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id="toc-Widebody_era-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Supersonic_plans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Supersonic_plans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4.2 Supersonic plans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Supersonic_plans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Computerized_reservations,_Pan_Am_Building_and_Worldport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computerized_reservations,_Pan_Am_Building_and_Worldport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 Computerized reservations, Pan Am Building and Worldport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computerized_reservations,_Pan_Am_Building_and_Worldport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 Peak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internal_German_Services_(IGS)_and_other_operations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internal_German_Services_(IGS)_and_other_operations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 Internal German Services (IGS) and other operations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internal_German_Services_(IGS)_and_other_operations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Passenger_traffic_(1951–1989)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Passenger_traffic_(1951–1989)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.8 Passenger traffic (1951–1989) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Passenger_traffic_(1951–1989)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Downturn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Downturn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9 Downturn </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Downturn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fallout_from_1973_oil_crisis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fallout_from_1973_oil_crisis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.1 Fallout from 1973 oil crisis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fallout_from_1973_oil_crisis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Attempts_to_build_a_US_domestic_network" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Attempts_to_build_a_US_domestic_network"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.2 Attempts to build a US domestic network </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Attempts_to_build_a_US_domestic_network-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-National_Airlines_takeover" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#National_Airlines_takeover"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.3 National Airlines takeover </div> </a> <ul id="toc-National_Airlines_takeover-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Disposal_of_non-core_assets_and_operational_cutbacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Disposal_of_non-core_assets_and_operational_cutbacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.4 Disposal of non-core assets and operational cutbacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Disposal_of_non-core_assets_and_operational_cutbacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fleet_restructuring" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fleet_restructuring"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.5 Fleet restructuring </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fleet_restructuring-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sale_of_Pacific_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sale_of_Pacific_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.6 Sale of Pacific division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sale_of_Pacific_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Establishment_of_local_feeder_networks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment_of_local_feeder_networks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.7 Establishment of local feeder networks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment_of_local_feeder_networks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-US_East_coast_shuttle" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#US_East_coast_shuttle"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.8 US East coast shuttle </div> </a> <ul id="toc-US_East_coast_shuttle-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Financial,_operational_and_reputational_setbacks" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Financial,_operational_and_reputational_setbacks"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.9 Financial, operational and reputational setbacks </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Financial,_operational_and_reputational_setbacks-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Failed_bid_for_Northwest_Airlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Failed_bid_for_Northwest_Airlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.10 Failed bid for Northwest Airlines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Failed_bid_for_Northwest_Airlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fallout_from_1990–91_Persian_Gulf_War" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fallout_from_1990–91_Persian_Gulf_War"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.9.11 Fallout from 1990–91 Persian Gulf War </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fallout_from_1990–91_Persian_Gulf_War-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bankruptcy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bankruptcy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.10 Bankruptcy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bankruptcy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reuse_of_name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reuse_of_name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Reuse of name </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reuse_of_name-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reuse of name subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reuse_of_name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Airlines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Airlines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Airlines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Airlines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Railways" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Railways"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Railways </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Railways-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Apparel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Apparel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 Apparel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Apparel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 Other </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Destinations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destinations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Destinations </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Destinations-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Destinations subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Destinations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-List_of_destinations_served_by_Pan_Am_at_its_peak" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_destinations_served_by_Pan_Am_at_its_peak"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 List of destinations served by Pan Am at its peak </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_destinations_served_by_Pan_Am_at_its_peak-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Record-setting_flights" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Record-setting_flights"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Record-setting flights </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Record-setting_flights-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Corporate_affairs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Corporate_affairs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Corporate affairs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Corporate_affairs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 In popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Flight_crews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Flight_crews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Flight crews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Flight_crews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Acquisitions_and_divestments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Acquisitions_and_divestments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Acquisitions and divestments </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Acquisitions_and_divestments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accidents_and_incidents"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Accidents and incidents </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accidents_and_incidents-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fleet" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fleet"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Fleet </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fleet-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Fleet subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Fleet-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fleet_in_1990" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fleet_in_1990"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Fleet in 1990 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fleet_in_1990-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fleet_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fleet_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Fleet history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fleet_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Pan Am</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 54 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-54" aria-hidden="true" > 54 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Pan Am" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="خطوط بان أمريكان العالمية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="خطوط بان أمريكان العالمية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%90%D0%BC" title="Пан Ам – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пан Ам" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pan Am" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Pan Am" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pan Am" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Pan Am" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%D8%AF_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="پان امریکن ورلد ایرویز – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پان امریکن ورلد ایرویز" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan-Am" title="Pan-Am – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Pan-Am" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8C%AC%EC%95%84%EB%A9%94%EB%A6%AC%EC%B9%B8_%EC%9B%94%EB%93%9C_%ED%95%AD%EA%B3%B5" title="팬아메리칸 월드 항공 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="팬아메리칸 월드 항공" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%9F_%D7%90%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%9F_%D7%95%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%9C%D7%93_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99%D7%99%D7%96" title="פאן אמריקן וורלד איירווייז – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פאן אמריקן וורלד איירווייז" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AE%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B7_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%87" title="خطوط بان امريكان العالميه – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="خطوط بان امريكان العالميه" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E3%83%B3%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="パンアメリカン航空 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンアメリカン航空" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Pan Am" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am_World_Airways" title="Pan Am World Airways – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Pan Am World Airways" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD_%D0%B0%D0%BC" title="Пан ам – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Пан ам" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_Am" title="Pan Am – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Pan Am" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%AD%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%94%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C" title="แพนอเมริกันเวิลด์แอร์เวส์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="แพนอเมริกันเวิลด์แอร์เวส์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%8C%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%86_%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%84%DA%88_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A6%D8%B1%D9%88%DB%8C%D8%B2" title="پین امریکن ورلڈ ایئرویز – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پین امریکن ورلڈ ایئرویز" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Pan American World Airways – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Pan American World Airways" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%BE%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="泛美航空 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="泛美航空" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%BE%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="泛美航空 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="泛美航空" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B3%9B%E7%BE%8E%E8%88%AA%E7%A9%BA" title="泛美航空 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="泛美航空" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American flag carrier airline (1927–1991)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the original Pan Am airline. For later airlines using the name, see <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_(1996%E2%80%931998)" title="Pan Am (1996–1998)">Pan Am (1996–1998)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_(1998%E2%80%932004)" title="Pan Am (1998–2004)">Pan Am (1998–2004)</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Pan Am (disambiguation)">Pan Am (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1258442903">.mw-parser-output .infobox-airline-codes{border-collapse:collapse;width:100%;background-color:var(--background-color-disabled,#dadde3);color:var(--color-base,#202122);font-weight:bold;line-height:1}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151960987">body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox table{display:table}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .infobox caption{display:table-caption}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Pan American World Airways</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pan_Am_Logo.svg/150px-Pan_Am_Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pan_Am_Logo.svg/225px-Pan_Am_Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3a/Pan_Am_Logo.svg/300px-Pan_Am_Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="277" data-file-height="275" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Logo used from 1973 to 1991</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_747SP-21,_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1014020.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1014020.jpg/220px-Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1014020.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="164" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1014020.jpg/330px-Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1014020.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1014020.jpg/440px-Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1014020.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="952" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Pan Am <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747SP" title="Boeing 747SP">Boeing 747SP-21</a> 'Clipper Constitution' (Reg. N532PA) at <a href="/wiki/Charles_de_Gaulle_Airport" title="Charles de Gaulle Airport">Charles de Gaulle Airport</a> in 1985.</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table class="infobox-airline-codes"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="col" style="padding-top: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes#IATA_airline_designator" title="Airline codes">IATA</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="padding-top: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Airline_codes#ICAO_airline_designator" title="Airline codes">ICAO</a> </th> <th scope="col" style="padding-top: 0.5em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Aviation_call_signs#Commercial_airline" title="Aviation call signs">Call sign</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td class="nickname" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;">PA </td> <td class="nickname" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em; border-right: 1px solid white; text-align: center;">PAA </td> <td class="nickname" style="padding-bottom: 0.5em; text-align: center;">CLIPPER </td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">14 March 1927; 98 years ago (1927-03-14) (as Pan American Airways)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commenced operations</th><td class="infobox-data">19 October 1927; 97 years ago (1927-10-19) (as Pan American Airways)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Ceased operations</th><td class="infobox-data">4 December 1991; 33 years ago (1991-12-04)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">Hubs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tegel_Airport#Pan_American_World_Airways" title="Berlin Tegel Airport">Berlin–Tegel</a> (1975–1990)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin_Tempelhof_Airport#Postwar_commercial_use" title="Berlin Tempelhof Airport">Berlin–Tempelhof</a> (1950–1975)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_Airport" title="Frankfurt Airport">Frankfurt</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London–Heathrow</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Miami_International_Airport" title="Miami International Airport">Miami</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">New York–JFK</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Haneda_Airport" title="Haneda Airport">Tokyo–Haneda</a> (1947–1978)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Tokyo–Narita</a> (1978–1986)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Airline_hub#Focus_city" title="Airline hub">Focus cities</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kai_Tak_Airport" title="Kai Tak Airport">Hong Kong–Kai Tak</a> (before 1986)</li><li><a href="/wiki/George_Bush_Intercontinental_Airport" title="George Bush Intercontinental Airport">Houston–Intercontinental</a> (1980–1986)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles_International_Airport" title="Los Angeles International Airport">Los Angeles</a> (before 1986)</li><li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_International_Airport" title="San Francisco International Airport">San Francisco</a> (before 1986)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Dulles International Airport">Washington–Dulles</a> (before 1990)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Frequent-flyer_program" title="Frequent-flyer program">Frequent-flyer program</a></th><td class="infobox-data">WorldPass</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Subsidiary" title="Subsidiary">Subsidiaries</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/InterContinental" title="InterContinental">International Hotels Corporation</a> (1946–1981)</li><li><a href="/wiki/SAHSA" title="SAHSA">SAHSA</a> (40%) (1945–1970)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Express" title="Pan Am Express">Pan Am Express</a> (1987–1991)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Shuttle" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Am Shuttle">Pan Am Shuttle</a> (1986–1991)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American-Grace_Airways" title="Pan American-Grace Airways">Panagra</a> (50%) (1928–1967)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Uraba,_Medellin_and_Central_Airways" title="Uraba, Medellin and Central Airways">Uraba, Medellin and Central Airways</a> (100%) (1932–1959)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fleet size</th><td class="infobox-data">226</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Destinations</th><td class="infobox-data">87 countries on six continents at its peak in 1968<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Holding_company#Parent_company" title="Holding company">Parent company</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Pan Am Corporation</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><div><ul><li><a href="/wiki/MetLife_Building" title="MetLife Building">Pan-Am Building</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Miami" title="Miami">Miami</a>, <a href="/wiki/Florida" title="Florida">Florida</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Key people</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /><div class="plainlist nowrap"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a> (<a href="/wiki/Chief_executive_officer" title="Chief executive officer">CEO</a>, 1927–1968)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Gray" title="Harold E. Gray">Harold E. Gray</a> (CEO, 1968–1969)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Najeeb_Halaby" title="Najeeb Halaby">Najeeb Halaby</a> (CEO, 1969–1971)</li><li><a href="/wiki/William_Seawell" title="William Seawell">William Seawell</a> (CEO, 1971–1981)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Acker" title="Ed Acker">Ed Acker</a> (CEO, 1981–1988)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Plaskett" title="Thomas G. Plaskett">Thomas G. Plaskett</a> (CEO, 1988–1991)</li><li>Russell L. Ray Jr. (CEO, 1991)</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Pan American World Airways, originally founded as Pan American Airways<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> and more commonly known as Pan Am, was an <a href="/wiki/Airline" title="Airline">airline</a> that was the principal and largest international air carrier and unofficial overseas <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carrier</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> for much of the 20th century. It was the first airline to fly worldwide and pioneered innovations in the modern airline industry, such as <a href="/wiki/Wide-body_aircraft" title="Wide-body aircraft">jumbo jets</a> and <a href="/wiki/Computerized_reservation_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Computerized reservation system">computerized reservation systems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-747_Intro-4">[4]</a> Until its dissolution on December 4, 1991, Pan Am "epitomized the luxury and glamour of intercontinental travel",<a href="#cite_note-debbikickham-5">[5]</a> and it remains a cultural icon of the 20th century, identified by its blue globe logo ("The Blue Meatball"),<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> the use of the word "<a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">Clipper</a>" in its aircraft names and <a href="/wiki/Call_sign" title="Call sign">call signs</a>, and the white uniform caps of its pilots. Founded in 1927 by two <a href="/wiki/U.S._Army_Air_Corps" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Army Air Corps">U.S. Army Air Corps</a> majors, Pan Am began as a scheduled airmail and passenger service flying between <a href="/wiki/Key_West" title="Key West">Key West</a>, Florida, and <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba. In the 1930s, under the leadership of American entrepreneur <a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a>, the airline purchased a fleet of <a href="/wiki/Flying_boats" class="mw-redirect" title="Flying boats">flying boats</a> and focused its route network on Central and South America, gradually adding <a href="/wiki/Transatlantic_flight" title="Transatlantic flight">transatlantic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transpacific_flight" title="Transpacific flight">transpacific</a> destinations.<a href="#cite_note-clippers-7">[7]</a> By the mid-20th century, Pan Am enjoyed a near monopoly on international routes.<a href="#cite_note-LAdemise-8">[8]</a> It led the aircraft industry into the <a href="/wiki/Jet_Age" title="Jet Age">Jet Age</a> by acquiring new jetliners such as the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>. Pan Am's modern fleet allowed it to fly larger numbers of passengers, at a longer range, and with fewer stops than rivals.<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Its primary hub and flagship terminal was the <a href="/wiki/Worldport_(Pan_Am)" title="Worldport (Pan Am)">Worldport</a> at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-747_Intro-4">[4]</a> During its peak between the late 1950s and early 1970s, Pan Am had an advanced fleet, highly trained staff, and amenities.<a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a> In 1970, it flew 11 million passengers to 86 countries, with destinations in every continent except <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a>. In an era dominated by <a href="/wiki/Flag_carrier" title="Flag carrier">flag carriers</a> that were wholly or majority-owned by governments, Pan Am became the unofficial national carrier of the United States. It was a founding member of the <a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">International Air Transport Association</a> (IATA), the global airline industry association.