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id="toc-Pellet_stove_operation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_output_and_efficiency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_output_and_efficiency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Energy output and efficiency</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_output_and_efficiency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Air_pollution_emissions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Air_pollution_emissions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Air pollution emissions</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Air_pollution_emissions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate_change_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate_change_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Climate change aspects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate_change_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sustainability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sustainability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Sustainability</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sustainability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cost" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cost"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Cost</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cost-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_by_region" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_by_region"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Usage by region</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Usage_by_region-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Usage by region subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Usage_by_region-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.4</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_uses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_uses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Other uses</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Other uses subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Other_uses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Horse_bedding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_bedding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Horse bedding</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_bedding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cattle_fodder" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cattle_fodder"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Cattle fodder</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cattle_fodder-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Absorbents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Absorbents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.3</span> <span>Absorbents</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Absorbents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Pellet fuel</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 37 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-37" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">37 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B3%D9%8A%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D8%B4%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%85%D8%B6%D8%BA%D9%88%D8%B7%D8%A9" title="جسيمات خشبية مضغوطة – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جسيمات خشبية مضغوطة" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D1%8B" title="Пэлеты – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Пэлеты" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D1%8A%D1%80%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8_%D0%BF%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Дървесни пелети – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Дървесни пелети" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A8l%C2%B7let_(combustible)" title="Pèl·let (combustible) – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pèl·let (combustible)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleta" title="Peleta – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Peleta" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tr%C3%A6piller" title="Træpiller – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Træpiller" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Holzpellet" title="Holzpellet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Holzpellet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puidugraanulid" title="Puidugraanulid – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Puidugraanulid" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%AD%CE%BB%CE%BB%CE%B5%CF%84_%CE%BE%CF%8D%CE%BB%CE%BF%CF%85" title="Πέλλετ ξύλου – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Πέλλετ ξύλου" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%A9let_de_madera" title="Pélet de madera – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pélet de madera" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lignopeleto" title="Lignopeleto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lignopeleto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Egur_pellet" title="Egur pellet – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Egur pellet" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%84%D9%88%D9%84%D9%87_%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%AA%DB%8C" title="گلوله سوختی – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گلوله سوختی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granul%C3%A9_de_bois" title="Granulé de bois – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Granulé de bois" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%A0%EB%A6%BF_%EC%97%B0%EB%A3%8C" title="펠릿 연료 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펠릿 연료" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8A%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%BF%D5%AB_%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BC%D5%A5%D5%AC%D5%AB%D6%84" title="Պուլետի վառելիք – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Պուլետի վառելիք" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drveni_peleti" title="Drveni peleti – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Drveni peleti" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellet_(combustibile)" title="Pellet (combustibile) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pellet (combustibile)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პელეტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პელეტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B8" title="Пелети – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пелети" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Houtpellets" title="Houtpellets – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Houtpellets" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%A8%E8%B3%AA%E3%83%9A%E3%83%AC%E3%83%83%E3%83%88" title="木質ペレット – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="木質ペレット" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trepellets" title="Trepellets – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Trepellets" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellet" title="Pellet – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pellet" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Granul%C3%A0_%C3%ABd_b%C3%B2sch" title="Granulà ëd bòsch – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Granulà ëd bòsch" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellet" title="Pellet – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pellet" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pellet_de_madeira" title="Pellet de madeira – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pellet de madeira" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelet" title="Pelet – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pelet" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B5_%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%8B" title="Топливные гранулы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Топливные гранулы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peleta" title="Peleta – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Peleta" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lesni_peleti" title="Lesni peleti – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Lesni peleti" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Drveni_peleti" title="Drveni peleti – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Drveni peleti" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puupelletti" title="Puupelletti – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Puupelletti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Br%C3%A4nslepellets" title="Bränslepellets – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bränslepellets" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelet_yak%C4%B1t%C4%B1" title="Pelet yakıtı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pelet yakıtı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a 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typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pellets_hand.