979–present</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#eee;text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Related articles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Iran" title="Name of Iran">Name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT history in Iran">LGBT history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of women in Iran">Women's history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wars_involving_Iran" title="List of wars involving Iran">Wars</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Iranian_history" title="Timeline of Iranian history">Timeline</a> <img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/16px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/24px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Iran" title="Template talk:History of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In 1989, <a href="/wiki/Akbar_Rafsanjani" title="Akbar Rafsanjani">Akbar Rafsanjani</a> concentrated on a pro-business policy of rebuilding the economy without breaking with the ideology of the revolution. He supported a <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> domestically, favoring <a href="/wiki/Privatization" title="Privatization">privatization</a> of state industries and a moderate position internationally. In 1997, Rafsanjani was succeeded by moderate <a href="/wiki/Iranian_reform_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian reform movement">reformist</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohammad_Khatami" title="Mohammad Khatami">Mohammad Khatami</a>, whose government advocated <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of expression</a>, constructive diplomatic relations with Asia and the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, and an economic policy that supported a free market and foreign investment. The <a href="/wiki/2005_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2005 Iranian presidential election">2005 presidential election</a> brought conservative <a href="/wiki/Populist" class="mw-redirect" title="Populist">populist</a> and nationalist candidate <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad">Mahmoud Ahmadinejad</a> to power. He was known for his hardline views, nuclearisation, and hostility towards <a href="/wiki/Mahmoud_Ahmadinejad_and_Israel" title="Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and Israel">Israel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, the US and other states. He was the first president to be summoned by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">parliament</a> to answer questions regarding his presidency.<a href="#cite_note-46">[42]</a> In 2013, centrist and reformist <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a> was elected president. In domestic policy, he encouraged personal freedom, free access to information, and improved women's rights. He improved Iran's diplomatic relations through exchanging conciliatory letters.<a href="#cite_note-47">[43]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action</a> (JCPOA) was reached in <a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a> in 2015, between Iran, the <a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/Permanent_members_of_the_United_Nations_Security_Council" title="Permanent members of the United Nations Security Council">UN Security Council</a> + Germany) and the EU. The negotiations centered around ending the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1929" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929">economic sanctions</a> in exchange for Iran's restriction in producing <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:2-48">[44]</a> In 2018, however, the US under <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump Administration</a> withdrew from the deal and new sanctions were imposed. This nulled the economic provisions, left the agreement in jeopardy, and brought Iran to <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_latency" title="Nuclear latency">nuclear threshold status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[45]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">IRGC</a> general, <a href="/wiki/Qasem_Soleimani" title="Qasem Soleimani">Qasem Soleimani</a>, the 2nd-most powerful person in Iran,<a href="#cite_note-50">[46]</a> was <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Qasem_Soleimani" title="Assassination of Qasem Soleimani">assassinated by the US</a>, heightening <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93United_States_relations" title="Iran–United States relations">tensions between them</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Roelants-51">[47]</a> <a href="/wiki/Operation_Martyr_Soleimani" title="Operation Martyr Soleimani">Iran retaliated against US airbases in Iraq</a>, the largest ballistic missile attack ever on Americans;<a href="#cite_note-52">[48]</a> 110 sustained <a href="/wiki/Traumatic_brain_injury" title="Traumatic brain injury">brain injuries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-53">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[51]</a> Hardliner <a href="/wiki/Ebrahim_Raisi" title="Ebrahim Raisi">Ebrahim Raisi</a> ran for president again in <a href="/wiki/2021_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2021 Iranian presidential election">2021</a>, succeeding <a href="/wiki/Hassan_Rouhani" title="Hassan Rouhani">Hassan Rouhani</a>. During Raisi's term, Iran <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">intensified uranium enrichment</a>, hindered international inspections, joined SCO and BRICS, <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Iran and the Russian invasion of Ukraine">supported Russia</a> in its <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a> and restored diplomatic relations with Saudi Arabia. In April 2024, <a href="/wiki/Israeli_bombing_of_the_Iranian_embassy_in_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Israeli bombing of the Iranian embassy in Damascus">Israel's airstrike</a> on an Iranian <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulate</a>, killed an IRGC commander.<a href="#cite_note-56">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-57">[53]</a> Iran <a href="/wiki/April_2024_Iranian_strikes_against_Israel" title="April 2024 Iranian strikes against Israel">retaliated</a> with <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">UAVs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cruise_missile" title="Cruise missile">cruise</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missiles</a>; 9 hit Israel.<a href="#cite_note-58">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[56]</a> Western and Jordanian military helped Israel down some Iranian drones.<a href="#cite_note-Borger-61">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[58]</a> It was the largest drone strike in history,<a href="#cite_note-63">[59]</a> biggest missile attack in Iranian history,<a href="#cite_note-64">[60]</a> its first ever direct attack on Israel<a href="#cite_note-65">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[62]</a> and the first time <a href="/wiki/1991_Iraqi_missile_attacks_against_Israel" title="1991 Iraqi missile attacks against Israel">since 1991</a>, Israel was directly attacked by a state force.<a href="#cite_note-67">[63]</a> This occurred during heightened tensions amid the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_invasion_of_the_Gaza_Strip" title="Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip">Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip</a>. In May 2024, President Raisi was killed in a <a href="/wiki/2024_Varzaqan_helicopter_crash" title="2024 Varzaqan helicopter crash">helicopter crash</a>, and Iran held a <a href="/wiki/2024_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2024 Iranian presidential election">presidential election</a> in June, when reformist and former <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Health_and_Medical_Education" title="Ministry of Health and Medical Education">Minister of Health</a>, <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Masoud Pezeshkian</a>, was elected to office.<a href="#cite_note-68">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[65]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography of Iran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture in Iran</a></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:419px;max-width:419px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Damavand-Iran-2018.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Damavand-Iran-2018.jpg/200px-Damavand-Iran-2018.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Damavand-Iran-2018.jpg/300px-Damavand-Iran-2018.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Damavand-Iran-2018.jpg/400px-Damavand-Iran-2018.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4936" data-file-height="3516" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand">Mount Damavand</a>, the highest volcano in <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a>. It as has a special place in <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a>.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:213px;max-width:213px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Filband_mazandaran_Province_12.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Filband_mazandaran_Province_12.jpg/211px-Filband_mazandaran_Province_12.jpg" decoding="async" width="211" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Filband_mazandaran_Province_12.jpg/317px-Filband_mazandaran_Province_12.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Filband_mazandaran_Province_12.jpg/422px-Filband_mazandaran_Province_12.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2667" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Forest mountains of <a href="/wiki/Filband" title="Filband">Filband region</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_province" title="Mazandaran province">Mazandaran province</a></div></div></div></div></div> Iran has an area of 1,648,195 km2 (636,372 sq mi). It is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Asian_countries_by_area" title="List of Asian countries by area">sixth-largest country entirely in Asia</a> and the second-largest in West Asia.<a href="#cite_note-70">[66]</a> It lies between latitudes <a href="/wiki/24th_parallel_north" title="24th parallel north">24°</a> and <a href="/wiki/40th_parallel_north" title="40th parallel north">40° N</a>, and longitudes <a href="/wiki/44th_meridian_east" title="44th meridian east">44°</a> and <a href="/wiki/64th_meridian_east" title="64th meridian east">64° E</a>. It is bordered to the northwest by <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a> (35 km or 22 mi), the Azeri exclave of <a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_Autonomous_Republic" title="Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic">Nakhchivan</a> (179 km or 111 mi),<a href="#cite_note-71">[67]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Republic of Azerbaijan</a> (611 km or 380 mi); to the north by the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>; to the northeast by <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> (992 km or 616 mi); to the east by <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> (936 km or 582 mi) and Pakistan (909 km or 565 mi); to the south by the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a>; and to the west by <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (1,458 km or 906 mi) and Turkey (499 km or 310 mi). Iran is in a seismically active area.<a href="#cite_note-72">[68]</a> On average, an earthquake of magnitude seven on the <a href="/wiki/Richter_scale" title="Richter scale">Richter scale</a> occurs once every ten years.<a href="#cite_note-73">[69]</a> Most earthquakes are shallow-focus and can be very devastating, such as the <a href="/wiki/2003_Bam_earthquake" title="2003 Bam earthquake">2003 Bam earthquake</a>. Iran consists of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a>. It is one of the world's most mountainous countries; its landscape is dominated by rugged <a href="/wiki/Mountain_range" title="Mountain range">mountain ranges</a> that separate <a href="/wiki/Drainage_basin" title="Drainage basin">basins</a> or <a href="/wiki/Plateau" title="Plateau">plateaus</a>. The populous west part is the most mountainous, with ranges such as the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus_Mountains" title="Caucasus Mountains">Caucasus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Alborz" title="Alborz">Alborz</a>, the last containing <a href="/wiki/Mount_Damavand" title="Mount Damavand">Mount Damavand</a>, Iran's highest point, at 5,610 m (18,406 ft), which is the highest volcano in Asia. Iran's mountains have impacted its politics and economics for centuries. The north part is covered by the lush lowland <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanian_forests" title="Hyrcanian forests">Caspian Hyrcanian forests</a>, near the southern shores of the Caspian Sea. The east part consists mostly of <a href="/wiki/Desert" title="Desert">desert</a> basins, such as the <a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Kavir" title="Dasht-e Kavir">Kavir Desert</a>, which is the country's largest desert, and the <a href="/wiki/Dasht-e_Loot" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasht-e Loot">Lut Desert</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Salt_lake" title="Salt lake">salt lakes</a>. The Lut Desert is the hottest recorded spot on the Earth's surface, with 70.7 °C recorded in 2005.<a href="#cite_note-74">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-76">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> The only large <a href="/wiki/Plain" title="Plain">plains</a> are found along the coast of the Caspian and at the north end of the Persian Gulf, where the country borders the mouth of the <a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab" title="Shatt al-Arab">Arvand river</a>. Smaller, discontinuous plains are found along the remaining coast of the Persian Gulf, the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>, and Gulf of Oman.<a href="#cite_note-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Islands">Islands</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">List of islands of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg/220px-Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg/330px-Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg/440px-Tahmineh_Monzavi_Photo_Majara_Residence_Hormuz_Iran_View_from_the_sea_2020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>Majara Residence, a seaside accommodation complex on the <a href="/wiki/Hormuz_Island" title="Hormuz Island">Hormuz Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></figcaption></figure> Iranian islands are mainly located in the Persian Gulf. Iran has 102 islands in <a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Urmia Lake</a>, 427 in <a href="/wiki/Aras_(river)" title="Aras (river)">Aras River</a>, several in <a href="/wiki/Anzali_Lagoon" title="Anzali Lagoon">Anzali Lagoon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashuradeh" title="Ashuradeh">Ashurade Island</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a>, Sheytan Island in the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Oman Sea</a> and other inland islands. Iran has an uninhabited island at the far end of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_of_Oman" title="Gulf of Oman">Gulf of Oman</a>, near Pakistan. A few islands can be visited by tourists. Most are owned by the military or used for wildlife protection, and entry is prohibited or requires a permit.<a href="#cite_note-81">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Seizure_of_Abu_Musa_and_the_Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Seizure of Abu Musa and the Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Iran took control</a> of <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa" title="Abu Musa">Bumusa</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Greater_and_Lesser_Tunbs" title="Greater and Lesser Tunbs">Greater and Lesser Tunbs</a> in 1971, in the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a> between the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman. Despite the islands being small and having little natural resources or population, they are highly valuable for their strategic location.<a href="#cite_note-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[84]</a> Although the <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a> claims sovereignty,<a href="#cite_note-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[87]</a> it has consistently been met with a strong response from Iran,<a href="#cite_note-92">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[90]</a> based on their historical and cultural background.<a href="#cite_note-95">[91]</a> Iran has full-control over the islands.<a href="#cite_note-96">[92]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish island</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/Free-trade_zone" title="Free-trade zone">free trade zone</a>, is touted as a consumer's paradise, with malls, shopping centres, tourist attractions, and luxury hotels. <a href="/wiki/Qeshm_Island" title="Qeshm Island">Qeshm</a> is the largest island in Iran, and a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Global_Geoparks" title="UNESCO Global Geoparks">UNESCO Global Geopark</a> since 2016.<a href="#cite_note-97">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[95]</a> Its salt cave, Namakdan, is the largest in the world, and one of the world's longest caves.<a href="#cite_note-100">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Climate">Climate</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Climate of Iran">Climate of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Koppen-Geiger_Map_IRN_present.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IRN_present.svg/220px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IRN_present.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IRN_present.svg/330px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IRN_present.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Koppen-Geiger_Map_IRN_present.svg/440px-Koppen-Geiger_Map_IRN_present.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1456" data-file-height="850" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a></figcaption></figure> Iran's climate is diverse, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Desert_climate" title="Desert climate">arid</a> and <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid_climate" title="Semi-arid climate">semi-arid</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Subtropics" title="Subtropics">subtropical</a> along the Caspian coast and northern forests.<a href="#cite_note-HaftlangLang2003-104">[100]</a> On the north edge of the country, temperatures rarely fall below freezing and the area remains humid. Summer temperatures rarely exceed 29 °C (84.2 °F).<a href="#cite_note-105">[101]</a> Annual precipitation is 680 mm (26.8 in) in the east part of the plain and more than 1,700 mm (66.9 in) in the west part. The UN Resident Coordinator for Iran, has said that "<a href="/wiki/Water_scarcity" title="Water scarcity">Water scarcity</a> poses the most severe human security challenge in Iran today".<a href="#cite_note-106">[102]</a> To the west, settlements in the Zagros basin experience lower temperatures, severe winters with freezing average daily temperatures and heavy snowfall. The east and central basins are arid, with less than 200 mm (7.9 in) of rain and have occasional deserts.<a href="#cite_note-Nicholson2011-107">[103]</a> Average summer temperatures rarely exceed 38 °C (100.4 °F). The southern coastal plains of the Persian Gulf and Gulf of Oman have mild winters, and very humid and hot summers. The annual precipitation ranges from 135 to 355 mm (5.3 to 14.0 in).<a href="#cite_note-Nagarajan2010-108">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Biodiversity">Biodiversity</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_parks_and_protected_areas_of_Iran" title="List of national parks and protected areas of Iran">List of national parks and protected areas of Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Iran" title="Forests of Iran">Forests of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Leopard_sitting.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Persian_Leopard_sitting.jpg/220px-Persian_Leopard_sitting.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Persian_Leopard_sitting.jpg/330px-Persian_Leopard_sitting.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Persian_Leopard_sitting.jpg/440px-Persian_Leopard_sitting.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Persian_leopard" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian leopard">Persian leopard</a>, native to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Plateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Plateau">Iranian Plateau</a></figcaption></figure> More than one-tenth of the country is <a href="/wiki/Forest" title="Forest">forested</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[105]</a> About 120 million hectares of forests and fields are government-owned for national exploitation.<a href="#cite_note-110">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[107]</a> Iran's forests can be divided into five vegetation regions: <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanian_forests" title="Hyrcanian forests">Hyrcanian region</a> which forms the green belt of the north side of the country; the <a href="/wiki/Turan" title="Turan">Turan</a> region, which are mainly scattered in the center of Iran; <a href="/wiki/Zagros_Mountains" title="Zagros Mountains">Zagros region</a>, which mainly contains oak forests in the west; the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf region</a>, which is scattered in the southern coastal belt; the <a href="/wiki/Arasbaran" title="Arasbaran">Arasbarani region</a>, which contains rare and unique species. More than 8,200 <a href="/wiki/Plant" title="Plant">plant</a> species are grown. The land covered by natural flora is four times that of Europe's.<a href="#cite_note-112">[108]</a> There are over 200 protected areas to preserve biodiversity and wildlife, with over 30 being <a href="/wiki/National_park" title="National park">national parks</a>. Iran's living fauna includes 34 <a href="/wiki/Bat" title="Bat">bat</a> species, <a href="/wiki/Indian_grey_mongoose" title="Indian grey mongoose">Indian grey mongoose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Small_Indian_mongoose" title="Small Indian mongoose">small Indian mongoose</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golden_jackal" title="Golden jackal">golden jackal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indian_wolf" title="Indian wolf">Indian wolf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fox" title="Fox">foxes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Striped_hyena" title="Striped hyena">striped hyena</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leopard" title="Leopard">leopard</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eurasian_lynx" title="Eurasian lynx">Eurasian lynx</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brown_bear" title="Brown bear">brown bear</a> and <a href="/wiki/Asian_black_bear" title="Asian black bear">Asian black bear</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ungulate" title="Ungulate">Ungulate</a> species include <a href="/wiki/Wild_boar" title="Wild boar">wild boar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urial" title="Urial">urial</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armenian_mouflon" title="Armenian mouflon">Armenian mouflon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Red_deer" title="Red deer">red deer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Goitered_gazelle" title="Goitered gazelle">goitered gazelle</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Fast2005-113">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Firouz2005-114">[110]</a> One of the most famous animals is the critically endangered <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_cheetah" title="Asiatic cheetah">Asiatic cheetah</a>, which survives only in Iran. Iran lost all its <a href="/wiki/Asiatic_lion" title="Asiatic lion">Asiatic lions</a> and the extinct <a href="/wiki/Caspian_tiger" title="Caspian tiger">Caspian tigers</a> by the early 20th century.<a href="#cite_note-115">[111]</a> Domestic ungulates are represented by <a href="/wiki/Sheep" title="Sheep">sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Goat" title="Goat">goat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cattle" title="Cattle">cattle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a>, <a href="/wiki/Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">water buffalo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donkey" title="Donkey">donkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Camel" title="Camel">camel</a>. Bird species like <a href="/wiki/Pheasant" title="Pheasant">pheasant</a>, <a href="/wiki/Partridge" title="Partridge">partridge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stork" title="Stork">stork</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcons</a> are native.<a href="#cite_note-116">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-117">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Government_and_politics">Government and politics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Iran" title="Government of Iran">Government of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics of Iran</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_Leader">Supreme Leader</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:332px;max-width:332px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:154px;max-width:154px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:228px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg/152px-Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg" decoding="async" width="152" height="228" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg/228px-Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg/304px-Ayatollah_Ali_Khamenei_at_the_Great_Conference_of_Basij_members_at_Azadi_stadium_October_2018_012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2700" data-file-height="4050" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a> <a href="/wiki/Ali_Khamenei" title="Ali Khamenei">Ali Khamenei</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:174px;max-width:174px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:228px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Masoud_Pezeshkian,_2024-6-12_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Masoud_Pezeshkian%2C_2024-6-12_%28cropped%29.jpg/172px-Masoud_Pezeshkian%2C_2024-6-12_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="172" height="229" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Masoud_Pezeshkian%2C_2024-6-12_%28cropped%29.jpg/258px-Masoud_Pezeshkian%2C_2024-6-12_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Masoud_Pezeshkian%2C_2024-6-12_%28cropped%29.jpg/344px-Masoud_Pezeshkian%2C_2024-6-12_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption text-align-center"><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Pezeshkian" title="Masoud Pezeshkian">Masoud Pezeshkian</a></div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a>, "Rahbar", Leader of the Revolution or Supreme Leadership Authority, is the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a> and responsible for supervision of policy. The president has limited power compared to the Rahbar. Key ministers are selected with the Rahbar's agreement and they have the ultimate say on foreign policy.<a href="#cite_note-reuters.com-118">[114]</a> The Rahbar is directly involved in ministerial appointments for Defence, Intelligence and Foreign Affairs, as well as other top ministries after submission of candidates from the president. Regional policy is directly controlled by the Rahbar, with the Ministry of Foreign Affairs' task limited to protocol and ceremonial occasions. Ambassadors to Arab countries, for example, are chosen by the <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>, which directly reports to the Rahbar.<a href="#cite_note-english.aawsat.com-119">[115]</a> The Rahbar can order laws to be amended.<a href="#cite_note-120">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a> was estimated at $95 billion in 2013 by Reuters, accounts of which are secret even to the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian parliament">parliament</a>.<a href="#cite_note-121">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-SetadWins-122">[118]</a> The Rahbar is the <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Armed Forces of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Armed Forces</a>, controls military intelligence and security operations, and has sole power to declare war or peace. The heads of the judiciary, state radio and television networks, commanders of the police and military, and the members of the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> are all appointed by the Rahbar. The <a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly of Experts</a> is responsible for electing the Rahbar, and has the power to dismiss him on the basis of qualifications and popular esteem.<a href="#cite_note-loc-123">[119]</a> To date, the Assembly of Experts has not challenged any of the Rahbar's decisions nor attempted to dismiss him. The previous head of the judicial system, <a href="/wiki/Sadeq_Larijani" title="Sadeq Larijani">Sadeq Larijani</a>, appointed by the Rahbar, said that it is illegal for the Assembly of Experts to supervise the Rahbar.<a href="#cite_note-Al-awsat-124">[120]</a> Many believe the Assembly of Experts has become a ceremonial body without any real power.<a href="#cite_note-125">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-126">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[123]</a> The political system is based on the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">country's constitution</a>.<a href="#cite_note-servcons-128">[124]</a> Iran ranked 154th in the 2022 <a href="/wiki/The_Economist_Democracy_Index" title="The Economist Democracy Index">The Economist Democracy Index</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Juan_Jos%C3%A9_Linz" title="Juan José Linz">Juan José Linz</a> wrote in 2000 that "the Iranian regime combines the ideological bent of <a href="/wiki/Totalitarianism" title="Totalitarianism">totalitarianism</a> with the limited pluralism of <a href="/wiki/Authoritarianism" title="Authoritarianism">authoritarianism</a>".<a href="#cite_note-130">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="President">President</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Administration_of_Iran_building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Presidential_Administration_of_Iran_building.jpg/220px-Presidential_Administration_of_Iran_building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Presidential_Administration_of_Iran_building.jpg/330px-Presidential_Administration_of_Iran_building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Presidential_Administration_of_Iran_building.jpg/440px-Presidential_Administration_of_Iran_building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="491" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Administration_of_Iran" title="Presidential Administration of Iran">Presidential Administration</a> palace (<a href="/wiki/Pasteur_Street" title="Pasteur Street">Pasteur</a>), the cabinet's meeting place, and <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a>'s office</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a> is <a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">head of government</a> and the second highest-ranking authority, after the Supreme Leader. The President is elected by <a href="/wiki/Universal_suffrage" title="Universal suffrage">universal suffrage</a> for 4 years. Before <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">elections</a>, nominees to become a presidential candidate must be approved by the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-131">[127]</a> The Council's members are chosen by the Leader, with the Leader having the power to dismiss the president.<a href="#cite_note-132">[128]</a> The President can only be re-elected for one term.<a href="#cite_note-photius-133">[129]</a> The president is the deputy <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-chief" title="Commander-in-chief">commander-in-chief</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a>, the head of <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a>, and has the power to declare a <a href="/wiki/State_of_emergency" title="State of emergency">state of emergency</a> after passage by the parliament. The President is responsible for the implementation of the constitution, and for the exercise of executive powers in implementing the decrees and general policies as outlined by the Rahbar, except for matters directly related to the Rahbar, who has the final say.<a href="#cite_note-leader-134">[130]</a> The President functions as the executive of affairs such as signing treaties and other international agreements, and administering national planning, budget, and state employment affairs, all as approved by the Rahbar.<a href="#cite_note-Middle_East_Eye-135">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-en.iranwire.com-136">[132]</a> The President appoints ministers, subject to the approval of the Parliament, and the Rahbar, who can dismiss or reinstate any minister.<a href="#cite_note-stalbertgazette.com-137">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk-138">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[135]</a> The President supervises the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers of Iran">Council of Ministers</a>, coordinates government decisions, and selects government policies to be placed before the legislature.<a href="#cite_note-140">[136]</a> Eight Vice Presidents serve under the President, as well as a cabinet of 22 ministers, all appointed by the president.<a href="#cite_note-141">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Guardian_Council">Guardian Council</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></div> Presidential and parliamentary candidates must be approved by the 12-member <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a> (all members of which are appointed by the Leader) or the Leader, before running to ensure their allegiance.<a href="#cite_note-142">[138]</a> The Leader rarely does the vetting, but has the power to do so, in which case additional approval of the Guardian Council is not needed. The Leader can revert the decisions of the Guardian Council.<a href="#cite_note-143">[139]</a> The constitution gives the council three mandates: veto power over legislation passed by the <a href="/wiki/Majlis_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Majlis of Iran">parliament</a>,<a href="#cite_note-144">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[141]</a> supervision of elections<a href="#cite_note-IDP-146">[142]</a> and approving or disqualifying candidates seeking to run in local, parliamentary, presidential, or Assembly of Experts elections.<a href="#cite_note-Article_99_of_the_constitution-147">[143]</a> The council can nullify a law based on two accounts: being against <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> (Islamic law), or being against the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-148">[144]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Supreme_National_Security_Council">Supreme National Security Council</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></div> The Supreme National Security Council (SNSC) is at the top of the foreign policy decisions process.<a href="#cite_note-149">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-150">[146]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[147]</a> The council was formed during the <a href="/wiki/1989_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" title="1989 Iranian constitutional referendum">1989 Iranian constitutional referendum</a> for the protection and support of national interests, the revolution, territorial integrity and national sovereignty.<a href="#cite_note-152">[148]</a> It is mandated by Article 176 of the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Constitution</a> to be presided over by the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a>.<a href="#cite_note-153">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[150]</a> The Leader selects the secretary of the Supreme Council, and the decisions of the council are effective after the confirmation by the Leader. The SNSC formulates nuclear policy, and would become effective if they are confirmed by the Leader.<a href="#cite_note-155">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-156">[152]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Legislature">Legislature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Specialized_Commissions_of_the_Parliament_of_Iran" title="Specialized Commissions of the Parliament of Iran">Specialized Commissions of the Parliament of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court of Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Majlis_Research_Center" title="Majlis Research Center">Majlis Research Center</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:224px;max-width:224px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Parliament_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Iranian_Parliament_2.jpg/220px-Iranian_Parliament_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Iranian_Parliament_2.jpg/330px-Iranian_Parliament_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Iranian_Parliament_2.jpg/440px-Iranian_Parliament_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2792" data-file-height="1440" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The building of Iranian Parliament (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a>—ICA)</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:222px;max-width:222px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/220px-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/330px-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/440px-%D9%85%D8%AC%D9%84%D8%B3_%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="628" data-file-height="400" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The ICA comprises 290 members.</div></div></div></div></div> The <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislature</a>, known as the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly</a> (ICA), Iranian Parliament or "Majles", is a <a href="/wiki/Unicameralism" title="Unicameralism">unicameral</a> body comprising 290 members elected for four-years.<a href="#cite_note-Majlis-157">[153]</a> It drafts legislation, ratifies international <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a>, and approves the national budget. All parliamentary candidates and legislation from the assembly must be approved by the <a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-158">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[155]</a> The Guardian Council can and has dismissed elected members of the parliament.<a href="#cite_note-160">[156]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[157]</a> The parliament has no legal status without the Guardian Council, and the Council holds absolute veto power over legislation.<a href="#cite_note-Archived_copy-162">[158]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a> has the authority to mediate disputes between Parliament and the Guardian Council, and serves as an advisory body to the Supreme Leader, making it one of the most powerful governing bodies in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-163">[159]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[160]</a> The Parliament has 207 constituencies, including the 5 <a href="/wiki/Reserved_seats" class="mw-redirect" title="Reserved seats">reserved seats</a> for religious minorities. The remaining 202 are territorial, each covering one or more of Iran's <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">counties</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Law">Law</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Judicial_system_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Judicial system of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></div> Iran uses a form of <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Sharia</a> law as its legal system, with elements of European <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a>. The Supreme Leader appoints the head of the Supreme Court and chief public prosecutor. There are several types of courts, including public courts that deal with civil and criminal cases, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Court" title="Islamic Revolutionary Court">revolutionary courts</a> which deal with certain offences, such as crimes against <a href="/wiki/National_security" title="National security">national security</a>. The decisions of the revolutionary courts are final and cannot be appealed. The Chief Justice is the head of the judicial system and responsible for its administration and supervision. He is the highest judge of the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Court of Iran">Supreme Court of Iran</a>. The Chief Justice nominates candidates to serve as minister of justice, and the President selects one. The Chief Justice can serve for two five-year terms.<a href="#cite_note-165">[161]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Special_Clerical_Court" title="Special Clerical Court">Special Clerical Court</a> handles crimes allegedly committed by <a href="/wiki/Cleric" class="mw-redirect" title="Cleric">clerics</a>, although it has taken on cases involving <a href="/wiki/Laity" title="Laity">laypeople</a>. The Special Clerical Court functions independently of the regular judicial framework and is accountable only to the Rahbar. The Court's rulings are final and cannot be appealed.<a href="#cite_note-Judiciary-166">[162]</a> The Assembly of Experts, which meets for one week annually, comprises 86 "virtuous and learned" clerics elected by adult suffrage for 8-year terms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_divisions">Administrative divisions</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Iran" title="Regions of Iran">Regions of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces of Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_Iran" title="Counties of Iran">Counties of Iran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">List of cities in Iran by province</a></div> Iran is subdivided into thirty-one <a href="/wiki/Province" title="Province">provinces</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: استان ostân), each governed from a local centre, usually the largest local city, which is called the capital (Persian: مرکز, <a href="/wiki/Markaz_(country_subdivision)" class="mw-redirect" title="Markaz (country subdivision)">markaz</a>) of that province. The provincial authority is headed by a <a href="/wiki/Governor-general" title="Governor-general">governor-general</a> (استاندار ostândâr), who is appointed by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Interior_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Interior (Iran)">Minister of the Interior</a> subject to approval of <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Iran" title="Cabinet of Iran">the cabinet</a>.<a href="#cite_note-govgen-167">[163]</a> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <div role="img" class="noresize" style="width: 450px; line-height: 1; text-align: center; background-color: #ffffff; position: relative;"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank-Map-Iran-With-Water-Bodies.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Blank-Map-Iran-With-Water-Bodies.PNG/450px-Blank-Map-Iran-With-Water-Bodies.PNG" decoding="async" width="450" height="414" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Blank-Map-Iran-With-Water-Bodies.PNG/675px-Blank-Map-Iran-With-Water-Bodies.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Blank-Map-Iran-With-Water-Bodies.PNG 2x" data-file-width="895" data-file-height="823" /></a> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:129px; top:109px"><a href="/wiki/Alborz_province" title="Alborz province">Alborz</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:73.2px; top:37.9px"><a href="/wiki/Ardabil_province" title="Ardabil province">Ardabil</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:141.15px; top:308.8px"><a href="/wiki/Bushehr_province" title="Bushehr province">Bushehr</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:106.95px; top:211.15px"><a href="/wiki/Chaharmahal_and_Bakhtiari_province" title="Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province">Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:157.8px; top:180.1px"><a href="/wiki/Isfahan_province" title="Isfahan province">Isfahan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:183.9px; top:288.1px"><a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102.9px; top:73px"><a href="/wiki/Gilan_province" title="Gilan province">Gilan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:211.8px; top:82px"><a href="/wiki/Golestan_province" title="Golestan province">Golestan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:73.2px; top:131.95px"><a href="/wiki/Hamadan_province" title="Hamadan province">Hamadan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:244.2px; top:343px"><a href="/wiki/Hormozgan_province" title="Hormozgan province">Hormozgan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:42.15px; top:184.15px"><a href="/wiki/Ilam_province" title="Ilam province">Ilam</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:273px; top:271px"><a href="/wiki/Kerman_province" title="Kerman province">Kerman</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:5.25px; top:145.9px"><a href="/wiki/Kermanshah_province" title="Kermanshah province">Kermanshah</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:71.85px; top:234.1px"><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_province" title="Khuzestan province">Khuzestan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102.9px; top:248.05px"><a href="/wiki/Kohgiluyeh_and_Boyer-Ahmad_province" title="Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province">Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:39px; top:113.95px"><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_province" title="Kurdistan province">Kurdistan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:70.05px; top:177.85px"><a href="/wiki/Lorestan_province" title="Lorestan province"> Lorestan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:103.8px; top:163.9px"><a href="/wiki/Markazi_province" title="Markazi province">Markazi</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:156px; top:99.1px"><a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_province" title="Mazandaran province">Mazandaran</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:102.45px; top:100px"><a href="/wiki/Qazvin_province" title="Qazvin province">Qazvin</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:139.8px; top:144.1px"><a href="/wiki/Qom_province" title="Qom province">Qom</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:304.05px; top:109px"><a href="/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_province" title="Razavi Khorasan province">Razavi Khorasan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:210px; top:125.2px"><a href="/wiki/Semnan_province" title="Semnan province">Semnan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354.9px; top:325px"><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Sistan and Baluchestan </a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:151.05px; top:119.8px"><a href="/wiki/Tehran_province" title="Tehran province">Tehran</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:224.85px; top:212.05px"><a href="/wiki/Yazd_province" title="Yazd province">Yazd</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:75px; top:86.5px"><a href="/wiki/Zanjan_province" title="Zanjan province">Zanjan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:264px; top:65.8px"><a href="/wiki/North_Khorasan_province" title="North Khorasan province">North Khorasan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:313.95px; top:194.95px"><a href="/wiki/South_Khorasan_province" title="South Khorasan province">South Khorasan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:11.1px; top:74.8px"><a href="/wiki/West_Azerbaijan_province" title="West Azerbaijan province">West Azerbaijan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:33.15px; top:46.9px"><a href="/wiki/East_Azerbaijan_province" title="East Azerbaijan province">East Azerbaijan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:129px; top:37px"><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:140.25px; top:374.5px"><a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:354px; top:37px"><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:385.5px; top:172px"><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:399px; top:289px"><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:61.5px; top:1px"><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:12px; top:1px"><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:-1.5px; top:14.5px"><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">T u r k e y</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:16.5px; top:217px"><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:39px; top:289px"><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; font-size:85%; left:16.5px; top:352px"><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></div> </div> </div> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;">Map of Iran's Provinces</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_relations">Foreign relations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Diplomatic_relations_of_Iran.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Diplomatic_relations_of_Iran.svg/220px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Diplomatic_relations_of_Iran.svg/330px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Diplomatic_relations_of_Iran.svg/440px-Diplomatic_relations_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1104" data-file-height="566" /></a><figcaption>Nations with which Iran has diplomatic relations</figcaption></figure> Iran maintains diplomatic relations with <a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">165 countries</a>, but not the United States and <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a>—a state which Iran derecognised in 1979.<a href="#cite_note-MousavianShahidsaless2014-168">[164]</a> Iran has an <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Saudi_Arabia_proxy_conflict" title="Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict">adversarial relationship with Saudi Arabia</a> due to different political and ideologies. <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Turkey_relations" title="Iran–Turkey relations">Iran and Turkey</a> have been involved in modern proxy conflicts such as in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/South_Caucasus" title="South Caucasus">South Caucasus</a>.<a href="#cite_note-169">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[167]</a> However, they have shared common interests, such as the issue of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_nationalism" title="Kurdish nationalism">Kurdish separatism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Qatar_diplomatic_crisis" title="Qatar diplomatic crisis">Qatar diplomatic crisis</a>.<a href="#cite_note-172">[168]</a><a href="#cite_note-173">[169]</a> Iran has a close and strong relationship with <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-175">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-176">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[173]</a> Iran has deep economic relations and alliance with <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> and Syria, with Syria often described as Iran's "closest ally".<a href="#cite_note-178">[174]</a><a href="#cite_note-179">[175]</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[176]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg/220px-Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg/330px-Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg/440px-Iranian_Foreign_Affaire_Ministry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The building of <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Iran)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, which extensively uses <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid architecture</a> in its facade, <a href="/wiki/National_Garden,_Tehran" title="National Garden, Tehran">National Garden</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> is a key trading partner, especially in regard to its excess oil reserves.