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> Beginning in the mid-1970s, Pan Am began facing a series of challenges both internal and external, along with rising competition from the <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">deregulation of the airline industry in 1978</a>. After several attempts at financial restructuring and rebranding throughout the 1980s, Pan Am gradually sold off its assets before declaring bankruptcy in 1991. By the time it ceased operations, the airline's trademark was the second most recognized worldwide,<a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a> and its loss was felt among travelers and many Americans as signifying the end of the golden age of air travel.<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> Its brand, iconography, and contributions to the industry remain well known in the 21st century.<a href="#cite_note-auto-3">[3]</a> The airline's name and imagery were purchased in 1998 by railroad holding company Guilford Transportation Industries, which changed its name to <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Systems" title="Pan Am Systems">Pan Am Systems</a> and adopted Pan Am's logo. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Formation">Formation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Formation">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAM4_First_Flight_1927.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FAM4_First_Flight_1927.jpg/250px-FAM4_First_Flight_1927.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FAM4_First_Flight_1927.jpg/330px-FAM4_First_Flight_1927.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/FAM4_First_Flight_1927.jpg/500px-FAM4_First_Flight_1927.jpg 2x" data-file-width="594" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Flown cover autographed by pilot Cy Caldwell and carried from <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba, on the first contract airmail flight operated by Pan American Airways, October 19, 1927</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pam_American_World_Airways_Office.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pam_American_World_Airways_Office.jpg/220px-Pam_American_World_Airways_Office.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pam_American_World_Airways_Office.jpg/330px-Pam_American_World_Airways_Office.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Pam_American_World_Airways_Office.jpg/440px-Pam_American_World_Airways_Office.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a><figcaption>"Birthplace of Pan American World Airways", Key West, Florida</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Consolidated_commodore_flying_boat_common_history.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Consolidated_commodore_flying_boat_common_history.jpg/250px-Consolidated_commodore_flying_boat_common_history.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Consolidated_commodore_flying_boat_common_history.jpg/330px-Consolidated_commodore_flying_boat_common_history.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/92/Consolidated_commodore_flying_boat_common_history.jpg 2x" data-file-width="426" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Tourists with a Consolidated Commodore flying boat, used to fly routes in the Caribbean in the 1930s.</figcaption></figure> Pan American Airways, Incorporated (PAA) was founded as a <a href="/wiki/Shell_corporation#Different_meaning" title="Shell corporation">shell company</a> on March 14, 1927, by <a href="/wiki/United_States_Army_Air_Corps" title="United States Army Air Corps">United States Army Air Corps</a> officers <a href="/wiki/Henry_H._Arnold" title="Henry H. Arnold">Henry "Hap" Arnold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carl_Spaatz" title="Carl Spaatz">Carl Spaatz</a> and John Jouett out of concern for the growing influence of the German-owned <a href="/wiki/Colombia" title="Colombia">Colombian</a> air carrier <a href="/wiki/SCADTA" title="SCADTA">SCADTA</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDaley198027–28-12">[12]</a> in <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central America</a>. Operating in Colombia since 1920, SCADTA lobbied hard for landing rights in the <a href="/wiki/Panama_Canal_Zone" title="Panama Canal Zone">Panama Canal Zone</a>, ostensibly to survey air routes for a connection to the United States, which the Air Corps viewed as a precursor to a possible German aerial threat to the canal.<a href="#cite_note-13">[13]</a> In the spring of 1927, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Post_Office_Department" title="United States Post Office Department">United States Post Office</a> requested bids on a contract to deliver mail from <a href="/wiki/Key_West,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Key West, Florida">Key West, Florida</a> to <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, Cuba before 19 October 1927.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> Arnold and Spaatz drew up the <a href="/wiki/Prospectus_(finance)" title="Prospectus (finance)">prospectus</a> for Pan American after they learned that SCADTA hired a company in <a href="/wiki/Delaware" title="Delaware">Delaware</a> to obtain air mail contracts from the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_the_United_States" title="Federal government of the United States">US government</a>. Also competing for the contract, <a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a> formed the Aviation Corporation of the Americas (ACA) on June 2, 1927, with $250,000 (equivalent to $3.53 million in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a> in startup capital and the backing of powerful and politically connected financiers including <a href="/wiki/Cornelius_Vanderbilt_Whitney" title="Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney">Cornelius Vanderbilt Whitney</a> and <a href="/wiki/W._Averell_Harriman" title="W. Averell Harriman">W. Averell Harriman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> Their operation had the all-important landing rights for <a href="/wiki/Havana" title="Havana">Havana</a>, having acquired American International Airways, a small airline established in 1926 by John K. Montgomery and Richard B. Bevier as a <a href="/wiki/Seaplane" title="Seaplane">seaplane</a> service from Key West to Havana. A third company, Atlantic, Gulf, and Caribbean Airways, was established on October 11, 1927, by New York City <a href="/wiki/Investment_bank" class="mw-redirect" title="Investment bank">investment banker</a> Richard Hoyt to bid for the contract.<a href="#cite_note-cent-17">[17]</a> The Postal Service awarded Pan American Airways the <a href="/wiki/Airmails_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Airmails of the United States">US mail</a> delivery contract to Cuba, at the end of the bidding process, but Pan American lacked any aircraft to perform the job and did not have landing rights in Cuba.<a href="#cite_note-afm67-18">[18]</a> Just days before the 19 October deadline, the three companies decided to form a partnership. ACA chartered a <a href="/wiki/Fairchild_FC-2" title="Fairchild FC-2">Fairchild FC-2</a> <a href="/wiki/Floatplane" title="Floatplane">floatplane</a> from a small <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Republic" title="Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a> carrier, West Indian Aerial Express, allowing Pan Am to operate the first flight to Havana on 19 October 1927.<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> The three companies formally merged on June 23, 1928. Richard Hoyt was named as president of the new Aviation Corporation of the Americas, but Trippe and his partners held 40% of the <a href="/wiki/Equity_(finance)" title="Equity (finance)">equity</a> and Whitney was made president. Trippe became operational head of Pan American Airways, the new company's principal operating subsidiary.<a href="#cite_note-cent-17">[17]</a> The US government approved the original Pan Am's mail delivery contract with little objection, out of fears that SCADTA would have no competition in bidding for routes between Latin America and the United States. The government further helped Pan Am by insulating it from its US competitors, seeing the airline as the "chosen instrument" for US-based international air routes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein200179-20">[20]</a> The airline expanded internationally, benefiting from a virtual monopoly on foreign routes.<a href="#cite_note-chasing-21">[21]</a> Trippe and his associates planned to extend Pan Am's network through all of <a href="/wiki/Central_America" title="Central America">Central</a> and South America. During the late 1920s and early 1930s, Pan Am purchased a number of ailing or defunct airlines in Central and South America and negotiated with postal officials to win most of the government's <a href="/wiki/Airmails_of_the_United_States#Beginning_Contract_Air_Mail_(CAM)_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Airmails of the United States">airmail contracts</a> to the region. In September 1929 Trippe toured Latin America with <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a> to negotiate landing rights in a number of countries, including <a href="/wiki/Barranquilla" title="Barranquilla">Barranquilla</a> on SCADTA's home turf of Colombia, as well as <a href="/wiki/Maracaibo" title="Maracaibo">Maracaibo</a> and <a href="/wiki/Caracas" title="Caracas">Caracas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Venezuela" title="Venezuela">Venezuela</a>. By the end of the year, Pan Am offered flights along the west coast of South America to Peru. Following government favors for the denial of mail contracts to their competition, a forced merger was created with <a href="/wiki/New_York,_Rio,_and_Buenos_Aires_Line" title="New York, Rio, and Buenos Aires Line">New York, Rio, and Buenos Aires Line</a>, giving a seaplane route along the east coast of South America to <a href="/wiki/Buenos_Aires" title="Buenos Aires">Buenos Aires</a>, Argentina, and westbound to <a href="/wiki/Santiago" title="Santiago">Santiago</a>, Chile.<a href="#cite_note-panam.org-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a> Its Brazilian subsidiary <a href="/wiki/NYRBA_do_Brasil" class="mw-redirect" title="NYRBA do Brasil">NYRBA do Brasil</a> was later renamed as <a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil" title="Panair do Brasil">Panair do Brasil</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHomanReilly200038-25">[25]</a> Pan Am also partnered with the <a href="/wiki/Grace_Shipping_Company" title="Grace Shipping Company">Grace Shipping Company</a> in 1929 to form <a href="/wiki/Pan_American-Grace_Airways" title="Pan American-Grace Airways">Pan American-Grace Airways</a>, better known as Panagra, to gain a foothold to destinations in South America.<a href="#cite_note-cent-17">[17]</a> In the same year, Pan Am acquired a controlling stake in <a href="/wiki/Mexicana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_(1921%E2%80%932010)" title="Mexicana de Aviación (1921–2010)">Mexicana de Aviación</a> and took over Mexicana's <a href="/wiki/Ford_Trimotor" title="Ford Trimotor">Ford Trimotor</a> route between <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, extending this service to the <a href="/wiki/Yucatan_Peninsula" class="mw-redirect" title="Yucatan Peninsula">Yucatan Peninsula</a> to connect with Pan Am's Caribbean route network.<a href="#cite_note-The_Brownsville_Base-26">[26]</a> Pan Am's <a href="/wiki/Holding_company" title="Holding company">holding company</a>, the Aviation Corporation of the Americas, was one of the most sought after <a href="/wiki/Stock#Shares" title="Stock">stocks</a> on the <a href="/wiki/New_York_Curb_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Curb Exchange">New York Curb Exchange</a> in 1929, and flurries of speculation surrounded each of its new route awards. In April 1929 Trippe and his associates reached an agreement with <a href="/wiki/United_Aircraft_and_Transport_Corporation" title="United Aircraft and Transport Corporation">United Aircraft and Transport Corporation</a> (UATC) to segregate Pan Am operations to the south of the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_%E2%80%93_United_States_border" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico – United States border">Mexico – United States border</a>, in exchange for UATC taking a large shareholder stake (UATC was the parent company of what are now <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney" title="Pratt & Whitney">Pratt & Whitney</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>).<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> The Aviation Corporation of the Americas changed its name to Pan American Airways Corporation in 1931. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Clipper_era">Clipper era</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Clipper era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAA_%22The_Americas%22_Route_Map_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PAA_%22The_Americas%22_Route_Map_1936.jpg/250px-PAA_%22The_Americas%22_Route_Map_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PAA_%22The_Americas%22_Route_Map_1936.jpg/330px-PAA_%22The_Americas%22_Route_Map_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/PAA_%22The_Americas%22_Route_Map_1936.jpg/500px-PAA_%22The_Americas%22_Route_Map_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1181" data-file-height="1491" /></a><figcaption>PAA routes as of 1936</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAA_Flying_Clipper_Cruises_to_South_America_1941.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PAA_Flying_Clipper_Cruises_to_South_America_1941.jpg/170px-PAA_Flying_Clipper_Cruises_to_South_America_1941.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="403" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PAA_Flying_Clipper_Cruises_to_South_America_1941.jpg/255px-PAA_Flying_Clipper_Cruises_to_South_America_1941.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/PAA_Flying_Clipper_Cruises_to_South_America_1941.jpg/340px-PAA_Flying_Clipper_Cruises_to_South_America_1941.jpg 2x" data-file-width="849" data-file-height="2014" /></a><figcaption>1941 advertising mailer for Pan Am's "Flying Clipper Cruises" to South America</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PAA_San_Francisco_-_Manila_-_Hong_Kong_Clipper_Schedule.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/PAA_San_Francisco_-_Manila_-_Hong_Kong_Clipper_Schedule.jpg/250px-PAA_San_Francisco_-_Manila_-_Hong_Kong_Clipper_Schedule.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/PAA_San_Francisco_-_Manila_-_Hong_Kong_Clipper_Schedule.jpg/330px-PAA_San_Francisco_-_Manila_-_Hong_Kong_Clipper_Schedule.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/PAA_San_Francisco_-_Manila_-_Hong_Kong_Clipper_Schedule.jpg/500px-PAA_San_Francisco_-_Manila_-_Hong_Kong_Clipper_Schedule.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1002" data-file-height="852" /></a><figcaption>PAA's <a href="/wiki/China_Clipper" title="China Clipper">China Clipper</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> service cut the time of a transpacific crossing from as much as six weeks by sea to just six days by air.</figcaption></figure> Pan Am started its South American routes with <a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Commodore" title="Consolidated Commodore">Consolidated Commodore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-38" title="Sikorsky S-38">Sikorsky S-38</a> <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-40" title="Sikorsky S-40">S-40</a>, larger than the eight-passenger S-38, began flying for Pan Am in 1931. Carrying the nicknames American Clipper, Southern Clipper, and Caribbean Clipper, they were the first of the series of 28 Clippers that symbolized Pan Am between 1931 and 1946. During this time, Pan Am operated Clipper services to Latin America from the <a href="/wiki/International_Pan_American_Airport" title="International Pan American Airport">International Pan American Airport</a> at <a href="/wiki/Dinner_Key" title="Dinner Key">Dinner Key</a> in <a href="/wiki/Miami,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Miami, Florida">Miami, Florida</a>. In 1937 Pan Am turned to Britain and France to begin seaplane service between the United States and Europe. Pan Am reached an agreement with both countries to offer service from <a href="/wiki/Norfolk,_Virginia" title="Norfolk, Virginia">Norfolk, Virginia</a>, to Europe via <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Azores" title="Azores">Azores</a> using the S-42s. A joint service from <a href="/wiki/Port_Washington,_New_York" title="Port Washington, New York">Port Washington, New York</a>, to Bermuda began in June 1937, with Pan Am using Sikorskys and <a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airways" title="Imperial Airways">Imperial Airways</a> using the <a href="/wiki/Short_Empire" title="Short Empire">C class flying boat</a> RMA Cavalier.<a href="#cite_note-manager-30">[30]</a> On July 5, 1937, survey flights across the North Atlantic began.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffmanHopkins199559,_195-31">[31]</a> Pan Am Clipper III, a <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-42" title="Sikorsky S-42">Sikorsky S-42</a>, landed at <a href="/wiki/Botwood" title="Botwood">Botwood</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Exploits" title="Bay of Exploits">Bay of Exploits</a> in <a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a> from Port Washington, via <a href="/wiki/Shediac,_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Shediac, New Brunswick">Shediac, New Brunswick</a>. The next day Pan Am Clipper III left Botwood for <a href="/wiki/Foynes" title="Foynes">Foynes</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Limerick" title="County Limerick">County Limerick</a>, Ireland. The same day, a <a href="/wiki/Short_Empire" title="Short Empire">Short Empire</a> C-Class flying boat, the Caledonia, left Foynes for Botwood, and landed July 6, 1937, reaching <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> on July 8 and New York on July 9. Trippe decided to start a service from San Francisco to <a href="/wiki/Honolulu" title="Honolulu">Honolulu</a> and on to Hong Kong and <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a> following steamship routes. After negotiating traffic rights in 1934 to land at <a href="/wiki/Pearl_Harbor" title="Pearl Harbor">Pearl Harbor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake Island</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guam" title="Guam">Guam</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Manila" title="Manila">Manila</a>,<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> Pan Am shipped $500,000 worth of aeronautical equipment and construction crews westward in March 1935 using the S.S. North Haven, a 15,000-ton merchant ship chartered to provision each island that the clippers would stop at on their 4- to 5-day flight.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> Pan Am ran its first survey flight to Honolulu in April 1935 with a Sikorsky S-42 flying boat.<a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Construction crews, including <a href="/wiki/Bill_Mullahey" title="Bill Mullahey">Bill Mullahey</a> who would later oversee Pan Am's Pacific operations, cleared coral from lagoons, constructed hotels, and installed the radio navigation equipment necessary for the clippers to island hop from <a href="/wiki/Pearl_City_Seaplane_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Pearl City Seaplane Base">Pearl City Seaplane Base</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a>, to Asia.<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> The airline won the contract for a San Francisco–<a href="/wiki/Guangzhou" title="Guangzhou">Canton</a> mail route later that year and operated its first commercial flight carrying mail and express (no passengers) in a <a href="/wiki/Martin_M-130" title="Martin M-130">Martin M-130</a> from <a href="/wiki/Alameda,_California" title="Alameda, California">Alameda</a> to Manila amid media fanfare on November 22, 1935. The five-leg, 8,000-mile (13,000 km) flight arrived in Manila on November 29 and returned to San Francisco on December 6, cutting the time between the two cities by the fastest scheduled steamship by over two weeks.<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> (Both the United States and the Philippine Islands issued special stamps for the two flights.) The first passenger flight left Alameda on October 21, 1936.<a href="#cite_note-clippers-7">[7]</a> The fare from San Francisco to Manila or Hong Kong in 1937 was <a href="/wiki/United_States_dollar" title="United States dollar">US$</a>950 one way (equivalent to $20,779 in 2024) and US$1,710 (equivalent to $37,402 in 2024) round trip.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> This later became known as the Pan Am China Clipper route, from San Francisco, leading to Manila, Hong Kong, Shanghai.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> On August 6, 1937, Juan Trippe accepted United States aviation's highest annual prize, the <a href="/wiki/Collier_Trophy" title="Collier Trophy">Collier Trophy</a>, on behalf of PAA from President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> for the company's "establishment of the transpacific airline and the successful execution of extended overwater navigation and the regular operations thereof."<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:US_and_PI_First_Transpacific_Air_Mail_Stamps_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_and_PI_First_Transpacific_Air_Mail_Stamps_1935.jpg/960px-US_and_PI_First_Transpacific_Air_Mail_Stamps_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="600" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/US_and_PI_First_Transpacific_Air_Mail_Stamps_1935.jpg/1200px-US_and_PI_First_Transpacific_Air_Mail_Stamps_1935.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2874" data-file-height="642" /></a><figcaption>Stamps issued by the United States and Philippine Islands for Air Mail carried on the first flights in each direction of PAA's Transpacific "<a href="/wiki/China_Clipper" title="China Clipper">China Clipper</a>" service between San Francisco, California, and Manila, Philippines. (November 22 – December 6, 1935)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FAM_18_Round_the_World_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/FAM_18_Round_the_World_1939.jpg/170px-FAM_18_Round_the_World_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="288" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/FAM_18_Round_the_World_1939.jpg/255px-FAM_18_Round_the_World_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/FAM_18_Round_the_World_1939.jpg/340px-FAM_18_Round_the_World_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="1100" /></a><figcaption>Flown cover carried around the world on PAA <a href="/wiki/Boeing_314_Clipper" title="Boeing 314 Clipper">Boeing 314 Clippers</a> and by Imperial Airways, June 24 – July 28, 1939</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Miami_PanAm_Terminal_1940.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Miami_PanAm_Terminal_1940.jpg/250px-Miami_PanAm_Terminal_1940.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Miami_PanAm_Terminal_1940.jpg/330px-Miami_PanAm_Terminal_1940.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Miami_PanAm_Terminal_1940.jpg/500px-Miami_PanAm_Terminal_1940.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3600" data-file-height="2400" /></a><figcaption>Pan Am's flying boat terminal at <a href="/wiki/Dinner_Key,_Florida" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinner Key, Florida">Dinner Key</a> in Miami, Florida, was a <a href="/wiki/Transport_hub" title="Transport hub">hub</a> of inter-American travel during the 1930s and 1940s.</figcaption></figure> Pan Am also used <a href="/wiki/Boeing_314" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 314">Boeing 314</a> flying boats for the Pacific route: in China, passengers could connect to domestic flights on the Pan Am-operated <a href="/wiki/China_National_Aviation_Corporation" title="China National Aviation Corporation">China National Aviation Corporation</a> (CNAC) network, co-owned with the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Republic_of_China" title="Government of the Republic of China">Chinese government</a>. Pan Am flew to Singapore for the first time in 1941, starting a semi-monthly service that reduced San Francisco–Singapore travel times from 25 days to six days.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a> Six large, long-range <a href="/wiki/Boeing_314" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 314">Boeing 314</a> flying boats were delivered to Pan Am in early 1939. On March 30, 1939, the <a href="/wiki/Yankee_Clipper_(flying_boat)" title="Yankee Clipper (flying boat)"> Yankee Clipper</a>, piloted by <a href="/wiki/Harold_E._Gray" title="Harold E. Gray">Harold E. Gray</a>, made the first-ever trans-Atlantic passenger flight. The first leg of the flight, <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> to <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a>, took 17 hours and 32 minutes and covered 2,400 miles (3,900 km; 2,100 nmi). The second leg from Horta to Pan Am's newly built airport in Lisbon took 7 hours and 7 minutes and covered 1,200 miles (1,900 km).<a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> The Boeing 314 also enabled the start of scheduled weekly contract Foreign Air Mail (F.A.M. 18) service and later passenger flights from New York (Port Washington, L.I.) to both France and Britain. The Southern route to France was inaugurated for airmail on May 20, 1939, by the Yankee Clipper piloted by Arthur E. LaPorte flying via Horta, Azores, and Lisbon, Portugal to Marseilles.