CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8" content="text/html;charset=utf-8;"> <title data-react-helmet="true" property="og:title">proud | Etymology of proud by etymonline</title> <meta data-react-helmet="true" http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=edge,chrome=1"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="apple-mobile-web-app-capable" content="yes"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="theme-color" content="#83001d"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="msapplication-TileColor" content="#83001d"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="msapplication-TileImage" content="/ms-icon-144x144.png"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="description" property="og:description" content="&quot;excellent, splendid; arrogant, haughty, having or cherishing a high opinion of one&#x27;s own… See origin and meaning of proud."/><meta data-react-helmet="true" property="og:image" content="https://www.etymonline.com/graphics/header.jpg"/><meta data-react-helmet="true" name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <link data-react-helmet="true" rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="https://www.etymonline.com/opensearch.xml" title="Etymonline Search"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="chrome-webstore-item" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/giehjnnlopapngdjbjjgddpaagoimmgl"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="57x57" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-57x57.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="60x60" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-60x60.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="72x72" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-72x72.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="76x76" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-76x76.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="114x114" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-114x114.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="120x120" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-120x120.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="144x144" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-144x144.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="152x152" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-152x152.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="apple-touch-icon" sizes="180x180" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/apple-icon-180x180.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="192x192" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/android-icon-192x192.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="32x32" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/favicon-32x32.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="96x96" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/favicon-96x96.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="icon" type="image/png" sizes="16x16" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/favicon/favicon-16x16.png"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="manifest" href="/manifest.json"/><link data-react-helmet="true" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/fontawesome/css/font-awesome.min.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" href="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/style.1ca52a5f895b4c08a29e26a206c2dacb.css"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="canonical" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="en" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="zh" href="https://www.etymonline.com/cn/word/proud"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="de" href="https://www.etymonline.com/de/word/proud"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="es" href="https://www.etymonline.com/es/word/proud"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="fr" href="https://www.etymonline.com/fr/word/proud"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="ja" href="https://www.etymonline.com/jp/word/proud"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="ko" href="https://www.etymonline.com/kr/word/proud"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="pt" href="https://www.etymonline.com/pt/word/proud"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="zh-TW" href="https://www.etymonline.com/tw/word/proud"/><link data-react-helmet="true" rel="alternate" hrefLang="x-default" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud"/> <style data-react-helmet="true" type="text/css">@-webkit-keyframes slideDown{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}}@keyframes slideDown{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}}@-webkit-keyframes slideUp{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}}@keyframes slideUp{0%{-webkit-transform:translateY(100%);transform:translateY(100%)}100%{-webkit-transform:translateY(0);transform:translateY(0)}}</style> <script async src="https://securepubads.g.doubleclick.net/tag/js/gpt.js"></script><script>window.googletag = window.googletag || {cmd: []};</script> </head> <body> <div id="root"><div data-reactroot=""><div class="container--1mazc"><div class="header header--1Mejf header__vanila--2dqaM header--top header__sticky--1w7Bc"><div class="header__vanila__container--CElq1"><div class="ant-row"><div class="ant-col-sm-17"><div class="inner--7ZeMs" data-role="header-inner"><div class="header__logo--12Lje" data-role="header-logo"><a href="/" title="Etymology"><img class="header__logo__image--2avl2" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/web/logo.png" alt="Etymology"/></a></div><div class="header__searchbar--3yKr5" data-role="header-searchbar"><div class="searchform"><form class="searchbar--3dK8Z searchbar" action="/search"><div role="combobox" aria-haspopup="listbox" aria-owns="react-autowhatever-1" aria-expanded="false" class="searchbar__container--2VZd7"><input type="text" value="" autoComplete="off" aria-autocomplete="list" aria-controls="react-autowhatever-1" class="searchbar__input--3L4IY" id="search-bar-text-input" placeholder="Search" name="q" required="" autoCapitalize="off" autoCorrect="off" title="Type a word to search."/><div id="react-autowhatever-1" role="listbox"></div></div><div class="search-clear"><i class="fa fa-times-circle"></i></div><input type="submit" title="Search" value="" class="searchbar__button--3luO1"/></form></div></div></div></div><div class="ant-col-sm-6 ant-col-sm-offset-1"><div class="userInfo--3pEnp"><a class="userInfo_login--1peTS" href="/web/login?redirect_uri=%2Fword%2Fproud" rel="nofollow">Log in</a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="main main--10rAd" data-role="content-main"><div class="ant-row-flex ant-row-flex-space-around"><div class="ant-col-xs-24 ant-col-sm-24 ant-col-md-24 ant-col-lg-17"><div data-ad-container="true" class="adContainer--6CVz1 vertical"><span class="adLabel--35hfi">Advertisement</span><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top" style="min-width:728px;min-height:90px"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa"><div><div class="" style="position:relative"><h1 title="Origin and meaning of proud" class="word__name--TTbAA">proud<!