<a href="#cite_note-181">[177]</a><a href="#cite_note-182">[178]</a> Both share a close economic and military alliance, and are subject to heavy sanctions by Western nations.<a href="#cite_note-183">[179]</a><a href="#cite_note-184">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-185">[181]</a><a href="#cite_note-186">[182]</a> Iran is the only country in Western Asia that has been invited to join the <a href="/wiki/Collective_Security_Treaty_Organization" title="Collective Security Treaty Organization">CSTO</a>, the Russia-based international treaty organization that parallels <a href="/wiki/NATO" title="NATO">NATO</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[183]</a> Relations between Iran and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a> are strong economically; they have developed a friendly, economic and strategic relationship. In 2021, Iran and China signed a <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93China_25-year_Cooperation_Program" title="Iran–China 25-year Cooperation Program">25-year cooperation agreement</a> that will strengthen the relations between the two countries and would include "political, strategic and economic" components.<a href="#cite_note-188">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/China%E2%80%93Iran_relations" title="China–Iran relations">Iran-China relations</a> dates back to at least 200 BC and possibly earlier.<a href="#cite_note-189">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[186]</a> Iran is one of the few countries in the world that has a good relationship with both <a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North</a> and <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-191">[187]</a> Iran is a member of dozens of international organizations, including the <a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">G-15</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_24" title="Group of 24">G-24</a>, <a href="/wiki/Group_of_77" title="Group of 77">G-77</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Atomic_Energy_Agency" title="International Atomic Energy Agency">IAEA</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Bank_for_Reconstruction_and_Development" title="International Bank for Reconstruction and Development">IBRD</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Development_Association" title="International Development Association">IDA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">NAM</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Development_Bank" title="Islamic Development Bank">IDB</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Finance_Corporation" title="International Finance Corporation">IFC</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Labour_Organization" title="International Labour Organization">ILO</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">IMF</a>, <a href="/wiki/International_Maritime_Organization" title="International Maritime Organization">IMO</a>, <a href="/wiki/Interpol" title="Interpol">Interpol</a>, <a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">OIC</a>, <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">WHO</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a>, and currently has observer status at the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Organization" title="World Trade Organization">WTO</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military">Military</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history of Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sejjil_missile_launch_-_November_2008_(21).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sejjil_missile_launch_-_November_2008_%2821%29.jpg/150px-Sejjil_missile_launch_-_November_2008_%2821%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sejjil_missile_launch_-_November_2008_%2821%29.jpg/225px-Sejjil_missile_launch_-_November_2008_%2821%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Sejjil_missile_launch_-_November_2008_%2821%29.jpg/300px-Sejjil_missile_launch_-_November_2008_%2821%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="596" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Medium-range_ballistic_missile" title="Medium-range ballistic missile">MRBM</a> <a href="/wiki/Sejjil" title="Sejjil">Sejjil</a>. Iran is the world's 6th <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">missile power</a>, and the 5th country in the world with <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic missile">hypersonic missile technology</a>.</figcaption></figure> The military is organized under a unified structure, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces</a>, comprising the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Islamic Republic of Iran Army</a>, which includes the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army_Ground_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army Ground Forces">Ground Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Defense_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Defense Force">Air Defence Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a>, which consists of the <a href="/wiki/Ground_Forces_of_the_Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Ground Forces of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Ground Forces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aerospace_Force_of_the_Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Aerospace Force of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Aerospace Force</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navy_of_the_Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Navy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Basij" title="Basij">Basij</a>; and the <a href="/wiki/Law_Enforcement_Force_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Enforcement Force of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Law Enforcement Command</a> (Faraja), which serves an analogous function to a <a href="/wiki/Gendarmerie" title="Gendarmerie">gendarme</a>. While the IRIAF protects the country's sovereignty in a traditional capacity, the IRGC is mandated to ensure the integrity of the Republic, against foreign interference, coups, and internal riots.<a href="#cite_note-192">[188]</a> <a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_Iran" title="Conscription in Iran">Since 1925</a>, it is mandatory for all male citizen aged 18 to serve around 14 months in the IRIAF or IRGC.<a href="#cite_note-193">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-194">[190]</a> Iran has over 610,000 active troops and around 350,000 reservists, totalling over 1 million military personnel, one of the world's highest <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_military_and_paramilitary_personnel" title="List of countries by number of military and paramilitary personnel">percentage of citizens with military training</a>.<a href="#cite_note-195">[191]</a><a href="#cite_note-196">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[194]</a> The Basij, a <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitary</a> volunteer militia within the IRGC, has over 20 million members, 600,000 available for immediate call-up, 300,000 reservists, and a million that could be mobilized when necessary.<a href="#cite_note-199">[195]</a><a href="#cite_note-200">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[197]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[198]</a> Faraja, the Iranian uniformed <a href="/wiki/Police_force" class="mw-redirect" title="Police force">police force</a>, has over 260,000 active personnel. Most statistical organizations do not include the Basij and Faraja in their ratings report. Excluding the Basij and Faraja, Iran has been identified as a major military power, owing it to the size and capabilities of its armed forces. It possesses the world's 14th strongest military.<a href="#cite_note-203">[199]</a> It ranks 13th globally in terms of overall military strength, 7th in the number of active military personnel,<a href="#cite_note-auto1-204">[200]</a> and 9th in the size of both its ground force and armoured force. Iran's armed forces are the largest in <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a> and comprise the greatest <a href="/wiki/Army_Aviation" class="mw-redirect" title="Army Aviation">Army Aviation</a> fleet in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[201]</a><a href="#cite_note-206">[202]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[203]</a> Iran is among the top 15 countries in terms of military budget.<a href="#cite_note-208">[204]</a> In 2021, its military spending increased for the first time in four years, to $24.6 billion, 2.3% of the national GDP.<a href="#cite_note-209">[205]</a> Funding for the IRGC accounted for 34% of Iran's total military spending in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-210">[206]</a> Since the Revolution, to overcome foreign embargoes, Iran has developed a domestic military industry capable of producing indigenous <a href="/wiki/Tank" title="Tank">tanks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Armoured_personnel_carrier" title="Armoured personnel carrier">armoured personnel carriers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Submarine" title="Submarine">submarines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_frigate_Jamaran" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian frigate Jamaran">missile destroyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radar" title="Radar">radar</a> systems, <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Navy" title="Navy">naval vessels</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fighter_aircraft" title="Fighter aircraft">fighter planes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AskariMohseni2010-211">[207]</a> Official announcements have highlighted the development of advanced weaponry, particularly in rocketry.<a href="#cite_note-212">[208]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[n 1]</a> Consequently, Iran has the largest and most diverse <a href="/wiki/Ballistic_missile" title="Ballistic missile">ballistic missile</a> arsenal in the Middle East and is only the 5th country in the world with <a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_missile" class="mw-redirect" title="Hypersonic missile">hypersonic missile technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-214">[209]</a><a href="#cite_note-215">[210]</a> It is the world's 6th missile power.<a href="#cite_note-216">[211]</a> Iran designs and produces a variety of <a href="/wiki/Unmanned_aerial_vehicle" title="Unmanned aerial vehicle">unmanned aerial vehicles</a> (UAVs) and is considered a global leader and superpower in <a href="/wiki/Drone_warfare" title="Drone warfare">drone warfare and technology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-217">[212]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[213]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[214]</a> It is one of the world's five countries with <a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare" title="Cyberwarfare">cyberwarfare</a> capabilities and is identified as "one of the most active players in the international cyber arena".<a href="#cite_note-220">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[217]</a> Iran is an key exporter of arms since 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-223">[218]</a> Following Russia's purchase of Iranian drones during the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion of Ukraine</a>,<a href="#cite_note-224">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-226">[221]</a> in November 2023, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force</a> (IRIAF) finalized arrangements to acquire Russian <a href="/wiki/Sukhoi_Su-35" title="Sukhoi Su-35">Sukhoi Su-35</a> fighter jets, <a href="/wiki/Mil_Mi-28" title="Mil Mi-28">Mil Mi-28</a> attack helicopters, air defence and missile systems.<a href="#cite_note-227">[222]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[223]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Iranian Navy</a> has had joint exercises with <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a> and <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[224]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nuclear_program">Nuclear program</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program of Iran</a></div> Iran's nuclear program dates back to the 1950s.<a href="#cite_note-230">[225]</a> Iran revived it after the Revolution, and its extensive nuclear fuel cycle, including enrichment capabilities, became the <a href="/wiki/Views_on_the_nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Views on the nuclear program of Iran">subject of intense international negotiations</a> and sanctions.<a href="#cite_note-231">[226]</a> Many countries have expressed concern Iran could divert civilian nuclear technology into a <a href="/wiki/Iran_and_weapons_of_mass_destruction" title="Iran and weapons of mass destruction">weapons programme</a>.<a href="#cite_note-232">[227]</a> In 2015, Iran and the <a href="/wiki/P5%2B1" title="P5+1">P5+1</a> agreed to the <a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan on Action</a> (JCPOA), aiming to end <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1929" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1929">economic sanctions</a> in exchange for restriction in producing <a href="/wiki/Enriched_uranium" title="Enriched uranium">enriched uranium</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[228]</a> In 2018, however, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">US withdrew</a> from the deal under the <a href="/wiki/First_presidency_of_Donald_Trump" title="First presidency of Donald Trump">Trump administration</a>, and reimposed sanctions. This was met with resistance by Iran and other members of the P5+1.<a href="#cite_note-234">[229]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[230]</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[231]</a> A year later, Iran began decreasing its compliance.<a href="#cite_note-237">[232]</a> By 2020, Iran announced it would no longer observe any limit set by the agreement.<a href="#cite_note-238">[233]</a><a href="#cite_note-239">[234]</a> Progress since then has brought Iran to the <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_latency" title="Nuclear latency">nuclear threshold status</a>.<a href="#cite_note-240">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-241">[236]</a><a href="#cite_note-242">[237]</a> As of November 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit">[update]</a>, Iran had uranium enriched to up to 60% fissile content, close to weapon grade.<a href="#cite_note-243">[238]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-245">[240]</a><a href="#cite_note-246">[241]</a> Some analysts already regard Iran as a de facto nuclear power.<a href="#cite_note-247">[242]</a><a href="#cite_note-248">[243]</a><a href="#cite_note-249">[244]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Regional_influence">Regional influence</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_influence_in_Lebanon" title="Iranian influence in Lebanon">Iranian influence in Lebanon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_the_Syrian_civil_war" title="Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war">Iranian intervention in the Syrian civil war</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_intervention_in_Iraq_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)">Iranian intervention in Iraq (2014–present)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iranian_Influence_(2).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Iranian_Influence_%282%29.png/220px-Iranian_Influence_%282%29.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Iranian_Influence_%282%29.png/330px-Iranian_Influence_%282%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c6/Iranian_Influence_%282%29.png/440px-Iranian_Influence_%282%29.png 2x" data-file-width="6460" data-file-height="3403" /></a><figcaption>Iran and its sphere of influence</figcaption></figure> Iran's significant influence and foothold, sometimes characterised as the "Dawn of A New Persian Empire."<a href="#cite_note-250">[245]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[246]</a><a href="#cite_note-252">[247]</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[248]</a> Some analysts associate the Iranian influence to the nation's proud <a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationalism" title="Iranian nationalism">national legacy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">empire</a> and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">history</a>.<a href="#cite_note-254">[249]</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[250]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[251]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Revolution</a>, Iran has grown its influence across and beyond the region.<a href="#cite_note-257">[252]</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-259">[254]</a><a href="#cite_note-260">[255]</a> It has built military forces with a wide network of state and none-state actors, starting with <a href="/wiki/Hezbollah" title="Hezbollah">Hezbollah</a> in <a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a> in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-261">[256]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[257]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">IRGC</a> has been key to Iranian influence, through its <a href="/wiki/Quds_Force" title="Quds Force">Quds Force</a>.<a href="#cite_note-263">[258]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto10-264">[259]</a><a href="#cite_note-265">[260]</a> The instability in Lebanon (from the 1980s),<a href="#cite_note-266">[261]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> (from 2003) <a href="#cite_note-267">[262]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a> (from 2014) <a href="#cite_note-268">[263]</a> has allowed Iran to build strong alliances and footholds beyond its borders. Iran has a prominent influence in the social services, education, economy and politics of Lebanon,<a href="#cite_note-auto3-269">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[265]</a> and Lebanon provides Iran access to the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean_Sea" title="Mediterranean Sea">Mediterranean Sea</a>.<a href="#cite_note-271">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-272">[267]</a> Hezbollah's strategic successes against Israel, such as its symbolic victory during the <a href="/wiki/2006_Lebanon_War" title="2006 Lebanon War">2006 Israel–Hezbollah War</a>, elevated Iran's influence in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a> and strengthened its appeal across the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim World</a>.<a href="#cite_note-273">[268]</a><a href="#cite_note-274">[269]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/2003_invasion_of_Iraq" title="2003 invasion of Iraq">US invasion of Iraq in 2003</a> and the arrival of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_State" title="Islamic State">ISIS</a> in the mid-2010s, Iran has financed and trained militia groups in Iraq.<a href="#cite_note-275">[270]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[271]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto4-277">[272]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran-Iraq war</a> in 1980s and the fall of <a href="/wiki/Saddam_Hussein" title="Saddam Hussein">Saddam Hussein</a>, Iran has shaped Iraq's politics.<a href="#cite_note-278">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-280">[275]</a> Following Iraq's struggle against ISIS in 2014, companies linked to the IRGC such as <a href="/wiki/Khatam-al_Anbiya_Construction_Headquarters" title="Khatam-al Anbiya Construction Headquarters">Khatam al-Anbiya</a>, started to build roads, power plants, hotels and businesses in Iraq, creating an economic corridor worth around $9 billion before <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID-19</a>.<a href="#cite_note-281">[276]</a> This is expected to grow to $20 billion.<a href="#cite_note-282">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto11-283">[278]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg/220px-Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg/330px-Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg/440px-Achaemenid_Empire_500_BCE.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3070" data-file-height="1637" /></a><figcaption>Achaemenid Empire in 500 BCE</figcaption></figure> During <a href="/wiki/Yemeni_civil_war_(2014%E2%80%93present)" title="Yemeni civil war (2014–present)">Yemen's civil war</a>, Iran provided military support to the <a href="/wiki/Houthi_movement" title="Houthi movement">Houthis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-284">[279]</a><a href="#cite_note-285">[280]</a><a href="#cite_note-286">[281]</a> a <a href="/wiki/Zaydism" title="Zaydism">Zaydi Shiite</a> movement fighting Yemen's <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> government since 2004.<a href="#cite_note-287">[282]</a><a href="#cite_note-288">[283]</a> They gained <a href="/wiki/Red_Sea_crisis" title="Red Sea crisis">significant power</a> in recent years.<a href="#cite_note-289">[284]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-291">[286]</a> Iran has considerable influence in <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> through militant groups such as <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Fatemiyoun" title="Liwa Fatemiyoun">Liwa Fatemiyoun</a> and <a href="/wiki/Liwa_Zainebiyoun" title="Liwa Zainebiyoun">Liwa Zainebiyoun</a>.<a href="#cite_note-292">[287]</a><a href="#cite_note-293">[288]</a><a href="#cite_note-294">[289]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, Iran has supported President <a href="/wiki/Bashar_al-Assad" title="Bashar al-Assad">Bashar al-Assad</a>;<a href="#cite_note-295">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[291]</a> the two countries are long-standing allies.<a href="#cite_note-297">[292]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto2-298">[293]</a> Iran has provided significant military and economic support to Assad's government,<a href="#cite_note-auto12-299">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-300">[295]</a> so has a considerable foothold in Syria.<a href="#cite_note-301">[296]</a><a href="#cite_note-302">[297]</a> Iran has long supported the anti-Israel fronts in <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a> in countries like <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a>, embracing <a href="/wiki/Hamas" title="Hamas">Hamas</a> in part to help undermine the popularity of the <a href="/wiki/Palestine_Liberation_Organization" title="Palestine Liberation Organization">Palestinian Liberation Organization</a> (PLO).<a href="#cite_note-303">[298]</a> Iran's support of Hamas emerged more clearly in later years.<a href="#cite_note-304">[299]</a><a href="#cite_note-305">[300]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[301]</a><a href="#cite_note-307">[302]</a> According to US intelligence, Iran does not have full control over these state and non-state groups.<a href="#cite_note-308">[303]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Human_rights_and_censorship">Human rights and censorship</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment_in_Iran" title="Capital punishment in Iran">Capital punishment in Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship in Iran</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EvinHouseofDetention.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/EvinHouseofDetention.jpg/225px-EvinHouseofDetention.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/EvinHouseofDetention.jpg/338px-EvinHouseofDetention.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/EvinHouseofDetention.jpg/450px-EvinHouseofDetention.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1064" /></a><figcaption>The entrance to <a href="/wiki/Evin_Prison" title="Evin Prison">Evin Prison</a>, established in 1972. <a href="/wiki/Vice_Media" title="Vice Media">VICE</a> describes the prison as the "legendary terrifying place that nobody wants to end up."<a href="#cite_note-309">[304]</a></figcaption></figure> The Iranian government has been denounced by various international organizations and governments for violating human rights.<a href="#cite_note-310">[305]</a> The government has frequently persecuted and arrested critics of the government. Iranian law does not recognize <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">sexual orientations</a>. <a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">Sexual activity between members of the same sex</a> is illegal and is <a href="/wiki/Death_penalty_for_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Death penalty for homosexuality">punishable by death</a>.<a href="#cite_note-311">[306]</a><a href="#cite_note-312">[307]</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Capital punishment">Capital punishment</a> is a legal punishment, and according to the BBC, Iran "carries out more executions than any other country, except China".<a href="#cite_note-313">[308]</a> UN Special Rapporteur <a href="/wiki/Javaid_Rehman" title="Javaid Rehman">Javaid Rehman</a> has reported discrimination against several ethnic minorities in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-314">[309]</a> A group of <a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">UN</a> experts in 2022 urged Iran to stop "systematic persecution" of religious minorities, adding that members of the <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> were arrested, barred from universities, or had their homes demolished.<a href="#cite_note-315">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-316">[311]</a> Censorship in Iran is ranked among the most extreme worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-317">[312]</a><a href="#cite_note-318">[313]</a><a href="#cite_note-319">[314]</a> Iran has strict <a href="/wiki/Internet_censorship_in_Iran" title="Internet censorship in Iran">internet censorship</a>, with the government persistently blocking <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> and other sites.<a href="#cite_note-320">[315]</a><a href="#cite_note-321">[316]</a><a href="#cite_note-TechCrunch-322">[317]</a> Since January 2021, Iranian authorities have blocked a list of social media platforms; <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a>, <a href="/wiki/WhatsApp" title="WhatsApp">WhatsApp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telegram_(software)" title="Telegram (software)">Telegram</a>, <a href="/wiki/Twitter" title="Twitter">Twitter</a> and <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>.<a href="#cite_note-323">[318]</a> The 2006 election results were widely disputed, resulting in <a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">protests</a>.<a href="#cite_note-324">[319]</a><a href="#cite_note-325">[320]</a><a href="#cite_note-326">[321]</a><a href="#cite_note-327">[322]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%9318_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2017–18 Iranian protests">2017–18 Iranian protests</a> swept across the country in response to the economic and political situation.<a href="#cite_note-328">[323]</a> It was formally confirmed that thousands of protesters were arrested.<a href="#cite_note-329">[324]</a> The <a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%9320_Iranian_protests" class="mw-redirect" title="2019–20 Iranian protests">2019–20 Iranian protests</a> started on 15 November in <a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a>, and spread across the country after the government announced increases in fuel prices of up to 300%.<a href="#cite_note-330">[325]</a> A <a href="/wiki/2019_Internet_blackout_in_Iran" title="2019 Internet blackout in Iran">week-long total Internet shutdown</a> marked one of the most severe Internet blackouts in any country, and the bloodiest governmental crackdown of the protestors.<a href="#cite_note-331">[326]</a> Tens of thousands were arrested and hundreds were killed within a few days according to multiple international observers, including <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[327]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752" title="Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752">Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752</a>, was a scheduled international civilian passenger flight from <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> to <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines" title="Ukraine International Airlines">Ukraine International Airlines</a>. On 8 January 2020, the Boeing 737–800 flying the route was shot down by the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps</a> (IRGC) shortly after takeoff, killing all 176 occupants on board and leading to <a href="/wiki/Ukraine_International_Airlines_Flight_752_protests" title="Ukraine International Airlines Flight 752 protests">protests</a>. An international investigation led to the government admitting to the shootdown, calling it a "human error".<a href="#cite_note-333">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-334">[329]</a> Another <a href="/wiki/Mahsa_Amini_protests" title="Mahsa Amini protests">Protests against the government</a> began on 16 September 2022 after a woman named <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Mahsa_Amini" title="Death of Mahsa Amini">Mahsa Amini died in police custody</a> following her arrest by the <a href="/wiki/Guidance_Patrol" title="Guidance Patrol">Guidance Patrol</a>, known commonly as the "morality police".<a href="#cite_note-335">[330]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[331]</a><a href="#cite_note-337">[332]</a><a href="#cite_note-338">[333]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy of Iran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_Iran" title="Subsidies in Iran">Subsidies in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance in Iran</a></div> As of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit">[update]</a>, Iran has the world's <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of countries by GDP (PPP)">19th largest economy (by PPP)</a>. It is a <a href="/wiki/Mixed_economy" title="Mixed economy">mixture</a> of <a href="/wiki/Planned_economy" title="Planned economy">central planning</a>, <a href="/wiki/State_ownership" title="State ownership">state ownership</a> of oil and other large enterprises, village agriculture, and small-scale private trading and service ventures.<a href="#cite_note-339">[334]</a> Services contribute the largest percentage of GDP, followed by industry (<a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">mining</a> and manufacturing) and <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">agriculture</a>.<a href="#cite_note-340">[335]</a> The economy is characterized by its hydrocarbon sector, in addition to manufacturing and financial services.<a href="#cite_note-341">[336]</a> With 10% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Iran%27s_oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran's oil reserves">oil reserves</a> and 15% of <a href="/wiki/Iran%27s_Natural_Gas_Reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran's Natural Gas Reserves">gas reserves</a>, Iran is an <a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">energy superpower</a>. Over <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">40 industries</a> are directly involved in the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a>. Tehran is the economic powerhouse of Iran.<a href="#cite_note-342">[337]</a> About 30% of Iran's public-sector workforce and 45% of its large industrial firms are located there, and half those firms' employees work for government.<a href="#cite_note-343">[338]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank of Iran</a> is responsible for developing and maintaining the <a href="/wiki/Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Iranian rial</a>. The government does not recognise <a href="/wiki/List_of_trade_unions_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of trade unions in Iran">trade unions</a> other than the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_labor_law" title="Iranian labor law">Islamic labour councils</a>, which are subject to the approval of employers and the security services.<a href="#cite_note-ayatoil-344">[339]</a> Unemployment was 9% in 2022.<a href="#cite_note-345">[340]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tehran_Stock_Exchange_3513534.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tehran_Stock_Exchange_3513534.jpg/180px-Tehran_Stock_Exchange_3513534.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tehran_Stock_Exchange_3513534.jpg/270px-Tehran_Stock_Exchange_3513534.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Tehran_Stock_Exchange_3513534.jpg/360px-Tehran_Stock_Exchange_3513534.jpg 2x" data-file-width="506" data-file-height="501" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a>'s market capital capitalisation was $1.5 trillion in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-346">[341]</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran#Budget" title="Politics of Iran">Budget deficits</a> have been a chronic problem, mostly due to <a href="/wiki/Subsidies_in_Iran" title="Subsidies in Iran">large state subsidies</a>, that include foodstuffs and especially petrol, totalling $100 billion in 2022 for energy alone.<a href="#cite_note-347">[342]</a><a href="#cite_note-348">[343]</a> In 2010, the economic reform plan was to cut subsidies gradually and replace them with targeted social assistance. The objective is to move towards <a href="/wiki/Free_market" title="Free market">free market</a> prices and increase productivity and <a href="/wiki/Social_justice" title="Social justice">social justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-349">[344]</a> The administration continues reform, and indicates it will diversify the oil-reliant economy. Iran has developed a <a href="/wiki/Biotechnology_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Biotechnology in Iran">biotechnology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chemistry_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Chemistry in Iran">nanotechnology</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">pharmaceutical</a> industry.<a href="#cite_note-350">[345]</a> The government is <a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">privatising industries</a>. Iran has leading manufacturing industries in automobile manufacture, transportation, construction materials, home appliances, food and agricultural goods, armaments, pharmaceuticals, information technology, and petrochemicals in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-Economy-351">[346]</a> Iran is among the world's top five producers of <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cherry" title="Cherry">cherries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cucumber" title="Cucumber">cucumbers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gherkin" class="mw-redirect" title="Gherkin">gherkins</a>, <a href="/wiki/Date_palm#Description" title="Date palm">dates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Common_fig" class="mw-redirect" title="Common fig">figs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pistachio" title="Pistachio">pistachios</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walnut" title="Walnut">walnuts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiwifruit" title="Kiwifruit">Kiwifruit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Watermelon" title="Watermelon">watermelons</a>.<a href="#cite_note-352">[347]</a> <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iran" title="International sanctions against Iran">International sanctions against Iran</a> have damaged the economy.<a href="#cite_note-everend-353">[348]</a> Iran is one of three countries that have not ratified the <a href="/wiki/Paris_Agreement" title="Paris Agreement">Paris Agreement</a> to limit <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">climate change</a>, although academics say it would be good for the country.<a href="#cite_note-354">[349]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism">Tourism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kish_Island,_Persian_Gulf,_Iran.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kish_Island%2C_Persian_Gulf%2C_Iran.jpg/220px-Kish_Island%2C_Persian_Gulf%2C_Iran.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kish_Island%2C_Persian_Gulf%2C_Iran.jpg/330px-Kish_Island%2C_Persian_Gulf%2C_Iran.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Kish_Island%2C_Persian_Gulf%2C_Iran.jpg/440px-Kish_Island%2C_Persian_Gulf%2C_Iran.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3042" data-file-height="1717" /></a><figcaption>Around 12 million tourists visit <a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island</a> annually.<a href="#cite_note-355">[350]</a></figcaption></figure> Tourism had been rapidly growing before the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, reaching nearly 9 million foreign visitors in 2019, the world's third fastest-growing tourism destination.<a href="#cite_note-356">[351]</a><a href="#cite_note-357">[352]</a> In 2022 it expanded its share to 5% of the economy.<a href="#cite_note-358">[353]</a> Iran's tourism experienced a growth of 43% in 2023, attracting 6 million foreign tourists.<a href="#cite_note-359">[354]</a> The government ended visa requirements for 60 countries in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-360">[355]</a> 98% of visits are for leisure, while 2% are for business, indicating the country's appeal as a tourist destination.<a href="#cite_note-361">[356]</a> Alongside the capital, the most popular tourist destinations are <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>.<a href="#cite_note-362">[357]</a> Iran is emerging as a preferred destination for <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-363">[358]</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-364">[359]</a> Travellers from other West Asian countries grew 31% in the first seven months of 2023, surpassing <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-365">[360]</a> <a href="/wiki/Domestic_tourism" title="Domestic tourism">Domestic tourism</a> is one of the world's largests; Iranian tourists spent $33bn in 2021.<a href="#cite_note-366">[361]</a><a href="#cite_note-BYI-367">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-MACooper2012-368">[363]</a> Iran projects investment of $32 billion in the tourism sector by 2026.<a href="#cite_note-369">[364]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Agriculture_and_fishery">Agriculture and fishery</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ali_Azad.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ali_Azad.jpg/220px-Ali_Azad.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ali_Azad.jpg/330px-Ali_Azad.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Ali_Azad.jpg/440px-Ali_Azad.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4513" data-file-height="2397" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Paddy_field" title="Paddy field">Paddy field</a> in <a href="/wiki/Bandpey" title="Bandpey">Bandpey</a>, northern Iran</figcaption></figure> Roughly one-third of Iran's total surface area is suited for farmland. Only 12% of the total land area is under cultivation, but less than one-third of the cultivated area is <a href="/wiki/Irrigated" class="mw-redirect" title="Irrigated">irrigated</a>; the rest is devoted to <a href="/wiki/Dryland_farming" title="Dryland farming">dryland farming</a>. Some 92% of agricultural products depend on water.<a href="#cite_note-370">[365]</a> The western and northwestern portions of the country have the most fertile soils. Iran's <a href="/wiki/Food_security" title="Food security">food security</a> index stands at around 96 percent.<a href="#cite_note-371">[366]</a><a href="#cite_note-372">[367]</a> 3% of the total land area is used for <a href="/wiki/Grazing" title="Grazing">grazing</a> and fodder production. Most of the grazing is done on mostly semi-dry rangeland in mountain areas and on areas surrounding the large deserts of Central Iran. Progressive government efforts and incentives during the 1990s, improved agricultural productivity, helping Iran toward its goal of reestablishing national self-sufficiency in food production. Access to the Caspian Sea, the Persian Gulf, the Gulf of Oman, and many river basins provides Iran the potential to develop excellent fisheries. The government assumed control of commercial fishing in 1952. Expansion of the fishery infrastructure enabled the country to harvest an estimated 700,000 tons of fish annually from the southern waters. Since the Revolution, increased attention has been focused on producing fish from inland waters. Between 1976 and 2004, the combined take from inland waters by the state and private sectors increased from 1,100 tons to 110,175 tons.<a href="#cite_note-loc3-373">[368]</a> Iran is the world's largest producer and exporter of <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a>, exporting more than 300 tonnes annually.<a href="#cite_note-news.bbc.co.uk2-374">[369]</a><a href="#cite_note-375">[370]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industry_and_services">Industry and services</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IKCO_Reera_01_2023-09-01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/IKCO_Reera_01_2023-09-01.jpg/220px-IKCO_Reera_01_2023-09-01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/IKCO_Reera_01_2023-09-01.jpg/330px-IKCO_Reera_01_2023-09-01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/IKCO_Reera_01_2023-09-01.jpg/440px-IKCO_Reera_01_2023-09-01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3732" data-file-height="2473" /></a><figcaption>Iran is the world's 16th largest car manufacturer, with <a href="/wiki/Iran_Khodro" title="Iran Khodro">IKCO</a> being the largest in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Africa" title="North Africa">North Africa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-376">[371]</a></figcaption></figure> Iran is globally ranked 16th in car manufacturing, ahead of the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and Russia.<a href="#cite_note-377">[372]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[373]</a> It has outputted 1.188 million cars in 2023, a 12% growth compared to the previous years. Iran has exported various cars to countries such as Venezuela, Russia and Belarus. From 2008 to 2009, Iran leaped to 28th place from 69th in annual industrial production growth rate.<a href="#cite_note-379">[374]</a> Iranian <a href="/wiki/General_contractor" title="General contractor">contractors</a> have been awarded several foreign tender contracts in different fields of construction of <a href="/wiki/List_of_reservoirs_and_dams_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of reservoirs and dams in Iran">dams</a>, <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">bridges, roads</a>, <a href="/wiki/Construction_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Construction in Iran">buildings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railroads</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran" title="List of power stations in Iran">power generation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">gas, oil</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Petrochemical_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="National Iranian Petrochemical Company">petrochemical</a> industries. As of 2011, some 66 Iranian industrial companies are carrying out projects in 27 countries.<a href="#cite_note-380">[375]</a> Iran exported over $20 billion worth of technical and engineering services over 2001–2011. The availability of local raw materials, <a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">rich mineral reserves</a>, experienced manpower have all played crucial role in winning the bids.<a href="#cite_note-381">[376]</a> 45% of large industrial firms are located in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, and almost half of their workers work for government.<a href="#cite_note-382">[377]</a> The Iranian retail industry is largely in the hands of <a href="/wiki/Cooperative" title="Cooperative">cooperatives</a>, many of them government-sponsored, and of independent retailers in the <a href="/wiki/Bazaar" title="Bazaar">bazaars</a>. The bulk of food sales occur at street markets, where the Chief Statistics Bureau sets the prices.<a href="#cite_note-383">[378]</a> Iran's main exports are to <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>, <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>.<a href="#cite_note-384">[379]</a><a href="#cite_note-385">[380]</a> Iran's automotive industry is the second most active industry of the country, after its oil and gas industry. <a href="/wiki/Iran_Khodro" title="Iran Khodro">Iran Khodro</a> is the largest car manufacturer in the Middle East, and <a href="/wiki/Iran_Tractor_Manufacturing_Company" title="Iran Tractor Manufacturing Company">ITMCO</a> is the biggest tractor manufacturer. Iran is the <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_motor_vehicle_production" title="List of countries by motor vehicle production">12th largest automaker in the world</a>. Construction is one of the most important sectors in Iran accounting for 20–50% of the total private investment. Iran is one of the most important mineral producers in the world, ranked among 15 major mineral-rich countries.<a href="#cite_note-386">[381]</a><a href="#cite_note-auto-387">[382]</a> Iran has become self-sufficient in designing, building and operating dams and power plants. Iran is one of the six countries in the world that manufacture gas- and steam-powered turbines.<a href="#cite_note-388">[383]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_Air_Cargo_Boeing_747-200_KvW.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iran_Air_Cargo_Boeing_747-200_KvW.jpg/220px-Iran_Air_Cargo_Boeing_747-200_KvW.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iran_Air_Cargo_Boeing_747-200_KvW.jpg/330px-Iran_Air_Cargo_Boeing_747-200_KvW.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Iran_Air_Cargo_Boeing_747-200_KvW.jpg/440px-Iran_Air_Cargo_Boeing_747-200_KvW.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air" title="Iran Air">Iran Air</a> is the flag carrier of Iran. Its known as <a href="/wiki/Huma_bird" title="Huma bird">Huma</a> domestically, which is the name of a mythical Iranian bird, and the symbol of the airways.</figcaption></figure> In 2011 Iran had 173,000 kilometres (107,000 mi) of roads, of which 73% were paved.<a href="#cite_note-389">[384]</a> In 2008 there were nearly 100 passenger cars for every 1,000 inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-iran-daily.com-390">[385]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">Tehran Metro</a> is the largest in the Middle East,<a href="#cite_note-391">[386]</a><a href="#cite_note-392">[387]</a> it carries more than 3 million passengers daily and in 2018, 820 million trips.<a href="#cite_note-393">[388]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[389]</a> Trains operate on 11,106 km (6,901 mi) of track.<a href="#cite_note-rai.ir-395">[390]</a> The country's major port of entry is <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Strait_of_Hormuz" title="Strait of Hormuz">Strait of Hormuz</a>. Imported goods are distributed through the country by trucks and freight trains. The <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>–Bandar Abbas railroad connects Bandar-Abbas to the railroad system of Central Asia, via Tehran and <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>. Other major ports include <a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Anzali" title="Bandar-e Anzali">Bandar e-Anzali</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandar_Torkaman" title="Bandar Torkaman">Bandar e-Torkeman</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Caspian_Sea" title="Caspian Sea">Caspian Sea</a> and <a href="/wiki/Khorramshahr" title="Khorramshahr">Khorramshahr</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bandar-e_Emam_Khomeyni" title="Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni">Bandar-e Emam Khomeyni</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_airports_in_Iran" title="List of airports in Iran">Dozens of cities have airports</a> that serve passenger and cargo planes. <a href="/wiki/Iran_Air" title="Iran Air">Iran Air</a>, the national airline, operates domestic and international flights. All large cities have mass transit systems using buses, and private companies provide bus services between cities. Over a million people work in transport, accounting for 9% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-396">[391]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Energy">Energy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum industry in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:South_Pars_Onshore_Facilities_(8).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/South_Pars_Onshore_Facilities_%288%29.jpg/220px-South_Pars_Onshore_Facilities_%288%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/South_Pars_Onshore_Facilities_%288%29.jpg/330px-South_Pars_Onshore_Facilities_%288%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/South_Pars_Onshore_Facilities_%288%29.jpg/440px-South_Pars_Onshore_Facilities_%288%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="531" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/South_Pars/North_Dome_Gas-Condensate_field" title="South Pars/North Dome Gas-Condensate field">South Pars Gas-Condensate field</a>, the world's largest <a href="/wiki/Gas_field" class="mw-redirect" title="Gas field">gas field</a>, holds 8% of Earth's gas reserves.<a href="#cite_note-397">[392]</a></figcaption></figure> Iran is an <a href="/wiki/Energy_superpower" title="Energy superpower">energy superpower</a> and petroleum plays a key part.<a href="#cite_note-398">[393]</a><a href="#cite_note-399">[394]</a> As of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit">[update]</a>, Iran produced 4% of the world's <a href="/wiki/Crude_oil" class="mw-redirect" title="Crude oil">crude oil</a> (3.6 million barrels (570,000 m3) per day),<a href="#cite_note-400">[395]</a> which generates US$36bn<a href="#cite_note-401">[396]</a> of export revenue and is the main source of <a href="/wiki/Foreign_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign reserves">foreign currency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-402">[397]</a> Oil and gas reserves are estimated at 1.2 trn barrels;<a href="#cite_note-403">[398]</a> Iran holds 10% of world <a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves" class="mw-redirect" title="Oil reserves">oil reserves</a> and 15% for gas. It ranks 3rd in <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_proven_oil_reserves" title="List of countries by proven oil reserves">oil reserves</a><a href="#cite_note-404">[399]</a> and is <a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">OPEC</a>'s 2nd largest exporter. It has the 2nd largest <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas_in_Iran" title="Natural gas in Iran">gas reserves</a>,<a href="#cite_note-The_Wall_Street_Journalgas-405">[400]</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_natural_gas_production" title="List of countries by natural gas production">3rd largest natural gas production</a>. In 2019, Iran discovered a southern oil field of 50 bn barrels<a href="#cite_note-406">[401]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[402]</a><a href="#cite_note-408">[403]</a><a href="#cite_note-409">[404]</a> and in April 2024, the <a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">NIOC</a> discovered 10 giant shale oil deposits, totalling 2.6 bn barrels.<a href="#cite_note-410">[405]</a><a href="#cite_note-411">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-412">[407]</a> Iran plans to invest $500 billion in oil by 2025.<a href="#cite_note-nitc.co.ir-413">[408]</a> Iran manufactures 60–70% of <a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">its industrial equipment</a> domestically, including turbines, pumps, catalysts, <a href="/wiki/Oil_refinery" title="Oil refinery">refineries</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_tanker" title="Oil tanker">oil tankers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drilling_rig" title="Drilling rig">drilling rigs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oil_platform" title="Oil platform">offshore platforms</a>, towers, pipes, and exploration instruments.