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a> Passenger service over the route was added on June 28, 1939, by the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Clipper" title="Dixie Clipper">Dixie Clipper</a> piloted by R.O.D. Sullivan.<a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a> The Eastbound trip departed every Wednesday at Noon and arrived at Marseilles on Friday at 3 pm GCT with return service leaving Marseilles on Sunday at 8 am and arriving at Port Washington on Tuesday at 7 am. The Northern transatlantic route to Britain was inaugurated for Air Mail service on June 24, 1939, by the Yankee Clipper piloted by Harold Gray flying via Shediac (New Brunswick), Botwood (Newfoundland), and <a href="/wiki/Foynes" title="Foynes">Foynes</a> (Ireland) to <a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[45]</a> Passenger service was added on the Northern route on July 8, 1939, by the Yankee Clipper.<a href="#cite_note-46">[46]</a> Eastbound flights left on Saturday at 7:30 am and arrived at Southampton on Sunday at 1 pm GCT. Westbound service departed Southampton on Wednesday at Noon and arrived at Port Washington on Thursday at 3 pm. After the outbreak of World War II in Europe on September 1, 1939, the terminus became Foynes until the service ceased for the winter on October 5 while transatlantic service to <a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a> via the Azores continued into 1941. During World War II, Pan Am flew over 90 million mi (140 million km) worldwide in support of military operations.<a href="#cite_note-chasing-21">[21]</a> The "Clippers" – the name hearkened back to the 19th-century fast-sailing <a href="/wiki/Clipper" title="Clipper">clippers</a> – were the only American passenger aircraft of the time capable of intercontinental travel. To compete with ocean liners, the airline offered <a href="/wiki/First_class_travel" title="First class travel">first-class</a> seats on such flights, and the style of flight crews became more formal. Instead of being leather-jacketed, silk-scarved airmail pilots, the crews of the "Clippers" wore naval-style uniforms and adopted a set procession when boarding the aircraft.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandt199519-47">[47]</a> In 1940 Pan Am and <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">TWA</a> both received and began using the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_307_Stratoliner" title="Boeing 307 Stratoliner">Boeing 307 Stratoliner</a>, the first <a href="/wiki/Cabin_pressurization" title="Cabin pressurization">pressurized</a> airliner to enter service. The Boeing 307's airline service was short-lived, as all were commandeered for military service when the United States entered World War II.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffmanHopkins1995212-48">[48]</a> During World War II most Clippers were pressed into military service. A new Pan Am subsidiary pioneered an air military-supply route across the Atlantic from Brazil to West Africa. The onward flight to Sudan and Egypt tracked an existing British civil air route.<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a> In January 1942, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Clipper" title="Pacific Clipper">Pacific Clipper</a> completed the first circumnavigation of the globe by a commercial airliner. Another first occurred in January 1943, when Franklin D. Roosevelt became the first <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">US president</a> to fly abroad, in the <a href="/wiki/Dixie_Clipper" title="Dixie Clipper">Dixie Clipper</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein2001173-50">[50]</a> During this period <a href="/wiki/Star_Trek" title="Star Trek">Star Trek</a> creator <a href="/wiki/Gene_Roddenberry" title="Gene Roddenberry">Gene Roddenberry</a> was a Clipper pilot; he was aboard the Clipper Eclipse when it crashed in Syria on June 19, 1947.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-Check-Six-52">[52]</a> While waiting at Foynes, Ireland, for a Pan Am Clipper flight to New York in 1942, passengers were served a drink today known as <a href="/wiki/Irish_coffee" title="Irish coffee">Irish coffee</a> by Chef Joe Sheridan.<a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Post-war_expansion_and_modernization">Post-war expansion and modernization</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Post-war expansion and modernization">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_L-049_Constellation_at_London.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pan_Am_L-049_Constellation_at_London.jpg/220px-Pan_Am_L-049_Constellation_at_London.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pan_Am_L-049_Constellation_at_London.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_L-049_Constellation_at_London.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/76/Pan_Am_L-049_Constellation_at_London.jpg/440px-Pan_Am_L-049_Constellation_at_London.jpg 2x" data-file-width="961" data-file-height="553" /></a><figcaption>Pan Am <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-049_Constellation" title="Lockheed L-049 Constellation">Lockheed L-049 Constellation</a> Clipper Great Republic at <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Airport</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_377_N1033V_PAA_Heathrow_12.9.54.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Boeing_377_N1033V_PAA_Heathrow_12.9.54.jpg/220px-Boeing_377_N1033V_PAA_Heathrow_12.9.54.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Boeing_377_N1033V_PAA_Heathrow_12.9.54.jpg/330px-Boeing_377_N1033V_PAA_Heathrow_12.9.54.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Boeing_377_N1033V_PAA_Heathrow_12.9.54.jpg/440px-Boeing_377_N1033V_PAA_Heathrow_12.9.54.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1696" data-file-height="1056" /></a><figcaption>Pan Am <a href="/wiki/Boeing_377" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 377">Boeing 377 Stratocruiser</a> Clipper Seven Seas at <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Airport</a> in 1954</figcaption></figure> The growing importance of air transport in the post-war era meant that Pan Am would no longer enjoy the official patronage it had been afforded in pre-war days to prevent the emergence of any meaningful competition, both at home and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_48-54">[54]</a> Although Pan Am continued to use its political influence to lobby for protection of its position as America's primary international airline, it encountered increasing competition – first from <a href="/wiki/American_Overseas_Airlines" title="American Overseas Airlines">American Export Airlines</a> across the <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Ocean" title="Atlantic Ocean">Atlantic</a> to Europe, and subsequently from others including <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">TWA</a> to Europe, <a href="/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways" title="Braniff International Airways">Braniff</a> to South America, <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United</a> to Hawaii and <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Orient</a> to East Asia, as well as five potential rivals to Mexico. This changed situation resulted from the new post-war approach the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board" title="Civil Aeronautics Board">Civil Aeronautics Board</a> (CAB) took toward the promotion of competition between major US carriers on key domestic and international scheduled routes compared with pre-war US aviation policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBilstein2001169-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_48-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-HomeTurf-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_DC4_Cipper.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pan_Am_DC4_Cipper.jpg/250px-Pan_Am_DC4_Cipper.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pan_Am_DC4_Cipper.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_DC4_Cipper.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Pan_Am_DC4_Cipper.jpg/500px-Pan_Am_DC4_Cipper.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Pan American DC-4 at <a href="/wiki/Piarco_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Piarco Airport">Piarco Airport</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinidad" title="Trinidad">Trinidad</a> in the 1950s</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/American_Overseas_Airlines" title="American Overseas Airlines">American Overseas Airlines</a> (AOA) was the first airline to begin regular landplane flights across the Atlantic on October 24, 1945. In January 1946, Pan Am scheduled seven <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">DC-4s</a> a week east from <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Airport</a>, five to London (<a href="/wiki/Bournemouth_Airport" title="Bournemouth Airport">Hurn Airport</a>) and two to Lisbon. The time to Hurn was 17 hours and 40 minutes, including stops, or 20 hours and 45 minutes to Lisbon. A Boeing 314 flying boat flew <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia</a> to Lisbon once every two weeks in 29 hours and 30 minutes; flying boat flights ended shortly thereafter.<a href="#cite_note-57">[nb 1]</a> TWA's transatlantic challenge—the impending introduction of its faster, pressurized <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed Constellations</a>—resulted in Pan Am ordering its own <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Constellation</a> fleet at $750,000 (equivalent to $10.07 million in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a> apiece. Pan Am began transatlantic Constellation flights on January 14, 1946, beating TWA by three weeks.<a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_48-54">[54]</a> In January 1946, a flight from Miami to Buenos Aires took 71 hours and 15 minutes in a Pan Am <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">DC-3</a>, but the following summer, DC-4s flew <a href="/wiki/New_York_Kennedy_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Kennedy Airport">Idlewild</a> to Buenos Aires in 38 hours and 30 minutes. In January 1958, Pan Am's <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-7#Design_and_development" title="Douglas DC-7">DC-7Bs</a> flew New York to Buenos Aires in 25 hours and 20 minutes, while the <a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(NA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Airlines (NA)">National</a>–Pan Am–Panagra DC-7B via <a href="/wiki/Panama_City" title="Panama City">Panama</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lima" title="Lima">Lima</a> took 22 hours and 45 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-Timetable58-58">[57]</a> <a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair 240s</a> replaced DC-3s and other pre-war types on Pan Am's shorter flights in the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> and South America. Pan Am also acquired a few <a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_C-46_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando">Curtiss C-46s</a> for a freight network that eventually extended to Buenos Aires.<a href="#cite_note-HomeTurf-56">[56]</a> In January 1946, Pan Am had no transpacific flights beyond Hawaii, but they soon resumed with DC-4s. In January 1958, the California to Tokyo flight was a daily <a href="/wiki/Boeing_377" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 377">Stratocruiser</a> that took 31 hours 45 minutes from San Francisco or 32 hours 15 minutes from Los Angeles. (A flight to Seattle and a connection to Northwest's <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-7#DC-7C" title="Douglas DC-7">DC-7C</a> totaled 24 hours and 13 minutes from San Francisco, but Pan Am was not allowed to fly that route.)<a href="#cite_note-Timetable58-58">[57]</a> The Stratocruisers' double-deck fuselage with sleeping berths and a lower-deck lounge helped it compete with its rival. "Super Stratocruisers" with more fuel appeared on Pan Am's transatlantic routes in November 1954, making nonstop eastward and one-stop westward schedules more reliable. In June 1947, Pan Am started the first scheduled round-the-world airline flight. In September, the weekly DC-4 was scheduled to leave San Francisco at 22:00 Thursday as Flight 1, stopping at Honolulu, <a href="/wiki/Midway_Atoll" title="Midway Atoll">Midway</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wake_Island" title="Wake Island">Wake</a>, Guam, Manila, <a href="/wiki/Bangkok" title="Bangkok">Bangkok</a>, and arriving in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a> on Monday at 12:45, where it met Flight 2, a Constellation that had left New York at 23:30 Friday. The DC-4 returned to San Francisco as Flight 2; the Constellation left Calcutta at 13:30 Tuesday, stopped at <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Istanbul" title="Istanbul">Istanbul</a>, London, <a href="/wiki/Shannon,_County_Clare" title="Shannon, County Clare">Shannon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gander,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Gander, Newfoundland and Labrador">Gander</a>, and arrived LaGuardia Thursday at 14:55. A few months later, PA 3 took over the Manila route, while PA 1 shifted to Tokyo and Shanghai. All Pan Am round-the-world flights included at least one change of plane until <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707s</a> took over in 1960. PA 1 became daily in 1962–63, making different en-route stops on different days of the week; in January 1963, it left San Francisco at 09:00 daily and was scheduled into New York 56 hours and 10 minutes later. Los Angeles replaced San Francisco in 1968; when Boeing 747s finished replacing 707s in 1971, all stops except <a href="/wiki/Tehran" title="Tehran">Tehran</a> and Karachi were served daily in each direction. For a year or so in 1975–76, Pan Am finally completed the round-the-world trip, New York to New York.<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In January 1950, Pan American Airways Corporation officially became Pan American World Airways, Inc. (The airline had begun calling itself Pan American World Airways in 1943.)<a href="#cite_note-miami-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewImage-61">[60]</a> In September 1950 Pan Am completed the $17.45 million (equivalent to $175.32 million in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a> purchase of <a href="/wiki/American_Overseas_Airlines" title="American Overseas Airlines">American Overseas Airlines</a> from <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_48-54">[54]</a> That month Pan Am ordered 45 <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6#Operational_history" title="Douglas DC-6">Douglas DC-6Bs</a>. The first, Clipper Liberty Bell (N6518C),<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> inaugurated Pan Am's all-<a href="/wiki/Economy_class" title="Economy class">tourist</a> class Rainbow service between New York and London on May 1, 1952, to complement the all-<a href="/wiki/First_class_(aviation)" title="First class (aviation)">first</a> President Stratocruiser service.<a href="#cite_note-NewImage-61">[60]</a> From June 1954, <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6#Operational_history" title="Douglas DC-6">DC-6Bs</a> began replacing DC-4s on Pan Am's internal German routes.<a href="#cite_note-Berlin1-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-DC6B_THF-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berlin2-65">[64]</a> Pan Am introduced the <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-7#DC-7C" title="Douglas DC-7">Douglas DC-7C</a> "Seven Seas" on transatlantic routes in summer 1956. In January 1958 the DC-7C nonstop took 10 hours and 45 minutes from Idlewild to London, enabling Pan Am to hold its own against TWA's <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1049_Super_Constellation" title="Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation">Super Constellations</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1649_Starliner" title="Lockheed L-1649 Starliner">Starliners</a>. In 1957, Pan Am started DC-7C flights direct from the West Coast of the United States to London and Paris, with a fuel stop in Canada or Greenland. The introduction of the faster <a href="/wiki/Bristol_Britannia" title="Bristol Britannia">Bristol Britannia</a> <a href="/wiki/Turboprop" title="Turboprop">turboprop</a> by <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">British Overseas Airways Corporation</a> (BOAC) between New York and London on December 19, 1957, ended Pan Am's competitive leadership there.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewImage-61">[60]</a> In January 1958 Pan Am scheduled 47 flights a week east from Idlewild to Europe, Africa, the Middle East and beyond; the following August there were 65.<a href="#cite_note-Timetable58-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Jet_age">Jet age</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Jet age">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_707-321B,_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN0944886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Boeing_707-321B%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN0944886.jpg/250px-Boeing_707-321B%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN0944886.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Boeing_707-321B%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN0944886.jpg/330px-Boeing_707-321B%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN0944886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Boeing_707-321B%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN0944886.jpg/500px-Boeing_707-321B%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN0944886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="862" /></a><figcaption>Boeing 707-321B of Pan American at <a href="/wiki/Paris_Orly_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Orly Airport">Paris Orly Airport</a>, 1979 </figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_DC-8-32_N804PA_PAA_AMS_12.03.67_edited-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Douglas_DC-8-32_N804PA_PAA_AMS_12.03.67_edited-2.jpg/220px-Douglas_DC-8-32_N804PA_PAA_AMS_12.03.67_edited-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Douglas_DC-8-32_N804PA_PAA_AMS_12.03.67_edited-2.jpg/330px-Douglas_DC-8-32_N804PA_PAA_AMS_12.03.67_edited-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Douglas_DC-8-32_N804PA_PAA_AMS_12.03.67_edited-2.jpg/440px-Douglas_DC-8-32_N804PA_PAA_AMS_12.03.67_edited-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8#DC-8_Series_30" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8-32</a> of Pan American at <a href="/wiki/Amsterdam_Airport_Schiphol" title="Amsterdam Airport Schiphol">Amsterdam Airport Schiphol</a> in 1967</figcaption></figure> Pan Am considered purchasing the world's first <a href="/wiki/Jet_airliner" title="Jet airliner">jetliner</a>, the British <a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Comet" title="De Havilland Comet">De Havilland Comet</a>, but instead waited to become <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707</a> launch customer in 1955 with an order for 20. The 707 was originally to be 144 inches (3.66 m) wide with five-abreast seating but <a href="/wiki/Boeing" title="Boeing">Boeing</a> widened their design to match the DC-8. Pan Am's first scheduled jet flight was from <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">New York Idlewild</a> to <a href="/wiki/Paris_%E2%80%93_Le_Bourget_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris – Le Bourget Airport">Paris Le Bourget</a>, stopping at <a href="/wiki/Gander_International_Airport" title="Gander International Airport">Gander</a> to refuel, on October 26, 1958. The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707-120" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 707-120">Boeing 707-121</a> Clipper America N711PA carried 111 passengers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2000-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_50-68">[67]</a> It also purchased 25 <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8</a>, which could also seat six across; the combined order value for these first 707s and DC-8s was $269 million.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Meanwhile Boeing improved their aircraft with the introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707-320" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 707-320">Boeing 707-320 "Intercontinental"</a> offering greater payload and range. Pan Am started taking deliveries of the Intercontinental in 1959–60, which together with the Douglas DC-8s arriving in March 1960, enabled non-stop transatlantic crossings with a viable <a href="/wiki/Payload_(air_and_space_craft)" class="mw-redirect" title="Payload (air and space craft)">payload</a> in both directions.<a href="#cite_note-panamair707-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> Pan Am eventually operated 19 Douglas DC-8s, disposing of them in 1970 after just ten years of service. Meanwhile Pan Am went on to operate a much larger total of 120 Boeing 707-320 "Intercontinental" aircraft, for just over 20 years, with this type becoming the mainstay of Pan Am operations until the arrival of the Boeing 747.<a href="#cite_note-panamair707-69">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Widebody_era">Widebody era</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Widebody era">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg/250px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8f/Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg/500px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1021" data-file-height="681" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/747-100" class="mw-redirect" title="747-100">Boeing 747-100</a> Clipper Neptune's Car (N742PA) at <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Airport" title="Zurich Airport">Zurich Airport</a></figcaption></figure> Pan Am was a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a> launch customer, placing a $525 million (equivalent to $3.77 billion in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a> order for 25 in April 1966.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_51-73">[72]</a> On January 15, 1970 <a href="/wiki/First_Lady_of_the_United_States" title="First Lady of the United States">First Lady</a> <a href="/wiki/Pat_Nixon" title="Pat Nixon">Pat Nixon</a> christened Pan Am Boeing 747 Clipper Young America at <a href="/wiki/Washington_Dulles_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Washington Dulles International Airport">Washington Dulles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Pan Am's inaugural 747 service on the evening of January 21, 1970, was delayed for several hours by engine failure affecting the scheduled Clipper Young America. Clipper Victor was substituted for the flight from <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">New York John F. Kennedy</a> to <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow</a> (Clipper Victor was destroyed seven years later in the <a href="/wiki/Tenerife_airport_disaster" title="Tenerife airport disaster">Tenerife air disaster</a>, in a collision with a KLM 747-200). While on the tarmac at Heathrow, two students from <a href="/wiki/Aston_University" title="Aston University">Aston University</a> boarded the aircraft undetected and distributed <a href="/wiki/Rag_(student_society)#Rag_mag" title="Rag (student society)">rag mags</a> in the passenger accommodation as a publicity stunt.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Pan Am carried 11 million passengers over 20 billion miles (3.2×1010 km; 1.7×1010 nmi) in 1970, the year it introduced <a href="/wiki/Airliner#Wide-body_airliners" title="Airliner">widebodied airline</a> travel.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Supersonic_plans">Supersonic plans</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Supersonic plans">edit</a>]</div> Pan Am was one of the first three airlines to sign options for the <a href="/wiki/Concorde" title="Concorde">Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde</a>, but like other airlines that took out options – with the exception of BOAC and <a href="/wiki/Air_France" title="Air France">Air France</a> – it did not purchase the <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_aircraft" title="Supersonic aircraft">supersonic jet</a>. Pan Am was the first US airline to sign for the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_2707" title="Boeing 2707">Boeing 2707</a>, the American <a href="/wiki/Supersonic_transport" title="Supersonic transport">supersonic transport</a> (SST) project, with 15 delivery positions reserved;<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> these aircraft never saw service after <a href="/wiki/United_States_Congress" title="United States Congress">Congress</a> voted against additional funding in 1971.<a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computerized_reservations,_Pan_Am_Building_and_Worldport">Computerized reservations, Pan Am Building and Worldport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Computerized reservations, Pan Am Building and Worldport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Building,_NYC,_1980s.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pan_Am_Building%2C_NYC%2C_1980s.jpg/170px-Pan_Am_Building%2C_NYC%2C_1980s.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pan_Am_Building%2C_NYC%2C_1980s.jpg/255px-Pan_Am_Building%2C_NYC%2C_1980s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pan_Am_Building%2C_NYC%2C_1980s.jpg/340px-Pan_Am_Building%2C_NYC%2C_1980s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="835" /></a><figcaption>The Pan Am Building in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>, now the <a href="/wiki/MetLife_Building" title="MetLife Building">MetLife Building</a>, was Pan Am headquarters</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Boeing_707-100_at_JFK_1961_Proctor.