-- --> <!-- -->(adj.)</h1><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH"><p>late Old English <span class="foreign notranslate">prud</span>, <span class="foreign notranslate">prute</span> &quot;excellent, splendid; arrogant, haughty, having or cherishing a high opinion of one&#x27;s own merits; guilty of the sin of Pride,&quot; from Old French <span class="foreign notranslate">prud</span>, oblique case of adjective <span class="foreign notranslate">prouz</span> &quot;brave, valiant&quot; (11c., Modern French <span class="foreign notranslate">preux</span>; compare <span class="foreign notranslate">prud&#x27;homme</span> &quot;brave man&quot;), from Late Latin <span class="foreign notranslate">prode</span> &quot;advantageous, profitable&quot; (source also of Italian <span class="foreign notranslate">prode</span> &quot;valiant&quot;), a back-formation from Latin <span class="foreign notranslate">prodesse</span> &quot;be useful.&quot;</p> <p>This is a compound of <span class="foreign notranslate">pro-</span> &quot;before, for, instead of&quot; (from PIE root <a href="/word/*per-#etymonline_v_52721" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *per- " rel="nofollow" class="crossreference notranslate">*per-</a> (1) &quot;forward,&quot; hence &quot;in front of, before, first, chief&quot;) + <span class="foreign notranslate">esse</span> &quot;to be&quot; (from PIE root <a href="/word/*es-" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of *es- " rel="nofollow" class="crossreference notranslate">*es-</a> &quot;to be&quot;). Also see <a href="/word/pride#etymonline_v_19496" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of pride " class="crossreference notranslate">pride</a> (n.), <a href="/word/prowess" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of prowess " class="crossreference notranslate">prowess</a>. &quot;The <span class="foreign notranslate">-d-</span> in <span class="foreign notranslate">prodesse</span> is probably due to the influence of forms like <span class="foreign notranslate">red-eo-</span>, &#x27;I go back,&#x27; <span class="foreign notranslate">red-imo-</span> &#x27;I buy back,&#x27; etc.&quot; [OED]. The Old English form with <span class="foreign notranslate">-te</span> probably is from or influenced by <span class="foreign notranslate">pride</span> (Old English <span class="foreign notranslate">pryto</span>).</p> <p>Meaning &quot;elated by some act, fact, or thing&quot; is from mid-13c. The sense of &quot;of fearless or untamable spirit&quot; is by c. 1400; that of &quot;ostentatious, grand, giving reason for pride&quot; is by mid-14c. To <span class="foreign notranslate"><strong>do (someone) proud</strong></span> is attested by 1819. The surname <span class="foreign notranslate"><strong>Proudfoot</strong></span> is attested from c. 1200 (<span class="foreign notranslate">Prudfot</span>). A Middle English term for &quot;drunk and belligerent&quot; was <span class="foreign notranslate">pitcher-proud</span> (early 15c.).</p> <p>The sense of &quot;having a high opinion of oneself,&quot; not found in Old French, might reflect the Anglo-Saxons&#x27; opinion of the Norman knights who called themselves &quot;<span class="foreign notranslate">proud</span>.&quot; Old Norse <span class="foreign notranslate">pruðr</span>, either from the same French source or borrowed from Old English, had only the sense &quot;brave, gallant, magnificent, stately&quot; (compare Icelandic <span class="foreign notranslate">pruður</span>, Middle Swedish <span class="foreign notranslate">prudh</span>, Middle Danish <span class="foreign notranslate">prud</span>).</p> <p>Likewise a group of &quot;pride&quot; words in the Romance languages — such as French <span class="foreign notranslate">orgueil</span>, Italian <span class="foreign notranslate">orgoglio</span>, Spanish <span class="foreign notranslate">orgullo</span> — are borrowings from Germanic, where they had positive senses (Old High German <span class="foreign notranslate">urgol</span> &quot;distinguished&quot;).</p> <p>Most Indo-European languages use the same word for &quot;proud&quot; in its good and bad senses, but in many the bad sense seems to be the earlier one. The usual way to form the word is by some compound of terms for &quot;over&quot; or &quot;high&quot; and words for &quot;heart,&quot; &quot;mood,&quot; &quot;thought,&quot; or &quot;appearance;&quot; such as Greek <span class="foreign notranslate">hyperephanos</span>, literally &quot;over-appearing;&quot; Gothic <span class="foreign notranslate">hauhþuhts</span>, literally &quot;high-conscience.&quot; Old English had <span class="foreign notranslate">ofermodig</span> &quot;over-moody&quot; (&quot;mood&quot; in Anglo-Saxon was a much more potent word than presently) and <span class="foreign notranslate">heahheort</span> &quot;high-heart.&quot;</p> <p>Words for &quot;proud&quot; in other Indo-European languages sometimes reflect a physical sense of being swollen or puffed up; such as Welsh <span class="foreign notranslate">balch</span>, probably from a root meaning &quot;to swell,&quot; and Modern Greek <span class="foreign notranslate">kamari</span>, from ancient Greek <span class="foreign notranslate">kamarou</span> &quot;furnish with a vault or arched cover,&quot; with a sense evolution via &quot;make an arch,&quot; to &quot;puff out the chest,&quot; to &quot;be puffed up&quot; (compare English slang <a href="/word/chesty" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of chesty " class="crossreference notranslate">chesty</a>).</p></section><div class="word__firstRecorded--3lZB8">also from<!-- --> <a rel="nofollow" class="word__firstRecorded_time--28qNE" href="/search?sort=a&amp;q=from:11c.">11c.</a></div></div></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa"><div><div class="" style="position:relative"><div id="etymonline_v_54921" style="position:absolute;top:-100px"></div><p title="Origin and meaning of proud" class="word__name--TTbAA">proud<!-- --> <!-- -->(n.)</p><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH"><p>&quot;proud or haughty person or persons,&quot; late Old English, from <a href="/word/proud#etymonline_v_2745" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of proud " class="crossreference notranslate">proud</a> (adj.).</p></section><span></span></div></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa"><div><div class="" style="position:relative"><div id="etymonline_v_54922" style="position:absolute;top:-100px"></div><p title="Origin and meaning of proud" class="word__name--TTbAA">proud<!