<a href="#cite_note-414">[409]</a> The addition of new <a href="/wiki/Hydroelectricity" title="Hydroelectricity">hydroelectric</a> stations and streamlining of conventional coal and oil-fired stations increased installed capacity to 33 GW; about 75% was based on natural gas, 18% on oil, and 7% on hydroelectric power. In 2004, Iran opened its first wind-powered and geothermal plants, and the first <a href="/wiki/Solar_power" title="Solar power">solar</a> thermal plant began in 2009. Iran is the world's third country to develop <a href="/wiki/Gas_to_liquids" title="Gas to liquids">GTL</a> technology.<a href="#cite_note-415">[410]</a> <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographic</a> trends and intensified industrialization have caused <a href="/wiki/Electric_power" title="Electric power">electric power</a> demand to grow by 8% per year. The government's goal of 53 GW of installed capacity by 2010 is to be reached by bringing on line <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Iran" title="List of power stations in Iran">new gas-fired plants</a>, and adding hydropower and nuclear generation capacity. <a href="/wiki/Bushehr_Nuclear_Power_Plant" title="Bushehr Nuclear Power Plant">Iran's first nuclear power plant</a> went online in 2011.<a href="#cite_note-nuclear-416">[411]</a><a href="#cite_note-MüllerMüller2015-417">[412]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Science_and_technology">Science and technology</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/150px-%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/225px-%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg/300px-%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B3%DB%8C_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.jpg 2x" data-file-width="371" data-file-height="495" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Nasir_al-Din_al-Tusi" title="Nasir al-Din al-Tusi">Nasir al-Din al-Tusi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a>, <a href="/wiki/Architect" title="Architect">architect</a>, <a href="/wiki/Early_Islamic_philosophy" title="Early Islamic philosophy">philosopher</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic medicine">physician</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic science">scientist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kalam" title="Kalam">theologian</a></figcaption></figure> Iran has made considerable advances in science and technology, despite <a href="/wiki/International_sanctions_against_Iran" title="International sanctions against Iran">international sanctions</a>. In the biomedical sciences, Iran's <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Biochemistry_and_Biophysics" title="Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics">Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics</a> has a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> chair in biology.<a href="#cite_note-418">[413]</a> In 2006, <a href="/wiki/List_of_contemporary_Iranian_scientists,_scholars,_and_engineers" title="List of contemporary Iranian scientists, scholars, and engineers">Iranian scientists</a> successfully <a href="/wiki/Cloning" title="Cloning">cloned</a> a sheep at the Royan Research Center in Tehran.<a href="#cite_note-419">[414]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stem_cell" title="Stem cell">Stem cell</a> research is among the top 10 in the world.<a href="#cite_note-420">[415]</a> Iran ranks 15th in the world in <a href="/wiki/Nanotechnology" title="Nanotechnology">nanotechnologies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-421">[416]</a><a href="#cite_note-422">[417]</a><a href="#cite_note-423">[418]</a> Iranian scientists outside Iran have made major scientific contributions. In 1960, <a href="/wiki/Ali_Javan" title="Ali Javan">Ali Javan</a> co-invented the first <a href="/wiki/Gas_laser" title="Gas laser">gas laser</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Fuzzy_set" title="Fuzzy set">fuzzy set</a> theory was introduced by <a href="/wiki/Lotfi_A._Zadeh" title="Lotfi A. Zadeh">Lotfi A. Zadeh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-424">[419]</a> Cardiologist <a href="/wiki/Tofy_Mussivand" title="Tofy Mussivand">Tofy Mussivand</a> invented and developed the first artificial cardiac pump, the precursor of the <a href="/wiki/Artificial_heart" title="Artificial heart">artificial heart</a>. Furthering research in diabetes, the <a href="/wiki/Glycated_hemoglobin" title="Glycated hemoglobin">HbA1c</a> was discovered by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Rahbar" title="Samuel Rahbar">Samuel Rahbar</a>. Many papers in <a href="/wiki/String_theory" title="String theory">string theory</a> are published in Iran.<a href="#cite_note-Nasr2007-425">[420]</a> In 2014, Iranian mathematician <a href="/wiki/Maryam_Mirzakhani" title="Maryam Mirzakhani">Maryam Mirzakhani</a> became the first woman, and Iranian, to receive the <a href="/wiki/Fields_Medal" title="Fields Medal">Fields Medal</a>, the highest prize in mathematics.<a href="#cite_note-426">[421]</a> Iran increased its publication output nearly tenfold from 1996 through 2004, and ranked first in output growth rate, followed by China.<a href="#cite_note-427">[422]</a> According to a study by <a href="/wiki/SCImago_Journal_Rank" title="SCImago Journal Rank">SCImago</a> in 2012, Iran would rank fourth in research output by 2018, if the trend persisted.<a href="#cite_note-SCImago_December_2012c-428">[423]</a> The Iranian humanoid robot <a href="/wiki/Surena_(robot)" title="Surena (robot)">Sorena 2</a>, which was designed by engineers at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a>, was unveiled in 2010. The <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) has placed the name of Surena among the five most prominent robots, after analyzing its performance.<a href="#cite_note-429">[424]</a> Iran was ranked 64th in the <a href="/wiki/Global_Innovation_Index" title="Global Innovation Index">Global Innovation Index</a> in 2024.<a href="#cite_note-430">[425]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Iranian_Space_Agency">Iranian Space Agency</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Iranian Space Agency</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Research_Center" title="Iranian Space Research Center">Iranian Space Research Center</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Revolutionary_Guard_Corps_Aerospace_Force" title="Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force">Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Aerospace Force</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Safir_navid_1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Safir_navid_1.jpg/150px-Safir_navid_1.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Safir_navid_1.jpg/225px-Safir_navid_1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Safir_navid_1.jpg/300px-Safir_navid_1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="395" data-file-height="593" /></a><figcaption>Historic launch of <a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">Safir</a></figcaption></figure> The Iranian Space Agency (ISA) was established in 2004. Iran became an orbital-launch-capable nation in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-431">[426]</a> and is a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Committee_on_the_Peaceful_Uses_of_Outer_Space" title="United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space">United Nations Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space</a>. Iran placed its domestically built <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> <a href="/wiki/Omid" title="Omid">Omid</a> into orbit on the 30th anniversary of the Revolution, in 2009,<a href="#cite_note-HarveySmid2011-432">[427]</a> through its first expendable launch vehicle <a href="/wiki/Safir_(rocket)" title="Safir (rocket)">Safir</a>. It became the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_first_orbital_launches_by_country" title="Timeline of first orbital launches by country">9th country</a> capable of both producing a satellite and sending it into <a href="/wiki/Space" title="Space">space</a> from a domestically made <a href="/wiki/Launch_pad" title="Launch pad">launcher</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hvac-conference.ir_November_29_2015c-433">[428]</a> <a href="/wiki/Simorgh_(rocket)" title="Simorgh (rocket)">Simorgh</a>'s launch in 2016, is the successor of Safir.<a href="#cite_note-434">[429]</a> In January 2024, Iran launched the <a href="/wiki/Soraya_(satellite)" title="Soraya (satellite)">Soraya satellite</a> into its highest orbit yet (750 km),<a href="#cite_note-435">[430]</a><a href="#cite_note-436">[431]</a> a new space launch milestone for the country.<a href="#cite_note-437">[432]</a><a href="#cite_note-438">[433]</a> It was launched by <a href="/wiki/Qaem_100" title="Qaem 100">Qaem 100 rocket</a>.<a href="#cite_note-439">[434]</a><a href="#cite_note-440">[435]</a> Iran also successfully launched 3 indigenous satellites, The Mahda, Kayan and Hatef,<a href="#cite_note-441">[436]</a> into orbit using the Simorgh carrier rocket.<a href="#cite_note-442">[437]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[438]</a> It was the first time in country's history that it simultaneously sent three satellites into space.<a href="#cite_note-444">[439]</a><a href="#cite_note-445">[440]</a> The three satellites are designed for testing advanced satellite subsystems, space-based positioning technology, and narrowband communication.<a href="#cite_note-446">[441]</a> In February 2024, Iran launched its domestically developed imaging satellite, Pars 1, from Russia into orbit.<a href="#cite_note-447">[442]</a><a href="#cite_note-448">[443]</a> This was the second time since August 2022, when Russia launched another Iranian remote-sensing, <a href="/wiki/Khayyam_satellite" title="Khayyam satellite">Khayyam satellite</a>, into orbit from <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>, reflecting deep scientific cooperation between the countries.<a href="#cite_note-449">[444]</a><a href="#cite_note-450">[445]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Telecommunication">Telecommunication</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Communications in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">Telecommunication Company of Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries</a></div> Iran's telecommunications industry is almost entirely state-owned, dominated by the <a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">Telecommunication Company of Iran</a> (TCI). As of 2020, 70 million Iranians use high-speed mobile internet. Iran is among the first five countries which have had a growth rate of over 20 percent and the highest level of development in telecommunication.<a href="#cite_note-451">[446]</a> Iran has been awarded the UNESCO special certificate for providing telecommunication services to rural areas. Globally, Iran ranks 75th in mobile <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">internet</a> speed and 153rd in fixed internet speed.<a href="#cite_note-452">[447]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demographics">Demographics</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics of Iran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Provinces_of_Iran_by_population.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Provinces_of_Iran_by_population.svg/188px-Provinces_of_Iran_by_population.svg.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Provinces_of_Iran_by_population.svg/282px-Provinces_of_Iran_by_population.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Provinces_of_Iran_by_population.svg/376px-Provinces_of_Iran_by_population.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1071" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:190px;max-width:190px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:167px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Iran_Counties_by_Population_(2021).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Iran_Counties_by_Population_%282021%29.svg/188px-Iran_Counties_by_Population_%282021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="188" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Iran_Counties_by_Population_%282021%29.svg/282px-Iran_Counties_by_Population_%282021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7b/Iran_Counties_by_Population_%282021%29.svg/376px-Iran_Counties_by_Population_%282021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1071" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Population of Iranian provinces and counties in 2021</div></div></div></div> Iran's population grew rapidly from about 19 million in 1956 to about 85 million by February 2023.<a href="#cite_note-453">[448]</a> However, Iran's <a href="/wiki/Total_fertility_rate" title="Total fertility rate">fertility rate</a> has dropped dramatically, from 6.5 children born per woman to about 1.7 two decades later,<a href="#cite_note-454">[449]</a><a href="#cite_note-455">[450]</a><a href="#cite_note-456">[451]</a> leading to a population growth rate of about 1.39% as of 2018.<a href="#cite_note-457">[452]</a> Due to its young population, studies project that the growth will continue to slow until it stabilises around 105 million by 2050.<a href="#cite_note-bureau-458">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-payvand-459">[454]</a><a href="#cite_note-460">[455]</a> Iran hosts one of the largest <a href="/wiki/Refugee" title="Refugee">refugee</a> populations, with almost one million,<a href="#cite_note-461">[456]</a> mostly from <a href="/wiki/Afghan_refugees" title="Afghan refugees">Afghanistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a>.<a href="#cite_note-462">[457]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Iranian Constitution</a>, the government is required to provide every citizen with access to <a href="/wiki/Social_security" class="mw-redirect" title="Social security">social security</a>, covering retirement, unemployment, old age, <a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">disability</a>, accidents, calamities, health and medical treatment and care services.<a href="#cite_note-463">[458]</a> This is covered by <a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">tax revenues</a> and income derived from public contributions.<a href="#cite_note-464">[459]</a> The country has one of the highest urban growth rates in the world. From 1950 to 2002, the urban proportion of the population increased from 27% to 60%.<a href="#cite_note-payvand2-465">[460]</a> Iran's population is concentrated in its western half, especially in the north, north-west and west.<a href="#cite_note-466">[461]</a> Tehran, with a population of around 9.4 million, is Iran's capital and largest city. The country's second most populous city, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, has a population of around 3.4 million, and is capital of the province of <a href="/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan_province" title="Razavi Khorasan province">Razavi Khorasan</a>. <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> has a population of around 2.2 million and is Iran's third most populous city. It is the capital of <a href="/wiki/Isfahan_province" title="Isfahan province">Isfahan province</a> and was also the third capital of the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Empire</a>. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini" style="float: left;height:2.6em;"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Largest_cities_of_Iran" title="Template:Largest cities of Iran"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Largest_cities_of_Iran" title="Template talk:Largest cities of Iran"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Largest_cities_of_Iran" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Largest cities of Iran"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest cities or towns in Iran <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2016 census</div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian cities by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iran">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian cities by population"> Pop.</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian cities by population">Rank</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of cities in Iran">Name</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Province</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_cities_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Iranian cities by population"> Pop.</a></th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tehran"><img alt="Tehran" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%28cropped%29.jpg/120px-%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%28cropped%29.jpg/180px-%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%28cropped%29.jpg/240px-%D9%BE%D9%84_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%D8%AA_%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1728" data-file-height="1139" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Aerial_View_of_Koohsangi_street,_Mashhad,_Iran.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Mashhad"><img alt="Mashhad" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aerial_View_of_Koohsangi_street%2C_Mashhad%2C_Iran.png/120px-Aerial_View_of_Koohsangi_street%2C_Mashhad%2C_Iran.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aerial_View_of_Koohsangi_street%2C_Mashhad%2C_Iran.png/180px-Aerial_View_of_Koohsangi_street%2C_Mashhad%2C_Iran.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Aerial_View_of_Koohsangi_street%2C_Mashhad%2C_Iran.png/240px-Aerial_View_of_Koohsangi_street%2C_Mashhad%2C_Iran.png 2x" data-file-width="1347" data-file-height="817" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran Province">Tehran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">8,693,706</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rasht" title="Rasht">Rasht</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">679,995 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Naghshejahan.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Isfahan"><img alt="Isfahan" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Naghshejahan.jpg/120px-Naghshejahan.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Naghshejahan.jpg/180px-Naghshejahan.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Naghshejahan.jpg/240px-Naghshejahan.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4500" data-file-height="3000" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Azimieh_Aerial_View.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karaj"><img alt="Karaj" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Azimieh_Aerial_View.jpg/120px-Azimieh_Aerial_View.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Azimieh_Aerial_View.jpg/180px-Azimieh_Aerial_View.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Azimieh_Aerial_View.jpg/240px-Azimieh_Aerial_View.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4640" data-file-height="2060" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Razavi_Khorasan" class="mw-redirect" title="Razavi Khorasan">Razavi Khorasan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">3,001,184</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zahedan" title="Zahedan">Zahedan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Sistan and Baluchestan Province">Sistan and Baluchestan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">587,730 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Isfahan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Isfahan Province">Isfahan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,961,260</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamadan" title="Hamadan">Hamadan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hamadan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamadan Province">Hamadan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">554,406 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Karaj" title="Karaj">Karaj</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Alborz_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Alborz Province">Alborz</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,592,492</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kerman" title="Kerman">Kerman</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kerman_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kerman Province">Kerman</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">537,718 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Fars_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Fars Province">Fars</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,565,572</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Yazd_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Yazd Province">Yazd</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">529,673 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tabriz" title="Tabriz">Tabriz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Azarbaijan" class="mw-redirect" title="East Azarbaijan">East Azarbaijan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,558,693</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ardabil" title="Ardabil">Ardabil</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ardabil_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Ardabil Province">Ardabil</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">529,374 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qom" title="Qom">Qom</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Qom_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Qom Province">Qom</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,201,158</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bandar_Abbas" title="Bandar Abbas">Bandar Abbas</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Hormozgan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Hormozgan Province">Hormozgan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">526,648 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Ahvaz" title="Ahvaz">Ahvaz</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan">Khuzestan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">1,184,788</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Arak,_Iran" title="Arak, Iran">Arak</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Markazi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Markazi Province">Markazi</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">520,944 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kermanshah" title="Kermanshah">Kermanshah</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kermanshah_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kermanshah Province">Kermanshah</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">946,651</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Eslamshahr" title="Eslamshahr">Eslamshahr</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Tehran Province">Tehran</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">448,129 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Urmia" title="Urmia">Urmia</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Azarbaijan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="West Azarbaijan Province">West Azarbaijan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">736,224</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zanjan,_Iran" title="Zanjan, Iran">Zanjan</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Zanjan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Zanjan Province">Zanjan</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">430,871 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ethnic_groups">Ethnic groups</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Ethnicities_in_Iran" title="Ethnicities in Iran">Ethnicities in Iran</a></div> Ethnic group composition remains a point of debate, mainly regarding the largest and second largest ethnic groups, the Persians and Azerbaijanis, due to the lack of Iranian state censuses based on ethnicity. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a> has estimated that around 79% of the population of Iran is a diverse <a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Europeans" title="Proto-Indo-Europeans">Indo-European</a> <a href="/wiki/Ethnolinguistics" title="Ethnolinguistics">ethno-linguistic group</a>,<a href="#cite_note-467">[462]</a> with <a href="/wiki/Persian_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian people">Persians</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_people" title="Mazanderani people">Mazenderanis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilaks" title="Gilaks">Gilaks</a>) constituting 61% of the population, <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> 10%, <a href="/wiki/Lurs" title="Lurs">Lurs</a> 6%, and <a href="/wiki/Baloch_people" title="Baloch people">Balochs</a> 2%. Peoples of other ethnolinguistic groups make up the remaining 21%, with <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a> constituting 16%, <a href="/wiki/Arabs" title="Arabs">Arabs</a> 2%, <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_peoples" title="Turkic peoples">Turkic tribes</a> 2%, and others (such as <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Talysh_people" title="Talysh people">Talysh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Assyrians" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Assyrians">Assyrians</a>) 1%. The <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a> issued slightly different estimates: 65% Persians (including Mazenderanis, Gilaks, and the Talysh), 16% Azerbaijanis, 7% Kurds, 6% Lurs, 2% Baloch, 1% Turkic tribal groups (including <a href="/wiki/Qashqai_people" title="Qashqai people">Qashqai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Turkmens" title="Turkmens">Turkmens</a>), and non-Iranian, non-Turkic groups (including Armenians, Georgians, Assyrians, Circassians, and Arabs) less than 3%.<a href="#cite_note-loc2-468">[463]</a><a href="#cite_note-469">[464]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Languages">Languages</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:I_am_Cyrus,_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargady01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargady01.jpg/220px-I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargady01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargady01.jpg/330px-I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargady01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargady01.jpg/440px-I_am_Cyrus%2C_Achaemenid_King_-_Pasargady01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3200" data-file-height="1460" /></a><figcaption>"I am <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_the_Great" title="Cyrus the Great">Cyrus</a> the king, an <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid</a>", in <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian_cuneiform" title="Old Persian cuneiform">Old Persian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elamite_language" title="Elamite language">Elamite</a> and <a href="/wiki/Akkadian_language" title="Akkadian language">Akkadian</a> languages; <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>.</figcaption></figure> Most of the population speaks <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>, the country's <a href="/wiki/Official_language" title="Official language">official</a> and <a href="/wiki/National_language" title="National language">national language</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AO-470">[465]</a> Others include speakers of other <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a>, within the greater <a href="/wiki/Indo-European_languages" title="Indo-European languages">Indo-European</a> family, and languages belonging to other ethnicities. The <a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazenderani</a> languages are widely spoken in <a href="/wiki/Gilan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilan Province">Gilan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazenderan</a>, northern Iran. The <a href="/wiki/Talysh_language" title="Talysh language">Talysh language</a> is spoken in parts of Gilan. Varieties of <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a> are concentrated in the province of <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdistan Province">Kurdistan</a> and nearby areas. In <a href="/wiki/Khuzestan_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Khuzestan Province">Khuzestan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_dialects_in_Khuzestan" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian dialects in Khuzestan">several dialects of Persian</a> are spoken. South Iran also houses the <a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a> and <a href="/wiki/Achomi_language" title="Achomi language">Lari</a> languages. <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, the most-spoken minority language in the country,<a href="#cite_note-471">[466]</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Turkic_languages" title="Turkic languages">Turkic languages</a> and dialects are found in various regions, especially <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Azerbaijan</a>. Notable minority languages include <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>. <a href="/wiki/Khuzestani_Arabic" title="Khuzestani Arabic">Khuzi Arabic</a> is spoken by the <a href="/wiki/Ahwazi_Arabs" class="mw-redirect" title="Ahwazi Arabs">Arabs in Khuzestan</a>, and the wider group of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Arabs" title="Iranian Arabs">Iranian Arabs</a>. <a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a> was also once widely spoken by the large Circassian minority, but, due to assimilation, no sizable number of Circassians speak the language anymore.<a href="#cite_note-472">[467]</a><a href="#cite_note-473">[468]</a><a href="#cite_note-474">[469]</a><a href="#cite_note-475">[470]</a> Percentages of spoken language continue to be a point of debate, most notably regarding the largest and second largest ethnicities in Iran, the Persians and <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a>. Percentages given by the <a href="/wiki/CIA" class="mw-redirect" title="CIA">CIA</a>'s <a href="/wiki/World_Factbook" class="mw-redirect" title="World Factbook">World Factbook</a> include 53% Persian, 16% <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a>, 10% <a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a>, 7% <a href="/wiki/Mazanderani_language" title="Mazanderani language">Mazenderani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gilaki_language" title="Gilaki language">Gilaki</a>, 7% <a href="/wiki/Luri_language" title="Luri language">Luri</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_language" title="Turkmen language">Turkmen</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Balochi_language" title="Balochi language">Balochi</a>, 2% <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a>, and 2% the remainder <a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neo-Aramaic_languages" title="Neo-Aramaic languages">Neo-Aramaic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Circassian_languages" title="Circassian languages">Circassian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CIA-476">[471]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religion">Religion</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion in Iran</a></div> <table class="wikitable" style="margin-left:1em; font-size: 88%; float:right; clear:right"> <caption>Religion (2011 census)<a href="#cite_note-477">[472]</a> Note: other groups were excluded </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:#ccf;"> <td style="text-align:center">Religion</td> <td style="background:#ccf; text-align:center">Percent</td> <td style="background:#ccf; text-align:center">Number </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Muslim</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">99.4%</td> <td style="text-align:right">74,682,938 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christian</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">0.2%</td> <td style="text-align:right">117,704 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrians_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Zoroastrians in Iran">Zoroastrian</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">0.03%</td> <td style="text-align:right">25,271 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Persian_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian Jews">Jewish</a></td> <td style="text-align:center">0.01%</td> <td style="text-align:right">8,756 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Other</td> <td style="text-align:center">0.07%</td> <td style="text-align:right">49,101 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Undeclared</td> <td style="text-align:center">0.4%</td> <td style="text-align:right">265,899 </td></tr></tbody></table> <a href="/wiki/Twelver" class="mw-redirect" title="Twelver">Twelver</a> <a href="/wiki/Shia_Islam" title="Shia Islam">Shia Islam</a> is the <a href="/wiki/State_religion" title="State religion">state religion</a>, to which 90–95% of Iranians adhere;<a href="#cite_note-478">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-479">[474]</a><a href="#cite_note-480">[475]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[476]</a> about 5–10% are in the <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufi</a> branches of Islam.<a href="#cite_note-cia.gov-482">[477]</a> 96% of Iranians believe in <a href="/wiki/Islam" title="Islam">Islam</a>, but 14% identify as not religious.<a href="#cite_note-worldvaluessurvey.org-483">[478]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">page needed</a>] There is a large population of adherents to <a href="/wiki/Yarsanism" title="Yarsanism">Yarsanism</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurdish</a> indigenous religion, estimated to be over half a million to one million followers.<a href="#cite_note-484">[479]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamzeh'ee199039-485">[480]</a><a href="#cite_note-486">[481]</a><a href="#cite_note-487">[482]</a><a href="#cite_note-488">[483]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith" title="Baháʼí Faith">Baháʼí Faith</a> is not officially recognized and has been subject to official persecution.<a href="#cite_note-fdih2-489">[484]</a> Since the Revolution, the <a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution of Baháʼís</a> has increased.<a href="#cite_note-ihrdc-490">[485]</a><a href="#cite_note-491">[486]</a> <a href="/wiki/Irreligion" title="Irreligion">Irreligion</a> is not recognized by the government. <a href="/wiki/Christianity" title="Christianity">Christianity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>, and the Sunni branch of Islam are officially recognised by the government and have reserved seats in the Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-Colin_Brock_p_99-492">[487]</a> Iran is home to the largest Jewish community in the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_world" title="Muslim world">Muslim World</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a>, outside of Israel.<a href="#cite_note-493">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-494">[489]</a> Around 250,000 to 370,000 <a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christians reside in Iran</a>, and Christianity is the country's largest recognised minority religion, most are of Armenian background, as well as a sizable minority of Assyrians.<a href="#cite_note-IRFR2009-Iran-495">[490]</a><a href="#cite_note-496">[491]</a><a href="#cite_note-Worldpopulationreview.com_November_29_2015c-497">[492]</a><a href="#cite_note-498">[493]</a> The Iranian government has supported the rebuilding and renovation of Armenian churches, and has supported the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_Monastic_Ensembles_of_Iran" title="Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran">Armenian Monastic Ensembles of Iran</a>. In 2019, the government registered the <a href="/wiki/Vank_Cathedral" title="Vank Cathedral">Vank Cathedral</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, as a <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>. Currently three Armenian churches in Iran have been included in the World Heritage List.<a href="#cite_note-499">[494]</a><a href="#cite_note-500">[495]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Education">Education</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TehranUniversityEntrancePanorama.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/TehranUniversityEntrancePanorama.jpg/220px-TehranUniversityEntrancePanorama.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="109" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/TehranUniversityEntrancePanorama.jpg/330px-TehranUniversityEntrancePanorama.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/TehranUniversityEntrancePanorama.jpg/440px-TehranUniversityEntrancePanorama.jpg 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="474" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/University_of_Tehran" title="University of Tehran">University of Tehran</a>, the oldest Iranian university (1851), and among the <a href="/wiki/College_and_university_rankings" title="College and university rankings">World's Top Universities</a></figcaption></figure> Education is highly centralised. <a href="/wiki/K%E2%80%9312" title="K–12">K–12</a> is supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Education_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Education (Iran)">Ministry of Education</a>, and higher education is supervised by the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science,_Research_and_Technology_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Science, Research and Technology (Iran)">Ministry of Science and Technology</a>. Literacy among people aged 15 and older was 86% as of 2016<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit">[update]</a>, with men (90%) significantly more educated than women (81%). Government expenditure on education is around 4% of GDP.<a href="#cite_note-501">[496]</a> The requirement to enter into higher education is to have a <a href="/wiki/High_school_diploma" title="High school diploma">high school diploma</a> and pass the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_University_Entrance_Exam" title="Iranian University Entrance Exam">Iranian University Entrance Exam</a>. Many students do a 1–2-year course of <a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">pre-university</a>.<a href="#cite_note-502">[497]</a> Iran's higher education is sanctioned by different levels of diplomas, including an <a href="/wiki/Associate_degree" title="Associate degree">associate degree</a> in two years, a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor%27s_degree" title="Bachelor's degree">bachelor's degree</a> in four years, and a <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a> in two years, after which another exam allows the candidate to pursue a <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">doctoral</a> programme.<a href="#cite_note-wes.org-503">[498]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Health">Health</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Health_in_Iran" title="Health in Iran">Health in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Healthcare in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Razavihospital_faz2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Razavihospital_faz2.jpg/220px-Razavihospital_faz2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Razavihospital_faz2.jpg/330px-Razavihospital_faz2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Razavihospital_faz2.jpg/440px-Razavihospital_faz2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="2264" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Razavi_Hospital" title="Razavi Hospital">Razavi Hospital</a>, accredited by <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://accreditation.ca/">ACI</a> for its quality <a href="/wiki/Health_care" title="Health care">health services</a><a href="#cite_note-504">[499]</a></figcaption></figure> Healthcare is provided by the public-governmental system, the private sector, and <a href="/wiki/Non-governmental_organization" title="Non-governmental organization">NGOs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-505">[500]</a> Iran is the only country in the world with a <a href="/wiki/Organ_trade#Iran" title="Organ trade">legal organ trade</a>.<a href="#cite_note-506">[501]</a> Iran has been able to extend public health <a href="/wiki/Preventive_medicine" class="mw-redirect" title="Preventive medicine">preventive services</a> through the establishment of an extensive <a href="/wiki/Primary_Health_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary Health Centre">Primary Health Care Network</a>. As a result, child and maternal mortality rates have fallen significantly, and life expectancy at birth has risen. Iran's medical knowledge rank is 17th globally, and 1st in the Middle East and North Africa. In terms of medical science production index, Iran ranks 16th in the world.<a href="#cite_note-507">[502]</a> Iran is fast emerging as a preferred destination for <a href="/wiki/Medical_tourism" title="Medical tourism">medical tourism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:0-363">[358]</a> The country faces the common problem of other <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">young demographic nations</a> in the region, which is keeping pace with growth of an already huge demand for various public services. An anticipated increase in the population growth rate will increase the need for <a href="/wiki/Public_health" title="Public health">public health</a> infrastructures and services.<a href="#cite_note-508">[503]</a> About 90% of Iranians have <a href="/wiki/Health_insurance" title="Health insurance">health insurance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-509">[504]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture of Iran</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Art">Art</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Iranian art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arts_of_Iran" title="Arts of Iran">Arts of Iran</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian modern and contemporary art</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mirror_Hall_by_Kamal-ol-molk.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mirror_Hall_by_Kamal-ol-molk.JPG/220px-Mirror_Hall_by_Kamal-ol-molk.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mirror_Hall_by_Kamal-ol-molk.JPG/330px-Mirror_Hall_by_Kamal-ol-molk.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Mirror_Hall_by_Kamal-ol-molk.JPG/440px-Mirror_Hall_by_Kamal-ol-molk.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2795" data-file-height="2199" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kamal-ol-molk" title="Kamal-ol-molk">Kamal-ol-molk</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Mirror_Hall" title="Mirror Hall">Mirror Hall</a> of <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Palace" title="Golestan Palace">Golestan Palace</a>, often considered a starting point in <a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">Iranian modern art</a><a href="#cite_note-510">[505]</a></figcaption></figure> Iran has one of the richest <a href="/wiki/Art" title="Art">art</a> heritages in history and been strong in many media including <a href="/wiki/Architecture" title="Architecture">architecture</a>, <a href="/wiki/Painting" title="Painting">painting</a>, <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literature</a>, <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metalworking" title="Metalworking">metalworking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stonemasonry" title="Stonemasonry">stonemasonry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a>, <a href="/wiki/Calligraphy" title="Calligraphy">calligraphy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sculpture" title="Sculpture">sculpture</a>. At different times, influences from neighbouring civilizations have been important, and latterly Persian art gave and received major influences as part of the wider styles of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_art" title="Islamic art">Islamic art</a>. From the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a> of 550–330 BC, the courts of successive dynasties led the style of Persian art, and court-sponsored art left many of the most impressive pieces that remain. The Islamic style of dense decoration, geometrically laid out, developed in Iran into an elegant and harmonious style, combining motifs derived from plants with Chinese motifs such as the cloud-band, and often animals represented at a smaller scale. During the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_dynasty" title="Safavid dynasty">Safavid Empire</a> in the 16th century, this style was used across a variety of media, and diffused from the court artists of the king, most being painters.<a href="#cite_note-511">[506]</a> By the time of the Sasanians, Iranian art had a renaissance.<a href="#cite_note-512">[507]</a> During the Middle Ages, Sasanian art played a prominent role in the formation of European and Asian mediaeval art.<a href="#cite_note-513">[508]</a><a href="#cite_note-514">[509]</a><a href="#cite_note-Iran_in_Britannica-515">[510]</a><a href="#cite_note-516">[511]</a> The Safavid era is known as the Golden Age of Iranian art.<a href="#cite_note-517">[512]</a> <a href="/wiki/Safavid_art" title="Safavid art">Safavid art</a> exerted noticeable influences upon the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottomans</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Mughal_Empire" title="Mughal Empire">Mughals</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Deccan_sultanates" title="Deccan sultanates">Deccans</a>, and was influential through its fashion and garden architecture on 11th–17th-century Europe. Iran's <a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">contemporary art</a> traces its origins to <a href="/wiki/Kamal-ol-molk" title="Kamal-ol-molk">Kamal-ol-molk</a>, a prominent <a href="/wiki/Realism_(arts)" title="Realism (arts)">realist</a> painter at the court of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Empire</a> who affected the norms of painting and adopted a naturalistic style that would compete with photographic works. A new Iranian school of fine art was established by him in 1928, and was followed by the so-called "coffeehouse" style of painting. Iran's <a href="/wiki/Avant-garde" title="Avant-garde">avant-garde</a> modernists emerged by the arrival of new western influences during World War II. The contemporary art scene originates in the late 1940s, and Tehran's first modern art gallery, Apadana, was opened in 1949 by Mahmud Javadipur, Hosein Kazemi, and Hushang Ajudani.<a href="#cite_note-518">[513]</a> The new movements received official encouragement by the 1950s,<a href="#cite_note-IrMo-519">[514]</a> which led to the emergence of artists such as <a href="/wiki/Marcos_Grigorian" title="Marcos Grigorian">Marcos Grigorian</a>.<a href="#cite_note-520">[515]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Architecture">Architecture</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Iranian architecture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Chehel_Sotoon.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chehel_Sotoon.jpg/222px-Chehel_Sotoon.jpg" decoding="async" width="222" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chehel_Sotoon.jpg/333px-Chehel_Sotoon.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Chehel_Sotoon.jpg/444px-Chehel_Sotoon.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1821" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chehel_Sotoun" title="Chehel Sotoun">Chehel Sotoun Palace</a> in <a href="/wiki/Isfahan" title="Isfahan">Isfahan</a>, built during the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Empire</a> with example of a <a href="/wiki/Talar" title="Talar">talar</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a></figcaption></figure> The history of architecture in Iran dates back to at least 5,000 BC, with characteristic examples distributed over an area from what is now <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> to <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a>, and from the <a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a> to <a href="/wiki/Zanzibar" title="Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a>. The Iranians made early use of <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Geometry" title="Geometry">geometry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astronomy" title="Astronomy">astronomy</a> in their architecture, yielding a tradition with structural and aesthetic variety.<a href="#cite_note-521">[516]</a> The guiding <a href="/wiki/Motif_(visual_arts)" title="Motif (visual arts)">motif</a> is its cosmic symbolism.<a href="#cite_note-522">[517]</a> Without sudden innovations, and despite the trauma of invasions and cultural shocks, it developed a recognizable style distinct from other regions of the Muslim world. Its virtues are "a marked feeling for form and scale; structural inventiveness, especially in <a href="/wiki/Vault_(architecture)" title="Vault (architecture)">vault</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gonbad" class="mw-redirect" title="Gonbad">dome</a> construction; a genius for decoration with a freedom and success not rivalled in any other architecture".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] In addition to historic gates, palaces, and mosques, the rapid growth of cities such as Tehran has brought a wave of construction. Iran ranks 7th among <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a>'s list of countries with the most archaeological ruins and attractions from antiquity.<a href="#cite_note-523">[518]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_Heritage_Sites">World Heritage Sites</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Iran" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Iran">List of World Heritage Sites in Iran</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iran_National_Heritage_List" title="Iran National Heritage List">Iran National Heritage List</a></div> Iran's rich <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">culture</a> and history is reflected by its 27 <a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Sites</a>, ranking 1st in the Middle East, and 10th in the world. These include <a href="/wiki/Persepolis" title="Persepolis">Persepolis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Naqsh-e_Jahan_Square" title="Naqsh-e Jahan Square">Naghsh-e Jahan Square</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chogha_Zanbil" title="Chogha Zanbil">Chogha Zanbil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pasargadae" title="Pasargadae">Pasargadae</a>, <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Palace" title="Golestan Palace">Golestan Palace</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arg-e_Bam" title="Arg-e Bam">Arg-e Bam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Susa" title="Susa">Susa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Takht-e_Soleym%C4%81n" title="Takht-e Soleymān">Takht-e Soleyman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hyrcanian_forests" title="Hyrcanian forests">Hyrcanian forests</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Yazd" title="Yazd">Yazd</a> and more. Iran has 24 <a href="/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritage" title="Intangible cultural heritage">Intangible Cultural Heritage</a>, or Human treasures, which ranks 5th worldwide.<a href="#cite_note-524">[519]</a><a href="#cite_note-525">[520]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weaving">Weaving</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Persian_carpet" title="Persian carpet">Persian carpet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tabriz_rug" title="Tabriz rug">Tabriz rug</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ardabil_Carpet" title="Ardabil Carpet">Ardabil Carpet</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pazyryk_carpet.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pazyryk_carpet.jpg/220px-Pazyryk_carpet.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="207" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pazyryk_carpet.jpg/330px-Pazyryk_carpet.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Pazyryk_carpet.jpg/440px-Pazyryk_carpet.