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pan_Am_Boeing_707-100_at_JFK_1961_Proctor.jpg/220px-Pan_Am_Boeing_707-100_at_JFK_1961_Proctor.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pan_Am_Boeing_707-100_at_JFK_1961_Proctor.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_Boeing_707-100_at_JFK_1961_Proctor.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Pan_Am_Boeing_707-100_at_JFK_1961_Proctor.jpg/440px-Pan_Am_Boeing_707-100_at_JFK_1961_Proctor.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="677" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707#707-120" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-120</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Worldport_(Pan_Am)" title="Worldport (Pan Am)">Pan Am Worldport</a> in 1961. The terminal was once the center of the airline's New York operations.</figcaption></figure> Pan Am commissioned <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> to build PANAMAC, a large computer that booked airline and hotel reservations, which was installed in 1964. It also held large amounts of information about cities, countries, airports, aircraft, hotels, and restaurants.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> The computer occupied the fourth floor of the <a href="/wiki/MetLife_Building" title="MetLife Building">Pan Am Building</a>, which was the largest commercial office building in the world for some time.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The airline also built <a href="/wiki/Worldport_(Pan_Am)" title="Worldport (Pan Am)">Worldport</a>, a terminal building at John F. Kennedy Airport in New York. It was distinguished by its elliptical, four-acre (16,000 m2) roof, suspended far from the outside columns of the terminal below by 32 sets of steel posts and cables. The terminal was designed to allow passengers to board and disembark via stairs without getting wet by parking the nose of the aircraft under the overhang. The introduction of the <a href="/wiki/Jetway" class="mw-redirect" title="Jetway">jetbridge</a> made this feature obsolete. The Worldport building was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> in 1991, and demolished by Delta and the <a href="/wiki/Port_Authority_of_New_York_and_New_Jersey" title="Port Authority of New York and New Jersey">Port Authority</a> in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> Pan Am built a gilded training building in the style of <a href="/wiki/Edward_Durell_Stone" title="Edward Durell Stone">Edward Durell Stone</a> designed by Steward-Skinner Architects in Miami.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Holiday_phamplet_(11090320936).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pan_Am_Holiday_phamplet_%2811090320936%29.jpg/250px-Pan_Am_Holiday_phamplet_%2811090320936%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pan_Am_Holiday_phamplet_%2811090320936%29.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_Holiday_phamplet_%2811090320936%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Pan_Am_Holiday_phamplet_%2811090320936%29.jpg/500px-Pan_Am_Holiday_phamplet_%2811090320936%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2888" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>Pan Am Holiday pamphlet for destination New Zealand (1966)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peak">Peak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Peak">edit</a>]</div> At its peak in the late 1960s and early 1970s, Pan Am advertised under the slogan, the "World's Most Experienced Airline".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConrad1999164-83">[82]</a> It carried 6.7 million passengers in 1966, and by 1968, its 150 jets flew to 86 countries on every continent except for <a href="/wiki/Antarctica" title="Antarctica">Antarctica</a> over a scheduled route network of 81,410 unduplicated miles (131,000 km). During that period, the airline was profitable, and its cash reserves totaled $1 billion (equivalent to $6.69 billion in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_50-68">[67]</a> Most routes were between New York, Europe, and South America, and between Miami and the Caribbean. In 1964, Pan Am began a <a href="/wiki/Helicopter" title="Helicopter">helicopter</a> shuttle between New York's <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy</a>, LaGuardia, and <a href="/wiki/Newark_Liberty_International_Airport" title="Newark Liberty International Airport">Newark</a> airports and <a href="/wiki/Lower_Manhattan" title="Lower Manhattan">Lower Manhattan</a>, operated by <a href="/wiki/New_York_Airways" title="New York Airways">New York Airways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2000-67">[66]</a> Aside from the DC-8, the Boeing 707 and 747, the Pan Am jet fleet included <a href="/wiki/Boeing_720#Further_developments" title="Boeing 720">Boeing 720Bs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">727s</a> (the first aircraft to sport Pan Am rather than Pan American – titles<a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_50-68">[67]</a>). The airline later had <a href="/wiki/Boeing_737" title="Boeing 737">Boeing 737s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747SP" title="Boeing 747SP">747SPs</a> (which could fly nonstop from New York to Tokyo), <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_Tristar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed L-1011 Tristar">Lockheed L-1011 Tristars</a>, <a href="/wiki/McDonnell-Douglas_DC-10" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell-Douglas DC-10">McDonnell-Douglas DC-10s</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300" title="Airbus A300">Airbus A300s</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310" title="Airbus A310">A310s</a>. Pan Am owned the <a href="/wiki/InterContinental" title="InterContinental">InterContinental Hotel</a> chain and had a financial interest in the Falcon Jet Corporation, which held marketing rights to the <a href="/wiki/Dassault_Falcon_20" title="Dassault Falcon 20">Dassault Falcon 20</a> <a href="/wiki/Business_jet" title="Business jet">business jet</a> in North America. The airline was involved in creating a missile-tracking range in the South Atlantic and operating a nuclear-engine testing laboratory in <a href="/wiki/Nevada" title="Nevada">Nevada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1999184-84">[83]</a> In addition, Pan Am participated in several notable humanitarian flights.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBurns2000-67">[66]</a> At its height Pan Am was well regarded for its modern fleet,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConrad199928,_177-85">[84]</a> innovative cabin design<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> and experienced crews: cabin staff were multilingual and usually college graduates, hired from around the world, frequently with nursing training.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConrad1999180-88">[87]</a> Pan Am's onboard service and cuisine, inspired by <a href="/wiki/Maxim%27s_Paris" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxim's Paris">Maxim's de Paris</a>, were delivered "with a personal flair that has rarely been equaled."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConrad1999179-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internal_German_Services_(IGS)_and_other_operations">Internal German Services (IGS) and other operations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Internal German Services (IGS) and other operations">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglas_DC-6B_N5024K_Pan_Am_OO-SDG_at_HAJ_02.05.64.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Douglas_DC-6B_N5024K_Pan_Am_OO-SDG_at_HAJ_02.05.64.jpg/250px-Douglas_DC-6B_N5024K_Pan_Am_OO-SDG_at_HAJ_02.05.64.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Douglas_DC-6B_N5024K_Pan_Am_OO-SDG_at_HAJ_02.05.64.jpg/330px-Douglas_DC-6B_N5024K_Pan_Am_OO-SDG_at_HAJ_02.05.64.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Douglas_DC-6B_N5024K_Pan_Am_OO-SDG_at_HAJ_02.05.64.jpg/500px-Douglas_DC-6B_N5024K_Pan_Am_OO-SDG_at_HAJ_02.05.64.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="727" /></a><figcaption>Pan American <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">Douglas DC-6B</a> operating an Internal German Service at <a href="/wiki/Hannover-Langenhagen_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Hannover-Langenhagen Airport">Hanover Airport</a> in May 1964.</figcaption></figure> From 1950 until 1990 Pan Am operated a comprehensive network of high-frequency, short-haul scheduled services between <a href="/wiki/West_Germany" title="West Germany">West Germany</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin" title="West Berlin">West Berlin</a>, first with <a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">Douglas DC-4s</a>, then with DC-6Bs (from 1954) and <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727s</a> (from 1966).<a href="#cite_note-Berlin1-63">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-DC6B_THF-64">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-Berlin2-65">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> This had come about as a result of an agreement among the United States, the United Kingdom, France, and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> at the end of World War II which prohibited Germany from having its own airlines and restricted the provision of commercial air services from and to <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a> to air transport providers headquartered in these four countries. Rising <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> tensions between the Soviet Union and the three Western powers resulted in <a href="/wiki/Allied_Control_Council#Incapacitation_of_the_council" title="Allied Control Council">unilateral Soviet withdrawal</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Four_Power_Agreement_on_Berlin" title="Four Power Agreement on Berlin">quadripartite</a> <a href="/wiki/British_Control_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="British Control Commission">Allied Control Commission</a> in 1948, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_Germany_(1945%E2%80%931990)" title="History of Germany (1945–1990)">division of Germany</a> the following year. These events, together with <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet</a> insistence on a very narrow interpretation of the post-war agreement on the Western powers' access rights to Berlin, meant that until the end of the Cold War air transport in West Berlin continued to be confined to the carriers of the remaining Allied Control Commission powers, with aircraft required to fly across hostile <a href="/wiki/East_Germany" title="East Germany">East German</a> territory through three 20 mi (32 km) wide <a href="/wiki/West_Berlin_Air_Corridor" title="West Berlin Air Corridor">air corridors</a> at a maximum altitude of 10,000 ft (3,000 m).<a href="#cite_note-97">[nb 2]</a><a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_50-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[96]</a> The airline's West Berlin operation consistently accounted for more than half of the city's entire commercial air traffic during that period.<a href="#cite_note-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-100">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> For years, more passengers boarded Pan Am flights at Berlin Tempelhof than at any other airport.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a> Pan Am operated a Berlin crew base of mainly German flight attendants and American pilots to staff its IGS flights. The German National flight attendants were later taken over by <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> when it acquired Pan Am's Berlin route authorities. Over the years other local flight attendant bases outside the US included London for intra-Europe and transatlantic flying, Warsaw, Istanbul and Belgrade for intra-Europe flights, a Tel Aviv base solely staffing the daily Tel Aviv-Paris-Tel Aviv service, a Nairobi base solely staffing the Nairobi-Frankfurt-Nairobi service as well as Delhi and Bombay bases for India-Frankfurt flights. Pan Am also operated <a href="/wiki/R%26R_(Military)" class="mw-redirect" title="R&R (Military)">Rest and Recreation</a> (R&R) flights during the <a href="/wiki/Vietnam_War" title="Vietnam War">Vietnam War</a>. These flights carried American service personnel for R&R leaves in Hong Kong, Tokyo, and other Asian cities.<a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Passenger_traffic_(1951–1989)">Passenger traffic (1951–1989)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Passenger traffic (1951–1989)">edit</a>]</div> <table class="toccolours" border="1" cellpadding="3" style="border-collapse:collapse"> <caption>Revenue passenger-miles (millions) (scheduled flights only)<a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr style="background:lightblue;"> <th>Year </th> <th>Pan American </th> <th><a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(NA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Airlines (NA)">National Airlines (NA)</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>1,551 </td> <td>432 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1955 </td> <td>2,676 </td> <td>905 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1960 </td> <td>4,833 </td> <td>1,041 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1965 </td> <td>8,869 </td> <td>2,663 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1970 </td> <td>16,389 </td> <td>2,643 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1975 </td> <td>14,863 </td> <td>3,865 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1979 </td> <td>22,872 </td> <td>8,294 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td>28,924 </td> <td rowspan="3">(merged 1980) </td></tr> <tr> <td>1985 </td> <td>27,144 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1989 </td> <td>29,359 </td></tr></tbody></table> In August 1953 PAA scheduled passenger flights to 106 airports; in May 1968 to 122 airports; in November 1978 to 65 airports (plus a few freight-only airports); in November 1985 to 98 airports; in November 1991 to 46 airports (plus 14 more with only "Pan Am Express" prop flights). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Downturn">Downturn</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Downturn">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AT_THE_JOHN_F._KENNEDY_AIRPORT_-_NARA_-_547951_-_color_adjusted.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AT_THE_JOHN_F._KENNEDY_AIRPORT_-_NARA_-_547951_-_color_adjusted.jpg/220px-AT_THE_JOHN_F._KENNEDY_AIRPORT_-_NARA_-_547951_-_color_adjusted.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AT_THE_JOHN_F._KENNEDY_AIRPORT_-_NARA_-_547951_-_color_adjusted.jpg/330px-AT_THE_JOHN_F._KENNEDY_AIRPORT_-_NARA_-_547951_-_color_adjusted.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/AT_THE_JOHN_F._KENNEDY_AIRPORT_-_NARA_-_547951_-_color_adjusted.jpg/440px-AT_THE_JOHN_F._KENNEDY_AIRPORT_-_NARA_-_547951_-_color_adjusted.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="1885" /></a><figcaption>Pan Am <a href="/wiki/747-100" class="mw-redirect" title="747-100">Boeing 747-100</a> ("Clipper Star of the Union") at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">John F. Kennedy Airport</a> in May 1973</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fallout_from_1973_oil_crisis">Fallout from 1973 oil crisis</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Fallout from 1973 oil crisis">edit</a>]</div> Pan Am had invested in a large fleet of Boeing 747s, expecting that air travel would continue to increase. It did not, as the introduction of many wide-bodies by Pan Am and its competitors coincided with an economic slowdown. Reduced air travel after the <a href="/wiki/1973_oil_crisis" title="1973 oil crisis">1973 oil crisis</a> made the overcapacity problem worse. Pan Am was vulnerable, with its high <a href="/wiki/Overhead_(business)" title="Overhead (business)">overheads</a> as a result of a large decentralized infrastructure. High fuel prices and its many older, less fuel-efficient <a href="/wiki/Narrow-body_aircraft" title="Narrow-body aircraft">narrow-bodied</a> airplanes increased the airline's operating costs. Federal route awards to other airlines, such as the <a href="/wiki/Transpacific_Route_Case" title="Transpacific Route Case">Transpacific Route Case</a>, further reduced the number of passengers Pan Am carried and its profit margins.<a href="#cite_note-chasing-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_51-73">[72]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_1970s_flight_attendant.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pan_Am_1970s_flight_attendant.jpg/250px-Pan_Am_1970s_flight_attendant.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pan_Am_1970s_flight_attendant.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_1970s_flight_attendant.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Pan_Am_1970s_flight_attendant.jpg/500px-Pan_Am_1970s_flight_attendant.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4085" data-file-height="2613" /></a><figcaption>A Pan Am flight attendant in 1970s uniform</figcaption></figure> On September 23, 1974, a group of Pan Am employees published an advertisement in <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> to register their disagreement over federal policies that they felt were harming the financial viability of their employer.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConrad19991846-105">[103]</a> The ad cited discrepancies in airport landing fees, such as Pan Am paying $4,200 (equivalent to $20,194 in 2023) to land a plane in <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Airport" title="Sydney Airport">Sydney</a>, while the Australian carrier, <a href="/wiki/Qantas" title="Qantas">Qantas</a>, paid only $178 to land a jet in Los Angeles. The ad also contended that the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Postal_Service" title="United States Postal Service">United States Postal Service</a> was paying foreign airlines five times as much to carry US mail in comparison to Pan Am. Finally, the ad questioned why the <a href="/wiki/Export-Import_Bank_of_the_United_States" class="mw-redirect" title="Export-Import Bank of the United States">Export-Import Bank of the United States</a> loaned money to Japan, France, and Saudi Arabia at 6% interest while Pan Am paid 12%.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> By 1976, Pan Am had racked up $364 million (equivalent to $1.52 billion in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a> of accumulated losses over a 10-year period, and its debts approached $1 billion (equivalent to $4.17 billion in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a>. This threatened the airline with bankruptcy. Former <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> vice president of operations, William T. Seawell, who had replaced Najeeb Halaby as Pan Am president in 1972, began implementing a <a href="/wiki/Turnaround_management" title="Turnaround management">turnaround strategy</a>: trimming the network by 25%, slashing the 40,000-strong workforce by 30%, cutting wages, introducing stringent economies and rescheduling debt, and reducing the size of the fleet. These measures, aided by the use of <a href="/wiki/Deferred_tax" title="Deferred tax">tax-loss credits</a>, enabled Pan Am to avert financial collapse and return to profitability in 1977.<a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_51-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Attempts_to_build_a_US_domestic_network">Attempts to build a US domestic network</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Attempts to build a US domestic network">edit</a>]</div> Since the 1930s, Juan Trippe had coveted domestic routes for Pan Am. Through the late 1950s and early 1960s, and in the mid-1970s, there were talks of merging the airline with a domestic operator such as <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines" title="Eastern Air Lines">Eastern Air Lines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a> or <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_48-54">[54]</a> As rival airlines convinced Congress that Pan Am would use its political clout to monopolize US air routes, the CAB repeatedly denied the airline permission to operate in the US, by growth or by a merger with another airline. Pan Am remained an American carrier operating international routes only (aside from <a href="/wiki/Hawaii" title="Hawaii">Hawaii</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alaska" title="Alaska">Alaska</a>). The last time Pan Am was permitted to merge with another airline prior to the <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">deregulation</a> of the US airline industry was in 1950, when it took over American Overseas Airlines from American Airlines.<a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_48-54">[54]</a> After deregulation in 1978, more US domestic airlines began competing with Pan Am internationally.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1994154–180-107">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1999185-108">[106]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="National_Airlines_takeover">National Airlines takeover</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: National Airlines takeover">edit</a>]</div> To acquire domestic routes, Pan Am, under president Seawell, set its eyes on <a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(1934%E2%80%931980)" title="National Airlines (1934–1980)">National Airlines</a>. Pan Am wound up in a bidding war with <a href="/wiki/Frank_Lorenzo" title="Frank Lorenzo">Frank Lorenzo</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Texas_International_Airlines" title="Texas International Airlines">Texas International Airlines</a> which boosted National's stock price, but Pan Am was granted permission to buy National in 1979 in what was described as the "Coup of the Decade". The acquisition of National Airlines for $437 million (equivalent to $1.48 billion in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a>, completed on January 7, 1980, further burdened Pan Am's balance sheet, already under strain after financing the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747s</a> ordered in the mid-1960s. This acquisition did little to improve Pan Am's competitive position in relation to nimbler, lower-cost competitors in a deregulated industry, as National's north–south route structure provided insufficient feed at Pan Am's transatlantic and transpacific gateways in New York and Los Angeles. Apart from the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_727" title="Boeing 727">Boeing 727</a>, the airlines had incompatible fleets and <a href="/wiki/Organizational_culture" title="Organizational culture">corporate cultures</a>. Pan Am management handled the integration poorly and presided over an increase in labor costs as a result of harmonizing National's pay scales with Pan Am's.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Although revenues increased by 62% from 1979 to 1980, fuel costs from the merger increased by 157% during a weak economic climate. Further "miscellaneous expenses" increased by 74%.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1994172–190-110">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Boeing_737-200_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pan_Am_Boeing_737-200_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg/220px-Pan_Am_Boeing_737-200_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pan_Am_Boeing_737-200_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_Boeing_737-200_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Pan_Am_Boeing_737-200_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg/440px-Pan_Am_Boeing_737-200_at_Zurich_Airport_in_May_1985.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1023" data-file-height="673" /></a><figcaption>Clipper <a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Spreeathen</a> at <a href="/wiki/Zurich_Airport" title="Zurich Airport">Zurich</a> in 1985</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Disposal_of_non-core_assets_and_operational_cutbacks">Disposal of non-core assets and operational cutbacks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Disposal of non-core assets and operational cutbacks">edit</a>]</div> As 1980 progressed and the airline's financial situation worsened, Seawell began selling Pan Am's non-core assets. The first asset to be sold off was the airline's 50% interest in Falcon Jet Corporation in August. Later in November, Pan Am sold the Pan Am Building to the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Life_Insurance_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan Life Insurance Company">Metropolitan Life Insurance Company</a> for $400 million (equivalent to $1.24 billion in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a>. In September 1981, Pan Am sold off its <a href="/wiki/InterContinental" title="InterContinental">InterContinental</a> hotel chain. Before this transaction closed, Seawell was replaced by <a href="/wiki/C._Edward_Acker" class="mw-redirect" title="C. Edward Acker">C. Edward Acker</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Florida" title="Air Florida">Air Florida</a>'s founder and ex-president, as well as a former <a href="/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways" title="Braniff International Airways">Braniff International</a> <a href="/wiki/Senior_management" title="Senior management">executive</a>. The combined sale value of the InterContinental chain and the Falcon Jet Corp. stake was $500 million (equivalent to $1.42 billion in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-National_disaster-113">[111]</a> Acker followed up the asset disposal program he had inherited from his predecessor with operational cutbacks. Most prominent among these was the discontinuation of the round-the world service from October 31, 1982, when Pan Am ceased flying between <a href="/wiki/Delhi" title="Delhi">Delhi</a>, Bangkok and Hong Kong due to the sector's unprofitability.