-- --> <!-- -->(adv.)</p><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH"><p>early 14c., &quot;proudly, haughtily,&quot; from <a href="/word/proud#etymonline_v_2745" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of proud " class="crossreference notranslate">proud</a> (adj.).</p></section><div class="word__firstRecorded--3lZB8">also from<!-- --> <a rel="nofollow" class="word__firstRecorded_time--28qNE" href="/search?sort=a&amp;q=from:early%2014c.">early 14c.</a></div></div></div></div><div class="related--32LCi"><h3 class="h3_title" title="words related to proud">Entries linking to <i>proud</i></h3><div class="related__details--2kumU"><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8"><div><a class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of chesty" href="/word/chesty#etymonline_v_47100">chesty<!-- --> <!-- -->(adj.)<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></a><div class="word__etymology_expand--1s7tE"><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined"><div></div><p>&quot;aggressively self-assured,&quot; 1898, American English slang, from <a href="/word/chest#etymonline_v_11234" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of chest " class="crossreference notranslate">chest</a> (n.) in the body sense + <a href="/word/-y#etymonline_v_25631" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of -y " class="crossreference notranslate">-y</a> (2). Of a woman, &quot;bosomy, full-breasted,&quot; by 1955.</p></section></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8"><div><a class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of pride" href="/word/pride#etymonline_v_19496">pride<!-- --> <!-- -->(n.)<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></a><div class="word__etymology_expand--1s7tE"><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined"><div></div><p>Middle English <span class="foreign notranslate">prede</span>, from late Old English <span class="foreign notranslate">pryto</span>, Kentish <span class="foreign notranslate">prede</span>, Mercian <span class="foreign notranslate">pride</span> &quot;unreasonable self-esteem,&quot; especially as one of the deadly sins; &quot;haughtiness, overbearing treatment of others; pomp, love of display,&quot; from <span class="foreign notranslate">prud</span> (see <a href="/word/proud#etymonline_v_2745" title="Etymology, meaning and definition of proud " class="crossreference notranslate">proud</a> (adj.)).</p> <p>There is debate whether Scandinavian cognates (Old Norse <span class="foreign notranslate">pryði</span>, Old Swedish <span class="foreign notranslate">prydhe</span>, Danish <span class="foreign notranslate">pryd</span>, etc.) are borrowed from Old French (which got it from Germanic) or from Old English.</p> <p>In Middle English sometimes also positive, &quot;proper pride, personal honor, good repute; exalted position; splendor,&quot; also &quot;prowess or spirit in an animal.&quot; It is first attested as the word for groups of lions in a late 15c. book of terms, but <span class="foreign notranslate">pride</span> was not commonly so used until 20c. Used in reference to the erect penis from 15c.</p> <p>The meaning &quot;that which makes a person or people most proud&quot; is from c. 1300. Paired with <span class="foreign notranslate">prejudice</span> from 1610s.</p> <blockquote> Pride goþ befor contricioun, &amp; befor falling þe spirit shall ben enhauncid. [Proverbs xvi.18, Wycliffe Bible, 1382] </blockquote> <p>Another late Old English/Middle English word for &quot;pride, haughtiness, presumption&quot; was <span class="foreign notranslate">orgol, orgel</span>, which survived into 16c. as <span class="foreign notranslate">orgul, orgueil</span>, from Old French <span class="foreign notranslate">orgoill</span> (11c.), which is supposedly from a Germanic word meaning &quot;renowned.&quot; </p></section></div></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div><ul class="related__container--22iKI"><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of prowess" href="/word/prowess"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">prowess</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of improve" href="/word/improve"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">improve</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of prosit" href="/word/prosit"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">prosit</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of proudly" href="/word/proudly"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">proudly</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of proudness" href="/word/proudness"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">proudness</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of prude" href="/word/prude"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">prude</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of *es-" href="/word/*es-"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">*es-</li></a><a target="_self" title="Origin and meaning of *per-" href="/word/*per-"><li class="related__word--3Si0N">*per-</li></a><a class="related__more--1gm0U related__word--3Si0N" href="/word/proud/related"><li>See all related words (<!-- -->10<!-- -->) <!-- -->&gt;</li></a></ul></div><div data-ad-container="true" class="adContainer--6CVz1 vertical" style="margin-top:1em"><span class="adLabel--35hfi">Advertisement</span><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7093273770345366" style="display:block;width:100%" data-ad-slot="8757723469" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins></div><div class="ngram--SmXCf"><h3 class="h3_title" title="Trends of proud">Trends of <i>proud</i></h3><div class="ngram__container--NwjaG" style="height:180px"><canvas id="ngram-chart"></canvas></div><div class="ngram__footer--3-9dX">adapted from books.google.com/ngrams/. Ngrams are probably unreliable.</div></div><div class="related--32LCi"><h3 class="h3_title" title="More to Explore">More to Explore</h3><div class="related__details--2kumU"><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="linked" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of prowess" href="/word/prowess"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">prowess<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">early 13c., prouesse, &quot;an act of bravery;&quot; c. 1300, &quot;military bravery combined with skill in combat,&quot; from Old French proece &quot;prowess, courage, brave deed&quot; (Modern French prouesse), from prou, later variant of prud &quot;brave, valiant,&quot; from Vulgar Latin *prodem (source also of Spani</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="linked" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of improve" href="/word/improve"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">improve<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">late 15c., &quot;to use to one&#x27;s profit, to increase (income),&quot; from Anglo-French emprouwer &quot;to turn to profit&quot; (late 13c.), from Old French en-, a causative prefix or from em-, + prou &quot;profit,&quot; from Latin prode &quot;advantageous&quot; (see proud (adj.)). Spelling with -v- was rare before 17c.