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pellets_hand.jpg/220px-Pellets_hand.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pellets_hand.jpg/330px-Pellets_hand.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Pellets_hand.jpg/440px-Pellets_hand.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1051" data-file-height="972" /></a><figcaption>Wood pellets</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Pellet fuels</b> (or <b>pellets</b>) are a type of <a href="/wiki/Solid_fuel" title="Solid fuel">solid fuel</a> made from compressed <a href="/wiki/Organic_material" class="mw-redirect" title="Organic material">organic material</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pellets can be made from any one of five general categories of <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">biomass</a>: <a href="/wiki/Industrial_waste" title="Industrial waste">industrial waste</a> and co-products, <a href="/wiki/Food_waste" class="mw-redirect" title="Food waste">food waste</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crop_residue" title="Crop residue">agricultural residues</a>, <a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">energy crops</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation#Chemical" title="Wood preservation">untreated lumber</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <b>Wood pellets</b> are the most common type of pellet fuel and are generally made from compacted <a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">sawdust</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and related industrial wastes from the <a href="/wiki/Lumber_mill" class="mw-redirect" title="Lumber mill">milling</a> of lumber, manufacture of <a href="/wiki/Wood" title="Wood">wood</a> products and <a href="/wiki/Furniture" title="Furniture">furniture</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Construction" title="Construction">construction</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other industrial waste sources include empty fruit bunches, <a href="/wiki/Palm_kernel" title="Palm kernel">palm kernel</a> shells, <a href="/wiki/Coconut" title="Coconut">coconut</a> shells, and tree tops and branches discarded during <a href="/wiki/Logging" title="Logging">logging</a> operations.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> So-called "black pellets" are made of <a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">biomass</a>, refined to resemble hard <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> and were developed to be used in existing coal-fired <a href="/wiki/Power_station" title="Power station">power plants</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pellets are categorized by their <a href="/wiki/Heat_of_combustion" title="Heat of combustion">heating value</a>, <a href="/wiki/Moisture" title="Moisture">moisture</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wood_ash" title="Wood ash">ash</a> content, and dimensions. They can be used as fuels for power generation, commercial or residential heating, and <a href="/wiki/Cooking" title="Cooking">cooking</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Alakangas_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alakangas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pellets are extremely dense and can be produced with a low moisture content, below 10%, that allows them to be burned with a very high combustion <a href="/wiki/Efficiency" title="Efficiency">efficiency</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Manomet_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manomet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Their regular geometry and small size allow automatic feeding with very fine calibration. They can be fed to a burner by <a href="/wiki/Screw_conveyor" title="Screw conveyor">auger</a> feeding or by <a href="/wiki/Pneumatics" title="Pneumatics">pneumatic</a> conveying. Their high density permits compact storage and transport over long distance. They can be conveniently blown from a tanker to a storage bunker or silo on a customer's premises.<sup id="cite_ref-pellets101_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pellets101-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A broad range of <a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">pellet stoves</a>, central heating furnaces, and other heating appliances have been developed and marketed since the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the surge in the price of <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> since 2005, the demand for <a href="/wiki/Pellet_heating" title="Pellet heating">pellet heating</a> has increased in <a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Europe</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, and a sizable industry is emerging. According to the <a href="/wiki/International_Energy_Agency" title="International Energy Agency">International Energy Agency</a> <a href="/wiki/Task_40" title="Task 40">Task 40</a>, wood pellet production more than doubled between 2006 and 2010 to over 14 million tons.<sup id="cite_ref-Task40Dec2011_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Task40Dec2011-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 2012 report, the Biomass Energy Resource Center says that it expects wood pellet production in North America to double again in the next five years.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="toccolours" style="float:right; clear:right; text-align: center; font-size:11px; margin:5px;" cellpadding="3" cellspacing="0"> <tbody><tr> <td><b>Fuels for heating</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heating_oil" title="Heating oil">Heating oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_pellet" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood pellet">Wood pellet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kerosene" title="Kerosene">Kerosene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propane" title="Propane">Propane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">Natural gas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">Coal</a></li></ul> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Production">Production</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Production"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:8._Station_-_Holzpelletproduktion_der_WestPellets_GmbH_and_Co._KG_(6219816410).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/8._Station_-_Holzpelletproduktion_der_WestPellets_GmbH_and_Co._KG_%286219816410%29.jpg/220px-8._Station_-_Holzpelletproduktion_der_WestPellets_GmbH_and_Co._KG_%286219816410%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="304" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/8._Station_-_Holzpelletproduktion_der_WestPellets_GmbH_and_Co._KG_%286219816410%29.jpg/330px-8._Station_-_Holzpelletproduktion_der_WestPellets_GmbH_and_Co._KG_%286219816410%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/8._Station_-_Holzpelletproduktion_der_WestPellets_GmbH_and_Co._KG_%286219816410%29.jpg/440px-8._Station_-_Holzpelletproduktion_der_WestPellets_GmbH_and_Co._KG_%286219816410%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="534" data-file-height="738" /></a><figcaption>A pellet truck being filled at a plant in Germany.</figcaption></figure> <p>Pellets are produced by compressing the wood material which has first passed through a <a href="/wiki/Hammer_mill" title="Hammer mill">hammer mill</a> to provide a uniform dough-like mass.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This mass is fed to a press, where it is squeezed through a die having holes of the size required, normally 6 mm diameter, sometimes 8 mm or larger. The high pressure of the press causes the temperature of the wood to increase greatly, and the <a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">lignin</a> plasticizes slightly, forming a natural "glue" that holds the pellet together as it cools.