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="564" /></a><figcaption>The Pazyryk Carpet, 400 BC</figcaption></figure> Iran's carpet-weaving has its origins in the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a> and is one of the most distinguished manifestations of Iranian art. Carpet weaving is an essential part of <a href="/wiki/Persian_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Persian culture">Persian culture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_art" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian art">Iranian art</a>. Persian rugs and carpets were woven in parallel by nomadic tribes in village and town workshops, and by <a href="/wiki/Royal_court" title="Royal court">royal court</a> manufactories. As such, they represent simultaneous lines of tradition, and reflect the history of Iran, Persian culture, and its various peoples. Although the term "Persian carpet" most often refers to pile-woven textiles, flat-woven carpets and rugs like <a href="/wiki/Kilim" title="Kilim">Kilim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soumak_rug" class="mw-redirect" title="Soumak rug">Soumak</a>, and embroidered tissues like <a href="/wiki/Suzani_(textile)" title="Suzani (textile)">Suzani</a> are part of the manifold tradition of Persian carpet weaving. Iran produces three-quarters of the world's handmade carpets, and has 30% of export markets.<a href="#cite_note-Goswami2009-526">[521]</a><a href="#cite_note-527">[522]</a> In 2010, the "traditional skills of carpet weaving" in <a href="/wiki/Fars_province" title="Fars province">Fars Province</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a> were inscribed to the <a href="/wiki/UNESCO_Intangible_Cultural_Heritage_Lists" title="UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage Lists">UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage</a> List.<a href="#cite_note-528">[523]</a><a href="#cite_note-529">[524]</a><a href="#cite_note-530">[525]</a> Within the <a href="/wiki/Oriental_rug" title="Oriental rug">Oriental rugs</a> produced by the countries of the "rug belt", the Persian carpet stands out by the variety and elaborateness of its manifold designs.<a href="#cite_note-531">[526]</a> Carpets woven in towns and regional centres like <a href="/wiki/Tabriz_rug" title="Tabriz rug">Tabriz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kerman_carpet" title="Kerman carpet">Kerman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravar" title="Ravar">Ravar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Neyshabour" class="mw-redirect" title="Neyshabour">Neyshabour</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kashan" title="Kashan">Kashan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isfahan_rug" title="Isfahan rug">Isfahan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nain_rug" title="Nain rug">Nain</a> and <a href="/wiki/Qom_rug" title="Qom rug">Qom</a> are characterized by their specific weaving techniques and use of high-quality materials, colours and patterns. Hand-woven Persian rugs and carpets have been regarded as objects of high artistic value and prestige, since they were mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">ancient Greek</a> writers. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature">Literature</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Literature_in_Iran" title="Literature in Iran">Literature in Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_literature" title="Iranian literature">Iranian literature</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Persian literature</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:318px;max-width:318px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:162px;max-width:162px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hafez_880714_095.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hafez_880714_095.jpg/160px-Hafez_880714_095.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hafez_880714_095.jpg/240px-Hafez_880714_095.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Hafez_880714_095.jpg/320px-Hafez_880714_095.jpg 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="490" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Saadi_Tomb.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Saadi_Tomb.jpg/150px-Saadi_Tomb.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Saadi_Tomb.jpg/225px-Saadi_Tomb.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Saadi_Tomb.jpg/300px-Saadi_Tomb.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Tombs of <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Saadi</a> in <a href="/wiki/Shiraz" title="Shiraz">Shiraz</a></div></div></div></div> Iran's oldest <a href="/wiki/Literature" title="Literature">literary</a> tradition is that of <a href="/wiki/Avestan" title="Avestan">Avestan</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Old_Iranian" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Iranian">Old Iranian</a> <a href="/wiki/Sacred_language" title="Sacred language">sacred language</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, which consists of the legendary and religious texts of <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Iranian_religion" title="Ancient Iranian religion">ancient Iranian religion</a>.<a href="#cite_note-532">[527]</a><a href="#cite_note-533">[528]</a> The Persian language was used and developed through <a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate societies</a> in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, leaving extensive influences on <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_poetry" title="Ottoman poetry">Ottoman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Persian_language_in_the_Indian_subcontinent" title="Persian language in the Indian subcontinent">Mughal literatures</a>, among others. Iran has several famous mediaeval poets, notably <a href="/wiki/Rumi" title="Rumi">Mawlana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hafez" title="Hafez">Hafez</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saadi_Shirazi" title="Saadi Shirazi">Sa'adi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Omar_Khayyam" title="Omar Khayyam">Omar Khayyam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Nizami_Ganjavi" title="Nizami Ganjavi">Nezami Ganjavi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-534">[529]</a> Described as one of the great literatures of humanity,<a href="#cite_note-535">[530]</a> including <a href="/wiki/Goethe" class="mw-redirect" title="Goethe">Goethe</a>'s assessment of it as one of the four main bodies of world literature,<a href="#cite_note-536">[531]</a> Persian literature has its roots in surviving works of <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Old_Persian" title="Old Persian">Old Persian</a>, the latter of which dates back as far as 522 BCE, the date of the earliest surviving <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid">Achaemenid</a> inscription, the <a href="/wiki/Behistun_Inscription" title="Behistun Inscription">Behistun Inscription</a>. The bulk of surviving Persian literature, however, comes from the times following the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_Persia" title="Muslim conquest of Persia">Muslim conquest</a> in c. 650 CE. After the <a href="/wiki/Abbasid" class="mw-redirect" title="Abbasid">Abbasids</a> came to power (750 CE), the Iranians became the scribes and bureaucrats of the <a href="/wiki/Caliphate" title="Caliphate">Islamic Caliphate</a> and, increasingly, also its writers and poets. The New Persian language literature arose and flourished in <a href="/wiki/Greater_Khorasan" title="Greater Khorasan">Khorasan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transoxiana" title="Transoxiana">Transoxiana</a> because of political reasons, early Iranian dynasties of post-Islamic Iran such as the <a href="/wiki/Tahirids" class="mw-redirect" title="Tahirids">Tahirids</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samanids" class="mw-redirect" title="Samanids">Samanids</a> being based in <a href="/wiki/Khorasan_province" title="Khorasan province">Khorasan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-537">[532]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophy">Philosophy</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy#Ancient_Iranian_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Ancient philosophy § Ancient Iranian philosophy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Iranian philosophy</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_(Rhazes%26Khayyam).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Rhazes%26Khayyam%29.jpg/220px-Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Rhazes%26Khayyam%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Rhazes%26Khayyam%29.jpg/330px-Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Rhazes%26Khayyam%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Rhazes%26Khayyam%29.jpg/440px-Persian_Scholar_pavilion_in_Viena_UN_%28Rhazes%26Khayyam%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Scholars_Pavilion" title="Scholars Pavilion">Scholars Pavilion</a> is a monument donated by Iran to the <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Office_at_Vienna" title="United Nations Office at Vienna">United Nations Office in Vienna</a>, with statues of Iranian mediaeval scholars.</figcaption></figure> Iranian philosophy can be traced back as far as <a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Old Iranian</a> philosophical traditions and thoughts which originated in ancient <a href="/wiki/Indo-Iranians" title="Indo-Iranians">Indo-Iranian</a> roots and were influenced by <a href="/wiki/Zarathustra" class="mw-redirect" title="Zarathustra">Zarathustra</a>'s teachings. Throughout Iranian history and due to remarkable political and social changes such as <a href="/wiki/Rashidun_conquest_of_the_Sassanian_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Rashidun conquest of the Sassanian Empire">the Arab</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mongol_invasion_of_Central_Asia" class="mw-redirect" title="Mongol invasion of Central Asia">Mongol invasions</a>, a wide spectrum of schools of thoughts showed a variety of views on philosophical questions, extending from Old Iranian and mainly <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a>-related traditions, to schools appearing in the late pre-Islamic era such as <a href="/wiki/Manicheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Manicheism">Manicheism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mazdakism" title="Mazdakism">Mazdakism</a> as well as post-Islamic schools. The <a href="/wiki/Cyrus_Cylinder" title="Cyrus Cylinder">Cyrus Cylinder</a> is seen as a reflection of the questions and thoughts expressed by <a href="/wiki/Zoroaster" title="Zoroaster">Zoroaster</a> and developed in Zoroastrian schools of the Achaemenid era.<a href="#cite_note-538">[533]</a> Post-Islam Iranian philosophy is characterized by different interactions with the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_philosophy#Ancient_Iranian_philosophy" title="Ancient philosophy">Old Iranian philosophy</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Greek_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Greek philosophy">Greek philosophy</a> and with the development of <a href="/wiki/Islamic_philosophy" title="Islamic philosophy">Islamic philosophy</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Illumination_School" class="mw-redirect" title="Illumination School">Illumination School</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Transcendent_Philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcendent Philosophy">Transcendent Philosophy</a> are regarded as two of the main philosophical traditions of that era in Iran. Contemporary Iranian philosophy has been limited in its scope by intellectual repression.<a href="#cite_note-539">[534]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mythology_and_folklore">Mythology and folklore</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Persian mythology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Iranian folklore</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rostam_and_Sohrab_Statue_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rostam_and_Sohrab_Statue_01.jpg/220px-Rostam_and_Sohrab_Statue_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rostam_and_Sohrab_Statue_01.jpg/330px-Rostam_and_Sohrab_Statue_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Rostam_and_Sohrab_Statue_01.jpg/440px-Rostam_and_Sohrab_Statue_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Rostam" title="Rostam">Rostam</a>, with his son <a href="/wiki/Sohrab" title="Sohrab">Sohrab</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Mashhad" title="Mashhad">Mashhad</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Iranian mythology</a> consists of ancient <a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Iranian folklore</a> and stories of extraordinary beings reflecting on <a href="/wiki/Good_and_evil" title="Good and evil">good and evil</a> (<a href="/wiki/Ahura_Mazda" title="Ahura Mazda">Ahura Mazda</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ahriman" title="Ahriman">Ahriman</a>), actions of the gods, and the exploits of heroes and creatures. The tenth-century Persian poet, <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a>, is the author of the <a href="/wiki/National_epic" title="National epic">national epic</a> known as the <a href="/wiki/Shahnameh" title="Shahnameh">Shahnameh</a> ("Book of Kings"), which is for the most part based on Xwadāynāmag, a <a href="/wiki/Middle_Persian" title="Middle Persian">Middle Persian</a> compilation of the history of Iranian kings and heroes,<a href="#cite_note-540">[535]</a> as well as the stories and characters of the <a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrian</a> tradition, from the texts of the <a href="/wiki/Avesta" title="Avesta">Avesta</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Denkard" title="Denkard">Denkard</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Vendidad" title="Vendidad">Vendidad</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Bundahishn" title="Bundahishn">Bundahishn</a>. Modern scholars study the myths to shed light on the religious and political institutions of not only Iran but of the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a>, which includes regions of <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Asia" title="Central Asia">Central Asia</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Asia" title="South Asia">South Asia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasia" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasia">Transcaucasia</a> where the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">culture of Iran</a> has had significant influence. <a href="/wiki/Storytelling" title="Storytelling">Storytelling</a> has a significant presence in Iranian folklore and culture.<a href="#cite_note-541">[536]</a> In classical Iran, minstrels performed for their audiences at royal courts and in public theatres.<a href="#cite_note-542">[537]</a> A minstrel was referred to by the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthians</a> as <a href="/wiki/Gusans" title="Gusans">gōsān</a>, and by the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanians</a> as huniyāgar.<a href="#cite_note-543">[538]</a> Since the <a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Empire</a>, storytellers and poetry readers appeared at coffeehouses.<a href="#cite_note-auto6-544">[539]</a><a href="#cite_note-545">[540]</a> After the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a>, it took until 1985 to found the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Cultural_Heritage,_Tourism_and_Handicrafts" title="Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts">MCHTH</a> (Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Tourism and Handicrafts),<a href="#cite_note-546">[541]</a> a now heavily centralized organization, supervising all kinds of cultural activities. It held the first scientific meeting on anthropology and folklore in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-547">[542]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Museums">Museums</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Iran" title="List of museums in Iran">List of museums in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nu.jpg/220px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nu.jpg/330px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nu.jpg/440px-N%C3%A1rodn%C3%AD_muzeum_%C3%8Dr%C3%A1nu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3350" data-file-height="2003" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a>, in Tehran</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> is the country's most important cultural institution.<a href="#cite_note-548">[543]</a> As the first and biggest museum in Iran, the institution includes the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Ancient_Iran" title="Museum of Ancient Iran">Museum of Ancient Iran</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_the_Islamic_Era" title="Museum of the Islamic Era">Museum of the Islamic Era</a>. The National Museum is the world's most important museum in terms of preservation, display and research of archaeological collections of Iran,<a href="#cite_note-549">[544]</a> and ranks as one of the few most prestigious museums globally in terms of volume, diversity and quality of its monuments.<a href="#cite_note-550">[545]</a> There are many other popular museums across the country such as the <a href="/wiki/Golestan_Palace" title="Golestan Palace">Golestan Palace</a> (<a href="/wiki/World_Heritage_Site" title="World Heritage Site">World Heritage Site</a>), <a href="/wiki/Treasury_of_National_Jewels" title="Treasury of National Jewels">The Treasury of National Jewels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reza_Abbasi_Museum" title="Reza Abbasi Museum">Reza Abbasi Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Museum_of_Contemporary_Art" title="Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art">Tehran Museum of Contemporary Art</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sa%27dabad_Complex" title="Sa'dabad Complex">Sa'dabad Complex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carpet_Museum_of_Iran" title="Carpet Museum of Iran">The Carpet Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Abgineh_Museum_of_Tehran" title="Abgineh Museum of Tehran">Abgineh Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pars_Museum" title="Pars Museum">Pars Museum</a>, <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_Museum" title="Azerbaijan Museum">Azerbaijan Museum</a>, Hegmataneh Museum, Susa Museum and more. Around 25 million people visited the museums in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-551">[546]</a><a href="#cite_note-552">[547]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_and_dance">Music and dance</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_dance" title="Iranian dance">Iranian dance</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Classical_Persian_dance" title="Classical Persian dance">Classical Persian dance</a></div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:214px;max-width:214px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Persepolis_Darafsh_(16)_(cropped).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Museum_of_Persepolis_Darafsh_%2816%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/210px-Museum_of_Persepolis_Darafsh_%2816%29_%28cropped%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="210" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Museum_of_Persepolis_Darafsh_%2816%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/315px-Museum_of_Persepolis_Darafsh_%2816%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Museum_of_Persepolis_Darafsh_%2816%29_%28cropped%29.JPG/420px-Museum_of_Persepolis_Darafsh_%2816%29_%28cropped%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="921" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Karna" title="Karna">Karna</a>, one of the ancient Iranian musical instrument from 6th century BC, kept at the Persepolis Museum</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:212px;max-width:212px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dancers_on_a_piece_of_ceramic_from_CheshmeAli,_Iran,_5000_BC,_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dancers_on_a_piece_of_ceramic_from_CheshmeAli%2C_Iran%2C_5000_BC%2C_Louvre.jpg/210px-Dancers_on_a_piece_of_ceramic_from_CheshmeAli%2C_Iran%2C_5000_BC%2C_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dancers_on_a_piece_of_ceramic_from_CheshmeAli%2C_Iran%2C_5000_BC%2C_Louvre.jpg/315px-Dancers_on_a_piece_of_ceramic_from_CheshmeAli%2C_Iran%2C_5000_BC%2C_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Dancers_on_a_piece_of_ceramic_from_CheshmeAli%2C_Iran%2C_5000_BC%2C_Louvre.jpg/420px-Dancers_on_a_piece_of_ceramic_from_CheshmeAli%2C_Iran%2C_5000_BC%2C_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="1006" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Dancers on a piece of ceramic from <a href="/wiki/Cheshmeh-Ali" class="mw-redirect" title="Cheshmeh-Ali">Cheshmeh-Ali</a>, 5000 BC</div></div></div></div></div> Iran is the apparent birthplace of the earliest complex instruments, dating to the third millennium BC.<a href="#cite_note-553">[548]</a> The use of <a href="/wiki/Angular_harp" title="Angular harp">angular harps</a> have been documented at Madaktu and <a href="/wiki/Kul-e_Farah" title="Kul-e Farah">Kul-e Farah</a>, with the largest collection of <a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite</a> instruments documented at Kul-e Farah. <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Cyropaedia" title="Cyropaedia">Cyropaedia</a> mentions singing women at the court of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>. Under the <a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Gusans" title="Gusans">gōsān</a> (<a href="/wiki/Parthian_language" title="Parthian language">Parthian</a> for "minstrel") had a prominent role.<a href="#cite_note-554">[549]</a><a href="#cite_note-555">[550]</a> The history of <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_music" title="Sasanian music">Sasanian music</a> is better documented than earlier periods and is especially more evident in Avestan texts.<a href="#cite_note-EI-mhphi-556">[551]</a> By the time of <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_II" title="Khosrow II">Khosrow II</a>, the Sasanian royal court hosted prominent musicians, namely Azad, <a href="/wiki/Bamshad" title="Bamshad">Bamshad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbad" title="Barbad">Barbad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nagisa_(harpist)" title="Nagisa (harpist)">Nagisa</a>, Ramtin, and <a href="/wiki/Sarkash" class="mw-redirect" title="Sarkash">Sarkash</a>. Iranian traditional musical instruments include string instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Chang_(instrument)" title="Chang (instrument)">chang</a> (<a href="/wiki/Harp" title="Harp">harp</a>), <a href="/wiki/Qanun_(instrument)" title="Qanun (instrument)">qanun</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santur" title="Santur">santur</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rud" title="Rud">rud</a> (<a href="/wiki/Oud" title="Oud">oud</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbat_(lute)" title="Barbat (lute)">barbat</a>), <a href="/wiki/Tar_(string_instrument)" title="Tar (string instrument)">tar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dutar" title="Dutar">dotar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Setar" title="Setar">setar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tanbur" title="Tanbur">tanbur</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kamancheh" title="Kamancheh">kamanche</a>, wind instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Sorna" title="Sorna">sorna</a> (<a href="/wiki/Zurna" title="Zurna">zurna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karnay" title="Karnay">karna</a>) and <a href="/wiki/Ney" title="Ney">ney</a>, and percussion instruments such as <a href="/wiki/Tonbak" class="mw-redirect" title="Tonbak">tompak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kus" title="Kus">kus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daf" title="Daf">daf</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dayereh" class="mw-redirect" title="Dayereh">dayere</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Naqareh" title="Naqareh">naqare</a>. Iran's first symphony orchestra, the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Tehran Symphony Orchestra">Tehran Symphony Orchestra</a>, was founded in 1933. By the late 1940s, <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khaleqi" title="Ruhollah Khaleqi">Ruhollah Khaleqi</a> founded the country's first national music society and established the School of National Music in 1949.<a href="#cite_note-557">[552]</a> <a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Iranian pop music</a> has its origins in the Qajar era.<a href="#cite_note-558">[553]</a> It was significantly developed since the 1950s, using indigenous instruments and forms accompanied by <a href="/wiki/Electric_guitar" title="Electric guitar">electric guitar</a> and other imported characteristics. <a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Iranian rock</a> emerged in the 1960s and <a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">hip hop</a> in the 2000s.<a href="#cite_note-559">[554]</a><a href="#cite_note-560">[555]</a> Iran has known dance in the forms of music, play, drama or religious rituals since at least the 6th millennium BC. Artifacts with pictures of dancers were found in archaeological prehistoric sites.<a href="#cite_note-561">[556]</a> Genres of dance vary depending on the area, culture, and language of the local people, and can range from sophisticated reconstructions of refined court dances to energetic <a href="/wiki/Folk_dance" title="Folk dance">folk dances</a>.<a href="#cite_note-562">[557]</a> Each group, region, and historical epoch has specific dance styles associated with it. The earliest researched dance from historic Iran is a dance worshipping Mithra. Ancient Persian dance was significantly researched by Greek historian <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a>. Iran was occupied by foreign powers, causing a slow disappearance of heritage dance traditions. The Qajar period had an important influence on Persian dance. In this period, a style of dance began to be called "<a href="/wiki/Classical_Persian_dance" title="Classical Persian dance">classical Persian dance</a>". Dancers performed artistic dances in court for entertainment purposes such as coronations, marriage celebrations, and <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Norouz</a> celebrations. In the 20th century, the music came to be orchestrated and dance movement and costuming gained a modernistic orientation to the West. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fashion_and_clothing">Fashion and clothing</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion in Iran</a></div> The exact date of the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Weaving" title="Weaving">weaving</a> in Iran is not yet known, but it is likely to coincide with the emergence of <a href="/wiki/Civilization" title="Civilization">civilization</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ferdowsi" title="Ferdowsi">Ferdowsi</a> and many historians have considered <a href="/wiki/Keyumars" title="Keyumars">Keyumars</a> to be first to use <a href="/wiki/Animal_skin" class="mw-redirect" title="Animal skin">animals' skin</a> and hair as clothing, while others propose <a href="/wiki/Hushang" title="Hushang">Hushang</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:02-563">[558]</a> Ferdowsi considers <a href="/wiki/Tahmuras" title="Tahmuras">Tahmuras</a> to be a kind of <a href="/wiki/Textile" title="Textile">textile</a> initiator in Iran. The clothing of ancient Iran took an advanced form, and the fabric and colour of clothing became very important. Depending on the social status, eminence, climate of the region and the season, <a href="/wiki/Persian_clothing" title="Persian clothing">Persian clothing</a> during the Achaemenian period took various forms. This clothing, in addition to being functional, had an aesthetic role.<a href="#cite_note-:02-563">[558]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cinema,_animation_and_theatre">Cinema, animation and theatre</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema of Iran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iranian_animation" title="Iranian animation">Iranian animation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Persian_theatre" title="Persian theatre">Persian theatre</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Vase_animation.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vase_animation.svg/290px-Vase_animation.svg.png" decoding="async" width="290" height="52" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vase_animation.svg/435px-Vase_animation.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1f/Vase_animation.svg/580px-Vase_animation.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="426" /></a><figcaption>Reproduction of a 3rd millennium BC goblet from <a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Shahr-e Sukhteh</a>, possibly the world's oldest animation, at the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Iran" title="National Museum of Iran">National Museum of Iran</a><a href="#cite_note-564">[559]</a></figcaption></figure> A third-millennium BC earthen goblet discovered at the <a href="/wiki/Shahr-e_Sukhteh" title="Shahr-e Sukhteh">Burnt City</a> in southeast Iran depicts what could be the world's oldest example of animation.<a href="#cite_note-565">[560]</a> The earliest attested Iranian examples of visual representations, however, are traced back to the bas-reliefs of Persepolis, the ritual centre of the <a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-566">[561]</a> The first Iranian filmmaker was probably <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ebrahim_Khan_Akkas_Bashi" title="Mirza Ebrahim Khan Akkas Bashi">Mirza Ebrahim (Akkas Bashi)</a>, the court photographer of <a href="/wiki/Mozaffar_ad-Din_Shah_Qajar" title="Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar">Mozaffar-ed-Din</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Qajar_dynasty" title="Qajar dynasty">Qajar Empire</a>. Mirza Ebrahim obtained a camera and filmed the Qajar ruler's visit to Europe. In 1904, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ebrahim_Khan_Sahhafbashi" title="Mirza Ebrahim Khan Sahhafbashi">Mirza Ebrahim (Sahhaf Bashi)</a> opened the first public cinema in Tehran.<a href="#cite_note-massoudmehrabi1-567">[562]</a> The first Iranian feature film, <a href="/wiki/Abi_and_Rabi" title="Abi and Rabi">Abi and Rabi</a>, was a silent comedy directed by <a href="/wiki/Ovanes_Ohanian" title="Ovanes Ohanian">Ovanes Ohanian</a> in 1930. The first sound one, <a href="/wiki/Lor_Girl" title="Lor Girl">Lor Girl</a>, was produced by <a href="/wiki/Ardeshir_Irani" title="Ardeshir Irani">Ardeshir Irani</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abdolhossein_Sepanta" title="Abdolhossein Sepanta">Abd-ol-Hosein Sepanta</a> in 1932. Iran's animation industry began by the 1950s and was followed by the establishment of the influential <a href="/wiki/Institute_for_the_Intellectual_Development_of_Children_and_Young_Adults" title="Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults">Institute for the Intellectual Development of Children and Young Adults</a> in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-568">[563]</a><a href="#cite_note-569">[564]</a> With the screening of the films <a href="/wiki/Qeysar_(film)" title="Qeysar (film)">Qeysar</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Cow_(1969_film)" title="The Cow (1969 film)">The Cow</a>, directed by <a href="/wiki/Masoud_Kimiai" title="Masoud Kimiai">Masoud Kimiai</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dariush_Mehrjui" title="Dariush Mehrjui">Dariush Mehrjui</a> respectively in 1969, alternative films set out to establish their status in the film industry and <a href="/wiki/Bahram_Beyzai" title="Bahram Beyzai">Bahram Beyzai</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Downpour_(film)" title="Downpour (film)">Downpour</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nasser_Taghvai" title="Nasser Taghvai">Nasser Taghvai</a>'s Tranquility in the Presence of Others followed. Attempts to organise a film festival, which had begun in 1954 within the Golrizan Festival, resulted in the festival of Sepas in 1969. It also resulted in the formation of Tehran's World Film Festival in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-Esfandiary2012-570">[565]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Asghar_Farhadi_in_2018-2_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Asghar_Farhadi_in_2018-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/150px-Asghar_Farhadi_in_2018-2_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Asghar_Farhadi_in_2018-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/225px-Asghar_Farhadi_in_2018-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Asghar_Farhadi_in_2018-2_%28cropped%29.jpg/300px-Asghar_Farhadi_in_2018-2_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="898" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi" title="Asghar Farhadi">Asghar Farhadi</a>, two-time <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Award</a> winner and a prominent filmmaker in the 21st century<a href="#cite_note-571">[566]</a></figcaption></figure> Following the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Cultural_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Cultural Revolution">Cultural Revolution</a>, a new age emerged in Iranian cinema, starting with Long Live! by <a href="/wiki/Khosrow_Sinai" title="Khosrow Sinai">Khosrow Sinai</a> and followed by other directors, such as <a href="/wiki/Abbas_Kiarostami" title="Abbas Kiarostami">Abbas Kiarostami</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jafar_Panahi" title="Jafar Panahi">Jafar Panahi</a>. Kiarostami, an acclaimed director, planted Iran firmly on the map of world cinema when he won the <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a> for <a href="/wiki/Taste_of_Cherry" title="Taste of Cherry">Taste of Cherry</a> in 1997.<a href="#cite_note-Dabashi2007-572">[567]</a> The presence of Iranian films in prestigious international festivals, such as <a href="/wiki/Cannes_Film_Festival" title="Cannes Film Festival">Cannes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Venice_Film_Festival" title="Venice Film Festival">Venice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Berlin_International_Film_Festival" title="Berlin International Film Festival">Berlin</a>, attracted attention to Iranian films.<a href="#cite_note-DecherneyAtwood2014-573">[568]</a> In 2006, 6 films represented Iranian cinema at Berlin; critics considered this a remarkable event in Iranian cinema.<a href="#cite_note-574">[569]</a><a href="#cite_note-575">[570]</a> <a href="/wiki/Asghar_Farhadi" title="Asghar Farhadi">Asghar Farhadi</a>, an Iranian director, has received a <a href="/wiki/Golden_Globe_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Globe Award">Golden Globe Award</a> and two <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Awards</a>, representing Iran for Best Foreign Language Film in 2012 and 2017, with <a href="/wiki/A_Separation" title="A Separation">A Separation</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Salesman_(2016_film)" title="The Salesman (2016 film)">The Salesman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-576">[571]</a><a href="#cite_note-577">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-578">[573]</a> In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Ashkan_Rahgozar" title="Ashkan Rahgozar">Ashkan Rahgozar's</a> "<a href="/wiki/The_Last_Fiction" title="The Last Fiction">The Last Fiction</a>" became the first representative of Iranian animated cinema in the competition section, in <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Animated_Feature" title="Academy Award for Best Animated Feature">Best Animated Feature</a> and <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Best Picture</a> categories at the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-579">[574]</a><a href="#cite_note-580">[575]</a><a href="#cite_note-581">[576]</a><a href="#cite_note-582">[577]</a> The oldest Iranian initiation of theatre can be traced to ancient epic ceremonial theatres such as Sug-e Siāvuڑ ("mourning of <a href="/wiki/Siy%C3%A2vash" title="Siyâvash">Siāvaڑ</a>"), as well as dances and theatre narrations of Iranian mythological tales reported by <a href="/wiki/Herodotus" title="Herodotus">Herodotus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Xenophon" title="Xenophon">Xenophon</a>. Iran's traditional theatrical genres include Baqqāl-bāzi ("grocer play", a form of slapstick comedy), Ruhowzi (or Taxt-howzi, comedy performed over a courtyard pool covered with boards), Siāh-bāzi (the central comedian appears in blackface), Sāye-bāzi (<a href="/wiki/Shadow_play" title="Shadow play">shadow play</a>), Xeyme-ڑab-bāzi (<a href="/wiki/Marionette" title="Marionette">marionette</a>), and Arusak-bāzi (<a href="/wiki/Puppetry" title="Puppetry">puppetry</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Ta%27zieh" title="Ta'zieh">Ta'zie</a> (religious tragedy plays).<a href="#cite_note-583">[578]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Roudaki_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Roudaki Hall">Roudaki Hall</a> is home to the <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Symphony_Orchestra" title="Tehran Symphony Orchestra">Tehran Symphony Orchestra</a>, the Tehran Opera Orchestra, and the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Ballet_Company" title="Iranian National Ballet Company">Iranian National Ballet Company</a>, and was officially renamed <a href="/wiki/Vahdat_Hall" title="Vahdat Hall">Vahdat Hall</a> after the Revolution. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Media_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Iran">Media of Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:IRIB_Building.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/IRIB_Building.jpg/220px-IRIB_Building.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/IRIB_Building.jpg/330px-IRIB_Building.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/IRIB_Building.jpg/440px-IRIB_Building.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="1851" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">IRIB</a>, the Iranian <a href="/wiki/State_media" title="State media">state-controlled</a> media corporation</figcaption></figure> Iran's largest media corporation is the state-owned <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Broadcasting" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting">IRIB</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Culture_and_Islamic_Guidance" title="Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance">Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance</a> is responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Cultural_policy" title="Cultural policy">cultural policy</a>, including activities regarding communications and information.<a href="#cite_note-584">[579]</a> Most of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers published in Iran</a> are in Persian, the country's official and national language. The country's most widely circulated periodicals are based in Tehran, among which are <a href="/wiki/Etemad" title="Etemad">Etemad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ettela%27at" title="Ettela'at">Ettela'at</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kayhan" title="Kayhan">Kayhan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hamshahri" title="Hamshahri">Hamshahri</a>, <a href="/wiki/Resalat_(newspaper)" title="Resalat (newspaper)">Resalat</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shargh" title="Shargh">Shargh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BYI-367">[362]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tehran_Times" title="Tehran Times">Tehran Times</a>, <a href="/wiki/Iran_(newspaper)" title="Iran (newspaper)">Iran Daily</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Financial_Tribune" title="Financial Tribune">Financial Tribune</a> are among the famous English-language newspapers based in Iran. Iran ranks 17th among <a href="/wiki/List_of_countries_by_number_of_Internet_users" title="List of countries by number of Internet users">countries by number of Internet users</a>. <a href="/wiki/Google_Search" title="Google Search">Google Search</a> is Iran's most widely used search engine and <a href="/wiki/Instagram" title="Instagram">Instagram</a> is the most popular online <a href="/wiki/Social_networking_service" title="Social networking service">social networking service</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Alexa_Internet-585">[580]</a> Direct access to many worldwide mainstream websites has been blocked in Iran, including <a href="/wiki/Facebook" title="Facebook">Facebook</a>, which has been blocked since 2009. About 90% of Iran's <a href="/wiki/E-commerce" title="E-commerce">e-commerce</a> takes place on the Iranian online store <a href="/wiki/Digikala" title="Digikala">Digikala</a>, which has around 750,000 visitors per day and is the most visited online store in the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-586">[581]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Iranian cuisine</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg/220px-Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg/330px-Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg/440px-Kebab_Bakhtyari.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Chelow_kabab" title="Chelow kabab">Chelow kabab</a> (rice and <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a>), one of <a href="/wiki/Iran%27s_national_dishes" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran's national dishes">Iran's national dishes</a></figcaption></figure> Iranian main dishes include varieties of <a href="/wiki/Kebab" title="Kebab">kebab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pilaf" title="Pilaf">pilaf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stew" title="Stew">stew</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khoresh" title="Khoresh">khoresh</a>), <a href="/wiki/Soup" title="Soup">soup</a> and <a href="/wiki/%C4%80sh" class="mw-redirect" title="Āsh">āsh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Omelette" title="Omelette">omelette</a>. Lunch and dinner meals are commonly accompanied by side dishes such as plain <a href="/wiki/Yogurt" title="Yogurt">yogurt</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tzatziki" title="Tzatziki">mast-o-khiar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sabzi_khordan" title="Sabzi khordan">sabzi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shirazi_salad" title="Shirazi salad">salad Shirazi</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tursu" class="mw-redirect" title="Tursu">torshi</a>, and might follow dishes such as <a href="/wiki/Borani" title="Borani">borani</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mirza_Ghassemi" class="mw-redirect" title="Mirza Ghassemi">Mirza Qasemi</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Kashk_e_bademjan" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashk e bademjan">kashk e bademjan</a>. In Iranian culture, tea is widely consumed.<a href="#cite_note-587">[582]</a><a href="#cite_note-588">[583]</a> Iran is the world's seventh major tea producer.<a href="#cite_note-FAOSTAT2-589">[584]</a> One of Iran's most popular desserts is the <a href="/wiki/Faloodeh" title="Faloodeh">falude</a>.<a href="#cite_note-590">[585]</a> There is also the popular saffron ice cream, known as <a href="/wiki/Bastani_Sonnati" class="mw-redirect" title="Bastani Sonnati">Bastani Sonnati</a> ("traditional ice cream"),<a href="#cite_note-591">[586]</a> which is sometimes accompanied with <a href="/wiki/Carrot_juice" title="Carrot juice">carrot juice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-592">[587]</a> Iran is also famous for its <a href="/wiki/Caviar" title="Caviar">caviar</a>.<a href="#cite_note-593">[588]</a> Typical Iranian main dishes are combinations of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a> with <a href="/wiki/Meat" title="Meat">meat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vegetable" title="Vegetable">vegetables</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nut_(fruit)" title="Nut (fruit)">nuts</a>. <a href="/wiki/List_of_culinary_herbs_and_spices" title="List of culinary herbs and spices">Herbs</a> are frequently used, along with fruits such as <a href="/wiki/Plum" title="Plum">plums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pomegranate" title="Pomegranate">pomegranates</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quince" title="Quince">quince</a>, <a href="/wiki/Prune" title="Prune">prunes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Apricot" title="Apricot">apricots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Raisin" title="Raisin">raisins</a>. Characteristic Iranian spices and flavourings such as <a href="/wiki/Saffron" title="Saffron">saffron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cardamom" title="Cardamom">cardamom</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dried_lime" title="Dried lime">dried lime</a> and other sources of sour flavoring, <a href="/wiki/Cinnamon" title="Cinnamon">cinnamon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turmeric" title="Turmeric">turmeric</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parsley" title="Parsley">parsley</a> are mixed and used in various dishes. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport in Iran</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:204px;max-width:204px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dizin_ski_resort.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dizin_ski_resort.jpg/200px-Dizin_ski_resort.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dizin_ski_resort.jpg/300px-Dizin_ski_resort.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Dizin_ski_resort.jpg/400px-Dizin_ski_resort.jpg 2x" data-file-width="789" data-file-height="472" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Dizin" title="Dizin">Dizin</a>, biggest <a href="/wiki/Ski_resort" title="Ski resort">ski resort</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:202px;max-width:202px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Azadi_Stadium_in_the_final_week_of_the_39th_League.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Azadi_Stadium_in_the_final_week_of_the_39th_League.jpg/200px-Azadi_Stadium_in_the_final_week_of_the_39th_League.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Azadi_Stadium_in_the_final_week_of_the_39th_League.jpg/300px-Azadi_Stadium_in_the_final_week_of_the_39th_League.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Azadi_Stadium_in_the_final_week_of_the_39th_League.jpg/400px-Azadi_Stadium_in_the_final_week_of_the_39th_League.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="614" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Azadi_Stadium" title="Azadi Stadium">Azadi Stadium</a> in <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Asia" title="West Asia">West Asia</a>'s largest football stadium</div></div></div></div></div> Iran is the most likely birthplace of <a href="/wiki/Polo" title="Polo">polo</a>,<a href="#cite_note-594">[589]</a><a href="#cite_note-595">[590]</a><a href="#cite_note-596">[591]</a> locally known as Chogan, with its earliest records attributed to the ancient <a href="/wiki/Medes" title="Medes">Medes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-597">[592]</a> <a href="/wiki/Freestyle_wrestling" title="Freestyle wrestling">Freestyle wrestling</a> is traditionally considered the <a href="/wiki/National_sport" title="National sport">national sport</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Iran_national_freestyle_wrestling_athletes" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran national freestyle wrestling athletes">Iran's wrestlers</a> have been world champions many times. Iran's traditional wrestling, called <a href="/wiki/Pahlevani_and_zoorkhaneh_rituals" title="Pahlevani and zoorkhaneh rituals">koڑti e pahlevāni</a> ("heroic wrestling"), is registered on UNESCO's Intangible Cultural Heritage list.<a href="#cite_note-598">[593]</a> Iran's <a href="/wiki/National_Olympic_Committee_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="National Olympic Committee of the Islamic Republic of Iran">National Olympic Committee</a> was founded in 1947. Wrestlers and <a href="/wiki/Olympic_weightlifting" title="Olympic weightlifting">weightlifters</a> have achieved the country's highest <a href="/wiki/Iran_at_the_Olympics" title="Iran at the Olympics">records at the Olympics</a>. In 1974, Iran became the first country in West Asia to host the <a href="/wiki/Asian_Games" title="Asian Games">Asian Games</a>.<a href="#cite_note-599">[594]</a><a href="#cite_note-600">[595]</a><a href="#cite_note-601">[596]</a> As a mountainous country, Iran is a venue for <a href="/wiki/Skiing" title="Skiing">skiing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Snowboarding" title="Snowboarding">snowboarding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hiking" title="Hiking">hiking</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rock_climbing" title="Rock climbing">rock climbing</a>,<a href="#cite_note-602">[597]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mountaineering" title="Mountaineering">mountain climbing</a>.<a href="#cite_note-603">[598]</a><a href="#cite_note-604">[599]</a> It is home to ski resorts, the most famous being <a href="/wiki/Tochal_Complex" title="Tochal Complex">Tochal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dizin" title="Dizin">Dizin</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Shemshak_(ski_resort)" title="Shemshak (ski resort)">Shemshak</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Snowseasoncentral.com_November_29_2015c-605">[600]</a> Dizin is the largest, and authorised by <a href="/wiki/International_Ski_and_Snowboard_Federation" title="International Ski and Snowboard Federation">FIS</a> to administer international competitions.<a href="#cite_note-606">[601]</a> <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">Football</a> is the most popular sport, with the <a href="/wiki/Iran_national_football_team" title="Iran national football team">men's national team</a> having won the <a href="/wiki/AFC_Asian_Cup" title="AFC Asian Cup">Asian Cup</a> three times. The men's team ranks 2nd in Asia and 20th in the <a href="/wiki/FIFA_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIFA World Rankings">FIFA World Rankings</a> as of April 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-607">[602]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Azadi_Stadium" title="Azadi Stadium">Azadi Stadium</a> in Tehran is the largest association football stadium in West Asia and on a list of top-20 stadiums in the world.<a href="#cite_note-608">[603]</a> Volleyball is the second most popular sport.<a href="#cite_note-609">[604]</a><a href="#cite_note-610">[605]</a> Having won the 2011 and 2013 <a href="/wiki/Asian_Men%27s_Volleyball_Championship" title="Asian Men's Volleyball Championship">Asian Men's Volleyball Championships</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Iran_men%27s_national_volleyball_team" title="Iran men's national volleyball team">men's national team</a> is the 2nd strongest in Asia, and 15th in the <a href="/wiki/FIVB_World_Rankings" class="mw-redirect" title="FIVB World Rankings">FIVB World Rankings</a> as of January 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&action=edit">[update]</a>. <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">Basketball</a> is also popular, with the <a href="/wiki/Iran_national_basketball_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Iran national basketball team">men's national team</a> having won three <a href="/wiki/FIBA_Asia_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="FIBA Asia Championship">Asian Championships</a> since 2007.<a href="#cite_note-611">[606]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Observances">Observances</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_festivals_in_Iran" title="List of festivals in Iran">List of festivals in Iran</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:7SEEN_89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/7SEEN_89.jpg/200px-7SEEN_89.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="180" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/7SEEN_89.jpg/300px-7SEEN_89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/7SEEN_89.jpg/400px-7SEEN_89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1199" data-file-height="1077" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Haft-Seen" class="mw-redirect" title="Haft-Seen">Haft-Seen</a>, a custom of <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, the Iranian New Year<a href="#cite_note-612">[607]</a></figcaption></figure> Iran's official <a href="/wiki/New_Year" title="New Year">New Year</a> begins with <a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Nowruz</a>, an ancient Iranian tradition celebrated annually on the <a href="/wiki/Equinox" title="Equinox">vernal equinox</a> and described as the Persian New Year.