</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="linked" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of prude" href="/word/prude"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">prude<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">1704, &quot;woman who affects or upholds modesty in conduct and thought in a degree considered rigid and excessive,&quot; from French prude &quot;excessively prim or demure woman,&quot; first recorded in Molière. Perhaps it is a false back-formation or an ellipsis of preudefemme &quot;a discreet, modest </section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of fierce" href="/word/fierce"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">fierce<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">mid-13c., &quot;proud, noble, bold, haughty,&quot; from Old French fers, fiers, nominative form of fer, fier &quot;strong, overwhelming,...violent, fierce, wild; proud, mighty, great, impressive&quot; (Modern French fier &quot;proud, haughty&quot;), from Latin ferus &quot;wild,...Original English sense of &quot;brave, proud&quot; died out 16c., but while this sense was current fierce often was used in English...</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of stout" href="/word/stout"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">stout<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">c. 1300, stoute, &quot;valiant, brave,&quot; also &quot;proud, haughty; skilled in battle; fierce, cruel,&quot; senses now obsolete, from Old...French estout &quot;brave, fierce, proud,&quot; earlier estolt &quot;strong,&quot; from a Germanic source from West Germanic *stult- &quot;proud,...stately, strutting&quot; (source also of Middle Low German stolt &quot;stately, proud,&quot; German stolz &quot;proud, haughty, arrogant, stately...</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of glorify" href="/word/glorify"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">glorify<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">mid-14c., &quot;praise, honor, extol&quot; (God or a person), also &quot;vaunt, be proud of, boast of; glorify oneself, be proud, boast;...</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of quaint" href="/word/quaint"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">quaint<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">c. 1200, cointe, cwointe, &quot;cunning, artful, ingenious; proud,&quot; in both good and bad senses, from Old French cointe, queinte...&quot;knowledgeable, well-informed; clever; arrogant, proud; elegant, gracious,&quot; from Latin cognitus &quot;known, approved,&quot; past...</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="other_relation" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of gallant" href="/word/gallant"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">gallant<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">mid-15c., &quot;showy, finely dressed; gay, merry,&quot; from Old French galant &quot;courteous,&quot; earlier &quot;amusing, entertaining; lively, bold&quot; (14c.), present participle of galer &quot;rejoice, make merry,&quot; which is of uncertain origin. Perhaps from a Latinized verb formed from Frankish *wala- &quot;goo</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="other_relation" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of humble" href="/word/humble"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">humble<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">late 13c., of persons, &quot;submissive, respectful, lowly in manner, modest, not self-asserting, obedient,&quot; from Old French humble, umble, earlier umele, from Latin humilis &quot;lowly, humble,&quot; literally &quot;on the ground,&quot; from humus &quot;earth&quot; (from PIE root *dhghem- &quot;earth&quot;). From late 14c.</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div><div class="word--C9UPa word_4pc--2SZw8" style="padding:10px 20px"><div><a class="recommended-word" rel="nofollow" data-recommended-type="complete" style="margin-bottom:5px;display:block" title="Origin and meaning of gig" href="/word/gig"><div class="word__name--TTbAA word_thumbnail__name--1khEg" style="font-size:18px">gig<span class="word_thumbnail__name_icon--2RFFN"><i class="fa fa-chevron-right" style="font-size:16px"></i></span></div><section class="word__defination--2q7ZH undefined word__etymology_limit_line--3DeZW" style="cursor:pointer">&quot;light, two-wheeled carriage, usually drawn by one horse&quot; (1791), also &quot;small boat,&quot; 1790, perhaps imitative of bouncing. There was a Middle English ghyg &quot;spinning top&quot; (in whyrlegyg, mid-15c.), also &quot;giddy girl&quot; (early 13c., also giglet), from Old Norse geiga &quot;turn sideways,&quot; or</section></a></div><div style="clear:both"></div></div></div></div><div class="share-tool socialShare--223YS"><h3 title="Share proud to social networks" class="socialShare__title--34iP2">Share <i>proud</i></h3><div class="cite--1qJ-_ share-cite">‘<!-- -->cite<!-- -->’</div><a title="Share on Facebook" href="https://www.facebook.com/sharer/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fproud" data-social-target="Facebook" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__facebook--2fm3U fa-facebook"></a><a title="Share on Twitter" href="https://twitter.com/share?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fproud&amp;text=proud%20%7C%20Etymology%20of%20proud%20by%20etymonline" data-social-target="Twitter" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__twitter--1iFxf fa-twitter"></a><a title="Share on Reddit" href="https://www.reddit.com/submit?url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fproud&amp;title=proud%20%7C%20Etymology%20of%20proud%20by%20etymonline" data-social-target="Reddit" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__reddit--30bBu fa-reddit"></a><a title="Share on Email" href="mailto:?subject=proud%20%7C%20Etymology%20of%20proud%20by%20etymonline&amp;body=%22excellent%2C%20splendid%3B%20arrogant%2C%20haughty%2C%20having%20or%20cherishing%20a%20high%20opinion%20of%20one&#x27;s%20own%E2%80%A6%20See%20origin%20and%20meaning%20of%20proud.