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> To provide additional seating capacity for its 1983 spring/summer season, the airline also acquired three passenger <a href="/wiki/747-200" class="mw-redirect" title="747-200">Boeing 747-200Bs</a> from <a href="/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line" title="Flying Tiger Line">Flying Tigers</a>, who took four of Pan Am's <a href="/wiki/747-100" class="mw-redirect" title="747-100">747-100</a> freighters in return.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fleet_restructuring">Fleet restructuring</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Fleet restructuring">edit</a>]</div> Despite Pan Am's precarious financial situation, in the summer of 1984, Acker went ahead with an order for new Airbus models in wide-body and narrow-bodied aircraft, becoming the second American company to order Airbus aircraft, after Eastern Air Lines.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> These advanced aircraft, economically and operationally superior to the 747s and 727s Pan Am operated at the time, were intended to make the airline more competitive. In 1985, new A310-221s began replacing 727s on the Internal German Services (IGS) and A300s flew in the Caribbean networks later that year. From early 1986, additional new longer range A310-222s replaced some of the 747s on the slimmed-down transatlantic network following <a href="/wiki/ETOPS" title="ETOPS">ETOPS</a> certification (approval by the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Aviation_Administration" title="Federal Aviation Administration">Federal Aviation Administration</a> (FAA) of transoceanic flying with twin-engined aircraft). The first A310 ETOPS transatlantic route was <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">New York-JFK</a> to <a href="/wiki/Hamburg_Airport" title="Hamburg Airport">Hamburg</a>, <a href="/wiki/Detroit_Metropolitan_Airport" title="Detroit Metropolitan Airport">Detroit</a> to <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London</a> followed shortly after that. Pan Am's decision not to take delivery of the A320s and to sell its delivery positions to Braniff meant that the majority of its short-haul US domestic and European feeder routes, and most of its IGS services, continued to be flown with obsolete 727s until the airline's demise. This put Pan Am at a disadvantage against rivals operating state-of-the-art aircraft with greater passenger appeal.<a href="#cite_note-National_disaster-113">[111]</a> In September 1984, Pan American World Airways created a holding company called Pan Am Corporation to assume ownership and control of the airline and the services division. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Boeing_747SP-21,_Pan_Am_JP5893131.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_Am_JP5893131.jpg/250px-Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_Am_JP5893131.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_Am_JP5893131.jpg/375px-Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_Am_JP5893131.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_Am_JP5893131.jpg/500px-Boeing_747SP-21%2C_Pan_Am_JP5893131.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="697" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747SP-21" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 747SP-21">Boeing 747SP-21</a> "Clipper Constitution" on July 1, 1976 at Los Angeles International Airport.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Boeing_747SP_Maiwald.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/United_Boeing_747SP_Maiwald.jpg/250px-United_Boeing_747SP_Maiwald.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/United_Boeing_747SP_Maiwald.jpg/500px-United_Boeing_747SP_Maiwald.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="637" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Boeing 747SP-21 Landing at Los Angeles International Airport in 1990.</div></div></div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Lockheed_L-1011-385-3_TriStar_500,_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1139713.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lockheed_L-1011-385-3_TriStar_500%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1139713.jpg/250px-Lockheed_L-1011-385-3_TriStar_500%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1139713.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lockheed_L-1011-385-3_TriStar_500%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1139713.jpg/375px-Lockheed_L-1011-385-3_TriStar_500%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1139713.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Lockheed_L-1011-385-3_TriStar_500%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1139713.jpg/500px-Lockheed_L-1011-385-3_TriStar_500%2C_Pan_American_World_Airways_-_Pan_Am_AN1139713.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="747" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The <a href="/wiki/L-1011-500" class="mw-redirect" title="L-1011-500">L-1011-500</a> "Clipper <a href="/wiki/Golden_Eagle" class="mw-redirect" title="Golden Eagle">Golden Eagle</a>" in 1984.</div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:United_Airlines_Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar_500_(%3F%3F)_(10265800834).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/United_Airlines_Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar_500_%28%3F%3F%29_%2810265800834%29.jpg/250px-United_Airlines_Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar_500_%28%3F%3F%29_%2810265800834%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/United_Airlines_Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar_500_%28%3F%3F%29_%2810265800834%29.jpg/500px-United_Airlines_Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar_500_%28%3F%3F%29_%2810265800834%29.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4096" data-file-height="2730" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Lockheed L-1011-500 of <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> after the sale of the Pan Am Pacific Division in 1985.</div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sale_of_Pacific_division">Sale of Pacific division</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Sale of Pacific division">edit</a>]</div> Given the airline's dire state, in April 1985, Acker sold Pan Am's entire Pacific Division, which consisted of 25% of its entire route system and their major <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub</a> at <a href="/wiki/Narita_International_Airport" title="Narita International Airport">Tokyo-Narita</a> to <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> for $750 million (equivalent to $1.8 billion in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a>. This sale also enabled Pan Am to address fleet incompatibility issues related to the earlier acquisition of National Airlines as it included Pan Am's <a href="/wiki/Pratt_%26_Whitney_JT9D" title="Pratt & Whitney JT9D">Pratt & Whitney JT9D</a>-powered 747SPs, its <a href="/wiki/Rolls-Royce_RB211" title="Rolls-Royce RB211">Rolls-Royce RB211</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_Tristar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lockheed L-1011 Tristar">L-1011-500s</a> and the <a href="/wiki/General_Electric_CF6" title="General Electric CF6">General Electric CF6</a>-powered <a href="/wiki/McDonnell-Douglas_DC-10" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell-Douglas DC-10">DC-10s</a> inherited from National, which were transferred to United along with the Pacific routes.<a href="#cite_note-PostWar_PanAm_51-73">[72]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewWorld-117">[115]</a> The sale came the same year as <a href="/wiki/1985_Pan_Am_strike" title="1985 Pan Am strike">a month-long strike</a> held by the <a href="/wiki/Transport_Workers_Union_of_America" title="Transport Workers Union of America">Transport Workers Union of America</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Establishment_of_local_feeder_networks">Establishment of local feeder networks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Establishment of local feeder networks">edit</a>]</div> In the early 1980s, Pan Am contracted several regional airlines (<a href="/wiki/Air_Atlanta" title="Air Atlanta">Air Atlanta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Colgan_Air" title="Colgan Air">Colgan Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emerald_Air_(United_States)" title="Emerald Air (United States)">Emerald Air</a>, <a href="/wiki/Empire_Airlines_(1976%E2%80%931985)" class="mw-redirect" title="Empire Airlines (1976–1985)">Empire Airlines</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Airways_(scheduled)" title="Presidential Airways (scheduled)">Presidential Airways</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republic_Airlines_(1979%E2%80%931986)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic Airlines (1979–1986)">Republic Airlines</a>) to operate feeder flights under the <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Express" title="Pan Am Express">Pan Am Express</a> branding.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> The acquisition of <a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a>-based <a href="/wiki/Regional_airline" title="Regional airline">commuter</a> airline <a href="/wiki/Ransome_Airlines" title="Ransome Airlines">Ransome Airlines</a> for $65 million (equivalent to $153.28 million in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a> (which was finalized in 1987) was meant to address the issue of providing additional feed for Pan Am's mainline services at its hubs in New York, Los Angeles and Miami in the United States, and Berlin in Germany.<a href="#cite_note-National_disaster-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-NewWorld-117">[115]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> The renamed Pan Am Express operated routes mostly from New York, as well as Berlin, Germany. Miami services were added in 1990.<a href="#cite_note-122">[120]</a> However, the regional Pan Am Express operation provided only an incremental feed to Pan Am's international route system, which was now focused on the Atlantic Division. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="US_East_coast_shuttle">US East coast shuttle</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: US East coast shuttle">edit</a>]</div> In an attempt to gain a presence on the busy <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>–New York–Boston commuter air corridor, the <a href="/wiki/Ransome_Airlines" title="Ransome Airlines">Ransome</a> acquisition was accompanied by the $100 million purchase of <a href="/wiki/New_York_Air" title="New York Air">New York Air</a>'s shuttle service between Boston, New York, and Washington, D.C. This parallel move was intended to enable Pan Am to provide a high-frequency service for high-<a href="/wiki/Yield_management#Airlines" title="Yield management">yield</a> business travelers in direct competition with the long-established, successful <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Shuttle" title="Eastern Air Lines Shuttle">Eastern Air Lines Shuttle</a> operation. The renamed <a href="/wiki/Delta_Shuttle" title="Delta Shuttle">Pan Am Shuttle</a> began operating out of LaGuardia Airport's refurbished historic <a href="/wiki/Marine_Air_Terminal" title="Marine Air Terminal">Marine Air Terminal</a> in October 1986. However, it did not address the pressing issue of Pan Am's continuing lack of a strong domestic feeder network.<a href="#cite_note-National_disaster-113">[111]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Financial,_operational_and_reputational_setbacks">Financial, operational and reputational setbacks</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Financial, operational and reputational setbacks">edit</a>]</div> In 1987, <a href="/wiki/Towers_Financial_Corporation" title="Towers Financial Corporation">Towers Financial Corporation</a>, led by its CEO <a href="/wiki/Steven_Hoffenberg" title="Steven Hoffenberg">Steven Hoffenberg</a> and his consultant <a href="/wiki/Jeffrey_Epstein" title="Jeffrey Epstein">Jeffrey Epstein</a>, unsuccessfully tried to take over Pan Am in a <a href="/wiki/Corporate_raid" title="Corporate raid">corporate raid</a> with Towers Financial as their raiding vessel. Their bid failed.<a href="#cite_note-vanityfair2003-123">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Thomas_G._Plaskett" title="Thomas G. Plaskett">Thomas G. Plaskett</a>, a former American Airlines and <a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental</a> executive, replaced Acker as president in January 1988 (joining Pan Am from the latter).<a href="#cite_note-National_disaster-113">[111]</a> While a program to refurbish Pan Am aircraft and improve the company's on-time performance began showing positive results (in fact, Pan Am's most profitable quarter ever was the third quarter of 1988), on December 21, 1988, the bombing of <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Pan Am flight 103</a> above <a href="/wiki/Lockerbie" title="Lockerbie">Lockerbie</a>, Scotland, resulted in 270 fatalities.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Faced with a $300 million lawsuit filed by more than 100 families of the victims, the airline <a href="/wiki/Subpoena" title="Subpoena">subpoenaed</a> records of six US government agencies, including the <a href="/wiki/Central_Intelligence_Agency" title="Central Intelligence Agency">CIA</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Drug_Enforcement_Administration" title="Drug Enforcement Administration">Drug Enforcement Administration</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_State" title="United States Department of State">State Department</a>. Though the records suggested that the US government was aware of warnings of a bombing and failed to pass the information to the airline, the families claimed Pan Am was attempting to shift the blame.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> Also, in December 1988 the FAA fined Pan Am for 19 security failures, out of the 236 that were detected amongst 29 airlines.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1999187-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Failed_bid_for_Northwest_Airlines">Failed bid for Northwest Airlines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Failed bid for Northwest Airlines">edit</a>]</div> In June 1989, Plaskett presented <a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a> with a $2.7 billion takeover bid that was backed by <a href="/wiki/Bankers_Trust" title="Bankers Trust">Bankers Trust</a>, <a href="/wiki/JP_Morgan_Chase#J.P._Morgan_&_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="JP Morgan Chase">Morgan Guaranty Trust</a>, <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citicorp</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bache_%26_Co.#Acquisition_by_Prudential" title="Bache & Co.">Prudential-Bache</a>. The proposed merger was Pan Am's final attempt to create a strong domestic network to provide sufficient feed for the two remaining mainline hubs at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_International_Airport" title="John F. Kennedy International Airport">New York JFK</a> and Miami. It was also intended to help the airline regain its status as a global airline by re-establishing a sizable transpacific presence. The merger was expected to result in annual savings of $240 million.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandt1995-127">[125]</a><a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> However, billionaire financier <a href="/wiki/Al_Checchi" title="Al Checchi">Al Checchi</a> outbid Pan Am by presenting Northwest's directors with a superior proposal. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Fallout_from_1990–91_Persian_Gulf_War">Fallout from 1990–91 Persian Gulf War</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Fallout from 1990–91 Persian Gulf War">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Gulf_War" title="Gulf War">first Gulf War</a> triggered by the Iraqi <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Kuwait" class="mw-redirect" title="Invasion of Kuwait">invasion of Kuwait</a> on August 2, 1990, caused fuel prices to rise, which severely depressed global economic activity. This in turn caused a sharp contraction of worldwide air travel demand, plunging once profitable operations, including Pan Am's prime transatlantic routes, into steep losses. These unforeseen events constituted a further major blow to Pan Am, which was still reeling from the 1988 <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Lockerbie disaster</a>. To shore up its finances, Pan Am sold most of its routes serving London Heathrow – arguably Pan Am's most important international destination – to United Airlines with two Boeing 747s.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> This left Pan Am with only two daily London flights, serving Detroit and Miami, which both used <a href="/wiki/Gatwick_Airport" title="Gatwick Airport">Gatwick</a> as their London terminal from the start of the 1990/91 winter timetable. Further asset disposals included Pan Am's sale of its IGS routes to Berlin to <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a> for $150 million (equivalent to $309.23 million in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a>, which became effective at the same time and brought the total value of asset disposals to $1.2 billion (equivalent to $2.47 billion in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-National_disaster-113">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[128]</a> These measures were accompanied by the elimination of 2,500 jobs (8.6% of its workforce). These cutbacks were announced by the airline in September 1990.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bankruptcy">Bankruptcy</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bankruptcy">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:N805PA-A310-PanAm-PIK-July89.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/N805PA-A310-PanAm-PIK-July89.jpg/250px-N805PA-A310-PanAm-PIK-July89.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/N805PA-A310-PanAm-PIK-July89.jpg/330px-N805PA-A310-PanAm-PIK-July89.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/N805PA-A310-PanAm-PIK-July89.jpg/500px-N805PA-A310-PanAm-PIK-July89.jpg 2x" data-file-width="514" data-file-height="350" /></a><figcaption>Clipper Miles Standish (N805PA), an Airbus A310</figcaption></figure> Pan Am was forced to file for <a href="/wiki/Chapter_11,_Title_11,_United_States_Code" title="Chapter 11, Title 11, United States Code">bankruptcy</a> protection on January 8, 1991.<a href="#cite_note-ergelvn-132">[130]</a> <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> purchased the remaining profitable assets of Pan Am, including its remaining European routes (except one from Miami to Paris), and <a href="/wiki/Frankfurt_International_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Frankfurt International Airport">Frankfurt</a> mini hub, the <a href="/wiki/Delta_Shuttle" title="Delta Shuttle">Shuttle</a> operation, 45 jets, and the <a href="/wiki/Worldport_(Pan_Am)" title="Worldport (Pan Am)">Pan Am Worldport</a> at John F. Kennedy Airport, for $416 million. Delta also injected $100 million becoming a 45 percent owner of a reorganized but smaller Pan Am serving the Caribbean, Central and South America from a main <a href="/wiki/Airline_hub" title="Airline hub">hub</a> in Miami. The airline's creditors would hold the other 55 percent.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1994-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collapse-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[133]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-DL_PA-137">[135]</a> The Boston–New York LaGuardia–<a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan_Washington_National_Airport" title="Ronald Reagan Washington National Airport">Washington National</a> Pan Am Shuttle service was taken over by <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta</a> in September 1991.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> Two months later Delta assumed all of Pan Am's remaining transatlantic traffic rights, except Miami to Paris and London.<a href="#cite_note-Collapse-134">[132]</a> In November 1991, all members of Pan Am's frequent flyer program, WorldPass, were transferred, with their accumulated miles, to Delta's frequent flyer program, <a href="/wiki/SkyMiles" title="SkyMiles">SkyMiles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-139">[137]</a> In October 1991, former <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Aircraft_Company" title="Douglas Aircraft Company">Douglas Aircraft</a> executive Russell Ray Jr., was hired as Pan Am's new president and CEO.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> As part of this restructuring, Pan Am relocated its headquarters from the Pan Am Building in New York City to new offices in the Miami area in preparation for the airline's relaunch from both Miami and New York on November 1.<a href="#cite_note-141">[139]</a> The new airline would have operated approximately 60 aircraft and generated about $1.2 billion in annual revenues with 7,500 employees.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1994-133">[131]</a> Following the relaunch, Pan Am continued to sustain heavy losses. Revenue throughout October and November 1991 fell short of what had been anticipated in the reorganization plan, with Delta claiming that Pan Am was losing $3 million a day. This undermined Delta's, <a href="/wiki/Financial_District,_Manhattan" title="Financial District, Manhattan">Wall Street</a>'s and the traveling public's confidence in the viability of the reorganized Pan Am.<a href="#cite_note-Collapse-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-DL_PA-137">[135]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Boeing_747-100_Manteufel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pan_Am_Boeing_747-100_Manteufel.jpg/250px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747-100_Manteufel.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pan_Am_Boeing_747-100_Manteufel.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747-100_Manteufel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c2/Pan_Am_Boeing_747-100_Manteufel.jpg/500px-Pan_Am_Boeing_747-100_Manteufel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="799" /></a><figcaption>Clipper Sparking Wave (N741PA), a <a href="/wiki/747-100" class="mw-redirect" title="747-100">Boeing 747-100</a> on short final into Berlin Tempelhof Airport, wearing Pan Am's final "billboard" style livery</figcaption></figure> Pan Am's senior executives outlined a projected shortfall of between $100 million and possibly $200 million, with the airline requiring a $25 million installment just to fly through the following week. On the evening of December 3, Pan Am's Creditors Committee advised <a href="/wiki/United_States_bankruptcy_court" title="United States bankruptcy court">US Bankruptcy Judge</a> Cornelius Blackshear that it was close to convincing an airline (TWA) to invest $15 million to keep Pan Am operating. A deal with TWA owner <a href="/wiki/Carl_Icahn" title="Carl Icahn">Carl Icahn</a> could not be struck. Pan Am opened for business at 9:00 am and within the hour, Ray was forced to withdraw Pan Am's plan of reorganization and execute an immediate shutdown plan for Pan Am. Pan Am ceased operations on December 4, 1991,<a href="#cite_note-tdapfnfl-142">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-ergwgclp-143">[141]</a> following a decision by Delta CEO Ron Allen and other senior executives not to go ahead with the final $25 million payment Pan Am was scheduled to receive the weekend after <a href="/wiki/Thanksgiving_(United_States)" title="Thanksgiving (United States)">Thanksgiving</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Collapse-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-PanAmdead-144">[142]</a> As a result, some 7,500 Pan Am employees lost their jobs, thousands of whom had worked in the New York City area and were preparing to move to the Miami area to work at Pan Am's new headquarters near <a href="/wiki/Miami_International_Airport" title="Miami International Airport">Miami International Airport</a>. Economists predicted that 9,000 jobs in the Miami area, including jobs at companies not connected to Pan Am that were dependent on the airline's presence, would be lost after it folded.<a href="#cite_note-PanAmdead-144">[142]</a> The carrier's last flown scheduled operation was Pan Am flight 436 which departed that day from <a href="/wiki/Bridgetown,_Barbados" class="mw-redirect" title="Bridgetown, Barbados">Bridgetown, Barbados</a>, at 2 pm (<a href="/wiki/Eastern_Time_Zone" title="Eastern Time Zone">EST</a>) for Miami under the command of Captain Mark Pyle flying Clipper Goodwill, a Boeing 727-200 (N368PA).<a href="#cite_note-Collapse-134">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-DL_PA-137">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-145">[143]</a> Delta was sued for more than $2.5 billion on December 9, 1991, by the Pan Am Creditors Committee.<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> Shortly thereafter, a large group of former Pan Am employees sued Delta.<a href="#cite_note-DL_PA-137">[135]</a> In December 1994, a federal judge ruled in favor of Delta, concluding that it was not liable for Pan Am's demise.<a href="#cite_note-147">[145]</a> Pan Am was the third American major airline to shut down in 1991, after <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines" title="Eastern Air Lines">Eastern Air Lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/Midway_Airlines_(1976%E2%80%931991)" title="Midway Airlines (1976–1991)">Midway Airlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PanAmdead-144">[142]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Express.