<a href="#cite_note-613">[608]</a> It was registered on the UNESCO's list of <a href="/wiki/Masterpieces_of_the_Oral_and_Intangible_Heritage_of_Humanity" title="Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity">Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity</a> in 2009.<a href="#cite_note-Unesco.org_November_29_2015c-614">[609]</a><a href="#cite_note-615">[610]</a><a href="#cite_note-616">[611]</a><a href="#cite_note-617">[612]</a> On the eve of the last Wednesday of the preceding year, as a prelude to Nowruz, the ancient festival of <a href="/wiki/Chaharshanbe_Suri" title="Chaharshanbe Suri">بārڑanbe Suri</a> celebrates <a href="/wiki/Atar" title="Atar">Ātar</a> ("fire") by performing rituals such as jumping over <a href="/wiki/Bonfire" title="Bonfire">bonfires</a> and lighting <a href="/wiki/Fireworks" title="Fireworks">fireworks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-618">[613]</a><a href="#cite_note-619">[614]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yald%C4%81_Night" title="Yaldā Night">Yaldā</a>, another ancient tradition,<a href="#cite_note-620">[615]</a> commemorates the ancient goddess <a href="/wiki/Mithra" title="Mithra">Mithra</a> and marks the longest night of the year on the eve of the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a> (usually on 20 or 21 December),<a href="#cite_note-621">[616]</a><a href="#cite_note-622">[617]</a> during which families gather to recite poetry and eat fruits.<a href="#cite_note-623">[618]</a><a href="#cite_note-624">[619]</a> In some regions of <a href="/wiki/Mazandaran_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazandaran Province">Mazanderan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Markazi_Province" class="mw-redirect" title="Markazi Province">Markazi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-625">[620]</a><a href="#cite_note-626">[621]</a><a href="#cite_note-627">[622]</a><a href="#cite_note-628">[623]</a> there is a <a href="/wiki/Summer_solstice" title="Summer solstice">midsummer</a> festival, <a href="/wiki/Tirgan" title="Tirgan">Tirgān</a>,<a href="#cite_note-629">[624]</a> which is observed on <a href="/wiki/Tir_(month)" title="Tir (month)">Tir</a> 13 (2 or 3 July) as a celebration of water.<a href="#cite_note-630">[625]</a><a href="#cite_note-631">[626]</a> Islamic annual events such as <a href="/wiki/Ramadan" title="Ramadan">Ramezān</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eid_al-Fitr" title="Eid al-Fitr">Eid e Fetr</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ashura" title="Ashura">Ruz e Āڑurā</a> are marked by the country's population, Christian traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Christmas" title="Christmas">Noel</a>,<a href="#cite_note-632">[627]</a> <a href="/wiki/Lent" title="Lent">elle ye Ruze</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Easter" title="Easter">Eid e Pāk</a> are observed by the Christian communities, Jewish traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Hanukkah" title="Hanukkah">Hanukā</a><a href="#cite_note-633">[628]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Passover" title="Passover">Eid e Fatir</a> (Pesah)<a href="#cite_note-634">[629]</a><a href="#cite_note-635">[630]</a> are observed by the Jewish communities, and Zoroastrian traditions such as <a href="/wiki/Sadeh" title="Sadeh">Sade</a><a href="#cite_note-636">[631]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mehregan" title="Mehregan">Mehrgān</a> are observed by the Zoroastrians. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Public_holidays">Public holidays</h4></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays in Iran</a></div> With 26, Iran has one of the world's highest number of public holidays.<a href="#cite_note-637">[632]</a><a href="#cite_note-638">[633]</a> It ranks 1st in the world with the most paid leave days: 52.<a href="#cite_note-639">[634]</a><a href="#cite_note-640">[635]</a> Iran's <a href="/wiki/Civil_calendar" title="Civil calendar">official calendar</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hejri calendar</a>, beginning at the <a href="/wiki/March_equinox" title="March equinox">vernal equinox</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Hemisphere" title="Northern Hemisphere">Northern Hemisphere</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Calenica-641">[636]</a> Each of the 12 months of the Solar Hejri calendar correspond with a <a href="/wiki/Astrological_sign" title="Astrological sign">zodiac sign</a>, and the length of each year is solar.<a href="#cite_note-Calenica-641">[636]</a> Alternatively, the <a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Lunar Hejri calendar</a> is used to indicate Islamic events, and the <a href="/wiki/Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian calendar</a> marks international events. Legal public holidays based on the Iranian solar calendar include the cultural celebrations of Nowruz (<a href="/wiki/Farvardin" title="Farvardin">Farvardin</a> 1–4; 21–24 March) and Sizdebedar (<a href="/wiki/Farvardin" title="Farvardin">Farvardin</a> 13; 2 April), and the political events of <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Islamic_Republic_Day" title="Iranian Islamic Republic Day">Islamic Republic Day</a> (<a href="/wiki/Farvardin" title="Farvardin">Farvardin</a> 12; 1 April), the death of <a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khordad" title="Khordad">Khordad</a> 14; 4 June), the <a href="/wiki/5_June_1963,_demonstrations_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="5 June 1963, demonstrations in Iran">Khordad 15 event</a> (<a href="/wiki/Khordad" title="Khordad">Khordad</a> 15; 5 June), the anniversary of the <a href="/wiki/Iranian_Revolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Revolution">Iranian Revolution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bahman" title="Bahman">Bahman</a> 22; 10 February), and <a href="/wiki/Nationalization_of_the_Iranian_oil_industry" title="Nationalization of the Iranian oil industry">Oil Nationalization Day</a> (<a href="/wiki/Esfand" title="Esfand">Esfand</a> 29; 19 March).<a href="#cite_note-irmys-642">[637]</a> Lunar Islamic public holidays include Tasua (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Muharram</a> 9), Ashura (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Muharram</a> 10), Arba'een (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Safar</a> 20), Muhammad's death (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Safar</a> 28), the death of Ali al-Ridha (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Safar</a> 29 or 30), the birthday of Muhammad (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Rabi-al-Awwal</a> 17), the death of Fatimah (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Jumada-al-Thani</a> 3), the birthday of Ali (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Rajab</a> 13), Muhammad's first revelation (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Rajab</a> 27), the birthday of Muhammad al-Mahdi (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Sha'ban</a> 15), the death of Ali (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Ramadan</a> 21), Eid al-Fitr (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Shawwal</a> 1–2), the death of Ja'far al-Sadiq (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Shawwal</a> 25), Eid al-Qurban (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Zulhijja</a> 10), and Eid al-Qadir (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Zulhijja</a> 18).<a href="#cite_note-irmys-642">[637]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/32px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/48px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/64px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Iran portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Ghadir_logo.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/28px-Ghadir_logo.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/42px-Ghadir_logo.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Ghadir_logo.png/56px-Ghadir_logo.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="720" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Shia_Islam" title="Portal:Shia Islam">Shia Islam portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Iran" title="Outline of Iran">Outline of Iran</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"><div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈrɑːn/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/e\/e3\/En-us-Iran.ogg\/En-us-Iran.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"En-us-Iran.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/e/e3/En-us-Iran.ogg/En-us-Iran.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:En-us-Iran.ogg" title="File:En-us-Iran.ogg">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ih-RAHN</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ɪˈræn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">ih-RAN</a> or <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/aɪˈræn/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">eye-RAN</a><a href="#cite_note-MW-7">[7]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: ایران, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Irân <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[ʔiːˈɾɒːn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/1\/17\/Iran-Pronunciation.ogg\/Iran-Pronunciation.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Iran-Pronunciation.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/17/Iran-Pronunciation.ogg/Iran-Pronunciation.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Iran-Pronunciation.ogg" title="File:Iran-Pronunciation.ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian</a>: جمهوری اسلامی ایران, <a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Persian" title="Romanization of Persian">romanized</a>: Jomhuri-ye Eslâmi-ye Irân <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Persian" title="Help:IPA/Persian">[dʒomhuːˌɾije eslɒːˌmije ʔiːˈɾɒn]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-3" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/4\/4b\/Fa-ir-JEI_%281%29.ogg\/Fa-ir-JEI_%281%29.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Fa-ir-JEI (1).ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/4/4b/Fa-ir-JEI_%281%29.ogg/Fa-ir-JEI_%281%29.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Fa-ir-JEI_(1).ogg" title="File:Fa-ir-JEI (1).ogg">ⓘ</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1177148991">English: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈpɜːrʒə/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-4" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/a\/a6\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Persia.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Persia.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Persia.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/a/a6/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Persia.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Persia.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Persia.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Persia.wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">PUR-zhə</a><a href="#cite_note-MW-7">[7]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> Examples include the <a href="/wiki/Hoot_(torpedo)" title="Hoot (torpedo)">Hoot</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kowsar" title="Kowsar">Kowsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zelzal" title="Zelzal">Zelzal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fateh-110" title="Fateh-110">Fateh-110</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shahab-3" title="Shahab-3">Shahab-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sejjil" title="Sejjil">Sejjil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fattah-1_(missile)" title="Fattah-1 (missile)">Fattah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khorramshahr_(missile)" title="Khorramshahr (missile)">Khorramahahr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kheibar_Shekan" title="Kheibar Shekan">Kheibar Shekan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emad_(missile)" title="Emad (missile)">Emad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ghadr-110" title="Ghadr-110">Ghadr-110</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormuz-1_(missile)" title="Hormuz-1 (missile)">Hormuz-1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dezful_(missile)" title="Dezful (missile)">Dezful</a>, <a href="/wiki/Qiam_1" title="Qiam 1">Qiam 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ashoura_(missile)" title="Ashoura (missile)">Ashoura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fajr-3_(missile)" title="Fajr-3 (missile)">Fajr-3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haj_Qasem_(missile)" title="Haj Qasem (missile)">Haj Qasem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf_(missile)" title="Persian Gulf (missile)">Persian Gulf</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raad-500_(missile)" title="Raad-500 (missile)">Raad-500</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zolfaghar_(missile)" title="Zolfaghar (missile)">Zolfaghar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hoveyzeh_(cruise_missile)" title="Hoveyzeh (cruise missile)">Hoveyzeh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soumar_(missile)" title="Soumar (missile)">Soumar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fakour-90" title="Fakour-90">Fakour-90</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paveh_cruise_missile" title="Paveh cruise missile">Paveh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rezvan_missile" title="Rezvan missile">Rezvan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samen_(missile)" title="Samen (missile)">Samen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tondar-69" title="Tondar-69">Tondar-69</a>.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFJeroen_Temperman2010" class="citation book cs1">Jeroen Temperman (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87">State-Religion Relationships and Human Rights Law: Towards a Right to Religiously Neutral Governance</a>. Brill. pp. 87–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18148-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-18148-9"><bdi>978-90-04-18148-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230410044202/https://books.google.com/books?id=Khag6tbsIn4C&pg=PA87">Archived</a> from the original on 10 April 2023. Retrieved 20 June 2015. <q>The official motto of Iran is [the] <a href="/wiki/Takbir" title="Takbir">Takbir</a> ('God is the Greatest' or 'God is Great'). Transliteration Allahu Akbar. As referred to in art. 18 of the constitution of Iran (1979). The <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> motto however is: 'Independence, freedom, the Islamic Republic.'</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=State-Religion+Relationships+and+Human+Rights+Law%3A+Towards+a+Right+to+Religiously+Neutral+Governance&rft.pages=87-&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-90-04-18148-9&rft.au=Jeroen+Temperman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKhag6tbsIn4C%26pg%3DPA87&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">"Surface water and surface water change"</a>. Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210324133453/https://stats.oecd.org/Index.aspx?DataSetCode=SURFACE_WATER">Archived</a> from the original on 24 March 2021. Retrieved 11 October 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Surface+water+and+surface+water+change&rft.pub=Organisation+for+Economic+Co-operation+and+Development+%28OECD%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstats.oecd.org%2FIndex.aspx%3FDataSetCode%3DSURFACE_WATER&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iran-population/">"Iran Population (2024) – Worldometer"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231123103610/https://www.worldometers.info/world-population/iran-population/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 November 2023. Retrieved 30 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran+Population+%282024%29+%E2%80%93+Worldometer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldometers.info%2Fworld-population%2Firan-population%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-IMFWEO.IR-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IR_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IR_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IR_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IMFWEO.IR_4-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=429,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">"World Economic Outlook Database, October 2024 Edition. (Iran)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Monetary_Fund" title="International Monetary Fund">International Monetary Fund</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240416234001/https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WEO/weo-database/2024/October/weo-report?c=429,&s=NGDPD,PPPGDP,NGDPDPC,PPPPC,&sy=2022&ey=2029&ssm=0&scsm=1&scc=0&ssd=1&ssc=0&sic=0&sort=country&ds=.&br=1">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2024. Retrieved 11 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Economic+Outlook+Database%2C+October+2024+Edition.+%28Iran%29&rft.pub=International+Monetary+Fund&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.imf.org%2Fen%2FPublications%2FWEO%2Fweo-database%2F2024%2FOctober%2Fweo-report%3Fc%3D429%2C%26s%3DNGDPD%2CPPPGDP%2CNGDPDPC%2CPPPPC%2C%26sy%3D2022%26ey%3D2029%26ssm%3D0%26scsm%3D1%26scc%3D0%26ssd%3D1%26ssc%3D0%26sic%3D0%26sort%3Dcountry%26ds%3D.%26br%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/field/gini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income/country-comparison/">"Gini Index coefficient"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. Retrieved 24 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gini+Index+coefficient&rft.pub=The+World+Factbook&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Ffield%2Fgini-index-coefficient-distribution-of-family-income%2Fcountry-comparison%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-UNHDR-6"><a href="#cite_ref-UNHDR_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">"Human Development Report 2023/24"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Development_Programme" title="United Nations Development Programme">United Nations Development Programme</a>. 13 March 2024. p. 289. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240313164319/https://hdr.undp.org/system/files/documents/global-report-document/hdr2023-24reporten.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 13 March 2024. Retrieved 13 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Human+Development+Report+2023%2F24&rft.pages=289&rft.pub=United+Nations+Development+Programme&rft.date=2024-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhdr.undp.org%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fdocuments%2Fglobal-report-document%2Fhdr2023-24reporten.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MW_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MW_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran">"Definition of IRAN"</a>. merriam-webster.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220924135158/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2022. Retrieved 24 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=merriam-webster.com&rft.atitle=Definition+of+IRAN&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FIran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/#people-and-society">"Iran"</a>. 4 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Iran&rft.date=2024-11-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firan%2F%23people-and-society&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacKenzie1998_13-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacKenzie1998">MacKenzie 1998</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESchmitt1987_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSchmitt1987">Schmitt 1987</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> Laroche. 1957. Proto-Iranian *arya- descends from Proto-Indo-European (PIE) *ar-yo-, a yo-adjective to a root *ar "to assemble skillfully", present in Greek harma "chariot", Greek aristos, (as in "<a href="/wiki/Aristocracy" title="Aristocracy">aristocracy</a>"), Latin ars "art", etc. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEShahbazi2004_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFShahbazi2004">Shahbazi 2004</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Arnold_Wilson-17"><a href="#cite_ref-Arnold_Wilson_17-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson,_Arnold2012" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Arnold (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FocirvdZKjcC">"The Middle Ages: Fars"</a>. The Persian Gulf (RLE Iran A). <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84105-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84105-7"><bdi>978-1-136-84105-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Middle+Ages%3A+Fars&rft.btitle=The+Persian+Gulf+%28RLE+Iran+A%29&rft.pages=71&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84105-7&rft.au=Wilson%2C+Arnold&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DFocirvdZKjcC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fishman-18"><a href="#cite_ref-Fishman_18-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorjianBorjian2011" class="citation book cs1">Borjian, Maryam; Borjian, Habib (2011). "Plights of Persian in the Modernization Era". In Fishman, Joshua A; García, Ofelia (eds.). Handbook of Language and Ethnic Identity: Volume 2: The Success-Failure Continuum in Language and Ethnic Identity Efforts. New York: <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. p. 266. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539245-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-539245-6"><bdi>978-0-19-539245-6</bdi></a>. <q>'Iran' and 'Persia' are synonymous. The former has always been used by Iranian-speaking peoples themselves, while the latter has served as the international name of the country in various languages, ever since it was introduced by the Greeks some twenty-five centuries ago. In 1935, however, the nationalist administration under Reza Shah Pahlavi (see below) made a successful effort to replace 'Persia' with 'Iran,' apparently to underline the nation's 'Aryan' pedigree to the international community. The latter term used to signify all branches of the Indo-European language family (and even the 'race' of their speakers), but was practically abandoned after World War II.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Plights+of+Persian+in+the+Modernization+Era&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity%3A+Volume+2%3A+The+Success-Failure+Continuum+in+Language+and+Ethnic+Identity+Efforts&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-19-539245-6&rft.aulast=Borjian&rft.aufirst=Maryam&rft.au=Borjian%2C+Habib&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lewis1984-19"><a href="#cite_ref-Lewis1984_19-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLewis1984" class="citation journal cs1">Lewis, Geoffrey (1984). "The naming of names". 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[because] use of the name was gradually extended by the ancient Greeks and other peoples to apply to the whole Iranian plateau." </li> <li id="cite_note-Your_Gateway_to_Knowledge-21">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Your_Gateway_to_Knowledge_21-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Your_Gateway_to_Knowledge_21-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://knowledgezon.co.in/">"Your Gateway to Knowledge"</a>. Knowledge Zone. 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Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Gate&rft.atitle=Eight+Thousand+Years+of+History+in+Fars+Province%2C+Iran&rft.date=2005-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.researchgate.net%2Fpublication%2F297866767&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/title/733090738">"From Cyrus to Alexander : a history of the Persian Empire | WorldCat.org"</a>. search.worldcat.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240403133123/https://search.worldcat.org/title/733090738">Archived</a> from the original on 3 April 2024. Retrieved 3 April 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=search.worldcat.org&rft.atitle=From+Cyrus+to+Alexander+%3A+a+history+of+the+Persian+Empire+%7C+WorldCat.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.worldcat.org%2Ftitle%2F733090738&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAustin2008" class="citation book cs1">Austin, Peter (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3tAqIU0dPsC&q=original+homeland+of+the+Persians.&pg=PA140">One Thousand Languages: Living, Endangered, and Lost</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25560-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-25560-9"><bdi>978-0-520-25560-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=One+Thousand+Languages%3A+Living%2C+Endangered%2C+and+Lost&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-520-25560-9&rft.aulast=Austin&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQ3tAqIU0dPsC%26q%3Doriginal%2Bhomeland%2Bof%2Bthe%2BPersians.%26pg%3DPA140&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDandamaev1989" class="citation book cs1">Dandamaev, M. A. (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=ms30qA6nyMsC&q=Fars+or+Persis&pg=PA4">A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09172-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-09172-6"><bdi>978-90-04-09172-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Political+History+of+the+Achaemenid+Empire&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=978-90-04-09172-6&rft.aulast=Dandamaev&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dms30qA6nyMsC%26q%3DFars%2Bor%2BPersis%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1935/01/01/archives/persia-changes-its-name-to-be-iran-from-mar-22.html">"Persia Changes Its Name; To Be 'Iran' From Mar. 22"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. 1 January 1935. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181225141734/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/01/01/archives/persia-changes-its-name-to-be-iran-from-mar-22.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 December 2018. Retrieved 26 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Persia+Changes+Its+Name%3B+To+Be+%27Iran%27+From+Mar.+22&rft.date=1935-01-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1935%2F01%2F01%2Farchives%2Fpersia-changes-its-name-to-be-iran-from-mar-22.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-artarena-29"><a href="#cite_ref-artarena_29-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130523020103/http://www.art-arena.com/history.html">"Persia or Iran, a brief history"</a>. Art-arena.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.art-arena.com/history.html">the original</a> on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 21 June 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Persia+or+Iran%2C+a+brief+history&rft.pub=Art-arena.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.art-arena.com%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristoph_Marcinkowski2010" class="citation book cs1">Christoph Marcinkowski (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F9khRsDDuX8C&pg=PA83">Shi'ite Identities: Community and Culture in Changing Social Contexts</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. p. 83. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-80049-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-80049-7"><bdi>978-3-643-80049-7</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 June 2013. <q>The 'historical lands of Iran' – 'Greater Iran' – were always known in the Persian language as Irānshahr or Irānzamīn.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Shi%27ite+Identities%3A+Community+and+Culture+in+Changing+Social+Contexts&rft.pages=83&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-3-643-80049-7&rft.au=Christoph+Marcinkowski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF9khRsDDuX8C%26pg%3DPA83&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrye1962" class="citation journal cs1">Frye, Richard Nelson (October 1962). "Reitzenstein and Qumrân Revisited by an Iranian". The Harvard Theological Review. 55 (4): 261–268. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816000007926">10.1017/S0017816000007926</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1508723">1508723</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162213219">162213219</a>. <q>I use the term Iran in an historical context [...] Persia would be used for the modern state, more or less equivalent to "western Iran". I use the term "Greater Iran" to mean what I suspect most Classicists and ancient historians really mean by their use of Persia – that which was within the political boundaries of States ruled by Iranians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Reitzenstein+and+Qumr%C3%A2n+Revisited+by+an+Iranian&rft.volume=55&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=261-268&rft.date=1962-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162213219%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1508723%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816000007926&rft.aulast=Frye&rft.aufirst=Richard+Nelson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRichard_Frye2012" class="citation book cs1">Richard Frye (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=9QOfAvCP1jkC&pg=PA13">Persia (RLE Iran A)</a>. Routledge. p. 13. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84154-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-136-84154-5"><bdi>978-1-136-84154-5</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 June 2013. <q>This 'greater Iran' included and still includes part of the Caucasus Mountains, Central Asia, Afghanistan, and Iraq; for Kurds, Baluchis, Afghans, Tajiks, Ossetes, and other smaller groups are Iranians</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persia+%28RLE+Iran+A%29&rft.pages=13&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-136-84154-5&rft.au=Richard+Frye&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D9QOfAvCP1jkC%26pg%3DPA13&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> Farrokh, Kaveh. Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84603-108-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84603-108-7">1-84603-108-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oxford_Iran-34"><a href="#cite_ref-Oxford_Iran_34-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229033251/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/iran">"Iran"</a>. Oxford Dictionaries. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/iran">the original</a> on 29 December 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Dictionaries&rft.atitle=Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.oxforddictionaries.com%2Fdefinition%2Firan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-MW_Iran-35"><a href="#cite_ref-MW_Iran_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran">"Iran"</a>. Merriam-Webster. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170510231403/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/Iran">Archived</a> from the original on 10 May 2017. Retrieved 7 February 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Merriam-Webster&rft.atitle=Iran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.merriam-webster.com%2Fdictionary%2FIran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170211080458/http://pronounce.voanews.com/phrasedetail.php?name=IRAN">"How do you say Iran?"</a>. Voice of America. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pronounce.voanews.com/phrasedetail.php?name=IRAN">the original</a> on 11 February 2017. 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Encyclopædia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150411142730/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/hegel-georg-wilhelm-friedrich">Archived</a> from the original on 11 April 2015. Retrieved 11 April 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=HEGEL%2C+GEORG+WILHELM+FRIEDRICH&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.aulast=Azadpour&rft.aufirst=M&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fhegel-georg-wilhelm-friedrich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia_Article:_Media-39"><a href="#cite_ref-Encyclopædia_Britannica_Concise_Encyclopedia_Article:_Media_39-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9371723">https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9371723</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080429175334/https://www.britannica.com/ebc/article-9371723">Archived</a> 2008-04-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Encyclopædia Britannica Concise Encyclopedia Article: Media </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaten2016" class="citation book cs1">Baten, Jörg (2016). A History of the Global Economy. From 1500 to the Present. Cambridge University Press. p. 214. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-107-50718-0"><bdi>978-1-107-50718-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+History+of+the+Global+Economy.+From+1500+to+the+Present.&rft.pages=214&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-107-50718-0&rft.aulast=Baten&rft.aufirst=J%C3%B6rg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-savoryeiref-41"><a href="#cite_ref-savoryeiref_41-0">^</a> R. M. Savory, "Safavids", <a href="/wiki/Encyclopedia_of_Islam" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopedia of Islam">Encyclopedia of Islam</a>, 2nd edition </li> <li id="cite_note-islamic1600-42"><a href="#cite_ref-islamic1600_42-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/safavid/abbas.html">"The Islamic World to 1600"</a>, Applied History Research Group, University of Calgary, 1998 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080612134542/http://www.ucalgary.ca/applied_history/tutor/islam/empires/safavid/abbas.html">Archived</a> 2008-06-12 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, retrieved 1 October 2007 </li> <li id="cite_note-books.google.nl1-43"><a href="#cite_ref-books.google.nl1_43-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDowling2014" class="citation book cs1">Dowling, Timothy C. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTq2BQAAQBAJ&pg=PA728">Russia at War: From the Mongol Conquest to Afghanistan, Chechnya, and Beyond</a>. 2 volumes. ABC-CLIO. pp. 728–729. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-948-6"><bdi>978-1-59884-948-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Russia+at+War%3A+From+the+Mongol+Conquest+to+Afghanistan%2C+Chechnya%2C+and+Beyond&rft.series=2+volumes&rft.pages=728-729&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-948-6&rft.aulast=Dowling&rft.aufirst=Timothy+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTq2BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA728&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-202892">"Iran Islamic Republic"</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060316040030/https://www.britannica.com/ebi/article-202892">Archived</a> 2006-03-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Encyclopædia Britannica, retrieved 23 January 2008 </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_45-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071215140348/https://www.britannica.com/eb/article-32981">"International relations / The Iranian revolution"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=arasbaran.org&rft.atitle=Iran+ecotourism+%7C+Iran+Ecotour+guide+training+course&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farasbaran.org%2Fen%2Fnews.cfm%3Fid%3D680&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://persiaplanet.com/top-iran-islands-tour/">"Iran Islands Tours, Top 10 Islands You Must See in Iran – Iran Travel Information"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231213065104/https://persiaplanet.com/top-iran-islands-tour/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 December 2023. 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Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+IRGC+runs+military+drills+on+disputed+islands+claimed+by+UAE&rft.aulast=Motamedi&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F8%2F2%2Firans-irgc-runs-military-drills-on-disputed-islands-claimed-by-uae&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.voanews.com/a/iran-s-revolutionary-guard-runs-drill-on-disputed-islands-in-persian-gulf/7209101.html">"Iran's Revolutionary Guard Runs Drill on Disputed Islands in Persian Gulf"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Revolutionary+Guard+Runs+Drill+on+Disputed+Islands+in+Persian+Gulf&rft.date=2023-08-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Firan-s-revolutionary-guard-runs-drill-on-disputed-islands-in-persian-gulf%2F7209101.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strausscenter.org/strait-of-hormuz-about-the-strait/">"Strait of Hormuz – About the Strait"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Why+is+the+Strait+of+Hormuz+so+strategically+important%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Feconomy%2F2019%2F7%2F11%2Fwhy-is-the-strait-of-hormuz-so-strategically-important&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://time.com/5632388/strait-of-hormuz-iran-tanker/">"The Strait of Hormuz Is at the Center of Iran Tensions Again. Here's How the Narrow Waterway Gained Wide Importance"</a>. 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Retrieved 22 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Routers&rft.atitle=Strait+of+Hormuz%3A+the+world%27s+most+important+oil+artery&rft.date=2024-01-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.reuters.com%2Fbusiness%2Fenergy%2Fstrait-hormuz-worlds-most-important-oil-artery-2023-10-20%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=42338">"The Strait of Hormuz is the world's most important oil transit chokepoint – U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA)"</a>. www.eia.gov. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122211456/https://www.eia.gov/todayinenergy/detail.php?id=42338">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2024. 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Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Gulf+International+Forum&rft.atitle=Unseen+Tensions%3A+The+Undercurrents+of+Iran-Turkey+Relations+in+the+South+Caucasus&rft.date=2023-09-25&rft.aulast=Qaed&rft.aufirst=Anas+Al&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgulfif.org%2Funseen-tensions-the-undercurrents-of-iran-turkey-relations-in-the-south-caucasus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fpri.org/article/2012/06/the-cold-war-between-turkey-and-iran/">"The Cold War Between Turkey and Iran – Foreign Policy Research Institute"</a>. www.fpri.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.fpri.org/article/2012/06/the-cold-war-between-turkey-and-iran/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.fpri.org&rft.atitle=The+Cold+War+Between+Turkey+and+Iran+%E2%80%93+Foreign+Policy+Research+Institute&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fpri.org%2Farticle%2F2012%2F06%2Fthe-cold-war-between-turkey-and-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAziziاevik2022" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Azizi, Hamidreza; اevik, Salim (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/turkish-and-iranian-involvement-in-iraq-and-syria">"Turkish and Iranian Involvement in Iraq and Syria"</a>. SWP Comment (in German). <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.18449%2F2022c58">10.18449/2022c58</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174028/https://www.swp-berlin.org/publikation/turkish-and-iranian-involvement-in-iraq-and-syria">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=SWP+Comment&rft.atitle=Turkish+and+Iranian+Involvement+in+Iraq+and+Syria&rft.date=2022&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.18449%2F2022c58&rft.aulast=Azizi&rft.aufirst=Hamidreza&rft.au=%D8%A7evik%2C+Salim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.swp-berlin.org%2Fpublikation%2Fturkish-and-iranian-involvement-in-iraq-and-syria&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fdd.org/analysis/2017/08/25/iran-and-turkey-agree-on-opposing-kurdish-independence-but-not-much-more/">"Iran and Turkey Agree on Opposing Kurdish Independence, but Not Much More"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FDD&rft.atitle=Iran+and+Turkey+Agree+on+Opposing+Kurdish+Independence%2C+but+Not+Much+More&rft.date=2017-08-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fdd.org%2Fanalysis%2F2017%2F08%2F25%2Firan-and-turkey-agree-on-opposing-kurdish-independence-but-not-much-more%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/6/5/qatar-blockade-five-things-to-know-about-the-gulf-crisis">"Five things to know about the blockade against Qatar"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Al+Jazeera&rft.atitle=Five+things+to+know+about+the+blockade+against+Qatar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2020%2F6%2F5%2Fqatar-blockade-five-things-to-know-about-the-gulf-crisis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/a-new-phase-in-cooperation-between-tajikistan-and-iran/">"A New Phase in Cooperation between Tajikistan and Iran"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230328203848/https://www.eurasian-research.org/publication/a-new-phase-in-cooperation-between-tajikistan-and-iran/">Archived</a> from the original on 28 March 2023. 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Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CNN&rft.atitle=Iran+helping+Russia+build+drone+stockpile+that+is+expected+to+be+%27orders+of+magnitude+larger%27+than+previous+arsenal%2C+US+says+%7C+CNN+Politics&rft.date=2023-07-25&rft.aulast=Bertrand&rft.aufirst=Natasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cnn.com%2F2023%2F07%2F25%2Fpolitics%2Fus-russia-iran-drones%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2023/mar/01/timeline-iran-russia-collaboration-drones">"Timeline: Iran-Russia Collaboration on Drones | The Iran Primer"</a>. iranprimer.usip.org. 1 March 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501095358/https://iranprimer.usip.org/blog/2023/mar/01/timeline-iran-russia-collaboration-drones">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=iranprimer.usip.org&rft.atitle=Timeline%3A+Iran-Russia+Collaboration+on+Drones+%7C+The+Iran+Primer&rft.date=2023-03-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Firanprimer.usip.org%2Fblog%2F2023%2Fmar%2F01%2Ftimeline-iran-russia-collaboration-drones&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIddon" class="citation web cs1">Iddon, Paul. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2024/04/20/iran-might-receive-its-first-su-35-flanker-fighters-from-russia-next-week/">"Iran Might Receive Its First Su-35 Flanker Fighters From Russia Next Week"</a>. 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Arab News. 27 March 2021. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arab+News&rft.atitle=Iran-China+to+sign+25-year+cooperation+pact%3A+Tehran&rft.date=2021-03-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farab.news%2F9v6ju&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarver2006" class="citation web cs1">Garver, John W. (11 December 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theglobalist.com/twenty-centuries-of-friendly-cooperation-the-sino-iranian-relationship/">"Twenty Centuries of Friendly Cooperation: The Sino-Iranian Relationship"</a>. 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Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Globalist&rft.atitle=Twenty+Centuries+of+Friendly+Cooperation%3A+The+Sino-Iranian+Relationship&rft.date=2006-12-11&rft.aulast=Garver&rft.aufirst=John+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theglobalist.com%2Ftwenty-centuries-of-friendly-cooperation-the-sino-iranian-relationship%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishberg1907" class="citation book cs1">Fishberg, Maurice (1907). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=pfIQnqoQz0oC&pg=PA233">Materials for the Physical Anthropology of the Eastern European Jews</a>. New Era Print. 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The Journal of East Asian Affairs. 26 (2): 163–192. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1010-1608">1010-1608</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23595522">23595522</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240501174027/https://www.jstor.org/stable/23595522">Archived</a> from the original on 1 May 2024. Retrieved 1 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+East+Asian+Affairs&rft.atitle=Iran+and+the+Two+Koreas%3A+A+Peculiar+Pattern+of+Foreign+Policy&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=163-192&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23595522%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1010-1608&rft.aulast=Azad&rft.aufirst=Shirzad&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23595522&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm">"Profile: Iran's Revolutionary Guards"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081227172931/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/7064353.stm">Archived</a> 27 December 2008 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Retrieved 6 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Aljazeera&rft.atitle=Fattah%3A+Iran+unveils+its+first+hypersonic+missile&rft.date=2023-06-06&rft.aulast=Motamedi&rft.aufirst=Maziar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aljazeera.com%2Fnews%2F2023%2F6%2F6%2Ffattah-iran-unveils-its-first-hypersonic-missile&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423">"Are the Iran nuclear talks heading for a deal?"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180617121201/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-31984423">Archived</a> 17 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/BBC_News_Online" title="BBC News Online">BBC News Online</a>. 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Retrieved 14 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Ex-official%3A+Iran+is+world%27s+6th+missile+power&rft.date=2013-08-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2F6c529bfa076b43c290f46d2f79c284a8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/feb/14/us-says-iran-becoming-a-drone-leader-as-russia-uses-its-craft-in-ukraine">"Iran becoming global drone producer on back of Ukraine war, says US"</a>. The Guardian. 8 December 2023. 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Retrieved 17 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hill&rft.atitle=Iran+is+becoming+a+drone+superpower&rft.date=2024-03-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthehill.com%2Fopinion%2Finternational%2F453437-iran-is-becoming-a-drone-superpower%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2024-04-08/iran-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare">"Iran's Better, Stealthier Drones Are Remaking Global Warfare"</a>. 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Retrieved 5 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg.com&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Better%2C+Stealthier+Drones+Are+Remaking+Global+Warfare&rft.date=2024-04-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Ffeatures%2F2024-04-08%2Firan-s-drone-tech-innovations-are-redefining-global-warfare&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers">"رادیو زمانه هک شد"</a>. BBC. 21 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231220235325/https://www.bbc.com/persian/iran/2010/01/100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers">Archived</a> from the original on 20 December 2023. Retrieved 20 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%88+%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87+%D9%87%DA%A9+%D8%B4%D8%AF&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fpersian%2Firan%2F2010%2F01%2F100130_u02-radiozamaneh-hackers&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm">"How Iran's political battle is fought in cyberspace"</a>. BBC. 21 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100214115913/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/8505645.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2010. 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BBC. 21 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC&rft.atitle=What+rules+apply+in+cyber-wars&rft.date=2023-12-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Ftechnology%2F8114444.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-223"><a href="#cite_ref-223">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-irans-revived-weapons-exports-could-boost-its-proxies">"How Iran's Revived Weapons Exports Could Boost Its Proxies"</a>. The Washington Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614045833/https://www.washingtoninstitute.org/policy-analysis/how-irans-revived-weapons-exports-could-boost-its-proxies">Archived</a> from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 27 March 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Institute&rft.atitle=How+Iran%27s+Revived+Weapons+Exports+Could+Boost+Its+Proxies&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtoninstitute.org%2Fpolicy-analysis%2Fhow-irans-revived-weapons-exports-could-boost-its-proxies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-224"><a href="#cite_ref-224">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/investigations/2023/08/17/russia-iran-drone-shahed-alabuga/">"Inside the Russian effort to build 6,000 attack drones with Iran's help"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wall+Street+Journal&rft.atitle=WSJ+News+Exclusive+%7C+Moscow%2C+Tehran+Advance+Plans+for+Iranian-Designed+Drone+Facility+in+Russia&rft.date=2023-02-05&rft.issn=0099-9660&rft.aulast=Nissenbaum&rft.aufirst=Dion&rft.au=Strobel%2C+Warren+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wsj.com%2Farticles%2Fmoscow-tehran-advance-plans-for-iranian-designed-drone-facility-in-russia-11675609087&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-226"><a href="#cite_ref-226">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/russia-iran-military-cooperation-d982dd3faf78fbb17dfc8b9c1cb9dae7">"Russia aims to obtain more attack drones from Iran after depleting stockpile, White House says"</a>. 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Retrieved 11 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Iran+Finalizes+Deal+to+Buy+Russian+Fighter+Jets+%E2%80%93+Tasnim&rft.date=2023-11-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Firan-finalizes-deal-to-buy-russian-fighter-jets---tasnim-%2F7373046.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/china-russia-iran-naval-drills-oman-gulf-9f515b3246e4cbe0d98a35e8399dc177">"China, Russia, Iran hold joint naval drills in Gulf of Oman"</a>. 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Chicago Tribune. 28 January 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140405050620/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/nationworld/chi-061209atoms-day1-story,0,2034260.htmlstory">Archived</a> from the original on 5 April 2014. 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Retrieved 8 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Voice+of+America&rft.atitle=Watchdog+Report%3A+Iran+Has+Further+Increased+Its+Total+Stockpile+of+Uranium&rft.date=2024-02-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.voanews.com%2Fa%2Fiaea-iran-uranium-stock-enriched-to-60-shrinks%2F7503307.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2024/feb/19/does-iran-already-have-nuclear-weapons/">"Does Iran already have nuclear weapons?"</a>. 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Washington Post. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0190-8286">0190-8286</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240117171545/https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/2024/01/16/red-sea-houthis-supply-chain-disruption/">Archived</a> from the original on 17 January 2024. 