%0Afrom%20https%3A%2F%2Fwww.etymonline.com%2Fword%2Fproud%20Find%20out%20more%20at%20etymonline.com" data-social-target="Email" target="blank" rel="nofollow" class="fa share socialShare__icon--3FJac socialShare__icon__email--3hVBm fa-email"></a><div class="cite__content--3ghsO cite-content"><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">Page URL:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">HTML Link:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">&lt;a href=&quot;https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud&quot;&gt;Etymology of proud by etymonline&lt;/a&gt;</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">APA style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">Harper, D. (n.d.). Etymology of proud. Online Etymology Dictionary. Retrieved $(datetime), from https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">Chicago style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">Harper Douglas, “Etymology of proud,” Online Etymology Dictionary, accessed $(datetime), https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud.</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">MLA style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">Harper, Douglas. “Etymology of proud.” Online Etymology Dictionary, https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud. Accessed $(datetimeMla).</textarea><div class="cite__content_title--3ABWh">IEEE style:</div><textarea class="cite__content_textarea--3zgJO cite-textarea" readonly="">D. Harper. “Etymology of proud.” Online Etymology Dictionary. https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud (accessed $(datetime)).</textarea></div></div><p class="wordDetail__date--3r7r8">updated on December 27, 2020</p><div data-ad-container="true" class="adContainer--6CVz1 vertical" style="margin-top:1em"><span class="adLabel--35hfi">Advertisement</span><ins class="adsbygoogle" data-ad-client="ca-pub-7093273770345366" style="display:block;width:100%" data-ad-slot="7656336158" data-ad-format="auto" data-full-width-responsive="true"></ins></div></div><div class="ant-col-xs-24 ant-col-sm-24 ant-col-md-24 ant-col-lg-6"><div data-ad-container="true" class="adContainer--6CVz1 removeAdsContainer--3mV2b horizontal"><a href="/premium?utm_source=remove_ads"><div class="removeAdsBtn--2W3KN">Remove ads &gt;</div></a><span class="adLabel--35hfi">Advertisement</span><div id="div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right" style="min-width:300px;min-height:250px"></div></div><div class="alphabetical--2oTZG"><h3 title="words in alphabetical order" class="h3_title">Dictionary entries near <i>proud</i></h3><a title="Origin and meaning of protrude" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/protrude"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">protrude</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of protrusion" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/protrusion"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">protrusion</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of protuberance" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/protuberance"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">protuberance</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of protuberant" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/protuberant"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">protuberant</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of protuberate" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/protuberate"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">protuberate</p></a><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2 alphabetical__active--FCYcm">proud</p><a title="Origin and meaning of proudly" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/proudly"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">proudly</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of proudness" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/proudness"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">proudness</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of provable" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/provable"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">provable</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of prove" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/prove"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">prove</p></a><a title="Origin and meaning of provection" target="" rel="nofollow" href="/word/provection"><p class="alphabetical__word--3UeP2">provection</p></a></div></div></div></div><div class="alphabet--3sMXd"><ul class="alphabet__inner--2NEtM"><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter A"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=a">A</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter B"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=b">B</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter C"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=c">C</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter D"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=d">D</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter E"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=e">E</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter F"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=f">F</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter G"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=g">G</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter H"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=h">H</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter I"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=i">I</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter J"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=j">J</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter K"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=k">K</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter L"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=l">L</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter M"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=m">M</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter N"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=n">N</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter O"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=o">O</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter P"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=p">P</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter Q"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=q">Q</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter R"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=r">R</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter S"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=s">S</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter T"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=t">T</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter U"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=u">U</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter V"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=v">V</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter W"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=w">W</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter X"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=x">X</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter Y"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=y">Y</a></li><li class="alphabet__node--huwT8" title="Prefix, suffix and words starting with the letter Z"><a rel="nofollow" href="/search?q=z">Z</a></li></ul></div><div class="footer--zLQrv"><div class="footer__info--3VNMU"><div class="footer__info_inner--1aVeV"><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">LINKS</p><a rel="" href="https://forum.etymonline.com" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Forum</a><a rel="nofollow" href="/columns/post/sources" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Full List of Sources</a><a rel="nofollow" href="/columns/post/links" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Links</a></div><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">PRODUCTS</p><a rel="nofollow" href="https://apps.apple.com/app/apple-store/id813629612?pt=33423801&amp;ct=etymonline_footer&amp;mt=8" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">iOS App</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://play.google.com/store/apps/details?id=com.etymonline.app&amp;referrer=utm_source%3Detymonline_webfooter" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Android App</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/etymonline/giehjnnlopapngdjbjjgddpaagoimmgl?utm_source=link_footer" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Chrome Extension</a></div><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">ABOUT</p><a rel="nofollow" href="/columns/post/bio" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Who Did This</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.etymonline.com/columns/post/abbr" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Introduction and Explanation</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.facebook.com/etymonline?utm_source=etymonline_footer&amp;utm_medium=link_exchange" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Follow on Facebook</a></div><div><p class="footer__info_title--3LoBd">SUPPORT</p><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.paypal.com/cgi-bin/webscr?cmd=_donations&amp;business=byronic106@yahoo.com&amp;lc=US&amp;item_name=Donation+to +Help+Keep+Etymonline+Free+and+Open&amp;no_note=0&amp;cn=&amp;curency_code=USD&amp;bn=PP-DonationsBF:btn_donateCC_LG.gif:NonHosted" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Donate with PayPal</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.redbubble.com/people/godgifu/shop?artistUserName=godgifu&amp;collections=1692216&amp;utm_source=etymonline_footer" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Ye Olde Swag Shoppe</a><a rel="nofollow" href="https://www.patreon.com/etymonline?utm_source=etymonline.com&amp;utm_campaign=footer_link&amp;utm_medium=website" class="footer__info_node--3T-ZQ">Support on Patreon</a></div></div></div><div class="footer__link--1RSEJ footer__link_padding--1oYre"><div class="footer__link_inner--KP2Wz"><div><a href="mailto:etymonline@protonmail.com" title="Douglas Harper" rel="nofollow">© 2001-2025<!-- --> <!-- -->Douglas Harper</a><span style="color:#888"> | </span><a href="https://www.etymonline.com/legal/terms" title="Terms of Service" rel="nofollow">Terms of Service</a><span style="color:#888"> | </span><a href="https://www.etymonline.com/legal/privacy" title="Privacy Policy" rel="nofollow">Privacy Policy</a></div><div style="position:relative"><span id="language-change" class="footer__language_label--1E9_x">English (English)<!-- --> <svg width="10" height="12" viewBox="0 0 10 12" fill="none" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"><path d="M5 0L0 5H10L5 0ZM0 7L5 12L10 7H0Z" fill="#858585"></path></svg></span><ul id="language-selector" class="footer__language--H9nbK"><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO" style="display:none"><a href="/word/proud">English (English)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/cn/word/proud">简体中文 (Chinese)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/de/word/proud">Deutsch (German)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/es/word/proud">Español (Spanish)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/fr/word/proud">Français (French)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/jp/word/proud">日本語 (Japanese)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/kr/word/proud">한국어 (Korean)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/pt/word/proud">Português (Portuguese)</a></li><li class="footer__language_item--1nkwO"><a href="/tw/word/proud">繁體中文 (Chinese)</a></li></ul></div></div></div></div><div class="backtop"><div class="backtop-content"><i class="fa fa-arrow-up"></i></div></div></div></div></div> <script async src="https://www.googletagmanager.com/gtag/js?id=G-YGHSRMYRTV"></script> <script> window.dataLayer = window.dataLayer || []; function gtag(){dataLayer.push(arguments);} gtag('js', new Date()); gtag('config', 'G-YGHSRMYRTV', { 'custom_map': {'dimension1': 'UserRole'} }); gtag('event', 'user_role_set', {'UserRole': 'guest'}); </script> <script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/jquery-3.2.1.min.js"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/remove-ads-iconfont.js?t=10"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/plugins.2ad87a733ad1b7fbd7d2.js" async="true"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="text/javascript"> 'use strict';var extensionBait=document.querySelector('.extensionHint'),isChrome=navigator.userAgent.indexOf('Chrome')>-1,bannerExtension=document.querySelector('.bait'),hintClose=document.querySelector('.hint-closer');!extensionBait||!isChrome||bannerExtension||window.localStorage.getItem('etymonline-extension-installed')||window.localStorage.getItem('extension_banner_clicked')||setTimeout(function(){extensionBait.style.marginTop=0},1e3),hintClose&&hintClose.addEventListener('click',function(){extensionBait.style.marginTop='-64px',window.localStorage.setItem('extension_banner_clicked',!0)}),extensionBait&&extensionBait.addEventListener('click',function(){}); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="application/ld+json"> [{ "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "WebSite", "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com#website", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com", "name": "Etymonline", "alternateName": "Online Etymology Dictionary", "potentialAction": { "@type": "SearchAction", "target": "https://www.etymonline.com/search?q={search_term_string}&utm_campaign=sd&utm_medium=serp&utm_source=ds_search", "query-input": "required