<sup id="cite_ref-Manomet_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manomet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pellets can be made from <a href="/wiki/Grass" class="mw-redirect" title="Grass">grass</a> and other non-woody forms of biomass that do not contain lignin. A 2005 news story from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a> News suggested that grass pellet production was more advanced in Europe than North America. It suggested the benefits of grass as a feedstock included its short growing time (70 days), and ease of cultivation and processing. The story quoted Jerry Cherney, an agriculture professor at the school, stating that grasses produce 96% of the heat of wood and that "any mixture of grasses can be used, cut in mid- to late summer, left in the field to leach out minerals, then baled and pelleted. Drying of the hay is not required for pelleting, making the cost of processing less than with wood pelleting."<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the Department of Agriculture of <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a> announced as a demonstration project conversion of an oil-fired <a href="/wiki/Boiler" title="Boiler">boiler</a> to grass pellets at a research facility.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Rice-husk fuel-pellets are made by compacting rice-husk obtained as by-product of <a href="/wiki/Rice" title="Rice">rice</a>-growing from the fields. It also has similar characteristics to the wood-pellets and more <a href="/wiki/Environment-friendly" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment-friendly">environment-friendly</a>, as the raw material is a <a href="/wiki/Waste" title="Waste">waste-product</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Energy_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Energy content">energy content</a> is about 4-4.2 kcal/kg and moisture content is typically less than 10%. The size of pellets is generally kept to be about 6 mm diameter and 25 mm length in the form of a cylinder; though larger cylinder or <a href="/wiki/Briquette" title="Briquette">briquette</a> forms are not uncommon. It is much cheaper than similar energy-pellets and can be compacted/manufactured from the husk at the farm itself, using cheap machinery. They generally are more environment-friendly as compared to wood-pellets.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the regions of the world where <a href="/wiki/Wheat" title="Wheat">wheat</a> is the predominant food-crop, wheat husk can also be compacted to produce energy-pellets, with characteristics similar to rice-husk pellets. </p><p>A report by <a href="/wiki/CORRIM" class="mw-redirect" title="CORRIM">CORRIM</a> (Consortium On Research on Renewable Industrial Material) for the Life-Cycle Inventory of Wood Pellet Manufacturing and Utilization estimates the energy required to dry, pelletize and transport pellets is less than 11% of the energy content of the pellets if using pre-dried industrial wood waste. If the pellets are made directly from forest material, it takes up to 18% of the energy to dry the wood and additional 8% for transportation and manufacturing energy. An <a href="/wiki/Environmental_impact_assessment" title="Environmental impact assessment">environmental impact assessment</a> of exported wood pellets by the Department of Chemical and Mineral Engineering, <a href="/wiki/University_of_Bologna" title="University of Bologna">University of Bologna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a> and the Clean Energy Research Centre, at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_British_Columbia" title="University of British Columbia">University of British Columbia</a>, published in 2009, concluded that the energy consumed to ship Canadian wood pellets from <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a> to <a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a> (15,500 km via the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal" title="Panama Canal">Panama Canal</a>), is about 14% of the total energy content of the wood pellets.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pellet_standards">Pellet standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Pellet standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pellets conforming to the norms commonly used in Europe (DIN 51731 or <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%96-Norm&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ö-Norm (page does not exist)">Ö-Norm</a> M-7135) have less than 10% water content, and are uniform in <a href="/wiki/Density" title="Density">density</a> (higher than 1 ton per cubic meter, thus they sink in water. (In contrast, the bulk density of a mass of pellets, including trapped air, is only about 0.6-0.7 ton per cubic meter). The pellets have good structural strength, and low dust and ash content.<sup id="cite_ref-Alakangas_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alakangas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Because the wood fibres are broken down by the hammer mill, there is virtually no difference in the finished pellets between different wood types.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pellets can be made from nearly any wood variety; provided the pellet press is equipped with good instrumentation, the differences in feed material can be compensated for in the press regulation.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> In Europe, the main production areas are south <a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Finland" title="Finland">Finland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Europe" title="Central Europe">Central Europe</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="margin-left:0.1em; white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag may need clarification or removal of jargon. (November 2023)">clarification needed</span></a></i>]</sup>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Baltic_states" title="Baltic states">Baltic</a> countries.<sup id="cite_ref-Selkimäki_M.,_Mola-Yudego,_B.,_Röser_D,_Prinz_R,_Sikanen_L._2010_3068–3075_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selkimäki_M.,_Mola-Yudego,_B.,_Röser_D,_Prinz_R,_Sikanen_L._2010_3068–3075-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Pellets conforming to the European standards norms which contain recycled wood or outside contaminants are considered Class B pellets.<sup id="cite_ref-Alakangas_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Alakangas-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Recycling" title="Recycling">Recycled materials</a> such as particle board, treated or painted wood, <a href="/wiki/Melamine_resin" title="Melamine resin">melamine resin</a>-coated panels and the like are particularly unsuitable for use in pellets, since they may produce noxious <a href="/wiki/Air_pollution" title="Air pollution">emissions</a> and uncontrolled variations in the burning characteristics of the pellets.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Standards used in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> are different, developed by the <a href="/wiki/Pellet_Fuels_Institute" title="Pellet Fuels Institute">Pellet Fuels Institute</a> and, as in Europe, are not mandatory.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Still, many manufacturers comply, as warranties of US-manufactured or imported combustion equipment may not cover damage by pellets non-conformant with regulations.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Prices for US pellets surged during the <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuel</a> price <a href="/wiki/Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> of 2007–2008, but later dropped markedly and are generally lower on a price per energy amount basis than most <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, excluding <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a>. </p><p>Regulatory agencies in Europe and North America are in the process of tightening the emissions standards for all forms of wood heat, including wood pellets and pellet stoves. These standards will become mandatory, with independently certified testing to ensure compliance.<sup id="cite_ref-IntelligentEnergyEurope_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IntelligentEnergyEurope-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-EPA36_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA36-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the United States, the new rules initiated in 2009 have completed the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="United States Environmental Protection Agency">EPA</a> regulatory review process,<sup id="cite_ref-EPA_revision_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-EPA_revision-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with final new rules issued for comment on June 24, 2014.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-pfi_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pfi-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/American_Lumber_Standard_Committee" title="American Lumber Standard Committee">American Lumber Standard Committee</a> will be the independent certification agency for the new pellet standards.