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Retrieved 23 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=A+ship+earlier+hit+by+Yemen%27s+Houthi+rebels+sinks+in+the+Red+Sea%2C+the+first+vessel+lost+in+conflict&rft.date=2024-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fyemen-houthi-rebels-rubymar-sinks-red-sea-fb64a490ce935756337ee3606e15d093&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClinch2022" class="citation web cs1">Clinch, Matt (25 March 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/2022/03/25/reports-of-huge-fire-at-aramco-oil-facility-in-saudi-arabia.html">"Yemen's Houthis claim attack on Aramco facility after reports of a huge fire in Saudi city of Jeddah"</a>. 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The Tehran Metro is a rapid transit system serving Tehran, the capital of Iran. It is the most extensive metro system in the Middle East. The system is owned and operated by Tehran Urban and Suburban Railway. 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Retrieved 29 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hvac-conference.ir&rft.atitle=The+6th+International+Conference+on+Heating%2C+Ventilating+and+Air+Conditioning&rft.date=2015&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hvac-conference.ir%2Ffiles%2Fcontent%2FICHVAC5_Brochure.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-434"><a href="#cite_ref-434">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen_Clark2009" class="citation web cs1">Stephen Clark (2 February 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.space.com/5432-iran-launches-omid-satellite-orbit.html">"Iran Launches Omid Satellite Into Orbit"</a>. 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Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ifpnews.com&rft.atitle=Iran+Launches+Soraya+Satellite+Into+Orbit+750+Km+Above+Earth+%E2%80%93+Iran+Front+Page&rft.date=2024-01-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fifpnews.com%2Firan-soraya-satellite-orbit-750-km-earth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-436"><a href="#cite_ref-436">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dw.com/en/iran-says-it-launched-a-satellite-despite-western-concerns/a-68041834">"Iran says it launched a satellite despite Western concerns – DW – 01/20/2024"</a>. dw.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121015553/https://www.dw.com/en/iran-says-it-launched-a-satellite-despite-western-concerns/a-68041834">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dw.com&rft.atitle=Iran+says+it+launched+a+satellite+despite+Western+concerns+%E2%80%93+DW+%E2%80%93+01%2F20%2F2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dw.com%2Fen%2Firan-says-it-launched-a-satellite-despite-western-concerns%2Fa-68041834&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-437"><a href="#cite_ref-437">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://phys.org/news/2024-01-iran-satellite-aerospace-milestone.html">"Iran says launches satellite in new aerospace milestone"</a>. phys.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121092740/https://phys.org/news/2024-01-iran-satellite-aerospace-milestone.html">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=phys.org&rft.atitle=Iran+says+launches+satellite+in+new+aerospace+milestone&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fphys.org%2Fnews%2F2024-01-iran-satellite-aerospace-milestone.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-438"><a href="#cite_ref-438">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPresse" class="citation web cs1">Presse, AFP-Agence France. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barrons.com/news/iran-says-launches-satellite-in-new-aerospace-milestone-5935a502">"Iran Says Launches Satellite In New Aerospace Milestone"</a>. barrons.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240121081523/https://www.barrons.com/news/iran-says-launches-satellite-in-new-aerospace-milestone-5935a502">Archived</a> from the original on 21 January 2024. Retrieved 21 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=barrons.com&rft.atitle=Iran+Says+Launches+Satellite+In+New+Aerospace+Milestone&rft.aulast=Presse&rft.aufirst=AFP-Agence+France&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barrons.com%2Fnews%2Firan-says-launches-satellite-in-new-aerospace-milestone-5935a502&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-439"><a href="#cite_ref-439">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mehrnews.com/news/211087/Iran-s-Soraya-satellite-signals-received-on-earth">"Iran's Soraya satellite signals received on earth"</a>. Mehr News Agency. 21 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240122011923/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/211087/Iran-s-Soraya-satellite-signals-received-on-earth">Archived</a> from the original on 22 January 2024. 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AP News. 28 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128070143/https://apnews.com/article/iran-satellite-launch-us-ballistic-missiles-israel-hamas-74bcd3eb7e48a31be4f52b8d86d24721">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=AP+News&rft.atitle=Iran+launches+3+satellites+into+space+that+are+part+of+a+Western-criticized+program+as+tensions+rise&rft.date=2024-01-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Firan-satellite-launch-us-ballistic-missiles-israel-hamas-74bcd3eb7e48a31be4f52b8d86d24721&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-444"><a href="#cite_ref-444">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/iran-simultaneously-launches-three-satellites-state-media/articleshow/107200287.cms?from=mdr">"Iran simultaneously launches three satellites – state media"</a>. The Economic Times. 28 January 2024. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0389">0013-0389</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128215058/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/iran-simultaneously-launches-three-satellites-state-media/articleshow/107200287.cms?from=mdr">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+Times&rft.atitle=Iran+simultaneously+launches+three+satellites+%E2%80%93+state+media&rft.date=2024-01-28&rft.issn=0013-0389&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feconomictimes.indiatimes.com%2Fnews%2Finternational%2Fworld-news%2Firan-simultaneously-launches-three-satellites-state-media%2Farticleshow%2F107200287.cms%3Ffrom%3Dmdr&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-445"><a href="#cite_ref-445">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranintl.com/en/202401288496">"Iran Conducts Second Controversial Satellite Launch In One Week"</a>. Iran International. 28 January 2024. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240128080807/https://www.iranintl.com/en/202401288496">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2024. 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Retrieved 9 June 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Iran+Chamber+Society&rft.atitle=Constitution+of+Islamic+Republic+of+Iran%2C+Chapter+II%3A+The+Official+Language%2C+Script%2C+Calendar%2C+and+Flag+of+the+Country%2C+Article+15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranchamber.com%2Fgovernment%2Flaws%2Fconstitution_ch02.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-471"><a href="#cite_ref-471">^</a> Annika Rabo, Bo Utas. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rWEbrv5oD8AC">The Role of the State in West Asia</a> Swedish Research Institute in Istanbul, 2005 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/91-86884-13-1" title="Special:BookSources/91-86884-13-1">91-86884-13-1</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-472"><a href="#cite_ref-472">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA141">Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Africa and the Middle East</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240402135910/https://books.google.com/books?id=stl97FdyRswC&pg=PA141#v=onepage&q&f=false">Archived</a> 2 April 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Facts On File, Incorporated <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-4381-2676-X" title="Special:BookSources/1-4381-2676-X">1-4381-2676-X</a> p. 141 </li> <li id="cite_note-473"><a href="#cite_ref-473">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOberling2012" class="citation web cs1">Oberling, Pierre (7 February 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-iv--2">"Georgia viii: Georgian communities in Persia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclopaedia_Iranica" class="mw-redirect" title="Encyclopaedia Iranica">Encyclopaedia Iranica</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130517031826/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/georgia-iv--2">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2013. Retrieved 9 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.atitle=Georgia+viii%3A+Georgian+communities+in+Persia&rft.date=2012-02-07&rft.aulast=Oberling&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fgeorgia-iv--2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-474"><a href="#cite_ref-474">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160304035542/http://mcha.kbsu.ru/english/m_hist_01E.htm.html">"Circassian"</a>. Official Circassian Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://mcha.kbsu.ru/english/m_hist_01E.htm.html">the original</a> on 4 March 2016. 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Retrieved 9 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Iranian&rft.atitle=Persians%3A+Kind%2C+hospitable%2C+tolerant+flattering+cheats%3F&rft.date=1997-06&rft.aulast=Chardin&rft.aufirst=Sir+John&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Firanian.com%2FTravelers%2FJune97%2FChardin%2Findex.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> Excerpted from: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChardin1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Jean_Chardin" title="Jean Chardin">Chardin, Sir John</a> (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jPL0A31H5MC&pg=PA183">"Book 2, Chapter XI: Of the Temper, Manners, and Customs of the Persians: A XVII th. Century Viewpoint"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5jPL0A31H5MC">Travels in Persia, 1673–1677</a>. New York: Dover Publications. pp. 183–197. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25636-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-25636-8"><bdi>978-0-486-25636-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/798310290">798310290</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211033457/https://books.google.com/books?id=5jPL0A31H5MC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 9 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Book+2%2C+Chapter+XI%3A+Of+the+Temper%2C+Manners%2C+and+Customs+of+the+Persians%3A+A+XVII+th.+Century+Viewpoint&rft.btitle=Travels+in+Persia%2C+1673%E2%80%931677&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=183-197&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F798310290&rft.isbn=978-0-486-25636-8&rft.aulast=Chardin&rft.aufirst=Sir+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5jPL0A31H5MC%26pg%3DPA183&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-CIA-476"><a href="#cite_ref-CIA_476-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">"Iran"</a>. The World Factbook. Central Intelligence Agency (United States). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210208143639/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+World+Factbook&rft.atitle=Iran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.cia.gov%2Fthe-world-factbook%2Fcountries%2Firan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-477"><a href="#cite_ref-477">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/census/documents/Iran/Iran-2011-Census-Results.pdf">"Selected Findings of the 2011 National Population and Housing Census"</a> (PDF). United Nations. Statistical Center of Iran. 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240512001151/https://unstats.un.org/unsd/demographic-social/census/documents/Iran/Iran-2011-Census-Results.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2024. Retrieved 7 June 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=United+Nations&rft.atitle=Selected+Findings+of+the+2011+National+Population+and+Housing+Census&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Funstats.un.org%2Funsd%2Fdemographic-social%2Fcensus%2Fdocuments%2FIran%2FIran-2011-Census-Results.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-478"><a href="#cite_ref-478">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalter_Martin2003" class="citation book cs1">Walter Martin (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yra4KhlMBYQC&pg=PA421">Kingdom of the Cults, The</a>. Baker Books. p. 421. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7642-2821-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7642-2821-6"><bdi>978-0-7642-2821-6</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230211033458/https://books.google.com/books?id=Yra4KhlMBYQC&pg=PA421">Archived</a> from the original on 11 February 2023. Retrieved 24 June 2013. <q>Ninety-five percent of Iran's Muslims are Shi'ites.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kingdom+of+the+Cults%2C+The&rft.pages=421&rft.pub=Baker+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7642-2821-6&rft.au=Walter+Martin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYra4KhlMBYQC%26pg%3DPA421&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-479"><a href="#cite_ref-479">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBhabani_Sen_Gupta1987" class="citation book cs1">Bhabani Sen Gupta (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persiangulfsouth0000unse/page/158">The Persian Gulf and South Asia: prospects and problems of inter-regional cooperation</a>. South Asian Publishers. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persiangulfsouth0000unse/page/158">158</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-7003-077-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-7003-077-5"><bdi>978-81-7003-077-5</bdi></a>. <q>Shias constitute seventy-five percent of the population of the Gulf. 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New York: <a href="/wiki/George_Braziller" title="George Braziller">George Braziller</a>. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/persianarchitect0000unse/page/266">266</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Architecture&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=266&rft.pub=George+Braziller&rft.date=1965&rft.au=Pope%2C+Arthur+Upham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpersianarchitect0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-522"><a href="#cite_ref-522">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArdalan,_NaderBakhtiar,_Laleh.2000" class="citation book cs1">Ardalan, Nader; <a href="/wiki/Laleh_Bakhtiar" title="Laleh Bakhtiar">Bakhtiar, Laleh</a>. (2000). The Sense of Unity: The Sufi Tradition in Persian Architecture. University of Chicago Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871031-78-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871031-78-2"><bdi>978-1-871031-78-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sense+of+Unity%3A+The+Sufi+Tradition+in+Persian+Architecture&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-871031-78-2&rft.au=Ardalan%2C+Nader&rft.au=Bakhtiar%2C+Laleh.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-523"><a href="#cite_ref-523">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101124090123/http://www1.american.edu/ted/iran-tour.htm">"Virtual Conference"</a>. American.edu. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www1.american.edu/ted/iran-tour.htm">the original</a> on 24 November 2010. Retrieved 18 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Virtual+Conference&rft.pub=American.edu&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww1.american.edu%2Fted%2Firan-tour.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-524"><a href="#cite_ref-524">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/492297/Iran-secures-5th-place-worldwide-for-UNESCO-listed-intangible">"Iran secures 5th place worldwide for UNESCO-listed intangible treasures"</a>. Tehran Times. 8 December 2023. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231214020926/https://www.tehrantimes.com/news/492297/Iran-secures-5th-place-worldwide-for-UNESCO-listed-intangible">Archived</a> from the original on 14 December 2023. Retrieved 12 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Tehran+Times&rft.atitle=Iran+secures+5th+place+worldwide+for+UNESCO-listed+intangible+treasures&rft.date=2023-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tehrantimes.com%2Fnews%2F492297%2FIran-secures-5th-place-worldwide-for-UNESCO-listed-intangible&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-525"><a href="#cite_ref-525">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFasadian2023" class="citation web cs1">asadian (6 December 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.shafaqna.com/340309/iran-reached-5th-rank-in-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/">"Iran Reached 5th in UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage list"</a>. International Shia News Agency. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240112082739/https://en.shafaqna.com/340309/iran-reached-5th-rank-in-unesco-intangible-cultural-heritage-list/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 January 2024. 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Financial Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181226073509/https://www.ft.com/content/5a5c0444-1669-11df-bf44-00144feab49a?ftcamp=rss%20">Archived</a> from the original on 26 December 2018. 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Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ich.unesco.org&rft.atitle=UNESCO+%E2%80%93+Traditional+skills+of+carpet+weaving+in+Kashan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2Ftraditional-skills-of-carpet-weaving-in-kashan-00383&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-530"><a href="#cite_ref-530">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mehrnews.com/news/53059/Iran-s-carpet-washing-ritual-registered-on-UNESCO-representative">"Iran's carpet washing ritual registered on UNESCO representative list"</a>. Mehr News Agency. 8 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240101111553/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/53059/Iran-s-carpet-washing-ritual-registered-on-UNESCO-representative">Archived</a> from the original on 1 January 2024. Retrieved 1 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mehr+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+carpet+washing+ritual+registered+on+UNESCO+representative+list&rft.date=2012-12-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.mehrnews.com%2Fnews%2F53059%2FIran-s-carpet-washing-ritual-registered-on-UNESCO-representative&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-531"><a href="#cite_ref-531">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTeam2016" class="citation web cs1">Team, SURFIRAN Editorial (6 February 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://surfiran.com/mag/iranian-carpet/">"Persian Carpets Return to the US Market"</a>. SURFIRAN Mag. Retrieved 6 July 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SURFIRAN+Mag&rft.atitle=Persian+Carpets+Return+to+the+US+Market&rft.date=2016-02-06&rft.aulast=Team&rft.aufirst=SURFIRAN+Editorial&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsurfiran.com%2Fmag%2Firanian-carpet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-532"><a href="#cite_ref-532">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalandra1973" class="citation journal cs1">Malandra, W.W. (1973). "A Glossary of Terms for Weapons and Armor in Old Iranian". Indo-Iranian Journal. 15 (4). Philadelphia: Brill: 264–289. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F000000073790079071">10.1163/000000073790079071</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/24651454">24651454</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162194727">162194727</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Indo-Iranian+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Glossary+of+Terms+for+Weapons+and+Armor+in+Old+Iranian&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=264-289&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162194727%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F24651454%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F000000073790079071&rft.aulast=Malandra&rft.aufirst=W.W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-533"><a href="#cite_ref-533">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_LevinsonKaren_Christensen2002" class="citation book cs1">David Levinson; Karen Christensen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamode02levi_463">Encyclopedia of Modern Asia: Iaido to Malay</a>. Charles Scribner's Sons. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/encyclopediamode02levi_463/page/n97">48</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80617-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-684-80617-4"><bdi>978-0-684-80617-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Modern+Asia%3A+Iaido+to+Malay&rft.pages=48&rft.pub=Charles+Scribner%27s+Sons&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-684-80617-4&rft.au=David+Levinson&rft.au=Karen+Christensen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fencyclopediamode02levi_463&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-534"><a href="#cite_ref-534">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFrançois_de_Blois2004" class="citation book cs1">François de Blois (April 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F-lH8aQ9-HsC&pg=363">Persian Literature: A Bio-bibliographical Survey</a>. Vol. 5. Routledge. p. 363. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-947593-47-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-947593-47-6"><bdi>978-0-947593-47-6</bdi></a>. Retrieved 21 June 2013. <q>Nizami Ganja'i, whose personal name was Ilyas, is the most celebrated native poet of the Persians after Firdausi.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Persian+Literature%3A+A+Bio-bibliographical+Survey&rft.pages=363&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004-04&rft.isbn=978-0-947593-47-6&rft.au=Fran%C3%A7ois+de+Blois&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DF-lH8aQ9-HsC%26pg%3D363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-535"><a href="#cite_ref-535">^</a> Arthur John Arberry, The Legacy of Persia, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1953, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-821905-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-821905-9">0-19-821905-9</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-536"><a href="#cite_ref-536">^</a> Von David Levinson; Karen Christensen, Encyclopedia of Modern Asia, Charles Scribner's Sons. 2002, vol. 4, p. 480 </li> <li id="cite_note-537"><a href="#cite_ref-537">^</a> Frye, R.N., "Darī", The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Brill Publications, CD version. </li> <li id="cite_note-538"><a href="#cite_ref-538">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarrMahalingam2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Carr, Brian; Mahalingam, Indira (2009). 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The Hollywood Reporter. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109181357/https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/movies/movie-news/asghar-farhadi-a-separation-iran-first-oscar-1235059723/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Hollywood+Reporter&rft.atitle=Hollywood+Flashback%3A+Asghar+Farhadi%27s+%27A+Separation%27+Won+Iran%27s+First+Oscar+in+2012&rft.date=2021-12-11&rft.aulast=Coates&rft.aufirst=Tyler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.hollywoodreporter.com%2Fmovies%2Fmovie-news%2Fasghar-farhadi-a-separation-iran-first-oscar-1235059723%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-577"><a href="#cite_ref-577">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShoard2017" class="citation news cs1">Shoard, Catherine (27 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/feb/27/the-salesman-wins-best-foreign-language-oscar-asghar-farhadi">"The Salesman wins best foreign language Oscar"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170301020902/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2017/feb/27/the-salesman-wins-best-foreign-language-oscar-asghar-farhadi">Archived</a> from the original on 1 March 2017. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=The+Salesman+wins+best+foreign+language+Oscar&rft.date=2017-02-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Shoard&rft.aufirst=Catherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffilm%2F2017%2Ffeb%2F27%2Fthe-salesman-wins-best-foreign-language-oscar-asghar-farhadi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-578"><a href="#cite_ref-578">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://goldenglobes.com/film/the-salesman/">"The Salesman"</a>. Golden Globes. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109181356/https://goldenglobes.com/film/the-salesman/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Golden+Globes&rft.atitle=The+Salesman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgoldenglobes.com%2Ffilm%2Fthe-salesman%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-579"><a href="#cite_ref-579">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.ifilmtv.ir/Iran/Content/24813/">"'The Last Fiction' qualified for Oscar"</a>. ifilm-آیفیلم. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109174043/https://en.ifilmtv.ir/Iran/Content/24813/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ifilm-%D8%A2%DB%8C%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%85&rft.atitle=%27The+Last+Fiction%27+qualified+for+Oscar&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.ifilmtv.ir%2FIran%2FContent%2F24813%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-580"><a href="#cite_ref-580">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://en.mehrnews.com/news/153551/Iran-to-contend-for-2020-Best-Picture-Oscar-with-The-Last-Fiction">"Iran to contend for 2020 Best Picture Oscar with 'The Last Fiction'"</a>. Mehr News Agency. 21 December 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109174042/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/153551/Iran-to-contend-for-2020-Best-Picture-Oscar-with-The-Last-Fiction">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mehr+News+Agency&rft.atitle=Iran+to+contend+for+2020+Best+Picture+Oscar+with+%27The+Last+Fiction%27&rft.date=2019-12-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fen.mehrnews.com%2Fnews%2F153551%2FIran-to-contend-for-2020-Best-Picture-Oscar-with-The-Last-Fiction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-581"><a href="#cite_ref-581">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ifpnews.com/oscars-2020-last-fiction-first-iranian-film-to-run-for-best-animated-feature/">"Oscars 2020: 'Last Fiction' First Iranian Film To Run For Best Animated Feature – Iran Front Page"</a>. ifpnews.com. 20 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109174042/https://ifpnews.com/oscars-2020-last-fiction-first-iranian-film-to-run-for-best-animated-feature/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ifpnews.com&rft.atitle=Oscars+2020%3A+%27Last+Fiction%27+First+Iranian+Film+To+Run+For+Best+Animated+Feature+%E2%80%93+Iran+Front+Page&rft.date=2019-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fifpnews.com%2Foscars-2020-last-fiction-first-iranian-film-to-run-for-best-animated-feature%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-582"><a href="#cite_ref-582">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFmhfard2019" class="citation web cs1">mhfard (1 October 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hoorakhshstudios.com/the-last-fiction-is-first-iranian-animated-feature-to-qualify-for-oscars/">"'The Last Fiction' is First Iranian Animated Feature to Qualify for Oscars"</a>. Hoorakhsh Studios. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240109174048/https://hoorakhshstudios.com/the-last-fiction-is-first-iranian-animated-feature-to-qualify-for-oscars/">Archived</a> from the original on 9 January 2024. Retrieved 9 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Hoorakhsh+Studios&rft.atitle=%27The+Last+Fiction%27+is+First+Iranian+Animated+Feature+to+Qualify+for+Oscars&rft.date=2019-10-01&rft.au=mhfard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhoorakhshstudios.com%2Fthe-last-fiction-is-first-iranian-animated-feature-to-qualify-for-oscars%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-583"><a href="#cite_ref-583">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/drama">"DRAMA"</a>. Encyclopوdia Iranica. Vol. VII. pp. 529–535. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170517035351/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/drama">Archived</a> from the original on 17 May 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DRAMA&rft.btitle=Encyclop%D9%88dia+Iranica&rft.pages=529-535&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fdrama&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-584"><a href="#cite_ref-584">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/new/en/tehran/about-this-office/single-view/news/irans_minister_of_culture_and_islamic_guidance_calls_for">"Iran's Minister of Culture and Islamic Guidance calls for expansion of ties with UNESCO"</a>. UNESCO. 15 December 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170208183653/http://www.unesco.org/new/en/tehran/about-this-office/single-view/news/irans_minister_of_culture_and_islamic_guidance_calls_for">Archived</a> from the original on 8 February 2017. Retrieved 2 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UNESCO&rft.atitle=Iran%27s+Minister+of+Culture+and+Islamic+Guidance+calls+for+expansion+of+ties+with+UNESCO&rft.date=2014-12-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fnew%2Fen%2Ftehran%2Fabout-this-office%2Fsingle-view%2Fnews%2Firans_minister_of_culture_and_islamic_guidance_calls_for&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Alexa_Internet-585"><a href="#cite_ref-Alexa_Internet_585-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101210145701/http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/ir">"Top Sites in Iran"</a>. Alexa Internet. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alexa.com/topsites/countries/IR">the original</a> on 10 December 2010. Retrieved 2 December 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alexa+Internet&rft.atitle=Top+Sites+in+Iran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.alexa.com%2Ftopsites%2Fcountries%2FIR&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-586"><a href="#cite_ref-586">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKamali_Dehghan2015" class="citation news cs1">Kamali Dehghan, Saeed (13 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/31/amazon-iranian-style-digikala-other-startups-aparat-hamijoo-takhfifan">"From Digikala to Hamijoo: the Iranian startup revolution, phase two"</a>. The Guardian. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190412095014/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/may/31/amazon-iranian-style-digikala-other-startups-aparat-hamijoo-takhfifan">Archived</a> from the original on 12 April 2019. Retrieved 14 December 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=From+Digikala+to+Hamijoo%3A+the+Iranian+startup+revolution%2C+phase+two&rft.date=2015-05-13&rft.aulast=Kamali+Dehghan&rft.aufirst=Saeed&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2015%2Fmay%2F31%2Famazon-iranian-style-digikala-other-startups-aparat-hamijoo-takhfifan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-587"><a href="#cite_ref-587">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams,_Stuart.2008" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Stuart. (October 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YXYFAQAAQBAJ">"DRINKING"</a>. Iran – Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture. Kuperard. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-598-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85733-598-9"><bdi>978-1-85733-598-9</bdi></a>. <q>Iranians are obsessive tea drinkers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=DRINKING&rft.btitle=Iran+%E2%80%93+Culture+Smart%21%3A+The+Essential+Guide+to+Customs+%26+Culture&rft.pub=Kuperard&rft.date=2008-10&rft.isbn=978-1-85733-598-9&rft.au=Williams%2C+Stuart.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYXYFAQAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-588"><a href="#cite_ref-588">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaslin,_Jamie.2009" class="citation book cs1">Maslin, Jamie. (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranianrapperspe0000masl">Iranian Rappers and Persian Porn: A Hitchhiker's Adventures in the New Iran</a>. Skyhorse Publishing Inc. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/iranianrapperspe0000masl/page/58">58</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-791-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-60239-791-0"><bdi>978-1-60239-791-0</bdi></a>. <q>Iran is a nation of obsessive tea drinkers</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iranian+Rappers+and+Persian+Porn%3A+A+Hitchhiker%27s+Adventures+in+the+New+Iran&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Skyhorse+Publishing+Inc.&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-60239-791-0&rft.au=Maslin%2C+Jamie.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Firanianrapperspe0000masl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FAOSTAT2-589"><a href="#cite_ref-FAOSTAT2_589-0">^</a> Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations—Production <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567&lang=en">FAOSTAT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111115042315/http://faostat.fao.org/DesktopDefault.aspx?PageID=567&lang=en">Archived</a> 15 November 2011 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 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Chronicle Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-3008-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4521-3008-8"><bdi>978-1-4521-3008-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=24+%2F+Dessert%3A+Faloodeh&rft.btitle=The+Foodspotting+Field+Guide&rft.pub=Chronicle+Books&rft.date=2014-03-18&rft.isbn=978-1-4521-3008-8&rft.au=Foodspotting&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DPswWAgAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-591"><a href="#cite_ref-591">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenninger,_Danya2017" class="citation web cs1">Henninger, Danya (7 February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://billypenn.com/2017/02/07/franklin-fountain-has-an-impeach-sundae-with-nuts-from-the-cabinet">"Franklin Fountain has an ImPeach sundae with 'nuts from the cabinet'"</a>. BillyPenn.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170819144151/https://billypenn.com/2017/02/07/franklin-fountain-has-an-impeach-sundae-with-nuts-from-the-cabinet/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 August 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BillyPenn.com&rft.atitle=Franklin+Fountain+has+an+ImPeach+sundae+with+%27nuts+from+the+cabinet%27&rft.date=2017-02-07&rft.au=Henninger%2C+Danya&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbillypenn.com%2F2017%2F02%2F07%2Ffranklin-fountain-has-an-impeach-sundae-with-nuts-from-the-cabinet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-592"><a href="#cite_ref-592">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuguid,_Naomi2016" class="citation book cs1">Duguid, Naomi (6 September 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=v-GACwAAQBAJ">Taste of Persia: A Cook's Travels Through Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, and Kurdistan</a>. Artisan. p. 353. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57965-727-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57965-727-7"><bdi>978-1-57965-727-7</bdi></a>. <q>... havij bastani, a kind of ice cream float, made with Persian ice cream and carrot juice</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Taste+of+Persia%3A+A+Cook%27s+Travels+Through+Armenia%2C+Azerbaijan%2C+Georgia%2C+Iran%2C+and+Kurdistan&rft.pages=353&rft.pub=Artisan&rft.date=2016-09-06&rft.isbn=978-1-57965-727-7&rft.au=Duguid%2C+Naomi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dv-GACwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-593"><a href="#cite_ref-593">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050716074736/http://www.iran-daily.com/1383/2228/html/focus.htm">"Sturgeon Stocks Slump"</a>. 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Retrieved 26 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SURFIRAN+Mag&rft.atitle=All+About+Haft-Sin%3A+The+7+%27S%27+of+Iranian+New+Year&rft.date=2019-08-24&rft.au=parisa&rft.au=Bakhtiari%2C+Parisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsurfiran.com%2Fmag%2Fall-about-haft-sin-the-7-s-of-iranian-new-year%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-613"><a href="#cite_ref-613">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100306060954/https://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/events_calendar/march_2010/norouz_persian_new_year.aspx">"Norouz Persian New Year"</a>. British Museum. 25 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britishmuseum.org/whats_on/events_calendar/march_2010/norouz_persian_new_year.aspx">the original</a> on 6 March 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Norouz+Persian+New+Year&rft.pub=British+Museum&rft.date=2010-03-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britishmuseum.org%2Fwhats_on%2Fevents_calendar%2Fmarch_2010%2Fnorouz_persian_new_year.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unesco.org_November_29_2015c-614"><a href="#cite_ref-Unesco.org_November_29_2015c_614-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/proclamation-of-masterpieces-00103">"Proclamation of the Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity (2001–2005) – intangible heritage – Culture Sector – UNESCO"</a>. Unesco.org. 2000. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128153729/http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/proclamation-of-masterpieces-00103">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 29 November 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Unesco.org&rft.atitle=Proclamation+of+the+Masterpieces+of+the+Oral+and+Intangible+Heritage+of+Humanity+%282001%E2%80%932005%29+%E2%80%93+intangible+heritage+%E2%80%93+Culture+Sector+%E2%80%93+UNESCO&rft.date=2000&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unesco.org%2Fculture%2Fich%2Fen%2Fproclamation-of-masterpieces-00103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-615"><a href="#cite_ref-615">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060805065511/http://www.un.org/spanish/aboutun/organs/ga/55/verbatim/a55pv94e.pdf">"General Assembly Fifty-fifth session 94th plenary meeting Friday, 9 March 2001, 10 a.m. New York"</a> (PDF). United Nations General Assembly. 9 March 2001. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.un.org/spanish/aboutun/organs/ga/55/verbatim/a55pv94e.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 5 August 2006. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=General+Assembly+Fifty-fifth+session+94th+plenary+meeting+Friday%2C+9+March+2001%2C+10+a.m.+New+York&rft.date=2001-03-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.un.org%2Fspanish%2Faboutun%2Forgans%2Fga%2F55%2Fverbatim%2Fa55pv94e.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-616"><a href="#cite_ref-616">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100322222922/http://news.yahoo.com/s/time/20100317/wl_time/08599197278600">"Nowrooz, a Persian New Year Celebration, Erupts in Iran – Yahoo!News"</a>. News.yahoo.com. 16 March 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.yahoo.com/s/time/20100317/wl_time/08599197278600">the original</a> on 22 March 2010. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Nowrooz%2C+a+Persian+New+Year+Celebration%2C+Erupts+in+Iran+%E2%80%93+Yahoo%21News&rft.pub=News.yahoo.com&rft.date=2010-03-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.yahoo.com%2Fs%2Ftime%2F20100317%2Fwl_time%2F08599197278600&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-617"><a href="#cite_ref-617">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/19/us-mulls-persian-new-year-outreach-to-iran/">"US mulls Persian New Year outreach"</a>. Washington Times. 19 March 2010. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110429190624/http://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2010/mar/19/us-mulls-persian-new-year-outreach-to-iran/">Archived</a> from the original on 29 April 2011. Retrieved 6 April 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Washington+Times&rft.atitle=US+mulls+Persian+New+Year+outreach&rft.date=2010-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwashingtontimes.com%2Fnews%2F2010%2Fmar%2F19%2Fus-mulls-persian-new-year-outreach-to-iran%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-618"><a href="#cite_ref-618">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://financialtribune.com/articles/people/61234/call-for-safe-yearend-celebration">"Call for Safe Yearend Celebration"</a>. Financial Tribune. 12 March 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180806054618/https://financialtribune.com/articles/people/61234/call-for-safe-yearend-celebration">Archived</a> from the original on 6 August 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2017. <q>The ancient tradition has transformed over time from a simple bonfire to the use of firecrackers ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Financial+Tribune&rft.atitle=Call+for+Safe+Yearend+Celebration&rft.date=2017-03-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffinancialtribune.com%2Farticles%2Fpeople%2F61234%2Fcall-for-safe-yearend-celebration&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-619"><a href="#cite_ref-619">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-fires-ballistic-missile-toward-east-sea-official-says-n779401">"Light It Up! Iranians Celebrate Festival of Fire"</a>. NBC News. 19 March 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170704014053/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/north-korea-fires-ballistic-missile-toward-east-sea-official-says-n779401">Archived</a> from the original on 4 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NBC+News&rft.atitle=Light+It+Up%21+Iranians+Celebrate+Festival+of+Fire&rft.date=2014-03-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nbcnews.com%2Fnews%2Fworld%2Fnorth-korea-fires-ballistic-missile-toward-east-sea-official-says-n779401&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-620"><a href="#cite_ref-620">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRezaian,_Lachin2015" class="citation news cs1">Rezaian, Lachin (20 December 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.mehrnews.com/news/112907/Yalda-Iranian-celebration-of-winter-solstice">"Yalda: Iranian celebration of winter solstice"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Mehr_News_Agency" title="Mehr News Agency">Mehr News Agency</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423204417/https://en.mehrnews.com/news/112907/Yalda-Iranian-celebration-of-winter-solstice">Archived</a> from the original on 23 April 2021. Retrieved 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Yalda%3A+Iranian+celebration+of+winter+solstice&rft.date=2015-12-20&rft.au=Rezaian%2C+Lachin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fen.mehrnews.com%2Fnews%2F112907%2FYalda-Iranian-celebration-of-winter-solstice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-621"><a href="#cite_ref-621">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoessing,_Lesley2012" class="citation book cs1">Roessing, Lesley (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yonOicJi5BEC">No More "us" and "them": Classroom Lessons and Activities to Promote Peer Respect</a>. R&L Education. p. 89. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61048-812-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61048-812-9"><bdi>978-1-61048-812-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=No+More+%22us%22+and+%22them%22%3A+Classroom+Lessons+and+Activities+to+Promote+Peer+Respect&rft.pages=89&rft.pub=R%26L+Education&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-61048-812-9&rft.au=Roessing%2C+Lesley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyonOicJi5BEC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-622"><a href="#cite_ref-622">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamedy,_Saba2013" class="citation news cs1">Hamedy, Saba (20 December 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/local/la-me-adv-persian-winter-solstice-20131221-story.html">"In ancient tradition, Iranians celebrate winter solstice"</a>. Los Angeles Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181221040108/http://articles.latimes.com/2013/dec/20/local/la-me-adv-persian-winter-solstice-20131221">Archived</a> from the original on 21 December 2018. Retrieved 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=In+ancient+tradition%2C+Iranians+celebrate+winter+solstice&rft.date=2013-12-20&rft.au=Hamedy%2C+Saba&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Flocal%2Fla-me-adv-persian-winter-solstice-20131221-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-623"><a href="#cite_ref-623">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoltz,_Richard2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Foltz,_Richard" class="mw-redirect" title="Foltz, Richard">Foltz, Richard</a> (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Ti24AwAAQBAJ">Religions of Iran: From Prehistory to the Present</a>. Oneworld Publications. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-307-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78074-307-3"><bdi>978-1-78074-307-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religions+of+Iran%3A+From+Prehistory+to+the+Present&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Oneworld+Publications&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-78074-307-3&rft.au=Foltz%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTi24AwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-624"><a href="#cite_ref-624">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlavi,_Nasrin2015" class="citation book cs1">Alavi, Nasrin (8 November 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=OUtoJovyjMI">We Are Iran: The Persian Blogs</a>. Soft Skull Press. p. 135.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=We+Are+Iran%3A+The+Persian+Blogs&rft.pages=135&rft.pub=Soft+Skull+Press&rft.date=2015-11-08&rft.au=Alavi%2C+Nasrin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DOUtoJovyjMI&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-625"><a href="#cite_ref-625">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171010055806/http://english.irib.ir/radioculture/iran/history/item/149883-historical-ceremonies-of-iran">"Historical ceremonies of Iran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/IRIB_World_Service" title="IRIB World Service">IRIB English Radio</a>. 29 April 2013. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://english.irib.ir/radioculture/iran/history/item/149883-historical-ceremonies-of-iran">the original</a> on 10 October 2017. <q>... people in Mazandaran province celebrate Tirgan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historical+ceremonies+of+Iran&rft.pub=IRIB+English+Radio&rft.date=2013-04-29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fenglish.irib.ir%2Fradioculture%2Firan%2Fhistory%2Fitem%2F149883-historical-ceremonies-of-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-626"><a href="#cite_ref-626">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAhmadzadehMohandespour2017" class="citation journal cs1">Ahmadzadeh, Fatemeh; Mohandespour, Farhad (February 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr/index.php/ilk/article/viewFile/774/582">"Examining the Social Function of Dramatic Rituals of Mazandaran with Emphasis on Three Rituals of tir mā sizeŝu, bisto ڑeڑe aydimā, and èake se mā"</a>. Journal of History Culture and Art Research: 839. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730111934/http://kutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr/index.php/ilk/article/viewFile/774/582">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017. <q>... Tirgan called tir mā sizeŝu (thirteen night of Tir) is still held in Mazandaran.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+History+Culture+and+Art+Research&rft.atitle=Examining+the+Social+Function+of+Dramatic+Rituals+of+Mazandaran+with+Emphasis+on+Three+Rituals+of+tir+m%C4%81+size%C5%9Du%2C+bisto+%DA%91e%DA%91e+aydim%C4%81%2C+and+%C3%A8ake+se+m%C4%81&rft.pages=839&rft.date=2017-02&rft.aulast=Ahmadzadeh&rft.aufirst=Fatemeh&rft.au=Mohandespour%2C+Farhad&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fkutaksam.karabuk.edu.tr%2Findex.php%2Filk%2Farticle%2FviewFile%2F774%2F582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-627"><a href="#cite_ref-627">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMehraby,_Rahman2010" class="citation web cs1">Mehraby, Rahman (22 March 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.destinationiran.com/ceremonies-iran.htm">"Ceremonies in Iran"</a>. DestinationIran.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730193205/https://www.destinationiran.com/ceremonies-iran.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017. <q>... people in Mazandaran province celebrate Tirgan.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=DestinationIran.com&rft.atitle=Ceremonies+in+Iran&rft.date=2010-03-22&rft.au=Mehraby%2C+Rahman&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.destinationiran.com%2Fceremonies-iran.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-628"><a href="#cite_ref-628">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.iran-daily.com/1390/4/1/MainPaper/3986/Page/6/MainPaper_3986_6.pdf">"Tirgan Festival in Markazi Province"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Iran_(newspaper)" title="Iran (newspaper)">Iran Daily</a>. 22 June 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170730115718/http://old.iran-daily.com/1390/4/1/MainPaper/3986/Page/6/MainPaper_3986_6.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 20 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Iran+Daily&rft.atitle=Tirgan+Festival+in+Markazi+Province&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.iran-daily.com%2F1390%2F4%2F1%2FMainPaper%2F3986%2FPage%2F6%2FMainPaper_3986_6.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-629"><a href="#cite_ref-629">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeviton,_Richard2014" class="citation book cs1">Leviton, Richard (16 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=IhhOBAAAQBAJ">The Mertowney Mountain Interviews</a>. <a href="/wiki/IUniverse" title="IUniverse">iUniverse</a>. p. 252. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4917-4129-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4917-4129-0"><bdi>978-1-4917-4129-0</bdi></a>. <q>... the summer solstice festival, called Tiregan, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mertowney+Mountain+Interviews&rft.pages=252&rft.pub=iUniverse&rft.date=2014-07-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4917-4129-0&rft.au=Leviton%2C+Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIhhOBAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-630"><a href="#cite_ref-630">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHobson,_SarahLubchenco,_Jane1997" class="citation book cs1">Hobson, Sarah; Lubchenco, Jane (5 August 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hPAnDwAAQBAJ">Revelation and the Environment, AD 95-1995</a>. <a href="/wiki/World_Scientific" title="World Scientific">World Scientific</a>. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-981-4545-69-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-981-4545-69-3"><bdi>978-981-4545-69-3</bdi></a>. <q>Tirgan, is a joyous celebration of water in the height of summer, ...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Revelation+and+the+Environment%2C+AD+95-1995&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.date=1997-08-05&rft.isbn=978-981-4545-69-3&rft.au=Hobson%2C+Sarah&rft.au=Lubchenco%2C+Jane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhPAnDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-631"><a href="#cite_ref-631">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeahy,_Robert_L.2015" class="citation book cs1">Leahy, Robert L. 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Retrieved 6 July 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Iranian+Jews+observe+Hanukkah&rft.date=2013-11-28&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.al-monitor.com%2Fpulse%2Fgalleries%2Firan-photo-of-the-day.html%3FdisplayTab%3Diranian-jews-observe-hanukkah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-634"><a href="#cite_ref-634">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/iran-jews-celebrate-passover-persian-style-1.358018">"Iran Jews Celebrate Passover, Persian-style"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>. 