name=search_term_string" } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "WebPage", "name": "proud | Etymology of proud by etymonline", "url": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud", "description": "excellent, splendid; arrogant, haughty, having or cherishing a high opinion of one's own… See origin and meaning of proud.", "inLanguage": "en", "isPartOf": { "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com#website" } }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": ["DefinedTermSet", "Book"], "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com", "name": "Dictionary and etymology by etymonline", "description": "An online etymology dictionary providing the origin and history of English words" }, { "@context": "https://schema.org", "@type": "DefinedTerm", "@id": "https://www.etymonline.com/word/proud", "name": "proud", "inDefinedTermSet": "https://www.etymonline.com" }] </script><script data-react-helmet="true" >"serviceWorker"in navigator&&navigator.serviceWorker.getRegistrations().then(function(e){for(let r of e)r.unregister()});</script><script data-react-helmet="true" >googletag.cmd.push(function() { googletag.defineSlot('/21669543020/pc_wd_right', [300, 250], 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right').setTargeting("refresh", 'true').addService(googletag.pubads()); googletag.defineSlot('/21669543020/pc_wd_top', [728, 90], 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top').setTargeting("refresh", 'true').addService(googletag.pubads()); var SECONDS_TO_WAIT_AFTER_VIEWABILITY = 105; // Object to keep track of the number of refreshes per slot var slotRefreshes = {}; googletag.pubads().addEventListener('impressionViewable', function(event) { var slot = event.slot; // Initialize the count for this slot if it's the first time if (!slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()]) { slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()] = 0; } if (slot.getTargeting("refresh").indexOf("true") > -1) { const refreshTime = Math.floor(Math.random() * 15) + SECONDS_TO_WAIT_AFTER_VIEWABILITY; // Only refresh the slot if it has been refreshed less than 3 times if (slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()] < 3) { setTimeout(function() { console.log("reload", slot.getSlotElementId()); apstag.fetchBids({ slots: [{ slotID: slot.getSlotElementId(), slotName: slot.getAdUnitPath(), sizes: slot.getSizes().map(function(size) { return [size.getWidth(), size.getHeight()]; }) }], timeout: 2e3 }, function(bids) { googletag.cmd.push(function() { apstag.setDisplayBids(); googletag.pubads().refresh([slot]); }); }); // Increment the refresh count for this slot slotRefreshes[slot.getSlotElementId()]++; }, refreshTime * 1000); } } }); googletag.pubads().disableInitialLoad(); googletag.pubads().enableSingleRequest(); googletag.enableServices(); }); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" >!function(a9,a,p,s,t,A,g){if(a[a9])return;function q(c,r){a[a9]._Q.push([c,r])}a[a9]={init:function(){q("i",arguments)},fetchBids:function(){q("f",arguments)},setDisplayBids:function(){},targetingKeys:function(){return[]},_Q:[]};A=p.createElement(s);A.async=!0;A.src=t;g=p.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];g.parentNode.insertBefore(A,g)}("apstag",window,document,"script","//c.amazon-adsystem.com/aax2/apstag.js"); apstag.init({ pubID: '7013ff7d-a08e-4dca-9729-1643e28c88b5', adServer: 'googletag' }); // Fetch bids from APS apstag.fetchBids({ slots: [{ slotID: 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right', slotName: '/21669543020/pc_wd_right', sizes: [[300, 250]] }, { slotID: 'div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top', slotName: '/21669543020/pc_wd_top', sizes: [[728, 90]] }], timeout: 2e3 }, function(bids) { // Set apstag targeting on googletag, then display the slots googletag.cmd.push(function(){ apstag.setDisplayBids(); googletag.pubads().refresh(); }); googletag.cmd.push(function(){ googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-right'); googletag.display('div-gpt-ad-pc-wd-top'); }); }); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="text/javascript"> $('section').click(function(e) { if(e.target.className === 'crossreference' && e.target.nodeName === 'SPAN') { location.href = window.location.origin + '/word/' + e.target.innerText } }) $('a[data-more]').hover( function() { $(this).find('.fa-chevron-right').animate({ opacity: 1 }, 100); }, function() { $(this).find('.fa-chevron-right').animate({ opacity: 0 }, 100); }) $('.word-relation-see-more').click(function(e) { $(this).css('display', 'none'); $(this).prev().css({'max-height': '100%'}); }) </script><script data-react-helmet="true" > function generateChart() { const startYear = 1800; const data = [{"label":"proud (adj.)","data":[0.000035322814316411195,0.0000361405252382004,0.00003618661345778188,0.000036428806076097923,0.00003643613539073461,0.000035920654287717,0.00003596216811274644,0.0000356521575061682,0.000035308047154103404,0.00003476528375661777,0.000034496320586185904,0.000034487718100232696,0.00003381069072929677,0.00003344533603619008,0.000033470122313398555,0.00003397116003422222,0.00003335252877150197,0.000033820493384458436,0.00003348620751542815,0.000033541225639055484,0.000034179867604204144,0.00003468401773716323,0.00003487713183858432,0.00003538570551124091,0.00003591750719351694,0.00003563417073261614,0.000036105041969373514,0.00003634669204378345,0.00003634531737285822,0.00003582189201551955,0.00003533412879429913,0.00003518271781407142,0.00003517001981284314,0.000034923606896578956,0.000034927724360992825,0.00003490466879156884,0.00003472484931990039,0.00003493542232414863,0.000034553139873120626,0.000034478699793301835,0.00003502253845605689,0.000034848254290409383,0.00003476755785717008,0.00003490934783864456,0.00003489632169172789,0.00003491166353342123,0.00003505088728464519,0.00003498517447345269,0.000034885754575952885,0.00003483049731585197,0.0000346875002530093,0.000034493668742167453,0.000034191838009671,0.00003401629946893081,0.000033614290684151155,0.00003343594798934646,0.0000330941113740361,0.00003299887879014325,0.00003258415720968818,0.00003253717829162876,0.000032230148402353125,0.00003184938517127497,0.00003148808051870825,0.000031168815500374576,0.0000307597513407624,0.00003017898549539192,0.000029872864373222305,0.000029519450496688174,0.000029235244680118435,0.000029122454604172767,0.000028711876317781086,0.000028475808115520825,0.00002806293681108703,0.000027809982808927693,0.000027400069545061948,0.000027027581745642236,0.000026855918258661403,0.000026441441756711963,0.000026065778971921342,0.0000256624743390906,0.000025520058867793218,0.000025273861562406335,0.00002501418251389017,0.000024747273346292787,0.000024446716027644775,0.000024392720903657997,0.000024240981777741883,0.000024069483091201014,0.000023638