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Hazards">Hazards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Hazards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wood pellets can emit large quantities of poisonous <a href="/wiki/Carbon_monoxide" title="Carbon monoxide">carbon monoxide</a> during storage. Fatal accidents have taken place in private storerooms<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and onboard marine vessels.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When handled, wood pellets give off fine dust which can cause serious <a href="/wiki/Dust_explosions" class="mw-redirect" title="Dust explosions">dust explosions</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wood pellets are typically stored in bulk in large silos. Pellets may self-heat, ignite and give rise to a deep-seated smoldering fire that is very difficult to extinguish. The smoldering fire produces toxic carbon monoxide and flammable <a href="/wiki/Pyrolysis" title="Pyrolysis">pyrolysis</a> gases that can lead to silo explosions.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Pellet_stove_operation">Pellet stove operation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Pellet stove operation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">Pellet stove</a></div> <p>There are three general types of pellet heating appliances: free standing pellet stoves, pellet stove inserts and <a href="/wiki/Pellet_boiler" title="Pellet boiler">pellet boilers</a>. </p><p>Pellet stoves work like modern <a href="/wiki/Furnace_(house_heating)" class="mw-redirect" title="Furnace (house heating)">furnaces</a>, where fuel, wood, or other biomass pellets, is stored in a storage bin called a hopper. The hopper can be located on the top of the appliance, the side of it or remotely. A mechanical auger automatically feeds pellets into a burn pot. From there, they burn at high temperatures with minimal emissions. Heat-exchange tubes send air heated by fire into room. Convection fans circulate air through heat-exchange tubes and into room. Pellet stoves have circuit boards inside that act like a thermostat and to regulate temperature.<sup id="cite_ref-Morell_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Morell-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A pellet stove insert is a stove that is inserted into an existing masonry or prefabricated wood <a href="/wiki/Fireplace" title="Fireplace">fireplace</a>, similar to a <a href="/wiki/Fireplace_insert" title="Fireplace insert">fireplace insert</a>. </p><p>Pellet boilers are standalone central heating and hot water systems designed to replace traditional fossil fuel systems in residential, commercial and institutional applications. Automatic or auto-pellet boilers include silos for bulk storage of pellets, a fuel delivery system that moves the fuel from the silo to the hopper, a logic controller to regulate temperature across multiple heating zones and an automated ash removal system for long-term automated operations.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Pellet_baskets" title="Pellet baskets">Pellet baskets</a> allow one to heat one's home using pellets in existing stoves or fireplaces.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_output_and_efficiency">Energy output and efficiency</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Energy output and efficiency"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wood-pellet_heater.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wood-pellet_heater.jpg/220px-Wood-pellet_heater.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wood-pellet_heater.jpg/330px-Wood-pellet_heater.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Wood-pellet_heater.jpg/440px-Wood-pellet_heater.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Wood-pellet heater</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Energy" title="Energy">energy</a> content of wood pellets is approximately 4.7 – 5.2 <a href="/wiki/MWh" class="mw-redirect" title="MWh">MWh</a>/<a href="/wiki/Tonne" title="Tonne">tonne</a><sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BERC-pellets_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BERC-pellets-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (~7450 BTU/lb), 14.4-20.3 MJ/kg.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">None of these three sets of values come even close to agreeing.</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>High-efficiency wood pellet stoves and boilers have been developed in recent years, typically offering combustion efficiencies of over 85%.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The newest generation of wood pellet boilers can work in condensing mode and therefore achieve 12% higher efficiency values.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Wood pellet boilers have limited control over the rate and presence of combustion compared to liquid or gaseous-fired systems. For this reason, they are better suited for <a href="/wiki/Hydronic" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydronic">hydronic</a> heating systems due to the hydronic system's greater ability to store heat.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Pellet burners capable of being retrofitted to oil-burning boilers are also available.<sup id="cite_ref-pellets101_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pellets101-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Air_pollution_emissions">Air pollution emissions</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Air pollution emissions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Emissions such as <a href="/wiki/Nitrogen_oxide" title="Nitrogen oxide">NO<sub>x</sub></a>, <a href="/wiki/Sulfur_dioxide" title="Sulfur dioxide">SO<sub>x</sub></a> and <a href="/wiki/Volatile_organic_compound" title="Volatile organic compound">volatile organic compounds</a> from pellet burning equipment are in general very low in comparison to other forms of combustion heating.<sup id="cite_ref-CU2009_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CU2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A recognized problem is the emission of fine <a href="/wiki/Atmospheric_particulate_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmospheric particulate matter">particulate matter</a> to the air, especially in urban areas that have a high concentration of <a href="/wiki/Pellet_stove" title="Pellet stove">pellet heating</a> systems or coal or oil heating systems in close proximity. This <a href="/wiki/PM2.5" class="mw-redirect" title="PM2.5">PM<sub>2.5</sub></a> emissions of older pellet stoves and boilers can be problematic in close quarters, especially in comparison to <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> (or renewable <a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">biogas</a>), though on large installations <a href="/wiki/Electrostatic_precipitator" title="Electrostatic precipitator">electrostatic precipitators</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cyclonic_separation" title="Cyclonic separation">cyclonic separators</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Baghouse" title="Baghouse">baghouse particle filters</a> can control particulates when properly maintained and operated.<sup id="cite_ref-BERC10_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BERC10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate_change_aspects">Climate change aspects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Climate change aspects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)#Climate_impacts" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass (energy) § Climate impacts</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bioenergy#Carbon_neutrality_for_forest_biomass" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy § Carbon neutrality for forest biomass</a></div> <p>There is uncertainty to what degree <a href="/wiki/Heating" class="mw-redirect" title="Heating">making heat</a> or electricity by burning wood pellets contributes to global <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>, as well as how the impact on climate compares to the impact of using competing sources of heat.<sup id="cite_ref-Manomet_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manomet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Booth_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-BiomassMajorEmissionReductionsWithBestPractices_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BiomassMajorEmissionReductionsWithBestPractices-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Factors in the uncertainty include the wood source, <a href="/wiki/Carbon_dioxide" title="Carbon dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> emissions from production and transport as well as from final combustion, and what time scale is appropriate for the consideration.