25 April 2011. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170529234901/http://www.haaretz.com/jewish/iran-jews-celebrate-passover-persian-style-1.358018">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2017. 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Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933550-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-933550-3"><bdi>978-0-19-933550-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iran+in+World+History&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-0-19-933550-3&rft.aulast=Foltz&rft.aufirst=Richard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamzeh'ee1990" class="citation book cs1">Hamzeh'ee, M. Reza (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/iud/content/structure/1330754">The Yaresan: a sociological, historical, and religio-historical study of a Kurdish community</a>. Berlin: K. Schwarz. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-922968-83-X" title="Special:BookSources/3-922968-83-X"><bdi>3-922968-83-X</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/23438701">23438701</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231013042354/https://menadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de/iud/content/structure/1330754">Archived</a> from the original on 13 October 2023. Retrieved 26 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Yaresan%3A+a+sociological%2C+historical%2C+and+religio-historical+study+of+a+Kurdish+community&rft.place=Berlin&rft.pub=K.+Schwarz&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F23438701&rft.isbn=3-922968-83-X&rft.aulast=Hamzeh%27ee&rft.aufirst=M.+Reza&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmenadoc.bibliothek.uni-halle.de%2Fiud%2Fcontent%2Fstructure%2F1330754&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Iran.pdf">Iran: A Country Study</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150622105658/http://lcweb2.loc.gov/frd/cs/pdf/CS_Iran.pdf">Archived</a> 22 June 2015 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. 2008, Washington, DC: <a href="/wiki/Library_of_Congress" title="Library of Congress">Library of Congress</a>, 354 pp.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLawergren2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bo_Lawergren" title="Bo Lawergren">Lawergren, Bo</a> (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/music-history-i-pre-islamic-iran">"Music History i. Pre-Islamic Iran"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica" title="Encyclopædia Iranica">Encyclopædia Iranica</a>. Leiden: <a href="/wiki/Brill_Publishers" title="Brill Publishers">Brill Publishers</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230326033715/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/music-history-i-pre-islamic-iran">Archived</a> from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 5 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Music+History+i.+Pre-Islamic+Iran&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Iranica&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=Brill+Publishers&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Lawergren&rft.aufirst=Bo&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Fmusic-history-i-pre-islamic-iran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacKenzie1998" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">MacKenzie, David Niel (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-eransah">"Ērān, Ērānڑahr"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 8. Costa Mesa: Mazda. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170313095654/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/eran-eransah">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 8 August 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%C4%92r%C4%81n%2C+%C4%92r%C4%81n%DA%91ahr&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=Costa+Mesa&rft.pub=Mazda&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=MacKenzie&rft.aufirst=David+Niel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Feran-eransah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMikaberidze2011" class="citation book cs1">Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011). Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-336-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59884-336-1"><bdi>978-1-59884-336-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Conflict+and+Conquest+in+the+Islamic+World%3A+A+Historical+Encyclopedia&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-59884-336-1&rft.aulast=Mikaberidze&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMoin2000" class="citation book cs1">Moin, Baqer (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/khomeinilifeofay00moin">Khomeini: Life of the Ayatollah</a>. Thomas Dunne Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-26490-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-26490-9"><bdi>0-312-26490-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khomeini%3A+Life+of+the+Ayatollah&rft.pub=Thomas+Dunne+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-312-26490-9&rft.aulast=Moin&rft.aufirst=Baqer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fkhomeinilifeofay00moin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991" class="citation book cs1">Fisher, William Bayne; Avery, P.; Hambly, G.R.G; Melville, C. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=H20Xt157iYUC">The Cambridge History of Iran</a>. Vol. 7. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-20095-0"><bdi>978-0-521-20095-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Iran&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-0-521-20095-0&rft.aulast=Fisher&rft.aufirst=William+Bayne&rft.au=Avery%2C+P.&rft.au=Hambly%2C+G.R.G&rft.au=Melville%2C+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DH20Xt157iYUC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoismanWorthington2011" class="citation book cs1">Roisman, Joseph; Worthington, Ian (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC">A Companion to Ancient Macedonia</a>. John Wiley and Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4443-5163-7"><bdi>978-1-4443-5163-7</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230115223538/https://books.google.com/books?id=QsJ183uUDkMC">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2023. Retrieved 22 August 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Companion+to+Ancient+Macedonia&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4443-5163-7&rft.aulast=Roisman&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.au=Worthington%2C+Ian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DQsJ183uUDkMC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmitt1987" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Schmitt, Rüdiger (1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans">"Aryans"</a>. Encyclopedia Iranica. Vol. 2. New York: Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 684–687. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190420222159/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/aryans">Archived</a> from the original on 20 April 2019. Retrieved 11 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Aryans&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+Iranica&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=684-687&rft.pub=Routledge+%26+Kegan+Paul&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Schmitt&rft.aufirst=R%C3%BCdiger&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Faryans&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShahbazi2004" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Shahbazi, Alireza Shapour (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraj">"IRAJ"</a>. Encyclopaedia Iranica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240224030714/https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/iraj">Archived</a> from the original on 24 February 2024. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=IRAJ&rft.btitle=Encyclopaedia+Iranica&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Shahbazi&rft.aufirst=Alireza+Shapour&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.iranicaonline.org%2Farticles%2Firaj&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTohidi2009" class="citation book cs1">Tohidi, Nayareh (2009). "Ethnicity and Religious Minority Politics in Iran". In Gheissari, Ali (ed.). Contemporary Iran: Economy, Society, Politics. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537849-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-537849-8"><bdi>978-0-19-537849-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Ethnicity+and+Religious+Minority+Politics+in+Iran&rft.btitle=Contemporary+Iran%3A+Economy%2C+Society%2C+Politics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-19-537849-8&rft.aulast=Tohidi&rft.aufirst=Nayareh&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AIran" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.leader.ir/langs/en/">The e-office of the Supreme Leader of Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160206120424/http://www.leader.ir/langs/en/">Archived</a> 6 February 2016 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://president.ir/en/">The President of Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180627010455/http://president.ir/en/">Archived</a> 27 June 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://en.iran.ir/">Iran.ir</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517064110/http://en.iran.ir/">Archived</a> 17 May 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (in Persian)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">Iran</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240505102855/https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/iran/">Archived</a> 5 May 2024 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_World_Factbook" title="The World Factbook">The World Factbook</a>. <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">Central Intelligence Agency</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ucblibraries.summon.serialssolutions.com/#!/search?ho=t&l=en&q=iran">Iran</a> web resources provided by GovPubs at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder_Libraries" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Colorado Boulder Libraries">University of Colorado Boulder Libraries</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Gnome-globe.svg/16px-Gnome-globe.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" 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template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Iran_topics" title="Template talk:Iran topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Iran_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Iran topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Iran_topics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a> topics</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Iran" title="History of Iran">History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div id="Prehistory"><a href="/wiki/Prehistory_of_Iran" title="Prehistory of Iran">Prehistory</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ancient</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">3400–539 BC</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kura%E2%80%93Araxes_culture" title="Kura–Araxes culture">Kura-Araxes culture (3400–2000 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Elamite" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Elamite">Proto-Elamite civilization (3100–2700 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elam" title="Elam">Elamite dynasties (2700–540 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akkadian_Empire" title="Akkadian Empire">Akkadian Empire (c.2334 BC–c.2154 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lullubi" title="Lullubi">Lullubi (c.2300–675 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kassites" title="Kassites">Kassites (c.1595–c.1155 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mannaeans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannaeans">Kingdom of Mannai (10th–7th century BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Assyrian_Empire" title="Neo-Assyrian Empire">Neo-Assyrian Empire (911–609 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Urartu" title="Urartu">Urartu (860 BC–590 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Median_kingdom" title="Median kingdom">Median Empire (678–549 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythians" title="Scythians">Scythian Kingdom (652–625 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Babylonian_Empire" title="Neo-Babylonian Empire">Neo-Babylonian Empire (626–539 BC)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">550 BC–AD 224</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_Empire" title="Achaemenid Empire">Achaemenid Empire (550–330 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atropatene" title="Atropatene">Atropatene (c.323 BC–AD 226)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Armenia_(antiquity)" title="Kingdom of Armenia (antiquity)">Kingdom of Armenia (321 BC–AD 428)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cappadocia" title="Kingdom of Cappadocia">Kingdom of Cappadocia (320s BC–AD 17)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seleucid_Empire" title="Seleucid Empire">Seleucid Empire (312–63 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frataraka" title="Frataraka">Frataraka (c.295–220 BC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pontus" title="Kingdom of Pontus">Kingdom of Pontus (281 BC–AD 62)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parthian_Empire" title="Parthian Empire">Parthian Empire (247 BC–AD 224)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kings_of_Persis" title="Kings of Persis">Kings of Persis (after 132 BC–AD 224)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em">AD 224–651</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire (AD 224–651)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval and early modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">632–1090</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rashidun_Caliphate" title="Rashidun Caliphate">Rashidun Caliphate (632–661)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad Caliphate (661–750)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samanid_Empire" title="Samanid Empire">Samanid dynasty (819–999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahirid_dynasty" title="Tahirid dynasty">Tahirid dynasty (821–873)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alid_dynasties_of_northern_Iran" title="Alid dynasties of northern Iran">Alavid dynasty (864–928)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saffarid_dynasty" title="Saffarid dynasty">Saffarid dynasty (861–1003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziyarid_dynasty" title="Ziyarid dynasty">Ziyarid dynasty (931–1090)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buyid_dynasty" title="Buyid dynasty">Buyid dynasty (934–1062)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">977–1432</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghaznavids" title="Ghaznavids">Ghaznavid Empire (977–1186)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghurid_dynasty" title="Ghurid dynasty">Ghurid dynasty (1011–1215)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seljuk_Empire" title="Seljuk Empire">Seljuk Empire (1037–1194)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anushtegin_dynasty" title="Anushtegin dynasty">Anushtegin dynasty (1077–1231)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eldiguzids" title="Eldiguzids">Eldiguzids (1135/36-1225)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kart_dynasty" title="Kart dynasty">Kart dynasty (1244–1381)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ilkhanate" title="Ilkhanate">Ilkhanate (1256–1335)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muzaffarids_(Iran)" title="Muzaffarids (Iran)">Muzaffarid dynasty (1314–1393)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalayirid_Sultanate" title="Jalayirid Sultanate">Jalayirid Sultanate dynasty (1335–1432)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chobanids" title="Chobanids">Chobanid dynasty (1338–1357)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1370–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timurid_Empire" title="Timurid Empire">Timurid Empire (1370–1507)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qara_Qoyunlu" title="Qara Qoyunlu">Qara Qoyunlu Turcomans (1374–1468)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aq_Qoyunlu" title="Aq Qoyunlu">Aq Qoyunlu Turcomans (1378–1508)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safavid_Iran" title="Safavid Iran">Safavid Empire (1501–1736)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afsharid_Iran" title="Afsharid Iran">Afsharid Empire (1736–1796)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zand_dynasty" title="Zand dynasty">Zand Dynasty (1751–1794)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar Empire (1789–1925)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanates_of_the_Caucasus" title="Khanates of the Caucasus">Khanates of the Caucasus (18th–20th centuries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution (1905–1911)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1908_bombardment_of_the_Majlis" title="1908 bombardment of the Majlis">1908 bombardment of the Majlis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_separatism_in_Iran" title="Kurdish separatism in Iran">Kurdish separatism in Iran (1918–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1921_Persian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1921 Persian coup d'état">1921 Persian coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_separatism_in_Khuzestan" title="Arab separatism in Khuzestan">Arab separatism in Khuzestan (1922–2020)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;">1925–1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Pahlavi dynasty (1925–1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shatt_al-Arab_dispute" title="Shatt al-Arab dispute">Shatt al-Arab dispute (1936–1975)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_crisis_of_1946" title="Iran crisis of 1946">Iran crisis of 1946</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Balochistan" title="Insurgency in Balochistan">Insurgency in Balochistan (1948–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1949_Iranian_Constituent_Assembly_election" title="1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election">1949 Iranian Constituent Assembly election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1953_Iranian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1953 Iranian coup d'état">1953 coup d'état</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_revolution" title="Iranian revolution">Iranian revolution (1979)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:9.0em;font-weight:normal;font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Islamic Republic</a> 1979–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" title="History of the Islamic Republic of Iran">History (1979–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran" title="Interim Government of Iran">Interim Government (1979)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_1979_Iranian_Islamic_Republic_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum">March 1979 Iranian Islamic Republic referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1979_Khuzestan_insurgency" title="1979 Khuzestan insurgency">1979 Khuzestan insurgency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_hostage_crisis" title="Iran hostage crisis">Iran hostage crisis (1979–1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/December_1979_Iranian_constitutional_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum">December 1979 Iranian constitutional referendum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Embassy_siege" title="Iranian Embassy siege">Iranian Embassy siege (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nojeh_coup_plot" title="Nojeh coup plot">Nojeh coup plot (1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93Iraq_War" title="Iran–Iraq War">Iran–Iraq War (1980–88)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Interim_Government_of_Iran_(1981)" title="Interim Government of Iran (1981)">Interim Government of Iran (1981)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1987_Mecca_incident" title="1987 Mecca incident">1987 Mecca incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Air_Flight_655" title="Iran Air Flight 655">Iran Air Flight 655 shootdown (1988)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KDPI_insurgency_(1989%E2%80%931996)" title="KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)">KDPI insurgency (1989–1996)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran%E2%80%93PJAK_conflict" title="Iran–PJAK conflict">PJAK conflict (2004–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election_protests" title="2009 Iranian presidential election protests">2009 Iranian presidential election protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_civil_war" title="Syrian civil war">Syrian civil war (2011–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_military_intervention_against_the_Islamic_State" class="mw-redirect" title="International military intervention against the Islamic State">International military intervention against the Islamic State (2014–)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (2015)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States_withdrawal_from_the_Joint_Comprehensive_Plan_of_Action" title="United States withdrawal from the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action">United States withdrawal (2018)</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017%E2%80%932018_Iranian_protests" title="2017–2018 Iranian protests">2017–2018 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2018%E2%80%932019_Iranian_general_strikes_and_protests" title="2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests">2018–2019 Iranian general strikes and protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Iran" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Iran">COVID-19 pandemic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2019 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2019%E2%80%932020_Iranian_protests" title="2019–2020 Iranian protests">2019–2020 Iranian protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Sistan_and_Baluchestan_protests" title="2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests">2021 Sistan and Baluchestan protests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021%E2%80%932022_Iranian_protests" title="2021–2022 Iranian protests">2021–2022 Iranian protests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_ancient_Persians" title="List of ancient Persians">Ancient Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Iran" title="Greater Iran">Greater Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persianization" title="Persianization">Persianization</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persianate_society" title="Persianate society">Persianate society</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Turco-Persian_tradition" title="Turco-Persian tradition">Turco-Persian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indo-Persian_culture" title="Indo-Persian culture">Indo-Persian</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_peoples" title="Iranian peoples">Iranic peoples</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">languages</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiroft_culture" title="Jiroft culture">Jiroft culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aryan" title="Aryan">Aryans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijanis" title="Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peoples_of_the_Caucasus" class="mw-redirect" title="Peoples of the Caucasus">Peoples of the Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persians" title="Persians">Persians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Persia" title="List of monarchs of Persia">Monarchs of Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Iran" title="List of heads of state of Iran">Heads of state of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_democracy_in_classical_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="History of democracy in classical Iran">History of democracy in classical Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Iran" title="Military history of Iran">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_electricity_in_Iran" title="History of electricity in Iran">Electric history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Iran" title="List of years in Iran">Years in Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Geography" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Iran" title="Geography of Iran">Geography</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Borders_of_Iran" title="Borders of Iran">Borders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Iran_by_province" title="List of cities in Iran by province">Cities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_of_Iran" title="List of largest cities of Iran">largest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_twin_towns_and_sister_cities_in_Iran" title="List of twin towns and sister cities in Iran">twin towns and sister cities</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Iran" title="List of earthquakes in Iran">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_Iran" title="Climate change in Iran">Climate change</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan_(Iran)" title="Azerbaijan (Iran)">Iranian Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistan_and_Baluchestan_province" title="Sistan and Baluchestan province">Iranian Balochistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caspian_Hyrcanian_mixed_forests" class="mw-redirect" title="Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests">Caspian Hyrcanian mixed forests</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucasus" title="Caucasus">Caucasus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Kurdistan" title="Iranian Kurdistan">Iranian Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_plateau" title="Iranian plateau">Iranian plateau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lake_Urmia" title="Lake Urmia">Lake Urmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Iran" title="List of islands of Iran">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Iran" title="List of mountains in Iran">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Iran" title="Provinces of Iran">Provinces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Iran" title="Wildlife of Iran">Wildlife</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Politics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Iran" title="Politics of Iran">Politics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Censorship_in_Iran" title="Censorship in Iran">Censorship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Iran" title="Constitution of Iran">Constitution</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_Constitutional_Revolution" title="Persian Constitutional Revolution">Persian Constitutional Revolution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Iran" title="Elections in Iran">Elections</a> (<a href="/wiki/2009_Iranian_presidential_election" title="2009 Iranian presidential election">2009 presidential</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Iran" title="Foreign relations of Iran">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Islamic_Republic_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran">Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Iran" title="Human rights in Iran">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Childrens%27_Rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Childrens' Rights in Iran">Children's rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Iran">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_in_Iran" title="Women's rights in Iran">Women's rights</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_judicial_system_of_Iran" title="History of the judicial system of Iran">Judicial system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Armed_Forces" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Armed Forces">Military</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Army" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Army">Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Air_Force" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Air Force">Air Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Navy" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Navy">Navy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Intelligence_(Iran)" title="Ministry of Intelligence (Iran)">Ministry of Intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyberwarfare_and_Iran" title="Cyberwarfare and Iran">Cyberwarfare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Iran" title="List of political parties in Iran">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principlists" class="mw-redirect" title="Principlists">Principlists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propaganda_in_Iran" title="Propaganda in Iran">Propaganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Reformists" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Reformists">Reformists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assassination_and_terrorism_in_Iran" title="Assassination and terrorism in Iran">Terrorism</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iran_and_state-sponsored_terrorism" title="Iran and state-sponsored terrorism">state-sponsorship allegations</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Revolution" title="White Revolution">White Revolution (1963)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women%27s_rights_movement_in_Iran" title="Women's rights movement in Iran">Women's rights movement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_Experts" title="Assembly of Experts">Assembly (or Council) of Experts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expediency_Discernment_Council" title="Expediency Discernment Council">Expediency Discernment Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guardian_Council" title="Guardian Council">Guardian Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Consultative_Assembly" title="Islamic Consultative Assembly">Islamic Consultative Assembly (parliament)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_councils_of_Iran" title="Local councils of Iran">Local councils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_National_Security_Council" title="Supreme National Security Council">Supreme National Security Council</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_officials" title="List of Iranian officials">Officials</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_ambassadors_from_Iran" title="List of current ambassadors from Iran">Ambassadors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Iran" title="President of Iran">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_Iran_governors-general" title="List of current Iran governors-general">Provincial governors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Leader_of_Iran" title="Supreme Leader of Iran">Supreme Leader</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Economy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Economy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bonyad" title="Bonyad">Bonyad (charitable trust)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_capital_flight_from_Iran" title="Human capital flight from Iran">Brain drain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Iran" title="List of companies of Iran">Companies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Iran" title="Automotive industry in Iran">Automotive industry</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Child_labour_in_Iran" title="Child labour in Iran">Child labour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Iran" title="Economic history of Iran">Economic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Economic_Reform_Plan" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Economic Reform Plan">Economic Reform Plan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Iran" title="Energy in Iran">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Environmental_issues_in_Iran" title="Environmental issues in Iran">Environmental issues</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_direct_investment_in_Iran" title="Foreign direct investment in Iran">Foreign direct investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property_in_Iran" title="Intellectual property in Iran">Intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_oil_bourse" title="Iranian oil bourse">International oil bourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_and_the_World_Trade_Organization" title="Iran and the World Trade Organization">Iran and the World Trade Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Iran" title="Taxation in Iran">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_economic_laws_in_Iran" title="List of economic laws in Iran">Main economic laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy of the Middle East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milad_Tower" title="Milad Tower">Milad Tower and complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_military_equipment_manufactured_in_Iran" title="List of military equipment manufactured in Iran">Military equipment manufactured</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuclear_program_of_Iran" title="Nuclear program of Iran">Nuclear program</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1747" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1747">UN Security Council Resolution 1747</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privatization_in_Iran" title="Privatization in Iran">Privatization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rial" title="Iranian rial">Rial (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Space_Agency" title="Iranian Space Agency">Space Agency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Execution_of_Imam_Khomeini%27s_Order" title="Execution of Imam Khomeini's Order">Setad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Audit_Court_of_Iran" title="Supreme Audit Court of Iran">Supreme Audit Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Stock_Exchange" title="Tehran Stock Exchange">Tehran Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venture_capital_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Venture capital in Iran">Venture capital</a> (<a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran#Technology_start-ups" title="Communications in Iran">Technology start-ups</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economic_sector" title="Economic sector">Sectors</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Iran" title="Agriculture in Iran">Agriculture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Fruit_production_in_Iran" title="Fruit production in Iran">fruit</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_and_insurance_in_Iran" title="Banking and insurance in Iran">Banking and insurance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Iran" title="Central Bank of Iran">Central Bank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shetab_Banking_System" title="Shetab Banking System">Shetab Banking System</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Construction_industry_of_Iran" title="Construction industry of Iran">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defense_industry_of_Iran" title="Defense industry of Iran">Defense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Iran" title="Healthcare in Iran">Health care</a> (<a href="/wiki/Pharmaceuticals_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Pharmaceuticals in Iran">Pharmaceuticals</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industry_of_Iran" title="Industry of Iran">Industry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mining_in_Iran" title="Mining in Iran">Mining</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Iran" title="Petroleum industry in Iran">Petroleum</a> (<a href="/wiki/Anglo-Persian_Oil_Company" title="Anglo-Persian Oil Company">Anglo-Persian Oil Company</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communications_in_Iran" title="Communications in Iran">Telecommunications and IT</a> (<a href="/wiki/Telecommunication_Company_of_Iran" title="Telecommunication Company of Iran">TCI</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Iran" title="Transport in Iran">Transport</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_Iran" title="List of airlines of Iran">airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehran_Metro" title="Tehran Metro">metro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_Railways" title="Islamic Republic of Iran Railways">railways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IRISL_Group" title="IRISL Group">shipping</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Iran" title="Tourism in Iran">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding:0.35em 1.0em;line-height:1.2em;"><a href="/wiki/State-owned_enterprise" title="State-owned enterprise">State-owned companies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Industries_Organization" title="Defense Industries Organization">Defense Industries Organization (DIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IDRO_Group" title="IDRO Group">Industrial Development and Renovation Organization (IDRO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Aviation_Industries_Organization" title="Iran Aviation Industries Organization">Iran Aviation Industries Organization (IAIO)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iran_Electronics_Industries" title="Iran Electronics Industries">Iran Electronics Industries (IEI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Iranian_Oil_Company" title="National Iranian Oil Company">National Iranian Oil Company (NIOC)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Development_Fund_of_Iran" title="National Development Fund of Iran">National Development Fund</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Places</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asaluyeh" title="Asaluyeh">Asaluyeh industrial corridor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chabahar_Free_Trade-Industrial_Zone" title="Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone">Chabahar Free Trade-Industrial Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kish_Island" title="Kish Island">Kish Island Free Trade Zone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_research_centers" title="List of Iranian research centers">Research centers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Society" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Iran" title="Category:Society of Iran">Society</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Iran" title="Languages of Iran">Languages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Persian_language" title="Persian language">Persian (Farsi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_language" title="Armenian language">Armenian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijani_language" title="Azerbaijani language">Azerbaijani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdish_languages" class="mw-redirect" title="Kurdish languages">Kurdish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgian_language" title="Georgian language">Georgian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Neo-Aramaic" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Neo-Aramaic">Neo-Aramaic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_languages" title="Iranian languages">Iranian languages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Peoples</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Iran" title="Demographics of Iran">Iranian citizens</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_diaspora" title="Iranian diaspora">abroad</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_minorities_in_Iran" title="Ethnic minorities in Iran">Ethnic minorities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Armenians" title="Iranian Armenians">Armenians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrians_in_Iran" title="Assyrians in Iran">Assyrians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Azerbaijanis" title="Iranian Azerbaijanis">Azerbaijanis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circassians_in_Iran" title="Circassians in Iran">Circassians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Georgians" title="Iranian Georgians">Georgians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurds_in_Iran" title="Kurds in Iran">Kurds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Jews</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_Turkmens" title="Iranian Turkmens">Turkmen</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Iran" title="Religion in Iran">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%AD_Faith_in_Iran" title="Baháʼí Faith in Iran">Baháʼí Faith</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Bah%C3%A1%CA%BC%C3%ADs" title="Persecution of Baháʼís">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Iran" title="Christianity in Iran">Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism_in_Iran" title="Zoroastrianism in Iran">Zoroastrians</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persecution_of_Zoroastrians" title="Persecution of Zoroastrians">persecution</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_religion_in_Iran" title="Freedom of religion in Iran">Freedom of religion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Iran" title="Corruption in Iran">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Iran" title="Crime in Iran">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Iran" title="Education in Iran">Education</a> (<a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Iran" title="Higher education in Iran">higher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_pre-modern_Iranian_scientists_and_scholars" title="List of pre-modern Iranian scientists and scholars">scientists and scholars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_universities_in_Iran" title="List of universities in Iran">universities</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Iran" title="International rankings of Iran">International rankings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_nationality_law" title="Iranian nationality law">Nationality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_supply_and_sanitation_in_Iran" title="Water supply and sanitation in Iran">Water supply and sanitation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Iran" title="Women in Iran">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Iran" title="Culture of Iran">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_architecture" title="Iranian architecture">Architecture</a> (<a href="/wiki/Achaemenid_architecture" title="Achaemenid architecture">Achaemenid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architects_of_Iran" title="Architects of Iran">architects</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_art" title="Persian art">Art</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_modern_and_contemporary_art" title="Iranian modern and contemporary art">modern / contemporary</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_astronomy" title="Persian astronomy">Astronomy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blogging_in_Iran" title="Blogging in Iran">Blogs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_calendars" title="Iranian calendars">Calendars</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nowruz" title="Nowruz">Persian New Year (Nowruz)</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fashion_in_Iran" title="Fashion in Iran">Fashion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Chicago_Persian_antiquities_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Chicago Persian antiquities dispute">Chicago Persian antiquities dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Iran" title="Cinema of Iran">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_cuisine" title="Iranian cuisine">Cuisine</a> (<a href="/wiki/Persian_wine" title="Persian wine">wine</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folklore" title="Iranian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_movements_in_Iran" title="Intellectual movements in Iran">Intellectual movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranians" title="List of Iranians">Iranians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_studies" title="Iranian studies">Iranian studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Iran" title="Islam in Iran">Islam</a> (<a href="/wiki/Islamization_of_Iran" title="Islamization of Iran">Islamization</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_literature" title="Persian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Iran" title="Mass media in Iran">Media</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Iranian_news_agencies" title="List of Iranian news agencies">news agencies</a> (<a href="/wiki/Iranian_Students_News_Agency" class="mw-redirect" title="Iranian Students News Agency">student</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspapers_in_Iran" title="List of newspapers in Iran">newspapers</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_mythology" title="Persian mythology">Mythology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_National_Jewels" title="Iranian National Jewels">National Jewels</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_national_symbols_of_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national symbols of Iran">National symbols</a> (<a href="/wiki/Imperial_Anthem_of_Iran" title="Imperial Anthem of Iran">Imperial Anthem</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opium_in_Iran" title="Opium in Iran">Opium consumption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_gardens" title="Persian gardens">Persian gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_name" title="Persian name">Persian name</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_philosophy" title="Iranian philosophy">Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Iran" title="Public holidays in Iran">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scouting_in_Iran" title="Scouting in Iran">Scouting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Iran" title="Sport in Iran">Sport</a> (<a href="/wiki/Football_in_Iran" title="Football in Iran">football</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5.2em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Iran" title="Music of Iran">Music</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_folk_music" title="Iranian folk music">Folk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_jazz" title="Iranian jazz">Jazz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_pop_music" title="Iranian pop music">Pop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_hip_hop" title="Iranian hip hop">Rap and hip-hop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iranian_rock" title="Iranian rock">Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persian_traditional_music" title="Persian traditional music">Traditional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ey_Iran" title="Ey Iran">Ey Iran</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Iran" title="Science and technology in Iran">Science and technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Iranian_sentiment" title="Anti-Iranian sentiment">Anti-Iranian sentiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tehrangeles" title="Tehrangeles">Tehrangeles</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Iran" title="Portal:Iran">Portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Template:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Persian Gulf"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Persian_Gulf" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Persian_Gulf" title="Persian Gulf">Persian Gulf</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" title="Template:Countries bordering the Arabian Sea"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" title="Template talk:Countries bordering the Arabian Sea"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries bordering the Arabian Sea"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_bordering_the_Arabian_Sea" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Countries bordering the <a href="/wiki/Arabian_Sea" title="Arabian Sea">Arabian Sea</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/23px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/35px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Oman.svg/46px-Flag_of_Oman.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1050" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Flag_of_Somalia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Somalia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/23px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/35px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Flag_of_Yemen.svg/45px-Flag_of_Yemen.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Middle_East" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Middle_East" title="Template:Middle East"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Middle_East" title="Template talk:Middle East"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Middle_East" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Middle East"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Middle_East" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Middle_East" title="Middle East">Middle East</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Middle_Eastern_countries_by_population" title="List of Middle Eastern countries by population">Countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan_Region" title="Kurdistan Region">Iraqi Kurdistan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaza_Strip" title="Gaza Strip">Gaza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Bank" title="West Bank">West Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rojava" class="mw-redirect" title="Rojava">North Syria Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_occupation_of_northern_Syria" title="Turkish occupation of northern Syria">Turkish occupation of northern Syria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Middle_East_(orthographic_projection).