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pan_Am_Express.jpg/220px-Pan_Am_Express.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pan_Am_Express.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_Express.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Pan_Am_Express.jpg/440px-Pan_Am_Express.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2283" data-file-height="1404" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a> (N4209G) of <a href="/wiki/Ransome_Airlines" title="Ransome Airlines">Pan Am Express</a> at <a href="/wiki/Sylt_Airport" title="Sylt Airport">Sylt Airport</a>, 1991</figcaption></figure> After serving only two months as Pan Am's CEO, Ray was replaced by Peter McHugh to supervise the sale of Pan Am's remaining assets by Pan Am's Creditor's Committee.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Pan Am's last remaining hub (at Miami International Airport) was split during the following years between United Airlines and American Airlines. TWA's Carl Icahn purchased Pan Am Express at a court ordered bankruptcy auction for $13 million, renaming it Trans World Express.<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> The Pan Am brand was sold to Charles Cobb, CEO of Cobb Partners and former <a href="/wiki/Ambassadors_of_the_United_States" title="Ambassadors of the United States">United States Ambassador</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Iceland#Republic_of_Iceland_(1944–present)" title="Iceland">Republic of Iceland</a> under <a href="/wiki/George_H.W._Bush" class="mw-redirect" title="George H.W. Bush">President George H.W. Bush</a> and Under Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Commerce" title="United States Department of Commerce">US Department of Commerce</a> under <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">President Reagan</a>. Cobb, along with Hanna-Frost partners invested in a <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_(1996-1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Am (1996-1998)">new Pan American World Airways</a> headed by veteran airline executive Martin R. Shugrue Jr, a former Pan Am executive with 20 years of experience at the original carrier.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> In his book, Pan Am: An Aviation Legend, <a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Conrad_III" title="Barnaby Conrad III">Barnaby Conrad III</a> contends that the collapse of the original Pan Am was a combination of corporate mismanagement, government indifference to protecting its prime international carrier, and flawed regulatory policy.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConrad199928-151">[149]</a> He cites an observation made by former Pan Am Vice President for External Affairs, Stanley Gewirtz:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConrad1999200-152">[150]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">What could go wrong did. No one who followed Juan Trippe had the foresight to do something strongly positive … it was the most astonishing example of <a href="/wiki/Murphy%27s_law" title="Murphy's law">Murphy's law</a> in extremis. The sale of Pan Am's profitable parts was inevitable to the company's destruction. There were not enough pieces to build on.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Stanley Gewirtz</cite></div></blockquote> Under the terms of bankruptcy, the airline's International Flight Academy in Miami was permitted to remain open. It was established as an independent training organization beginning in 1992 under its current name, <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_International_Flight_Academy" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Am International Flight Academy">Pan Am International Flight Academy</a>. The company began operating by using the <a href="/wiki/Flight_simulation" class="mw-redirect" title="Flight simulation">flight simulation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Type_rating" title="Type rating">type rating</a> training center of the defunct Pan Am. In 2006, American Capital Strategies invested $58 million into the academy.<a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a> Owned by the parent of Japanese airline <a href="/wiki/All_Nippon_Airways" title="All Nippon Airways">All Nippon Airways</a> as of October 2014, Pan Am International Flight Academy is the only surviving division of Pan American World Airways. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reuse_of_name">Reuse of name</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Reuse of name">edit</a>]</div> Aside from the aforementioned flight academy, the Pan Am brand has been resurrected four times since 1991, but the reincarnations were related to the original Pan Am in name only. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Airlines">Airlines</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Airlines">edit</a>]</div> Pan American World Airways trademarks and some assets were purchased by Eclipse Holdings, Inc., at an auction by the US Bankruptcy Court on December 2–3, 1993. The scheduled airline rights were sold to Pan American Airways on December 20–29, 1993, by Eclipse Holdings, which was to retain the Pan Am charter rights and operate through its subsidiary, Pan Am Charters, Inc., now Airways Corporation.<a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-154">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_(1996-1998)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Am (1996-1998)">The first reincarnation of the original Pan Am</a> operated from 1996 to 1998, with a focus on low-cost, long-distance flights between the United States and the <a href="/wiki/Caribbean" title="Caribbean">Caribbean</a> with the <a href="/wiki/IATA_airline_designator" class="mw-redirect" title="IATA airline designator">IATA airline designator</a> PN.<a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-154">[152]</a> Eclipse Holdings (Pan Am II) later rescinded the Asset Purchase Agreement for cause and issued a cease and desist in January 1996, affecting all downstream transactions thereafter (as noted in US DOT proceeding OST-99-5945, and SEC 10-Q dated August 24, 1997, Plan of Reorganization (S.D. FL), and others).<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Boeing_727-222_N342PA_20071227.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pan_Am_Boeing_727-222_N342PA_20071227.jpg/220px-Pan_Am_Boeing_727-222_N342PA_20071227.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pan_Am_Boeing_727-222_N342PA_20071227.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_Boeing_727-222_N342PA_20071227.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Pan_Am_Boeing_727-222_N342PA_20071227.jpg/440px-Pan_Am_Boeing_727-222_N342PA_20071227.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="986" /></a><figcaption>Pan Am Clipper Guilford (N342PA), <a href="/wiki/727-200" class="mw-redirect" title="727-200">Boeing 727-200</a></figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_(1998-2004)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Am (1998-2004)">The second</a> was unrelated to the first and was a small regional carrier based in <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_New_Hampshire" title="Portsmouth, New Hampshire">Portsmouth, New Hampshire</a>, which operated between 1998 and 2004. It found its niche in operating usually at smaller airports near major ones, such as <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_International_Airport_at_Pease" title="Portsmouth International Airport at Pease">Pease International (Portsmouth)</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Gary/Chicago_International_Airport" title="Gary/Chicago International Airport">Gary Municipal Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Indiana" title="Indiana">Indiana</a>. It used the <a href="/wiki/International_Air_Transport_Association" title="International Air Transport Association">IATA</a> code PA, and the <a href="/wiki/International_Civil_Aviation_Organization" title="International Civil Aviation Organization">ICAO</a> code PAA.<a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-154">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Boston-Maine_Airways" title="Boston-Maine Airways">Boston-Maine Airways</a>, a sister company of the second reincarnation, operated the "Pan Am Clipper Connection" brand from 2004 to February 2008. A domestic airline in the Dominican Republic, descended from the company's first reincarnation, traded until March 23, 2012, as <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Dominicana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pan Am Dominicana">Pan Am Dominicana</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-154">[152]</a> In November 2010, Pan American Airways, Incorporated, was resurrected for the fifth time by World-Wide Consolidated Logistics, Inc. The reincarnated operator is based at <a href="/wiki/Brownsville/South_Padre_Island_International_Airport" title="Brownsville/South Padre Island International Airport">Brownsville/South Padre Island International Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brownsville,_Texas" title="Brownsville, Texas">Brownsville, Texas</a>. The airline's inaugural flight was to <a href="/wiki/Monterrey,_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Monterrey, Mexico">Monterrey, Mexico</a>, on November 12, 2010.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a> The airline had said it would carry cargo only at first but intended to announce passenger service by 2011.<a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a> Due to serious legal charges that were laid against the company's CEO Robert L. Hedrick in 2012, including child pornography charges for which he was eventually convicted, the company lost its bid with the FAA to pursue passenger or cargo flights of any kind.<a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> In 2025, Pan Am will return with a short lived <a href="/wiki/Air_charter" title="Air charter">charter</a> service, with the help of the Pan Am museum. These transatlantic routes will start on June 27, and will end on July 8, with a charter <a href="/wiki/Boeing_757" title="Boeing 757">Boeing 757-200</a> with a Business class 50 seat configuration.<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Railways">Railways</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Railways">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Mec_31933_08-04-2005.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mec_31933_08-04-2005.jpg/250px-Mec_31933_08-04-2005.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mec_31933_08-04-2005.jpg/330px-Mec_31933_08-04-2005.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Mec_31933_08-04-2005.jpg/500px-Mec_31933_08-04-2005.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="323" /></a><figcaption>A former <a href="/wiki/Maine_Central" class="mw-redirect" title="Maine Central">Maine Central</a> <a href="/wiki/Boxcar" title="Boxcar">boxcar</a> painted in the new <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Railways" title="Pan Am Railways">Pan Am Railways</a> livery in 2005</figcaption></figure> In 1998, <a href="/wiki/Guilford_Transportation_Industries" class="mw-redirect" title="Guilford Transportation Industries">Guilford Transportation Industries</a> purchased Pan American World Airways and all related naming rights and intellectual properties.<a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-154">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> The railway was later operated as <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Railways" title="Pan Am Railways">Pan Am Railways</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Aftermath-154">[152]</a> In 2022, the company was acquired by <a href="/wiki/CSX_Corporation" title="CSX Corporation">CSX Corporation</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Apparel">Apparel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Apparel">edit</a>]</div> Korean fashion company SJ Group opened a Pan Am flagship store in Seoul in 2022 after acquiring a license to produce Pan Am-branded apparel and accessories.<a href="#cite_note-161">[159]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other">Other</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Other">edit</a>]</div> In 2020, Funko Games released a Pan Am board game, in which players play as airlines in competition with Pan Am.<a href="#cite_note-debbikickham-5">[5]</a> In 2022, <a href="/wiki/Timex_Group_USA" title="Timex Group USA">Timex</a> released an exclusive watch with Pan Am branding.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Due to the popularity, it was re-released in 2023.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Destinations">Destinations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Destinations">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="List_of_destinations_served_by_Pan_Am_at_its_peak">List of destinations served by Pan Am at its peak</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: List of destinations served by Pan Am at its peak">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 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.ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a>. Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Pan_Am" title="Special:EditPage/Pan Am">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>. (March 2024) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <div><ul><li>Abidjan, Ivory Coast</li><li>Accra, Ghana</li><li>Amsterdam, Netherlands</li><li>Ankara, Turkey</li><li>Antigua, Antigua and Barbuda</li><li>Aruba</li><li>Asuncion, Paraguay</li><li>Atlanta, GA, U.S.</li><li>Auckland, New Zealand</li><li>Baltimore, MD, U.S.</li><li>Bangkok Don Muang, Thailand</li><li>Barcelona, Spain</li><li>Barranquilla, Colombia</li><li>Beirut, Lebanon</li><li>Belem, PA, Brazil</li><li>Belgrade, Yugoslavia</li><li>Bergen, Norway</li><li>Berlin Tegel</li><li>Berlin Tempelhof</li><li>Bermuda</li><li><a href="/wiki/Frans_Kaisiepo_International_Airport" title="Frans Kaisiepo International Airport">Biak</a>, <a href="/wiki/Netherlands_New_Guinea" class="mw-redirect" title="Netherlands New Guinea">Netherlands New Guinea</a></li><li>Boston, MA, U.S.</li><li>Brasilia, DF, Brazil</li><li>Bridgetown, Barbados</li><li>Brussels Natl., Belgium</li><li>Bucharest, Romania</li><li>Buenos Aires Ezeiza, Argentina</li><li>Cali, Colombia</li><li>Calcutta, India</li><li>Caracas, Venezuela</li><li>Chicago O'Hare, IL, U.S.</li><li>Cologne/Bonn, West Germany</li><li>Copenhagen, Denmark</li><li>Cotonou, Dahomey</li><li>Curacao, Netherlands Antilles</li><li>Dakar, Senegal</li><li>Dallas Love, TX, U.S.</li><li>Damascus, Syria</li><li>Dar es Salaam, Tanzania</li><li>Delhi, India</li><li>Denpasar, Indonesia</li><li>Detroit, MI, U.S.</li><li>Douala, Cameroon</li><li>Dusseldorf, West Germany</li><li>Entebbe/Kampala, Uganda</li><li>Fairbanks, AK, U.S.</li><li>Fort-de-France, Martinique</li><li>Frankfurt Intl., West Germany</li><li>Gander, NL, Canada</li><li>Georgetown, Guyana</li><li>Glasgow Prestwick, Scotland</li><li>Guam</li><li>Guatemala City, Guatemala</li><li>Guayaquil, Ecuador</li><li>Hamburg, West Germany</li><li>Hanover, West Germany</li><li>Helsinki, Finland</li><li>Hilo, HI, U.S.</li><li>Hong Kong Kai Tak</li><li>Honolulu, HI, U.S.</li><li>Houston Hobby, TX, U.S.</li><li>Istanbul Ataturk, Turkey</li><li>Jakarta Kemayoran, Indonesia</li><li>Johannesburg, South Africa</li><li>Juneau, AK, U.S.</li><li>Karachi, Pakistan</li><li>Keflavik, Iceland</li><li>Kingston, Jamaica</li><li>Kinshasa, Dem. Rep. Congo</li><li>Kuala Lumpur Subang, Malaysia</li><li>La Paz, Bolivia</li><li>Lagos, Nigeria</li><li>Libreville, Gabon</li><li>Lima, Peru</li><li>Lisbon, Portugal</li><li>London Heathrow, England, U.K.</li><li>Los Angeles, CA, U.S.</li><li>Madrid, Spain</li><li>Managua, Nicaragua</li><li>Manila, Philippines</li><li>Maracaibo, Venezuela</li><li>Melbourne, VIC, Australia</li><li>Merida, Mexico</li><li>Mexico City, Mexico</li><li>Miami, FL, U.S.</li><li>Minneapolis/St. Paul, MN, U.S.</li><li>Monrovia, Liberia</li><li>Montego Bay, Jamaica</li><li>Montevideo, Uruguay</li><li>Moscow Sheremetyevo, U.S.S.R.</li><li>Nadi, Fiji</li><li>Nairobi, Kenya</li><li>Nassau, Bahamas</li><li>New Orleans, LA, U.S.</li><li>New York JFK, NY, U.S.</li><li>Nice, France</li><li>Noumea, French Caledonia</li><li>Nuremberg, West Germany</li><li>Osaka Itami, Japan</li><li>Pago Pago, American Samoa</li><li>Panama City, Panama</li><li>Papeete, Tahiti</li><li>Paramaribo, Dutch Guiana</li><li>Paris Le Bourget, France</li><li>Paris Orly, France</li><li>Penang, Malaysia</li><li>Philadelphia, PA, U.S.</li><li>Pointe-a-Pitre, Guadeloupe</li><li>Port of Spain, Trinidad and Tobago</li><li>Port-au-Prince, Haiti</li><li>Portland, OR, U.S.</li><li>Prague, Czechoslovakia</li><li>Quito, Ecuador</li><li>Rangoon, Burma</li><li>Rawalpindi, Pakistan</li><li>Rio de Janeiro Galeao, RJ, Brazil</li><li>Rome, Italy</li><li>Saigon, South Vietnam</li><li>San Francisco, CA, U.S.</li><li>San Jose, Costa Rica</li><li>San Juan, Puerto Rico</li><li>Santa Maria, Azores</li><li>Santiago, Chile</li><li>Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic</li><li>Sao Paulo Viracopos, SP, Brazil</li><li>Seattle/Tacoma, WA, U.S.</li><li>Shannon, Ireland</li><li>Shanghai, China</li><li>Singapore Paya Lebar</li><li>St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands</li><li>St. Maarten, Netherlands Antilles</li><li>St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands</li><li>Stockholm Arlanda, Sweden</li><li>Stuttgart, West Germany</li><li>Sydney, NSW, Australia</li><li>Tampa, FL, U.S.</li><li>Tegucigalpa, Honduras</li><li>Tehran Mehrabad, Iran</li><li>Tel Aviv, Israel</li><li>Tokyo Haneda, Japan</li><li>Vienna, Austria</li><li>Warsaw, Poland</li><li>Washington Dulles, DC, U.S.</li></ul></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Record-setting_flights">Record-setting flights</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Record-setting flights">edit</a>]</div> At the outbreak of the war in the Pacific in December 1941, the <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Clipper" title="Pacific Clipper">Pacific Clipper</a> was en route to New Zealand from San Francisco. Rather than risk flying back to Honolulu and being shot down by Japanese fighters, it was directed to fly west to <a href="/wiki/New_York,_New_York" class="mw-redirect" title="New York, New York">New York</a>. Starting on December 8, 1941, at <a href="/wiki/Auckland" title="Auckland">Auckland</a>, New Zealand, the Pacific Clipper covered over 31,500 miles (50,694 km), with stops including <a href="/wiki/Surabaya" title="Surabaya">Surabaya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karachi" title="Karachi">Karachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bahrain" title="Bahrain">Bahrain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Khartoum" title="Khartoum">Khartoum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kinshasa" title="Kinshasa">Leopoldville</a>. The Pacific Clipper landed at Pan American's <a href="/wiki/LaGuardia_Airport" title="LaGuardia Airport">LaGuardia Field</a> seaplane base at 7:12 on the morning of January 6, 1942, completing the first commercial plane flight to circumnavigate the world.<a href="#cite_note-Bull-164">[162]</a> During the mid-1970s, Pan Am set two round-the-world records. Liberty Bell Express, a <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747SP" title="Boeing 747SP">Boeing 747SP-21</a> named Clipper Liberty Bell, broke the commercial round-the-world record set by a <a href="/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line" title="Flying Tiger Line">Flying Tiger Line</a> Boeing 707 with a new record of 46 hours, 50 seconds. The flight left New York-JFK on May 1, 1976, and returned on May 3. The flight stopped only in New Delhi and Tokyo, where a strike among the airport workers delayed it two hours. The flight beat the Flying Tiger Line's record by 16 hours 24 minutes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum199743-165">[163]</a> In 1977, to commemorate its 50th birthday, Pan Am organized Flight 50, a round-the-world flight from San Francisco to San Francisco, this time over the <a href="/wiki/North_Pole" title="North Pole">North Pole</a> and the <a href="/wiki/South_Pole" title="South Pole">South Pole</a> with stops in <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cape_Town_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="Cape Town Airport">Cape Town</a> and <a href="/wiki/Auckland_Airport" title="Auckland Airport">Auckland</a>. 747SP-21 Clipper New Horizons was the former Liberty Bell, making the plane the only one to go around the globe over the <a href="/wiki/Equator" title="Equator">Equator</a> and the poles. The flight made it in 54 hours, 7 minutes, and 12 seconds, creating seven new world records certified by the <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9d%C3%A9ration_A%C3%A9ronautique_Internationale" title="Fédération Aéronautique Internationale">FAI</a>. Captain Walter H. Mullikin, who commanded this flight, also commanded the Liberty Bell Express flight.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBaum199743–45-166">[164]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Corporate_affairs">Corporate affairs</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Corporate affairs">edit</a>]</div> For much of its history the corporate headquarters were the <a href="/wiki/MetLife_Building" title="MetLife Building">Pan Am Building</a> in <a href="/wiki/Midtown_Manhattan" title="Midtown Manhattan">Midtown Manhattan</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. When <a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a> had the company offices relocated to New York City, he rented space in a building on <a href="/wiki/42nd_Street_(Manhattan)" title="42nd Street (Manhattan)">42nd Street</a>. This facility was across from the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Terminal" title="Grand Central Terminal">Grand Central Terminal</a>. From a period in the 1930s until 1963, the airline headquarters were in the <a href="/wiki/Chrysler_Building" title="Chrysler Building">Chrysler Building</a><a href="#cite_note-Clausenp137-167">[165]</a> on 135 East 42nd Street, also in Midtown Manhattan.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a> In September 1960 Trippe and developer <a href="/w/index.php?title=Erwin_Wolfson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Erwin Wolfson (page does not exist)">Erwin Wolfson</a> signed a $115.5 million (equivalent to $911.7 million in 2023)<a href="#cite_note-inflation-USGDP-15">[15]</a> lease agreement for the airline to occupy 613,000-square-foot (56,900 m2) worth of space for the headquarters, totaling about 15 floors, and a new main ticket office at the intersection of 45th Street and Vanderbilt Avenue. At the time, the 30-year lease in the Chrysler Building was nearing the end of its life. The new lease was scheduled for 25 years.<a href="#cite_note-Clausenp137-167">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: In popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pan_Am_Boeing_707-331_N704PA_-_Jet_Clipper_Defiance,_Stockholm_Arlanda_July_1966.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pan_Am_Boeing_707-331_N704PA_-_Jet_Clipper_Defiance%2C_Stockholm_Arlanda_July_1966.jpg/250px-Pan_Am_Boeing_707-331_N704PA_-_Jet_Clipper_Defiance%2C_Stockholm_Arlanda_July_1966.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pan_Am_Boeing_707-331_N704PA_-_Jet_Clipper_Defiance%2C_Stockholm_Arlanda_July_1966.jpg/330px-Pan_Am_Boeing_707-331_N704PA_-_Jet_Clipper_Defiance%2C_Stockholm_Arlanda_July_1966.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Pan_Am_Boeing_707-331_N704PA_-_Jet_Clipper_Defiance%2C_Stockholm_Arlanda_July_1966.jpg/500px-Pan_Am_Boeing_707-331_N704PA_-_Jet_Clipper_Defiance%2C_Stockholm_Arlanda_July_1966.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="833" /></a><figcaption>Clipper Defiance at <a href="/wiki/Stockholm_Arlanda_Airport" title="Stockholm Arlanda Airport">Stockholm Arlanda Airport</a> in July 1966</figcaption></figure> Pan Am held a lofty position in the popular culture of the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a> era. One of the most famous images in which a Pan Am plane formed a backdrop was <a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">the Beatles</a>' February 7, 1964, arrival at <a href="/wiki/John_F._Kennedy_Airport" class="mw-redirect" title="John F. Kennedy Airport">John F. Kennedy Airport</a> aboard a Pan Am <a href="/wiki/Boeing_707-320" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 707-320">Boeing 707-321</a>, Clipper Defiance.<a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> From 1964 to 1968, <a href="/wiki/Con_artist" class="mw-redirect" title="Con artist">con artist</a> <a href="/wiki/Frank_Abagnale" title="Frank Abagnale">Frank Abagnale Jr.</a>, claims to have masqueraded as a Pan Am pilot while still a minor, <a href="/wiki/Deadheading_(employee)" title="Deadheading (employee)">dead-heading</a> to many destinations in the cockpit <a href="/wiki/Jump_seat" title="Jump seat">jump seat</a>. He also claims to have used Pan Am's preferred hotels, paid the bills with bogus checks, and later cashed fake payroll checks in Pan Am's name. Abagnale and his co-author Stan Redding documented this era in the memoir <a href="/wiki/Catch_Me_If_You_Can_(book)" title="Catch Me If You Can (book)">Catch Me if You Can</a>, which became a <a href="/wiki/Catch_Me_if_You_Can" class="mw-redirect" title="Catch Me if You Can">film in 2002</a>. Abagnale called Pan Am the "<a href="/wiki/The_Ritz-Carlton_Hotel_Company" title="The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company">Ritz-Carlton</a> of airlines", and noted that the days of luxury in airline travel were over.