<sup id="cite_ref-Manomet_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manomet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Booth_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A report<sup id="cite_ref-Manomet_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manomet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 2010 concluded that burning biomass such as wood pellets or wood chips releases a large amount of CO<sub style="font-size: 80%;vertical-align: -0.35em">2</sub> into the air, creating a "carbon debt" that is not retired for 20–25 years and after which there is a net benefit.<sup id="cite_ref-Manomet_9-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manomet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Others have disputed this conclusions,<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and scientists have pointed out oversights in the report, suggesting that climate impacts are worse than reported.<sup id="cite_ref-Booth_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booth-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Until around 2008 it was commonly assumed, even in scientific papers, that biomass energy (including from wood pellets) is carbon neutral, largely because regrowth of vegetation was believed to recapture and store the carbon that is emitted to the air.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then, scientific papers studying the climate implications of biomass began to appear which refuted the simplistic assumption of its <a href="/wiki/Carbon_neutrality" class="mw-redirect" title="Carbon neutrality">carbon neutrality</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Johnson_53-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Johnson-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Magelli_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Magelli-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to the Biomass Energy Resource Center, the assumption of carbon neutrality "has shifted to a recognition that the carbon implications of biomass depend on how the fuel is harvested, from what forest types, what kinds of <a href="/wiki/Forest_management" title="Forest management">forest management</a> are applied, and how biomass is used over time and across the landscape."<sup id="cite_ref-BERC10_49-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BERC10-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="excerpt-block"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1066933788">.mw-parser-output .excerpt-hat .mw-editsection-like{font-style:normal}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable dablink excerpt-hat selfref">This section is an excerpt from <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_energy#Bioenergy" title="Sustainable energy">Sustainable energy § Bioenergy</a>.<span class="mw-editsection-like plainlinks"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sustainable_energy&action=edit#Bioenergy">edit</a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><div class="excerpt"> <p>The climate impact of bioenergy varies considerably depending on where biomass feedstocks come from and how they are grown.<sup id="cite_ref-Sustainable_energy_:0_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sustainable_energy_:0-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For example, burning wood for energy releases carbon dioxide; those emissions can be significantly offset if the trees that were harvested are replaced by new trees in a well-managed forest, as the new trees will absorb carbon dioxide from the air as they grow.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the establishment and cultivation of bioenergy crops can <a href="/wiki/Land_use,_land-use_change,_and_forestry" title="Land use, land-use change, and forestry">displace natural ecosystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soil_retrogression_and_degradation" title="Soil retrogression and degradation">degrade soils</a>, and consume water resources and synthetic fertilisers.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTETester2012512_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETester2012512-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmil2017a162_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmil2017a162-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> Approximately one-third of all wood used for traditional heating and cooking in tropical areas is harvested unsustainably.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWorld_Health_Organization201673_63-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWorld_Health_Organization201673-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Bioenergy feedstocks typically require significant amounts of energy to harvest, dry, and transport; the energy usage for these processes may emit greenhouse gases. In some cases, the impacts of <a href="/wiki/Indirect_land_use_change_impacts_of_biofuels" title="Indirect land use change impacts of biofuels">land-use change</a>, cultivation, and processing can result in higher overall carbon emissions for bioenergy compared to using fossil fuels.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESmil2017a162_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESmil2017a162-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEIPCC2014616_64-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEIPCC2014616-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sustainability">Sustainability</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sustainability"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Sustainable_forest_management" class="mw-redirect" title="Sustainable forest management">Sustainable forest management</a></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Wood_products_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood products industry">wood products industry</a> is concerned that if large-scale use of wood energy is instituted, the supply of raw materials for construction and manufacturing (<a href="/wiki/Lumber" title="Lumber">lumber</a>) will be significantly curtailed.<sup id="cite_ref-Manomet_9-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Manomet-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cost">Cost</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cost"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the rapid increase in popularity since 2005, pellet availability and cost may be an issue.<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is an important consideration when buying a pellet stove, furnace, pellet baskets or other devices known in the industry as Bradley Burners.<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, current pellet production is increasing and there are plans to bring several new pellet mills online in the US in 2008–2009.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Out of date.</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The cost of the pellets can be affected by the building cycle leading to fluctuations in the supply of sawdust and offcuts.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Per the <a href="/wiki/New_Hampshire" title="New Hampshire">New Hampshire</a> Office of Energy and Planning release on Fuel Prices updated on 5 Oct 2015, the cost of #2 <a href="/wiki/Fuel_oil" title="Fuel oil">fuel oil</a> delivered can be compared to the cost of Bulk Delivered Wood Fuel Pellets using their BTU equivalent: 1 <a href="/wiki/Ton" title="Ton">ton</a> pellets = 118.97 <a href="/wiki/Gallon" title="Gallon">gallon</a> of #2 Fuel Oil. This assumes that one ton of pellets produces 16,500,000 BTU and one gallon of #2 Fuel Oil produces 138,690 BTU. Thus if #2 Fuel Oil delivered costs $1.90/Gal, the breakeven price for pellets is $238.00/Ton delivered. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Usage_by_region">Usage by region</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Usage by region"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="float: right;; margin-left: 10px"> <caption>EU pellet use (tons) in 2013<sup id="cite_ref-IHB2013_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHB2013-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><br /><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Out of date</span></a></i>]</sup> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th style="background-color: #ddf;">Country </th> <th style="background-color: #ddf;">Amount </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a></td> <td align="right">4 540 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></td> <td align="right">3 300 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a></td> <td align="right">2 500 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></td> <td align="right">2 000 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a></td> <td align="right">1 650 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></td> <td align="right">1 600 000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></td> <td align="right">1 320 000 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Usage across Europe varies due to government regulations. In the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">UK</a>, pellets are used mainly in large-scale power plants. The UK's largest power plant, the <a href="/wiki/Drax_power_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Drax power station">Drax power station</a>, converted some of its units to pellet burners starting in 2012; by 2015 Drax had made the UK the largest recipient of exports of wood pellets from the US.