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/70px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="70" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/105px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/140px-Middle_East_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="553" data-file-height="553" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Climate_change_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Climate change in the Middle East and North Africa">Climate change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democracy_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Democracy in the Middle East and North Africa">Democracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Middle_East" title="Economy of the Middle East">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_the_Middle_East" title="Energy in the Middle East">Energy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Middle_East" title="History of the Middle East">History</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Middle_Eastern_history" title="Timeline of Middle Eastern history">Timeline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_modern_conflicts_in_the_Middle_East" title="List of modern conflicts in the Middle East">Modern conflicts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Middle_East" title="Human rights in the Middle East">Human rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_politics_in_the_Middle_East" title="Water politics in the Middle East">Water politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Water_conflict_in_the_Middle_East_and_North_Africa" title="Water conflict in the Middle East and North Africa">Water conflict</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_the_Middle_East" title="Demographics of the Middle East">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_the_Middle_East" title="Ethnic groups in the Middle East">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_history_of_the_Middle_East" title="Genetic history of the Middle East">Genetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_metropolitan_areas_of_the_Middle_East" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest metropolitan areas of the Middle East">Metropolitan areas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Religion in the Middle East">Religion</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irreligion_in_the_Middle_East" title="Irreligion in the Middle East">Irreligion</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Near_Eastern_archaeology" title="Near Eastern archaeology">Archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_the_Middle_East" title="Cinema of the Middle East">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_cuisine" title="Middle Eastern cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Etiquette_in_the_Middle_East" title="Etiquette in the Middle East">Etiquette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_music" title="Middle Eastern music">Music</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_dance" title="Middle Eastern dance">Dance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middle_Eastern_studies" title="Middle Eastern studies">Studies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Countries_of_Asia" title="Template talk:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Countries_of_Asia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Countries of Asia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Countries_and_dependencies_of_Asia" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_and_dependent_territories_in_Asia" title="List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Asia">Countries and dependencies</a> of <a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia">Asia</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhutan" title="Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus" title="Cyprus">Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/East_Timor" title="East Timor">East Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_(country)" title="Georgia (country)">Georgia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a>1</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Korea" title="North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Korea" title="South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Singapore" title="Singapore">Singapore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnam" title="Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px;padding: 0 0.5em;"><div><a href="/wiki/Asia" title="Asia"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/100px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/150px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/200px-Asia_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="541" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">States with limited recognition</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abkhazia" title="Abkhazia">Abkhazia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Ossetia" title="South Ossetia">South Ossetia</a>2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Australia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christmas_Island" title="Christmas Island">Christmas Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocos_(Keeling)_Islands" title="Cocos (Keeling) Islands">Cocos (Keeling) Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Greece</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kastellorizo" title="Kastellorizo">Kastellorizo</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">United Kingdom</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a>2 (Sovereign Base Areas)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territory</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Special_administrative_regions_of_China" title="Special administrative regions of China">Special administrative regions of China</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau" title="Macau">Macau</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>1 Spans the conventional boundary between Asia and another continent.</li> <li>2 Considered European for cultural, political and historical reasons but is geographically in West Asia.</li></ul> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Asia" title="Category:Asia">Category</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/16px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/23px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/31px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Asia" title="Portal:Asia">Asia portal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Template talk:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Economic Cooperation Organization"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Economic_Cooperation_Organization_(ECO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a> (ECO)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Politics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Trade_Agreement" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Trade Agreement">ECOTA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization_Secretariat" title="Economic Cooperation Organization Secretariat">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization#List_of_General_Secretaries" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Secretaries-General</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Treaty_of_Izmir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Treaty of Izmir (page does not exist)">Treaty of Izmir</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Islamabad_Declaration&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Islamabad Declaration (page does not exist)">Islamabad Declaration</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Symbols</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emblem_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emblem of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Emblem</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Flag_of_the_Economic_Cooperation_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Flag of the Economic Cooperation Organization (page does not exist)">Flag</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_ECO_Summit" title="1st ECO Summit">Tehran 1992</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_ECO_Summit" title="2nd ECO Summit">Istanbul 1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_ECO_Summit" title="3rd ECO Summit">Islamabad 1995</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/4th_ECO_Summit" title="4th ECO Summit">Ashgabat 1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Almaty 1998</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2002</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Dushanbe 2004</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=9th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="9th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Baku 2006</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Tehran 2009</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_ECO_Summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th ECO Summit (page does not exist)">Istanbul 2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_ECO_Summit" title="12th ECO Summit">Baku 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_ECO_Summit" title="13th ECO Summit">Islamabad 2017</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Member</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg/45px-Flag_of_Afghanistan_%282013%E2%80%932021%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_Turkish_Republic_of_Northern_Cyprus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a> (as Turkish Cypriot State)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:G-15_nations" title="Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:G-15_nations" title="Template talk:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:G-15_nations" title="Special:EditPage/Template:G-15 nations"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Nations_in_the_Group_of_15_(G-15)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Group_of_15" title="Group of 15">Nations in the Group of 15 (G-15)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=1st_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="1st G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1990</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=2nd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="2nd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1991</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=3rd_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="3rd G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1992</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=4th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="4th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1994</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=5th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="5th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1995</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=6th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="6th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1996</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=7th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="7th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=8th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="8th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">1998</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/9th_G-15_summit" title="9th G-15 summit">1999</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=10th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="10th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2000</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=11th_G-15_summit&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="11th G-15 summit (page does not exist)">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/12th_G-15_summit" title="12th G-15 summit">2004</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/13th_G-15_summit" title="13th G-15 summit">2006</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/14th_G-15_summit" title="14th G-15 summit">2010</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/15th_G-15_summit" title="15th G-15 summit">2012</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Argentina" title="Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zimbabwe" title="Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_(OPEC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:OPEC" title="Template:OPEC"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:OPEC" title="Template talk:OPEC"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:OPEC" title="Special:EditPage/Template:OPEC"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organization_of_the_Petroleum_Exporting_Countries_(OPEC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/OPEC" title="OPEC">Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries</a> (OPEC)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Economy of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Gabon" title="Economy of Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iraq" title="Economy of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kuwait" title="Economy of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Libya" title="Economy of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Republic_of_the_Congo" title="Economy of the Republic of the Congo">Republic of the Congo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Economy of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="Economy of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_secretaries_general_of_OPEC" title="List of secretaries general of OPEC">List of secretaries general</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Fund_for_International_Development" title="OPEC Fund for International Development">OPEC Fund for International Development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OPEC_Reference_Basket" title="OPEC Reference Basket">OPEC Reference Basket</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum_(GECF)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:GECF" title="Template:GECF"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Template_talk:GECF&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Template talk:GECF (page does not exist)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:GECF" title="Special:EditPage/Template:GECF"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum_(GECF)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">Gas Exporting Countries Forum</a> (GECF)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Algeria" title="Economy of Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Bolivia" title="Economy of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Egypt" title="Economy of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Equatorial_Guinea" title="Economy of Equatorial Guinea">Equatorial Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Iran" title="Economy of Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Libya" title="Economy of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Nigeria" title="Economy of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Qatar" title="Economy of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Russia" title="Economy of Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Economy of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_United_Arab_Emirates" class="mw-redirect" title="Economy of United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Venezuela" title="Economy of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Gas_Exporting_Countries_Forum#Secretaries-General" title="Gas Exporting Countries Forum">Secretaries General</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Template talk:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Shanghai Cooperation Organisation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation_(SCO)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Shanghai Cooperation Organisation (SCO)</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Summits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2012_SCO_summit" title="2012 SCO summit">Beijing 2012</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_SCO_summit" title="2014 SCO summit">Dushanbe 2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2017_SCO_summit" title="2017 SCO summit">Astana 2017</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_SCO_summit" title="2022 SCO summit">Samarkand 2022</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit" title="2024 SCO summit">Astana 2024</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_SCO_summit_(heads_of_government)" class="mw-redirect" title="2024 SCO summit (heads of government)">Islamabad 2024</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/23px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/35px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/Flag_of_Belarus.svg/46px-Flag_of_Belarus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/45px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/23px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/35px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/45px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Flag_of_Iran.svg/46px-Flag_of_Iran.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="630" data-file-height="360" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kazakhstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kyrgyzstan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d0/Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Tajikistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/84/Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Uzbekistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /> <a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observer states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Mongolia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Mongolia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Mongolia" title="Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dialogue partners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Flag_of_Armenia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Armenia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Armenia" title="Armenia">Armenia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg/46px-Flag_of_Azerbaijan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2c/Flag_of_Bahrain.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bahrain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_Cambodia.svg/46px-Flag_of_Cambodia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="640" /> <a href="/wiki/Cambodia" title="Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/23px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/35px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fe/Flag_of_Egypt.svg/45px-Flag_of_Egypt.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/23px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/35px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Flag_of_Kuwait.svg/46px-Flag_of_Kuwait.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/23px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/35px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Flag_of_Maldives.svg/45px-Flag_of_Maldives.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="720" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Flag_of_Myanmar.svg/45px-Flag_of_Myanmar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Myanmar" title="Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/12px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/19px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Flag_of_Nepal.svg/25px-Flag_of_Nepal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="726" data-file-height="885" /> <a href="/wiki/Nepal" title="Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/23px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="9" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/35px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/Flag_of_Qatar.svg/46px-Flag_of_Qatar.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1400" data-file-height="550" /> <a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/23px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/35px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg/45px-Flag_of_Saudi_Arabia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/23px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/35px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg/46px-Flag_of_Sri_Lanka.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Sri_Lanka" title="Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/Flag_of_Turkey.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkey.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guests</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ASEAN" title="ASEAN">ASEAN</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Independent_States" title="Commonwealth of Independent States">Commonwealth of Independent States</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/23px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/35px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg/45px-Flag_of_Turkmenistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applicants</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Flag_of_Algeria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Algeria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/23px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/35px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg/46px-Flag_of_Bangladesh.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/23px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/35px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f6/Flag_of_Iraq.svg/45px-Flag_of_Iraq.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/21px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/32px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Flag_of_Israel.svg/41px-Flag_of_Israel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="800" /> <a href="/wiki/Israel" title="Israel">Israel</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/23px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/35px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Flag_of_Laos.svg/45px-Flag_of_Laos.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Laos" title="Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Shanghai_Cooperation_Organisation" title="Member states of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation">Member states</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Evils" title="Three Evils">Three Evils</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SCO_Interbank_Consortium" title="SCO Interbank Consortium">SCO Interbank Consortium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eurasian_Land_Bridge" title="Eurasian Land Bridge">Eurasian Land Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Working_language" title="Working language">Working languages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Template talk:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Organisation of Islamic Cooperation"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_(OIC)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a> (OIC)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secretary-General_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Secretary-General of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation</a>: <a href="/wiki/Hissein_Brahim_Taha" title="Hissein Brahim Taha">Hissein Brahim Taha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Member states</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan" title="Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albania" title="Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azerbaijan" title="Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangladesh" title="Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benin" title="Benin">Benin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burkina_Faso" title="Burkina Faso">Burkina Faso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brunei" title="Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cameroon" title="Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chad" title="Chad">Chad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comoros" title="Comoros">Comoros</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabon" title="Gabon">Gabon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia" title="The Gambia">Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea" title="Guinea">Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guinea-Bissau" title="Guinea-Bissau">Guinea-Bissau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana" title="Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indonesia" title="Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraq" title="Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivory_Coast" title="Ivory Coast">Ivory Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jordan" title="Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazakhstan" title="Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kuwait" title="Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyrgyzstan" title="Kyrgyzstan">Kyrgyzstan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebanon" title="Lebanon">Lebanon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya" title="Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysia" title="Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maldives" title="Maldives">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali" title="Mali">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritania" title="Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morocco" title="Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozambique" title="Mozambique">Mozambique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niger" title="Niger">Niger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oman" title="Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pakistan_and_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Pakistan and the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Pakistan-OIC relations</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Palestine" title="State of Palestine">Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qatar" title="Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saudi_Arabia" title="Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Senegal" title="Senegal">Senegal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone" title="Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somalia" title="Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sudan" title="Sudan">Sudan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname" title="Suriname">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajikistan" title="Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Togo" title="Togo">Togo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkey" title="Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda" title="Uganda">Uganda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uzbekistan" title="Uzbekistan">Uzbekistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Arab_Emirates" title="United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yemen" title="Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Suspended</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Observers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Countries and territories</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Republic" title="Central African Republic">Central African Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Cyprus" title="Northern Cyprus">Northern Cyprus</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russia" title="Russia">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Muslim communities</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moro_National_Liberation_Front" title="Moro National Liberation Front">Moro National Liberation Front</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:left;padding-right:0.75em;font-weight:normal;"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">International organizations</div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economic_Cooperation_Organization" title="Economic Cooperation Organization">Economic Cooperation Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/African_Union" title="African Union">African Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_League" title="Arab League">Arab League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-Aligned_Movement" title="Non-Aligned Movement">Non-Aligned Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations" title="United Nations">United Nations</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Declarations" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Declarations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abuja_Declaration_(1989)" title="Abuja Declaration (1989)">Abuja Declaration (1989)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cairo_Declaration_on_Human_Rights_in_Islam" title="Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam">Cairo Declaration on Human Rights in Islam</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Resolution_10/11" title="OIC Resolution 10/11">OIC Resolution 10/11</a> (2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/OIC_Council_of_Foreign_Ministers_Resolution_10/37" title="OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37">OIC Council of Foreign Ministers Resolution 10/37</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sessions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Extraordinary" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Extraordinary</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="First Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">First</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Second Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Second</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Third Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Third</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fourth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fourth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fourth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fifth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Fifth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Fifth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sixth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Sixth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Sixth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seventh_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Seventh Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Seventh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eighth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Eighth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Eighth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ninth_Extraordinary_Session_of_the_Islamic_Summit_Conference" title="Ninth Extraordinary Session of the Islamic Summit Conference">Ninth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2023_Arab%E2%80%93Islamic_extraordinary_summit" title="2023 Arab–Islamic extraordinary summit">Arab–Islamic (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Demographics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Economy of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Economy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP (PPP)">GDP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_GDP_per_capita_(PPP)" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by GDP per capita (PPP)">GDP per capita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_exports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by exports">Exports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_imports" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by imports">Imports</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_states_by_population" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member states by population">Population</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_largest_cities_in_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation_member_countries" class="mw-redirect" title="List of largest cities in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation member countries">Largest cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_the_member_states_of_the_Organisation_of_Islamic_Cooperation" title="Education in the member states of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation">Education</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 As the "Turkish Cypriot State".</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236088147">.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline;font-size:88%;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em 0 0;padding:0 2em}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;padding:0.2em 0;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px;line-height:22px}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;align-items:baseline;padding:0.2em 0;column-gap:1em;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{display:flex;align-items:baseline;margin:0.15em 0;min-height:24px;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-logo{width:22px;line-height:22px;margin:0 0.2em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-link{margin:0 0.2em;text-align:left}@media screen and (max-width:960px){.mw-parser-output .sister-bar{flex-flow:column wrap;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-header{flex:0 1}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-content{flex:1;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .sister-bar-item{flex:0 0 20em;min-width:20em}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+link+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+style+.sister-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+.navbox-styles+.portal-bar{margin-top:-1px}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sister-bar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="noprint metadata sister-bar" role="navigation" aria-label="sister-projects"><div class="sister-bar-header">Iran at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a>:</div><ul class="sister-bar-content"><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/19px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/29px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/38px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Iran">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/14px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/21px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/28px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86" class="extiw" title="c:ایران">Media</a> from Commons</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/21px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/32px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/42px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Iran" class="extiw" title="n:Category:Iran">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/16px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/24px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/32px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Iran" class="extiw" title="q:Iran">Quotations</a> from Wikiquote</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/28px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/36px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /><a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran" class="extiw" title="s:Special:Search/Iran">Texts</a> from Wikisource</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/19px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/29px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/38px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Iran" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Iran">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li class="sister-bar-item"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/21px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/32px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/42px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Iran" class="extiw" title="v:Iran">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q794#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000404539679">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/149669363">VIAF</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/2945159337534613150000">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1204889/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJtrYvcVTwChrDqytBvJXd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4027653-3">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79039880">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153420449">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb153420449">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00564213">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35236304">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge131735&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX451360">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90221401">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bncatalogo.cl/F?func=direct&local_base=red10&doc_number=000270238">Chile</a></li><li><a class="external text" href="https://wikidata-externalid-url.toolforge.org/?p=8034&url_prefix=https://opac.vatlib.it/auth/detail/&id=497/633">Vatican</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external 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style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://kulturnav.org/03ebe7c5-ec5a-4b92-85e6-28f8c4ffbb97">KulturNav</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ngv.vic.gov.au/explore/collection/artist/12696/">Victoria</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/876427">Trove</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.parliament.uk/vePVRKUd">UK Parliament</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026488655">IdRef</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/026488930">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hls-dhs-dss.ch/fr/articles/003410">Historical Dictionary of Switzerland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10044493">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://esu.com.ua/search_articles.php?id=12589">Encyclopedia of Modern Ukraine</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://islamansiklopedisi.org.tr/iran">İslâm Ansiklopedisi</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Iran&params=32_N_53_E_dim:1000km_type:country_region:IR">32°N 53°E / 32°N 53°E / 32; 53</a>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&oldid=1258968431">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Iran&oldid=1258968431</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Iran" title="Category:Iran">Iran</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Countries_in_Asia" title="Category:Countries in Asia">Countries in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:G15_nations" title="Category:G15 nations">G15 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[\"CITEREFAxel_Tschentscher,_LL.M.\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAxworthy2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyatollahy2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAyseNashLeland2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzad2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAzadpour\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAziziاevik2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBakri2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBaten2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_Johnson\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBen_Mathis-Lilley2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBertrand2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBhabani_Sen_Gupta1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorger2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorgerDehghan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBorjianBorjian2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyle,_John_Andrew\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrewer2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_Boniface,_MAChris_CooperRobyn_Cooper2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrian_HarveyHenk_H._F._SmidTheo_Pirard2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanby,_Sheila_R.2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCarrMahalingam2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChardin1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChardin1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChibli_Mallat2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChristoph_Marcinkowski2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClinch2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCordesman,_Anthony_H.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCorliss2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDagres2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDandamaev1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaniel_MüllerProfessor_Harald_Müller2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDareini,_Ali_Akbar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_LevinsonKaren_Christensen2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeVore2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDehghan2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDooley2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDowling2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuguid,_Naomi2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEnglandSchwartz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFErdbrink2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEskandar_Firouz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFExpert:VSR.Subramaniam2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarrokh\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFassihiVinograd2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFathiBroad2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFederal_Research_Division\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFeyli2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFirouz2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFishberg1907\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFisherAveryHamblyMelville1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoltz,_Richard2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoltz2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoodspotting2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFoundation\"] = 4,\n [\"CITEREFFox2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrançois_de_Blois2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFrye1962\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGarver2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGladstone2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGuggisberg,_C.A.W.1961\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGumpertBalaghi2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamedy,_Saba2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamid_Dabashi2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHamzeh\u0026#039;ee1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHandberg2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHayward\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenninger,_Danya2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHobson,_SarahLubchenco,_Jane1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolzel,_David2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHossein_AskariAmin_MohseniShahrzad_Daneshvar2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreysKahrom1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHussain\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIRNA\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIddon\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnatius2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFInternational_Federation_for_Human_Rights2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIran_Human_Rights_Documentation_Center2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIran_News\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJeroen_Temperman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohny2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFK_K_Goswami2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamali2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKamali_Dehghan2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKane2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKaskanis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKernan1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhalaj2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKhandwala2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKiyanoosh_Kiyani_HaftlangKiyānūsh_Kiyānī_Haft_Lang2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKliot1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKnights2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKomaroff\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKryeziu2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKutsch,_Tom2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLal2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLandry2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLawergren2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeahy,_Robert_L.2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeonhardt2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLester2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLeviton,_Richard2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLewis1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLillis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLynch2024\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFMacKenzie1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLellan2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMajid_Rafizadeh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMalandra1973\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMaslin,_Jamie.2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMehraby,_Rahman2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMihalcik\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMikaberidze2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoghtader2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoin2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonazzami2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMotamedi\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFMotamedi2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMovassagh2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNissenbaumStrobel2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOberling2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOnline2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_DecherneyBlake_Atwood2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPeter_Krol\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPletka2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPope,_Arthur_Upham1965\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPresse\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQaed2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFQatar\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFR._Nagarajan2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRezaian,_Lachin2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRichard_Frye2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoessing,_Lesley2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRohde\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoismanWorthington2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoser2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSamii2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSand-boarding.com2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitt1987\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchumann2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeyed_Hossein_MousavianShahir_Shahidsaless2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeyf1984\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahab_Esfandiary2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShahbazi2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharon_E._Nicholson2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShoard2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFShutdown\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSingh,_Jaisal2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkare2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmyth2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSoltani2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSotoudeh_FoumaniRostami_ShahrajiMohammadi_Limaei2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSparks2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSpirlet\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStarr2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStephen_Clark2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSteve_Stecklow,_Babak_Dehghanpisheh2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStrzy؟yٌska2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaitBlackTran2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTaylor2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeam2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTeam2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTerrill2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThalerNaderChubinGreen2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTohidi2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToossi2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFU.S._State_Department2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUgal2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVICE2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVali_Nasr2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValvo2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalter_Martin2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilliams,_Stuart.2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWilson,_Arnold2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWorld_Intellectual_Property_Organization2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYan2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFand_agencies2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFasadian2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFcenterApril_5Images2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFkental_tour2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFmhfard2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFparisaBakhtiari2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFsoheil2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFuz2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFwww.sirang.com\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFروزبهی2024\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFسایت2023\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"!\"] = 46,\n [\"'-\"] = 1,\n [\"As of\"] = 6,\n [\"Bare URL PDF\"] = 1,\n [\"Bare URL inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 1,\n [\"Center\"] = 3,\n [\"Circa\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 5,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite encyclopedia\"] = 18,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 23,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 4,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 72,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 421,\n [\"Contains special characters\"] = 1,\n [\"Convert\"] = 20,\n [\"Countries and territories of the Middle East\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries bordering the Arabian Sea\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries bordering the Persian Gulf\"] = 1,\n [\"Countries of Asia\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 3,\n [\"Economic Cooperation Organization\"] = 1,\n [\"Efn\"] = 4,\n [\"Expand section\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 1,\n [\"G15 nations\"] = 1,\n [\"GECF\"] = 1,\n [\"Gloss\"] = 2,\n [\"GovPubs\"] = 1,\n [\"Harv\"] = 1,\n [\"History of Iran\"] = 1,\n [\"IPA\"] = 3,\n [\"IPAc-en\"] = 11,\n [\"ISBN\"] = 5,\n [\"In lang\"] = 1,\n [\"Increase\"] = 4,\n [\"IncreaseNeutral\"] = 1,\n [\"Infobox country\"] = 1,\n [\"Iran topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 6,\n [\"Langx\"] = 3,\n [\"Largest cities of Iran\"] = 1,\n [\"Main\"] = 49,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 6,\n [\"Native name\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes bottom\"] = 1,\n [\"Navboxes top\"] = 1,\n [\"Nbsp\"] = 16,\n [\"Nq\"] = 1,\n [\"OPEC\"] = 1,\n [\"Organisation of Islamic Cooperation\"] = 1,\n [\"Other uses\"] = 1,\n [\"PIE\"] = 3,\n [\"Page needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Parabr\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-move\"] = 1,\n [\"Pp-semi-indef\"] = 1,\n [\"Provinces of Iran Labelled Map\"] = 1,\n [\"Redirect-distinguish-for\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 1,\n [\"Refend\"] = 1,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 1,\n [\"Respell\"] = 4,\n [\"See also\"] = 6,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 4,\n [\"Sfnp\"] = 1,\n [\"Shanghai Cooperation Organisation\"] = 1,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"Subscription required\"] = 1,\n [\"Switcher\"] = 1,\n [\"Transliteration\"] = 9,\n [\"Unbulleted list\"] = 1,\n [\"Use American English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 24,\n [\"Wikiatlas\"] = 1,\n [\"Wikt-lang\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","940","18.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","560","10.9"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","460","8.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","420","8.2"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","300","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","300","5.8"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::expandTemplate","260","5.1"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","200","3.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","120","2.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::preprocess","120","2.3"],["[others]","1460","28.4"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dhbcv","timestamp":"20241123090415","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script 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