302081963047,0.000023422835389889467,0.000023221431062362776,0.000022974487364990637,0.00002319034938409459,0.00002328503263318756,0.0000233068135761035,0.000023215135176239225,0.0000230365107806089,0.000022934468264187067,0.000022668168943103712,0.00002241598085674923,0.00002203431213274598,0.000021674514816065008,0.000021420500343083403,0.000021263438005310793,0.000020846604335626277,0.000020559661910131883,0.00002013394478126429,0.00001947029947283833,0.000018936111882794648,0.000018579839767577748,0.00001826816915126983,0.00001818331572091362,0.000017998034309130162,0.00001785250775962292,0.000017680945408452923,0.000017569308693055063,0.000017528751898983805,0.00001748507517428758,0.00001741564556141384,0.000017505020635629384,0.000017607912862634597,0.000017710290436904566,0.000017818664491642267,0.000017889295850181953,0.00001787226271214119,0.000017862084981364508,0.000017607352128834462,0.000017485564482437135,0.00001748183591795775,0.00001755353126403255,0.00001752218934901369,0.000017479882929668142,0.000017347678294754587,0.000017309891579013007,0.000017202977687702514,0.000017258935379989755,0.000017399436304306923,0.000017579338721892174,0.000017705322534311563,0.000017847985388167822,0.000017868229648835646,0.000018034795842443904,0.000018035793133700886,0.00001804826024454087,0.00001804402163543273,0.00001819128628994804,0.000018202652790932915,0.000018259869830217212,0.00001828381367279993,0.000018359627453416276,0.00001811767700322283,0.000017859727934895395,0.000017485633967832352,0.00001723305285850074,0.000017013811520882884,0.000016864495895182092,0.000016692612553015353,0.000016560029022609037,0.000016472325114591513,0.000016376031696078522,0.000016171293403507055,0.00001605928343148359,0.0000159703366686396,0.000015811173883169736,0.000015557982381627276,0.000015367447970978296,0.000015123415141715669,0.000014906905319852133,0.00001465260453793841,0.000014401033392156629,0.000014149809552084965,0.000013879616926715243,0.000013646814234865209,0.00001334683893219335,0.000013039201197292035,0.000012784208714341123,0.000012546877102674141,0.00001233318592615736,0.000012137642261222937,0.000012051951428778314,0.000012005192729702685,0.000012045402339329788,0.000012080813636809277,0.000012176358601815689,0.000012284341937629507,0.000012411945923910632,0.000012515713873047692,0.000012649997855381418,0.00001277119190490339,0.000012976172668762349,0.000013161256477663604,0.000013326962410549943,0.000013508178199117538,0.000013812447105010505,0.000014063623226926818,0.00001433765895247537,0.00001462686226053241,0.000015024170352262445,0.000015394975586483877,0.000015813479149073827,0.000016255116558265097,0.000016848235039409094,0.000017512795420771,0.0000181934928453605,0.00001888395260417989,0.00001941468271979829,0.000019934648419924392,0.000020670877832647725,0.00002128833608973461,0.000021772355709496574,0.000022457403368510616,0.000023122519269236364,0.000023713183812409017,0.00002405793761032068,0.00002438743131978509,0.000024740257079732448,0.000025004976950268347,0.000025167048261209856,0.00002532782572315126,0.00002540417267482553]}]; const datasets = data.map(dataset => { return { label: dataset.label, data: dataset.data.map((value, index) => { return { x: startYear + index, y: value * 1e6 }; }), fill: false, tension: 0.1, pointRadius: 1, pointHitRadius: 3, }; }); const ctx = document.getElementById('ngram-chart').getContext('2d'); const chart=new Chart(ctx,{type:"line",data:{datasets:datasets},options:{maintainAspectRatio:false,responsive:true,interaction:{mode:"index",intersect:false},scales:{x:{type:"linear",title:{display:false},ticks:{autoSkip:true,maxTicksLimit:20,callback:function(value){return value.toString().replace(/,/g,"")}},min:1800,max:2019},y:{type:"linear",title:{display:true,text:"Frequency (per million)"}}},plugins:{tooltip:{mode:"index",callbacks:{title:function(context){const firstPoint=context[0];return firstPoint.parsed.x.toString().replace(/,/g,"")}}},legend:{display: datasets.length > 1,labels:{color:"#83001d",font:{size:14,weight:"bold"}},onHover:function(event,legendItem,legend){event.native.target.style.cursor="pointer"},onLeave:function(event,legendItem,legend){event.native.target.style.cursor="default"}}}},plugins:[{beforeDatasetsDraw:(chart)=>{if(chart.tooltip?._active?.length){let x=chart.tooltip._active[0].element.x;let yAxis=chart.scales.y;let ctx=chart.ctx;ctx.save();ctx.beginPath();ctx.moveTo(x,yAxis.top);ctx.lineTo(x,yAxis.bottom);ctx.lineWidth=1;ctx.strokeStyle="#9b9b9b";ctx.stroke();ctx.restore()}}}]}); } </script><script data-react-helmet="true" src="https://cdn.etymonline.com/projects/etymonline-main-v3/chart.js" onLoad="generateChart()" async="true"></script><script data-react-helmet="true" > $('.share-cite').click(function(e) { $(this).toggleClass('cite-checked'); const checked = $(this).hasClass('cite-checked'); if (checked) { $('.cite-content').slideDown() } else { $('.cite-content').slideUp() } }) function selectText(element) { if (document.selection) { var range = document.body.createTextRange(); range.moveToElementText(element); range.select(); } else if (window.getSelection) { var range = document.createRange(); range.selectNodeContents(element); window.getSelection().removeAllRanges(); window.getSelection().addRange(range); } } $('.cite-textarea').click(function () { selectText($(this)[0]) }); $(document).ready(function () { const monthNames = ["January", "February", "March", "April", "May", "June", "July", "August", "September", "October", "November", "December"]; const d = new Date(), month = monthNames[d.getMonth()], day = '' + d.getDate(), year = d.getFullYear(); $(".cite-textarea").each(function (i, e) { const newText = $(this).text() .replace('$(datetime)', month + " " + day + "," + " " + year) .replace('$(datetimeMla)', day + " " + month + "," + " " + year) $(this).text(newText) }); setTimeout(() => {const hash='#'+(window.location.hash.substring(1)||'_');const offset = $(hash).offset();if (offset) $([document.documentElement, document.body]).animate({scrollTop: offset.top}, 300);}, 500); }); </script><script data-react-helmet="true" type="text/javascript">'use strict';function addADJS(){var b=document.createElement('script');b.src='//pagead2.googlesyndication.com/pagead/js/adsbygoogle.js?client=ca-pub-7093273770345366',b.async=!0,document.body.appendChild(b)}var script=document.createElement('script');document.querySelectorAll('.adsbygoogle').forEach(function(){script.text+='(adsbygoogle = window.adsbygoogle || []).push({});'});addADJS();document.body.appendChild(script);</script><script data-react-helmet="true" > $(window).on('scroll', function() { if($(this).scrollTop() > 300) { $('.backtop').show('fast') } else { $('.backtop').hide('fast') } }) $('.backtop').click(function() { $('body,html').animate({ scrollTop: 0 }, 500) }) </script> </body> </html>

Pages: 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10