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sweden" title="Sweden">Sweden</a>, pellets are used in large-scale power plants, medium-scale district heating systems, and small-scale residential heat. In <a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a>, pellets are used mostly for small-scale residential and industrial heat.<sup id="cite_ref-IHB2013_70-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHB2013-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The UK has initiated a grant scheme called the <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Heat_Incentive" title="Renewable Heat Incentive">Renewable Heat Incentive</a> (RHI) allowing non-domestic and domestic wood pellet boiler installations to receive payments over a period of between 7 and 20 years. It is the first such scheme in the world and aims to increase the amount of renewable energy generated in the UK, in line with <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> commitments. <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> have separate but similar schemes. From Spring 2015, any biomass owners—whether domestic or commercial—must buy their fuels from BSL (Biomass Suppliers List) approved suppliers in order to receive RHI payments.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Renewable_Heat_Incentive_scandal" title="Renewable Heat Incentive scandal">Renewable Heat Incentive scandal</a> also referred to as the "cash for ash scandal", was a political scandal in Northern Ireland that centred on a failed renewable energy (wood pellet burning) incentive scheme. </p><p>Pellets are widely used in Sweden, the main pellet producer in Europe,<sup id="cite_ref-Selkimäki_M.,_Mola-Yudego,_B.,_Röser_D,_Prinz_R,_Sikanen_L._2010_3068–3075_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Selkimäki_M.,_Mola-Yudego,_B.,_Röser_D,_Prinz_R,_Sikanen_L._2010_3068–3075-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> mainly as an alternative to oil-fired central heating. In Austria, the leading market for pellet central heating furnaces (relative to its population), it is estimated that 2/3 of all new domestic heating furnaces are pellet burners. In Italy, a large market for automatically fed pellet stoves has developed. Italy's main usage for pellets is small-scale private residential and industrial boilers for heating.<sup id="cite_ref-IHB_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-IHB-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2014 in Germany, the overall wood pellet consumption per year comprised 2,2 million tonnes. These pellets are consumed predominantly by residential small-scale heating sector. The co-firing plants which use pellet sector for energy production are not widespread in the country. The largest amount of wood pellets is certified with DINplus, and these are the pellets of the highest quality. As a rule, the pellets of lower quality are exported.<sup id="cite_ref-GBP_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GBP-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>As early as 1997 a fully automatic wood <a href="/wiki/Pellet_boiler" title="Pellet boiler">pellet boilers</a> with similar comfort level as oil and gas boilers became available in <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2019, India started co-firing biomass pellets in coal fired power stations around its capital city <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a> to reduce the air pollution caused by the stubble/biomass burning in open fields to clear the fields for sowing next crop.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Plans are made to use biomass pellets for power generation throughout the country to utilize nearly 145 million tonnes of agricultural residue to replace equal quantity of imported coal in power generation.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The total sales of wood pellets in <a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a> was 300,000–500,000 tonnes in 2013. Recent construction of new wood pellet plants has given a huge increase in production capacity.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nature's Flame wood pellet processing plant, in Taupo, is due in late 2019 to double its annual production capacity to 85,000 tonnes.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Azwood Energy<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> operates a wood pellet processing plant in Nelson, utilising more than 1.2 million cubic metres of forestry residue each year<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to provide carbon neutral fuel for domestic use, hospitals, schools and industrial processes, including milk-processing.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Some companies import European-made boilers. As of 2009<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, about 800,000 Americans were using wood pellets for heat.<sup id="cite_ref-CU2009_48-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CU2009-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was estimated that 2.33 million tons of wood pellets would be used for heat in the US in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-BioMag2013_83-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioMag2013-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The US wood pellet export to Europe grew from 1.24 million tons<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Cleanup" title="Wikipedia:Cleanup"><span title="Wikipedia:Cleanup">Which sort?</span></a></i>]</sup> in 2006 to 7 million tons in 2012, but forests grew even more.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Other_uses">Other uses</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Other uses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_bedding">Horse bedding</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Horse bedding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>When small amounts of water are added to wood pellets, they expand and revert to sawdust. This makes them suitable to use as a <a href="/wiki/Horse" title="Horse">horse</a> bedding. The ease of storage and transportation are additional benefits over traditional bedding. However, some species of wood, including walnut, can be toxic to horses and should never be used for bedding.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <a href="/wiki/Thailand" title="Thailand">Thailand</a>, rice husk pellets are being produced for animal bedding. They have a high absorption rate which makes them ideal for the purpose. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cattle_fodder">Cattle fodder</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Cattle fodder"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The biomass pellets made from edible matter can also be used as cattle fodder by importing from far away fodder surplus places to overcome the fodder shortage.<sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Absorbents">Absorbents</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Absorbents"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Wood pellets are also used to absorb <a href="/wiki/Water_pollution" title="Water pollution">contaminated water</a> when drilling oil or gas wells.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 October</span> 2012</span>. <q>Because of the possible severe consequences of poisoning, stall bedding for horses should never contain black walnut wood.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Laminitis+Caused+by+Black+Walnut+Wood+Residues&rft.pub=Purdue+University&rft.date=2005-01&rft.aulast=Hooser&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ces.purdue.edu%2Fextmedia%2FFNR%2FFNR-254.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APellet+fuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/ludhiana/fodder-pellets-out-of-paddy-straw-to-tackle-burning-issue/articleshow/64295959.cms">"Fodder pellets out of paddy straw to tackle burning issue"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">4 February</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Confluence+Energy+acquires+Rocky+Mountain+Pellet+Company+in+Walden&rft.pub=Sky-Hi+News&rft.date=2013-03-19&rft.aulast=Tulley&rft.aufirst=Reid&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.skyhidailynews.com%2Farticle%2F20130320%2FNEWS%2F130319951&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APellet+fuel" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIPCC2014" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/IPCC" class="mw-redirect" title="IPCC">IPCC</a> (2014). Edenhofer, O.; Pichs-Madruga, R.; Sokona, Y.; Farahani, E.; et al. 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href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5324-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4408-5324-1"><bdi>978-1-4408-5324-1</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/955778608">955778608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Energy+Transitions%3A+Global+and+National+Perspectives&rft.pub=Praeger+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F955778608&rft.isbn=978-1-4408-5324-1&rft.aulast=Smil&rft.aufirst=Vaclav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APellet+fuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTester2012" class="citation book cs1">Tester, Jefferson (2012). <i>Sustainable Energy: Choosing Among Options</i>. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01747-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01747-3"><bdi>978-0-262-01747-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/892554374">892554374</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sustainable+Energy%3A+Choosing+Among+Options&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F892554374&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01747-3&rft.aulast=Tester&rft.aufirst=Jefferson&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APellet+fuel" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorld_Health_Organization2016" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/World_Health_Organization" title="World Health Organization">World Health Organization</a> (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204717/9789241565233_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y"><i>Burning Opportunity: Clean Household Energy for Health, Sustainable Development, and Wellbeing of Women and Children</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156523-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-4-156523-3"><bdi>978-92-4-156523-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210613080258/https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/204717/9789241565233_eng.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 13 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Burning+Opportunity%3A+Clean+Household+Energy+for+Health%2C+Sustainable+Development%2C+and+Wellbeing+of+Women+and+Children&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-92-4-156523-3&rft.au=World+Health+Organization&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapps.who.int%2Firis%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F10665%2F204717%2F9789241565233_eng.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APellet+fuel" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pellet_fuel&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/40px-Scholia_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/60px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Scholia_logo.svg/80px-Scholia_logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="107" data-file-height="104" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Wikidata:Scholia" class="extiw" title="d:Wikidata:Scholia">Scholia</a> has a <i>topic</i> profile for <i><b><a href="https://iw.toolforge.org/scholia/topic/Q146981" class="extiw" title="toolforge:scholia/topic/Q146981">Pellet fuel</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aebiom.org/">European Biomass Association</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pelletheat.org/">Pellet Fuels Institute</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140221161956/http://biomassenergy.gr/en/articles/pellets/4909-technology">Biomass Energy</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Bioenergy" title="Bioenergy">Bioenergy</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">Biofuels</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alcohol_fuel" title="Alcohol fuel">Alcohol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Algae_fuel" title="Algae fuel">Algae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babassu_oil" title="Babassu oil">Babassu oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagasse" title="Bagasse">Bagasse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Butanol_fuel" title="Butanol fuel">Biobutanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biodiesel" title="Biodiesel">Biodiesel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogas" title="Biogas">Biogas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biogasoline" title="Biogasoline">Biogasoline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioliquids" title="Bioliquids">Bioliquids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Biomass_(energy)" title="Biomass (energy)">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cooking_oil" title="Cooking oil">Cooking oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vegetable_oil_fuel" title="Vegetable oil fuel">vegetable oil</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethanol_fuel" title="Ethanol fuel">Ethanol</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">cellulosic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_ethanol_fuel_mixtures" title="Common ethanol fuel mixtures">mixtures</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol_fuel" title="Methanol fuel">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stover" title="Stover">Stover</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Corn_stover" title="Corn stover">corn</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straw" title="Straw">Straw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontederia_crassipes#Bioenergy" title="Pontederia crassipes">Water hyacinth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy 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title="Lemnoideae">Duckweed</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jatropha_curcas" title="Jatropha curcas">Jatropha curcas</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miscanthus_%C3%97_giganteus" title="Miscanthus × giganteus"><i>Miscanthus</i> × <i>giganteus</i></a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pongamia" title="Pongamia">Pongamia pinnata</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salicornia#Industrial_use" title="Salicornia">Salicornia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panicum_virgatum" title="Panicum virgatum">Switchgrass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bioconversion_of_biomass_to_mixed_alcohol_fuels" title="Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels">Bioconversion of biomass to mixed alcohol fuels</a></li> <li><a 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agflation" title="Agflation">Agflation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol_commercialization" class="mw-redirect" title="Cellulosic ethanol commercialization">Cellulosic ethanol commercialization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_content_of_biofuel" title="Energy content of biofuel">Energy content of biofuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_crop" title="Energy crop">Energy crop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_forestry" title="Energy forestry">Energy forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_return_on_investment" title="Energy return on investment">Energy return on investment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Food_vs._fuel" title="Food vs. fuel">Food vs. fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Issues_relating_to_biofuels" title="Issues relating to 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lumber">Reclaimed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_shingle" title="Wood shingle">Shingle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siding_(construction)#Wood_siding" title="Siding (construction)">Siding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sill_plate" title="Sill plate">Sill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wall_stud" title="Wall stud">Stud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_roof_truss" title="Timber roof truss">Timber truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Treenail" title="Treenail">Treenail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truss" title="Truss">Truss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_pole" title="Utility pole">Utility pole</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Engineered_wood" title="Engineered wood">Engineered<br />wood</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cross-laminated_timber" title="Cross-laminated timber">Cross-laminated timber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glued_laminated_timber" title="Glued laminated timber">Glued laminated timber</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wood_veneer" title="Wood veneer">veneer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laminated_veneer_lumber" title="Laminated veneer lumber">LVL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parallam" class="mw-redirect" title="Parallam">parallel strand</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I-joist" title="I-joist">I-joist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fiberboard" title="Fiberboard">Fiberboard</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hardboard" title="Hardboard">hardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masonite" title="Masonite">Masonite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medium-density_fibreboard" title="Medium-density fibreboard">MDF</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_strand_board" title="Oriented strand board">Oriented strand board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oriented_structural_straw_board" title="Oriented structural straw board">Oriented structural straw board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Particle_board" title="Particle board">Particle board</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plywood" title="Plywood">Plywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structural_insulated_panel" title="Structural insulated panel">Structural insulated panel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood%E2%80%93plastic_composite" title="Wood–plastic composite">Wood–plastic composite</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Composite_lumber" title="Composite lumber">lumber</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fuelwood</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Charcoal" title="Charcoal">Charcoal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biochar" title="Biochar">biochar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firelog" title="Firelog">Firelog</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firewood" title="Firewood">Firewood</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pellet fuel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_fuel" title="Wood fuel">Wood fuel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Wood_fibre" title="Wood fibre">Fibers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cardboard" title="Cardboard">Cardboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corrugated_fiberboard" title="Corrugated fiberboard">Corrugated fiberboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paper" title="Paper">Paper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paperboard" title="Paperboard">Paperboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulp_(paper)" title="Pulp (paper)">Pulp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pulpwood" title="Pulpwood">Pulpwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rayon" title="Rayon">Rayon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Derivatives</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Birch-tar" class="mw-redirect" title="Birch-tar">Birch-tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulose" title="Cellulose">Cellulose</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nanocellulose" title="Nanocellulose">nano</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemicellulose" title="Hemicellulose">Hemicellulose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cellulosic_ethanol" title="Cellulosic ethanol">Cellulosic ethanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dyewoods" title="Dyewoods">Dyes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lignin" title="Lignin">Lignin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liquid_smoke" title="Liquid smoke">Liquid smoke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lye" title="Lye">Lye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Methanol" title="Methanol">Methanol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyroligneous_acid" title="Pyroligneous acid">Pyroligneous acid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_tar" title="Pine tar">Pine tar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(resin)" title="Pitch (resin)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandalwood_oil" title="Sandalwood oil">Sandalwood oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tannin" title="Tannin">Tannin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_gas" title="Wood gas">Wood gas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/By-product" title="By-product">By-products</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barkdust" title="Barkdust">Barkdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_liquor" title="Black liquor">Black liquor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramial_chipped_wood" title="Ramial chipped wood">Ramial chipped wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust" title="Sawdust">Sawdust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tall_oil" title="Tall oil">Tall oil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_flour" class="mw-redirect" title="Wood flour">Wood flour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_wool" title="Wood wool">Wood wool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodchips" title="Woodchips">Woodchips</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historical</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Axe_ties" class="mw-redirect" title="Axe ties">Axe ties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bavin_(wood)" title="Bavin (wood)">Bavin (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billet_(wood)" title="Billet (wood)">Billet (wood)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clapboard_(architecture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Clapboard (architecture)">Clapboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dugout_(boat)" class="mw-redirect" title="Dugout (boat)">Dugout canoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">Potash</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sawdust_brandy" title="Sawdust brandy">Sawdust brandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Split-rail_fence" title="Split-rail fence">Split-rail fence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanbark" title="Tanbark">Tanbark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_framing" title="Timber framing">Timber framing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mast_(sailing)" title="Mast (sailing)">Wooden masts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomass" title="Biomass">Biomass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Certified_wood" title="Certified wood">Certified wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Destructive_distillation" title="Destructive distillation">Destructive distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dry_distillation" title="Dry distillation">Dry distillation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Engineered_bamboo" title="Engineered bamboo">Engineered bamboo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry" title="Forestry">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_building_and_wood" title="Green building and wood">Green building and wood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_woods" title="List of woods">List of woods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mulch" title="Mulch">Mulch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-timber_forest_product" title="Non-timber forest product">Non-timber forest products</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_building" title="Natural building">Natural building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papermaking" title="Papermaking">Papermaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reclaimed_lumber" title="Reclaimed lumber">Reclaimed lumber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timber_recycling" title="Timber recycling">Timber recycling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_drying" title="Wood drying">Wood drying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_preservation" title="Wood preservation">Wood preservation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wood_processing" title="Wood processing">Wood processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodworking" title="Woodworking">Woodworking</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yakisugi" title="Yakisugi">Yakisugi</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" 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