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> However, in 2021, journalist Alan C. Logan asserted that Frank Abagnale's claims were for the most part fabrications. Logan claims that Abagnale spent most of his late teenage years in prison, and had only written a handful of false Pan Am checks that were rapidly detected as false, and landed him back in prison.<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a><a href="#cite_note-172">[170]</a> In August 1964, Pan Am accepted the reservation of Gerhard Pistor, a journalist from Vienna, Austria, as the first passenger for future flights to the Moon. He paid a deposit of 500 Austrian Schillings (roughly US$20 at the time).<a href="#cite_note-173">[171]</a> About 93,000 people followed on the Pan Am waiting list, called "<a href="/wiki/First_Moon_Flights_Club" title="First Moon Flights Club">First Moon Flights Club</a>". Pan Am expected the flight to depart about 2000.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> A fictional Pan Am "Space Clipper",<a href="#cite_note-2001clipper-175">[173]</a> a commercial <a href="/wiki/Spaceplane" title="Spaceplane">spaceplane</a> called the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Orion_III_spaceplane&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orion III spaceplane (page does not exist)">Orion III</a>, had a prominent role in <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Kubrick" title="Stanley Kubrick">Stanley Kubrick</a>'s 1968 film <a href="/wiki/2001:_A_Space_Odyssey_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2001: A Space Odyssey (film)">2001: A Space Odyssey</a> and was featured prominently in one of the movie's posters. Plastic models of the 2001 Pan Am Space Clipper were sold by both the <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Plastics_Corporation" title="Aurora Plastics Corporation">Aurora Company</a> and <a href="/wiki/Airfix" title="Airfix">Airfix</a> at the time of the film's release in 1968. A satire of the movie by <a href="/wiki/Mad_(magazine)" title="Mad (magazine)">Mad</a> magazine in 1968 showed Pan Am female <a href="/wiki/Flight_attendant" title="Flight attendant">flight attendants</a> in "Actionwear by Monsanto" outfits as they joked about the problems their passengers faced while vomiting in zero gravity. The film's sequel, <a href="/wiki/2010_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="2010 (film)">2010</a>, also featured Pan Am in a background television commercial in the home of <a href="/wiki/David_Bowman_(Space_Odyssey)" class="mw-redirect" title="David Bowman (Space Odyssey)">David Bowman</a>'s widow with the slogan, "At Pan Am, the sky is no longer the limit."<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> The airline appeared in other movies, notably in several <a href="/wiki/James_Bond" title="James Bond">James Bond</a> films. The company's Boeing 707s were featured in <a href="/wiki/Dr._No_(film)" title="Dr. No (film)">Dr. No</a> (1962) and <a href="/wiki/From_Russia_with_Love_(film)" title="From Russia with Love (film)">From Russia with Love</a> (1963), while a Pan Am 747 and the Worldport appeared in the 1973 film <a href="/wiki/Live_and_Let_Die_(film)" title="Live and Let Die (film)">Live and Let Die</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> A term used in <a href="/wiki/Popular_psychology" title="Popular psychology">popular psychology</a> is "Pan American (or Pan Am) Smile". Named after the <a href="/wiki/Smile" title="Smile">smile</a> <a href="/wiki/Stewardesses" class="mw-redirect" title="Stewardesses">stewardesses</a> gave to passengers in the airline's television commercials. It consists of a <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/perfunctory" class="extiw" title="wikt:perfunctory">perfunctory</a> mouth movement without the activity of facial muscles around the eyes that characterizes a <a href="/wiki/Duchenne_smile" class="mw-redirect" title="Duchenne smile">genuine smile</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> The 1982 film <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner" title="Blade Runner">Blade Runner</a> contains several prominent shots of advertisements for Pan Am. The 2017 sequel <a href="/wiki/Blade_Runner_2049" title="Blade Runner 2049">Blade Runner 2049</a> also shows a Pan Am sign in an establishing shot.<a href="#cite_note-179">[177]</a> In 2011, <a href="/wiki/American_Broadcasting_Company" title="American Broadcasting Company">ABC</a> announced a new television series based on the lives of a 1960s Pan Am flight crew. The series, titled <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_(TV_series)" title="Pan Am (TV series)">Pan Am</a>, began airing in September 2011.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> It was canceled in May 2012. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Flight_crews">Flight crews</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Flight crews">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sikorsky_S42_(crop).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sikorsky_S42_%28crop%29.jpg/250px-Sikorsky_S42_%28crop%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sikorsky_S42_%28crop%29.jpg/330px-Sikorsky_S42_%28crop%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Sikorsky_S42_%28crop%29.jpg/500px-Sikorsky_S42_%28crop%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="531" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-42" title="Sikorsky S-42">Sikorsky S-42</a> was one of Pan Am's earlier <a href="/wiki/Flying_boat" title="Flying boat">flying boats</a> and was used to <a href="/wiki/Fred_Noonan" title="Fred Noonan">survey the San Francisco – China route</a>.</figcaption></figure> Critical to Pan Am's success as an airline was the proficiency of its flight crews, who were rigorously trained in long-distance flight, seaplane anchorage and berthing operations, over-water navigation, radio procedure, aircraft repair, and marine tides.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> During the day, use of the compass while judging drift from sea currents was normal procedure; at night, all flight crews were trained to use <a href="/wiki/Celestial_navigation" title="Celestial navigation">celestial navigation</a>. In bad weather, pilots used <a href="/wiki/Dead_reckoning" title="Dead reckoning">dead reckoning</a> and timed turns, making successful landings at fogged-in harbors by landing out to sea, then taxiing the plane into port. Many pilots had <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Navy" class="mw-redirect" title="Merchant Navy">merchant marine</a> certifications and radio licenses as well as pilot certificates.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> A Pan Am flight captain would normally begin his career years earlier as a <a href="/wiki/Radio_operator" title="Radio operator">radio operator</a> or even mechanic, steadily gaining his licenses and working his way up the flight crew roster to navigator, <a href="/wiki/Second_Officer_(civil_aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Officer (civil aviation)">second officer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/First_Officer_(civil_aviation)" class="mw-redirect" title="First Officer (civil aviation)">first officer</a>. Before <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, it was not unusual for a captain to make engine repairs at remote locations.<a href="#cite_note-Masland,_William,_1984-184">[182]</a> Pan Am's mechanics and support staff were similarly trained. Newly hired applicants were frequently paired with experienced flight mechanics in several areas of the company until they had achieved proficiency in all aircraft types.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> Emphasis was placed on learning to maintain and overhaul aircraft in harsh seaborne environments when faced with logistical difficulties, as might be expected in a small foreign port without an aviation infrastructure or even an adequate road network. Many crews supported repair operations by flying in spare parts to planes stranded overseas, in some cases performing repairs themselves.<a href="#cite_note-Masland,_William,_1984-184">[182]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Acquisitions_and_divestments">Acquisitions and divestments</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Acquisitions and divestments">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a>. You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit">converting this article</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available. (December 2017)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>1927: Pan American Airways, Atlantic, Gulf, and Caribbean Airways, and Aviation Corporation of the Americas founded.</li> <li>1928: All three precursor firms merge into Aviation Corporation of the Americas, with Pan American Airways as its brand.</li> <li>1928: 50% interest of Peruvian Airways acquired by Pan American.</li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Mexicana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n_(1921%E2%80%932010)" title="Mexicana de Aviación (1921–2010)">Mexicana</a> of Mexico acquired by Pan Am.</li> <li>1929: <a href="/wiki/Pan_American-Grace_Airways" title="Pan American-Grace Airways">Pan American-Grace Airways</a> (PANAGRA), operating on the west coast of South America, formed as a 50–50 joint venture with <a href="/wiki/W._R._Grace_and_Company" title="W. R. Grace and Company">W. R. Grace and Company</a>.</li> <li>1930: <a href="/wiki/New_York,_Rio,_and_Buenos_Aires_Line" title="New York, Rio, and Buenos Aires Line">New York, Rio, and Buenos Aires Line</a> (NYRBA) acquired, allowing Pan Am to operate along the east coast of South America. NYRBA's Brazilian subsidiary is renamed <a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil" title="Panair do Brasil">Panair do Brasil</a>.</li> <li>1931: Majority control of <a href="/wiki/SCADTA" title="SCADTA">SCADTA</a> of Colombia acquired in secret.</li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Pacific_Alaska_Airways" title="Pacific Alaska Airways">Pacific Alaska Airways</a> formed.</li> <li>1931: <a href="/wiki/Northeast_Airlines" title="Northeast Airlines">Boston-Maine Airways</a> begins contract operations.</li> <li>1932: Aerovias Centrales, S.A. formed.</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Cubana_de_Aviaci%C3%B3n" title="Cubana de Aviación">Cubana</a> of Cuba acquired.</li> <li>1932: <a href="/wiki/Uraba,_Medellin_and_Central_Airways" title="Uraba, Medellin and Central Airways">Uraba, Medellin and Central Airways</a> acquired.</li> <li>1933: <a href="/wiki/China_National_Aviation_Corporation" title="China National Aviation Corporation">China National Aviation Corporation</a> (CNAC) acquired.</li> <li>1933: Servicios Aviacion de Guatemala acquired.</li> <li>1933: Panama Airways acquired.</li> <li>1937: CNAC merged with <a href="/wiki/China_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="China Airways">China Airways</a>.</li> <li>1940: Minority holders of SCADTA bought-out.</li> <li>1940: Aerovías de Guatemala formed.</li> <li>1940: 40% of <a href="/wiki/Aerom%C3%A9xico" title="Aeroméxico">Aeronaves de Mexico</a> acquired.</li> <li>1941: SCADTA merged into <a href="/wiki/SACO_(Colombia)" title="SACO (Colombia)">SACO</a> to form <a href="/wiki/Avianca" title="Avianca">Avianca</a>, owned by the Colombian government.</li> <li>1943: <a href="/wiki/Avensa" title="Avensa">Aerovías Venezolanas, S.A.</a> (AVENSA) of Venezuela founded as a joint venture.</li> <li>1943: 45% interest of Bahamas Airways acquired.</li> <li>1944: Cuban investors acquire 56% of Cubana through a <a href="/wiki/Initial_public_offering" title="Initial public offering">stock float</a>.</li> <li>1945: <a href="/wiki/SAHSA" title="SAHSA">SAHSA</a> was founded, being owned 40% of Pan Am, 40% of the Honduran Government, and 20% from private carriers.</li> <li>1946: <a href="/wiki/InterContinental" title="InterContinental">InterContinental</a>, a chain of hotels, founded.</li> <li>1946: Brazilian investors bought 4% of <a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil" title="Panair do Brasil">Panair do Brasil</a>, with Pan Am's share decreased to 48%.</li> <li>1949: Pan Am acquires a stake in <a href="/wiki/Middle_East_Airlines" title="Middle East Airlines">Middle East Airlines</a> (MEA), as well as a management contract.</li> <li>1949: Pan Am's 20% stake in CNAC acquired by Chinese Nationalists, with assets split variously between the Nationalists and the People's Republic of China.</li> <li>1950: <a href="/wiki/American_Overseas_Airlines" title="American Overseas Airlines">American Overseas Airlines</a> (AOA) acquired from <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>.</li> <li>1954: Pan Am receives a contract to operate <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Air_Force_Base" class="mw-redirect" title="Patrick Air Force Base">Patrick Air Force Base</a>.</li> <li>1954: Cuban government acquires Pan Am's remaining stake in Cubana.</li> <li>1955: Pan Am's 49% stake in MEA is sold to <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Airways_Corporation" title="British Overseas Airways Corporation">British Overseas Airways Corporation</a> (BOAC).</li> <li>1959: Mexican government acquires Pan Am's stake in Mexicana and Aeronaves de México (later renamed Aeroméxico).</li> <li>1961: Brazilian investors acquires all the Pan Am's share in <a href="/wiki/Panair_do_Brasil" title="Panair do Brasil">Panair do Brasil</a>.</li> <li>1967: PANAGRA sold to <a href="/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways" title="Braniff International Airways">Braniff International Airways</a>.</li> <li>1970: Pan Am's 40% stake in SAHSA acquired by <a href="/wiki/Transportes_A%C3%A9reos_Nacionales" title="Transportes Aéreos Nacionales">Transportes Aéreos Nacionales</a> (TAN).</li> <li>1976: AVENSA stake divested to Venezuelan government.</li> <li>1980: <a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(NA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Airlines (NA)">National Airlines</a> acquired.</li> <li>1981: <a href="/wiki/MetLife_Building" title="MetLife Building">Pan Am Building</a> sold to <a href="/wiki/MetLife" title="MetLife">MetLife</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a></li> <li>1981: InterContinental sold to <a href="/wiki/Grand_Metropolitan" title="Grand Metropolitan">Grand Metropolitan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a></li> <li>1986: Pacific Division sold to <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a></li> <li>1988: Pan Am's queue for 50 A320 sold to <a href="/wiki/Braniff_(1983%E2%80%931990)" title="Braniff (1983–1990)">Braniff Inc.</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a></li> <li>1989: Pan Am World Services (PAWS) sold to <a href="/wiki/Johnson_Controls" title="Johnson Controls">Johnson Controls</a>.<a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a></li> <li>1990: <a href="/wiki/Heathrow_Airport" title="Heathrow Airport">London Heathrow</a>-based routes sold to United Airlines.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a></li> <li>1990: Internal German Services Division sold to <a href="/wiki/Lufthansa" title="Lufthansa">Lufthansa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a></li> <li>1991: Atlantic Division, Pan Am Shuttle, and New York City Worldport sold to <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a>.<a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a></li> <li>1991: Caribbean/Latin American routes sold to <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> and <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> at auction.<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accidents_and_incidents">Accidents and incidents</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Accidents and incidents">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Pan_Am_accidents_and_incidents" title="List of Pan Am accidents and incidents">List of Pan Am accidents and incidents</a></div>Pan Am had in total 95 incidents, which the first accident occurred in 1928 when a <a href="/wiki/Fokker_C-2" class="mw-redirect" title="Fokker C-2">Fokker C-2</a> crashed killing 1 person. The two most notable incidents are listed below: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Flight 103</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenerife_airport_disaster" title="Tenerife airport disaster">Flight 1736</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fleet">Fleet</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Fleet">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fleet_in_1990">Fleet in 1990</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Fleet in 1990">edit</a>]</div> The following were aircraft operated Pan Am and Pan Am Express in March 1990, a year and a half before the airline's collapse: <table class="wikitable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <caption>Pan Am Fleet<a href="#cite_note-PA-Fleet-1990-195">[193]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Aircraft </th> <th rowspan="2">Number </th> <th rowspan="2">Orders </th> <th colspan="4">Passengers </th> <th rowspan="2">Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th><abbr title="First Class">F</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Clipper Class">C</abbr> </th> <th><abbr title="Economy Class">Y</abbr> </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A300B4">Airbus A300B4</a> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>24 </td> <td>230 </td> <td>254 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A310-200">Airbus A310-200</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td rowspan="2">— </td> <td rowspan="2">12 </td> <td rowspan="2">30 </td> <td rowspan="2">154 </td> <td rowspan="2">196<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a> </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310-300" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A310-300">Airbus A310-300</a> </td> <td>14 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_727-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 727-200">Boeing 727-200</a> </td> <td>91 </td> <td>9 </td> <td>— </td> <td>14 </td> <td>131 </td> <td>145 </td> <td>Orders for used aircraft </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-200">Boeing 737-200</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>21 </td> <td>95 </td> <td>116<a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-100" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 747-100">Boeing 747-100</a> </td> <td>18 </td> <td>— </td> <td>21 </td> <td>44 </td> <td>347 </td> <td>412<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a> </td> <td>747 Launch Customer 1987 seating configuration </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-200B" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 747-200B">Boeing 747-200B</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>— </td> <td>39 </td> <td>52 </td> <td>286 </td> <td>377<a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> </td> <td>1989 seating configuration (for South American flights) </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>155 </th> <th>9 </th> <th colspan="4"> </th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="8">Pan Am Express Fleet<a href="#cite_note-PA-Fleet-1990-195">[193]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ATR_42-300" class="mw-redirect" title="ATR 42-300">ATR 42-300</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>3 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>46 </td> <td>46 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_Dash_7" title="De Havilland Canada Dash 7">de Havilland Canada Dash 7</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>— </td> <td>50 </td> <td>50 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th>Total </th> <th>18 </th> <th>3 </th> <th colspan="4"> </th> <th> </th></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fleet_history">Fleet history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Fleet history">edit</a>]</div> All the aircraft ever operated by Pan Am: <table class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <caption>Pan Am Fleet<a href="#cite_note-Fleet1-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pan_Am_and_the_Concorde-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-Pan_Am's_Clipper_Fleet-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>Aircraft </th> <th>Total </th> <th>Introduced </th> <th>Retired </th> <th>Notes </th></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Flying Boat </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_314" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 314">Boeing 314</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>1939 </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>Carried first Transatlantic Air Mail </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Consolidated_Commodore" title="Consolidated Commodore">Consolidated Commodore</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>1930 </td> <td>1943 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Dolphin" title="Douglas Dolphin">Douglas Dolphin</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1934 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>Allocated to <a href="/wiki/China_National_Aviation_Corporation" title="China National Aviation Corporation">China National Aviation Corporation</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Martin_M-130" title="Martin M-130">Martin M-130</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>1945 </td> <td>Carried first Transpacific Air Mail </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-36" title="Sikorsky S-36">Sikorsky S-36</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1927 </td> <td>1928 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-38" title="Sikorsky S-38">Sikorsky S-38</a> </td> <td>24 </td> <td>1928 </td> <td>1943 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-40" title="Sikorsky S-40">Sikorsky S-40</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1931 </td> <td>1944 </td> <td>First aircraft to carry the Clipper name </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-42" title="Sikorsky S-42">Sikorsky S-42</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1934 </td> <td>1946 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sikorsky_S-43" title="Sikorsky S-43">Sikorsky S-43 Baby Clipper</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>1945 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Jet Aircraft </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A300B4" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A300B4">Airbus A300B4</a> </td> <td>13 </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>2 more ordered; 4 disposed to <a href="/wiki/Sempati_Air" title="Sempati Air">Sempati Air</a><a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A310-200">Airbus A310-200</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td rowspan="2">Disposed to <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> as part of the sale of the Atlantic Division. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A310-300" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A310-300">Airbus A310-300</a> </td> <td>14 </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>1991 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Airbus_A320-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Airbus A320-200">Airbus A320-200</a> </td> <td>50 </td> <td colspan="2">Cancelled </td> <td>16 ordered, 34 on option. Never delivered to PA. First 16 aircraft on order delivered to <a href="/wiki/Braniff_(1983%E2%80%931990)" title="Braniff (1983–1990)">Braniff (BN)</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707-120" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 707-120">Boeing 707-120</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td>1958 </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>Worldwide launch customer of the 707 series </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707" title="Boeing 707">Boeing 707-320B</a> </td> <td>85 </td> <td>1959 </td> <td>1981 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_707-320C" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 707-320C">Boeing 707-320C</a> </td> <td>34 </td> <td>1963 </td> <td>1979 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_720" title="Boeing 720">Boeing 720B</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>1963 </td> <td>1974 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_727-100" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 727-100">Boeing 727-100</a> </td> <td>27 </td> <td rowspan="2">1965 </td> <td rowspan="2">1991 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>Acquired from merged <a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(1934%E2%80%931980)" title="National Airlines (1934–1980)">National Airlines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_727-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 727-200">Boeing 727-200</a> </td> <td>81 </td> <td rowspan="2">1980 </td> <td rowspan="2">1991 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>Acquired from merged <a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(1934%E2%80%931980)" title="National Airlines (1934–1980)">National Airlines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_737-200" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 737-200">Boeing 737-200</a> </td> <td>16 </td> <td>1982 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-100" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 747-100">Boeing 747-100</a> </td> <td>33 </td> <td>1970 </td> <td rowspan="5">1991 </td> <td>Launch Customer of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747" title="Boeing 747">Boeing 747</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td>1984 </td> <td>Acquired from <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>1978 </td> <td rowspan="2">Previously owned by <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> and <a href="/wiki/China_Airlines" title="China Airlines">China Airlines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>1984 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>Acquired from <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-200B" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 747-200B">Boeing 747-200B</a> </td> <td>7 </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>Previously owned by <a href="/wiki/Singapore_Airlines" title="Singapore Airlines">Singapore Airlines</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-200C" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 747-200C">Boeing 747-200C</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1974 </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>Acquired from <a href="/wiki/World_Airways" title="World Airways">World Airways</a>. Operated by <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Cargo" title="Pan Am Cargo">Pan Am Cargo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747-200F" class="mw-redirect" title="Boeing 747-200F">Boeing 747-200F</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1979 </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>Operated by <a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Cargo" title="Pan Am Cargo">Pan Am Cargo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_747SP" title="Boeing 747SP">Boeing 747SP</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1976 </td> <td rowspan="2">1986 </td> <td>Launch Customer of the <a href="/wiki/Boeing_747SP" title="Boeing 747SP">Boeing 747SP</a> Disposed to <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> as part of the sale of the Pacific Division. </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>1983 </td> <td>Acquired from <a href="/wiki/Braniff_Airways" class="mw-redirect" title="Braniff Airways">Braniff Airways</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8#Series_30" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8-32</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">19 </td> <td rowspan="2">1960 </td> <td rowspan="2">1970 </td> <td rowspan="2"> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8#Series_30" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8-33</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-8#Super_Sixty_Series" title="Douglas DC-8">Douglas DC-8-62</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1970 </td> <td>1971 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="3"><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1011_TriStar" title="Lockheed L-1011 TriStar">Lockheed L-1011-500 TriStar</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td rowspan="3">1980 </td> <td rowspan="2">1985 </td> <td>Disposed to the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Force" title="Royal Air Force">Royal Air Force</a> as <a href="/wiki/Lockheed_TriStar_(RAF)" title="Lockheed TriStar (RAF)">tanker/transports</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Disposed to <a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td>1986 </td> <td>Disposed to <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> as part of the sale of the Pacific Division. </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-10" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10">McDonnell Douglas DC-10-10</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td rowspan="3">1980 </td> <td rowspan="2">1984 </td> <td rowspan="2">Acquired from <a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(NA)" class="mw-redirect" title="National Airlines (NA)">National Airlines</a>. Disposed to <a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a>. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/McDonnell_Douglas_DC-10-30" class="mw-redirect" title="McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30">McDonnell Douglas DC-10-30</a> </td> <td>4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td>1985 </td> <td>Ordered by National Airlines before their merger with Pan Am. Disposed to <a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a> as part of the sale of the Pacific Division. </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Propeller Aircraft </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Boeing_307_Stratoliner" title="Boeing 307 Stratoliner">Boeing 307 Stratoliner</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1940 </td> <td>1948 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Boeing_377_Stratocruiser" title="Boeing 377 Stratocruiser">Boeing 377 Stratocruiser</a> </td> <td>28 </td> <td rowspan="2">1949 </td> <td rowspan="2">1961 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td>Acquired from <a href="/wiki/American_Overseas_Airlines" title="American Overseas Airlines">American Overseas Airlines</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair CV-240</a> </td> <td>20 </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>1957 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Convair_CV-240_family" title="Convair CV-240 family">Convair CV-340</a> </td> <td>6 </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Curtiss-Wright_C-46_Commando" class="mw-redirect" title="Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando">Curtiss-Wright C-46 Commando</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>1948 </td> <td>1956 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-2" title="Douglas DC-2">Douglas DC-2</a> </td> <td>9 </td> <td>1934 </td> <td>1941 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-3" title="Douglas DC-3">Douglas DC-3</a> </td> <td>90 </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>1966 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-4" title="Douglas DC-4">Douglas DC-4</a> </td> <td>22 </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>1961 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-6" title="Douglas DC-6">Douglas DC-6</a> </td> <td>49 </td> <td>1953 </td> <td>1968 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Douglas_DC-7" title="Douglas DC-7">Douglas DC-7</a> </td> <td>37 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td>1966 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_FC-2" title="Fairchild FC-2">Fairchild FC-2</a> </td> <td>5 </td> <td>1928 </td> <td>1933 </td> <td>First aircraft of Pan Am's subsidiary <a href="/wiki/Pan_American-Grace_Airways" title="Pan American-Grace Airways">Panagra</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_71" title="Fairchild 71">Fairchild 71</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1930 </td> <td>1940 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fairchild_91" class="mw-redirect" title="Fairchild 91">Fairchild 91</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1936 </td> <td>1937 </td> <td>4 more were ordered, but all canceled </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.VII" title="Fokker F.VII">Fokker F-10A</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>1929 </td> <td>1935 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Fokker_F.VII#Variants" title="Fokker F.VII">Fokker F.VIIa/3m</a> </td> <td>3 </td> <td>1927 </td> <td>1930 </td> <td>First Pan Am-owned airplane to carry air mail </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ford_Trimotor" title="Ford Trimotor">Ford Trimotor</a> </td> <td>11 </td> <td>1929 </td> <td>1940 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_9_Orion" title="Lockheed Model 9 Orion">Lockheed Model 9 Orion</a> </td> <td>2 </td> <td>1935 </td> <td>1936 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Model_10_Electra" title="Lockheed Model 10 Electra">Lockheed Model 10 Electra</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1934 </td> <td>1938 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed L-049 Constellation</a> </td> <td>29 </td> <td>1946 </td> <td>1957 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_Constellation" title="Lockheed Constellation">Lockheed L-749 Constellation</a> </td> <td>4 </td> <td>1947 </td> <td>1950 </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Lockheed_L-1049_Super_Constellation" title="Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation">Lockheed L-1049 Super Constellation</a> </td> <td>1 </td> <td>1955 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="5">Turboprop Aircraft </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/ATR_42" title="ATR 42">ATR 42</a> </td> <td>12 </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>Operated by <a href="/wiki/Ransome_Airlines" title="Ransome Airlines">Pan Am Express</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/British_Aerospace_Jetstream" title="British Aerospace Jetstream">BAe Jetstream 31</a> </td> <td>10 </td> <td>1987 </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>Operated by <a href="/wiki/Ransome_Airlines" title="Ransome Airlines">Pan Am Express</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/De_Havilland_Canada_Dash_7" title="De Havilland Canada Dash 7">de Havilland Canada Dash 7</a> </td> <td>8 </td> <td style="background: var(--background-color-interactive, #EEE); color: var(--color-base, black); vertical-align: middle; white-space: nowrap; text-align: center;" class="table-Unknown">Unknown </td> <td>1991 </td> <td>Operated by <a href="/wiki/Ransome_Airlines" title="Ransome Airlines">Pan Am Express</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/40px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/60px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_New_York_City.svg/120px-Flag_of_New_York_City.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="300" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:New_York_City" title="Portal:New York City">New York City portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/40px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/60px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Flag_of_Florida.svg/120px-Flag_of_Florida.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="200" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Florida" title="Portal:Florida">Florida portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/28px-Industry5.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/42px-Industry5.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Industry5.svg/56px-Industry5.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Companies" title="Portal:Companies">Companies portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/40px-Aviacionavion.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/Aviacionavion.png/60px-Aviacionavion.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1600" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:Aviation" title="Portal:Aviation">Aviation portal</a></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chalk%27s_International_Airlines" title="Chalk's International Airlines">Pan Am Air Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_American_Airways_Guided_Missile_Range_Division" title="Pan American Airways Guided Missile Range Division">Pan American Airways Guided Missile Range Division</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> The 1/46 Air Traffic Guide shows the B314 to Lisbon, but a B314 book says PA's last transatlantic B314 was in December 1945. </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> the cruising altitude of <a href="/wiki/Propliner" title="Propliner">propliners</a> employed on the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Blockade#Aircraft_used_in_the_Berlin_airlift" title="Berlin Blockade">Berlin Airlift</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citations">Citations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everythingpanam.com/images/1948%20Globe%20ad.jpg">"Only Pan Am Flies to all 6 continents!"</a>. everything Pan Am. 1948. Retrieved March 27, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=everything+Pan+Am&rft.atitle=Only+Pan+Am+Flies+to+all+6+continents%21&rft.date=1948&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.everythingpanam.com%2Fimages%2F1948%2520Globe%2520ad.jpg&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/Pan-American-World-Airways-Inc">"Pan American World Airways, Inc"</a>. Britannica. Retrieved May 20, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Britannica&rft.atitle=Pan+American+World+Airways%2C+Inc&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Ftopic%2FPan-American-World-Airways-Inc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto_3-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAsh" class="citation web cs1">Ash, Andy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.businessinsider.com/how-pan-am-went-from-pioneering-air-travel-to-bankruptcy-2020-2">"The rise and fall of Pan Am"</a>. Business Insider. 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Pan Am Historical Foundation. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panam.org/explorations/539-pan-am-s-base-at-brownsville-2">the original</a> on February 19, 2016. Retrieved February 8, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Pan+Am+Historical+Foundation&rft.atitle=The+Brownsville+Base&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panam.org%2Fexplorations%2F539-pan-am-s-base-at-brownsville-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929%20-%200870.html">"U.S. Aviation Development"</a>. Flight International. April 25, 1929. 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Retrieved May 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Flight+International&rft.atitle=50+years+ago%3A+9+May+1956&rft.date=2006-05-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Farticles%2F2006%2F05%2F09%2F206434%2F50-years-ago-09-may-1956.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090519114745/http://www.zpub.com/sf/history/sfh-cc.html">"China Clipper"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.zpub.com/sf/history/sfh-cc.html">the original</a> on May 19, 2009. Retrieved June 11, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=China+Clipper&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.zpub.com%2Fsf%2Fhistory%2Fsfh-cc.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-manager-30"><a href="#cite_ref-manager_30-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKauffmanHopkins1995" class="citation book cs1">Kauffman, Sanford; Hopkins, George (1995). Pan Am Pioneer: A Manager's Memoir from Seaplane Clippers to Jumbo Jets. Texas Tech University Press. p. 195. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-89672-357-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-89672-357-3"><bdi>978-0-89672-357-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan+Am+Pioneer%3A+A+Manager%27s+Memoir+from+Seaplane+Clippers+to+Jumbo+Jets&rft.pages=195&rft.pub=Texas+Tech+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-89672-357-3&rft.aulast=Kauffman&rft.aufirst=Sanford&rft.au=Hopkins%2C+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKauffmanHopkins199559,_195-31"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKauffmanHopkins199559,_195_31-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKauffmanHopkins1995">Kauffman & Hopkins 1995</a>, pp. 59, 195. </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wt8DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA485">"Trans Pacific Airlines To Touch At Islands"</a>. Popular Mechanics. April 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Trans+Pacific+Airlines+To+Touch+At+Islands&rft.date=1935-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dwt8DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA485&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=uN4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA862">"Wing Over The Pacific"</a>. Popular Mechanics. June 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Wing+Over+The+Pacific&rft.date=1935-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DuN4DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA862&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=td4DAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA4">"Clipper Conquers Pacific on Hawaiian Hops"</a>. Popular Mechanics. July 1935.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Popular+Mechanics&rft.atitle=Clipper+Conquers+Pacific+on+Hawaiian+Hops&rft.date=1935-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dtd4DAAAAMBAJ%26pg%3DPA4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandt2010" class="citation book cs1">Gandt, Robert (2010). China Clipper: The Age of the Great Flying Boats. 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May 1, 1937 </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMatthew_Sattler2021" class="citation web cs1">Matthew Sattler (August 20, 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.matthewsattler.com/p/lessons-from-pan-am-for-aerospace">"Lessons from Pan Am for aerospace startups"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lessons+from+Pan+Am+for+aerospace+startups&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft.au=Matthew+Sattler&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.matthewsattler.com%2Fp%2Flessons-from-pan-am-for-aerospace&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> LIFE, August 23, 1937 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080409220917/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790136,00.html">"Pan Am to Singapore"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a>. June 2, 1941. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,790136,00.html">the original</a> on April 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Pan+Am+to+Singapore&rft.date=1941-06-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C790136%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1">"Clipper Completes Atlantic Crossing". The New York Times. 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MIT Press. p. 357. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03324-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-03324-4"><bdi>978-0-262-03324-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Pan+Am+building+and+the+shattering+of+the+modernist+dream&rft.pages=357&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-262-03324-4&rft.aulast=Clausen&rft.aufirst=Meredith&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.keesings.com/search?kssp_selected_tab=article&kssp_a_id=24716n01usa">"Aerospace Industry. 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Retrieved February 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pan+American+World+Airways+1984+domestic+route+map%2C+at+departedflights.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departedflights.com%2FPA090584domestic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.departedflights.com/PA021186domestic.html">"Pan American World Airways 1986 domestic route map, at departedflights.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131029184528/http://www.departedflights.com/PA021186domestic.html">Archived</a> from the original on October 29, 2013. Retrieved February 25, 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pan+American+World+Airways+1986+domestic+route+map%2C+at+departedflights.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.departedflights.com%2FPA021186domestic.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%200885.html">Ransome abandons Delta</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114213051/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%200885.html">Archived</a> January 14, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Flight International, April 19, 1986, p. 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%202015.html">The new world of Pan American</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110811230009/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1986/1986%20-%202015.html">Archived</a> August 11, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Flight International, August 23, 1986, p. 21 </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCuff,_Daniel_F.1989" class="citation news cs1">Cuff, Daniel F. 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Retrieved April 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=BUSINESS+PEOPLE%3B+Planner+for+Pan+Am+Heads+Commuter+Unit&rft.date=1989-11-13&rft.au=Cuff%2C+Daniel+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D950DEEDC113BF930A25752C1A96F948260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-vanityfair2003-123"><a href="#cite_ref-vanityfair2003_123-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWard2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Ward, Vicky (June 27, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2003/03/jeffrey-epstein-200303">"The Talented Mr. Epstein"</a>. Vanity Fair. Retrieved June 10, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Vanity+Fair&rft.atitle=The+Talented+Mr.+Epstein&rft.date=2011-06-27&rft.aulast=Ward&rft.aufirst=Vicky&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vanityfair.com%2Fnews%2F2003%2F03%2Fjeffrey-epstein-200303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6236538.stm">""Timeline: Lockerbie Bombing", BBC News, September 2, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090823102111/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/6236538.stm">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2009. Retrieved September 10, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%22Timeline%3A+Lockerbie+Bombing%22%2C+BBC+News%2C+September+2%2C+2009.+Retrieved+September+10%2C+2009&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fscotland%2F6236538.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLudtke,_MelissaCurry,_TomSchoenthal,_Rhea1989" class="citation journal cs1">Ludtke, Melissa; Curry, Tom; Schoenthal, Rhea (November 20, 1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080307061423/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959126,00.html">"Keeping Lockerbie Alive"</a>. Time Europe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,959126,00.html">the original</a> on March 7, 2008. Retrieved June 29, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Time+Europe&rft.atitle=Keeping+Lockerbie+Alive&rft.date=1989-11-20&rft.au=Ludtke%2C+Melissa&rft.au=Curry%2C+Tom&rft.au=Schoenthal%2C+Rhea&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.time.com%2Ftime%2Fmagazine%2Farticle%2F0%2C9171%2C959126%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERay1999187-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERay1999187_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRay1999">Ray 1999</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGandt1995-127"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGandt1995_127-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGandt1995">Gandt 1995</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%201400.html">Unprofitable Pan Am makes Northwest bid</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112203617/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1989/1989%20-%201400.html">Archived</a> January 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Flight International, May 20, 1989, p. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> Delta questions United / Pan Am deal <a href="/wiki/Flight_International" title="Flight International">Flight International</a> January 2, 1991 page 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/PDFArchive/View/1990/1990%20-%203338.html">Berlin Return boosts Lufthansa’s bid for Interflug</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112125715/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%203338.html">Archived</a> January 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Flight International, November 7–13, 1990, p. 10 </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWeiner1990" class="citation news cs1">Weiner, Eric (September 20, 1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1990/09/20/business/pan-am-to-eliminate-2500-jobs.html">"Pan Am to Eliminate 2,500 Jobs"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Pan+Am+to+Eliminate+2%2C500+Jobs&rft.date=1990-09-20&rft.aulast=Weiner&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1990%2F09%2F20%2Fbusiness%2Fpan-am-to-eliminate-2500-jobs.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ergelvn-132"><a href="#cite_ref-ergelvn_132-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=i_IzAAAAIBAJ&pg=5370%2C1755407">"Pan Am seeks Chapter 11 protection"</a>. Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. January 9, 1991. p. 5B.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugene+Register-Guard&rft.atitle=Pan+Am+seeks+Chapter+11+protection&rft.pages=5B&rft.date=1991-01-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Di_IzAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5370%252C1755407&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERobinson1994-133">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1994_133-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERobinson1994_133-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRobinson1994">Robinson 1994</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Collapse-134">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Collapse_134-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collapse_134-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collapse_134-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collapse_134-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Collapse_134-4">e</a> Aviation News (Pan American Airways: Part 2 – Down ... but not quite out), p. 52, Key Publishing, Stamford, November 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%202158.html">Delta makes a difference</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112163723/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%202158.html">Archived</a> January 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Flight International, August 21–27, 1991, p. 20 </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%202711.html">Farewell Pan American</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120114172146/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%202711.html">Archived</a> January 14, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Flight International, October 16–22, 1991, p. 45 </li> <li id="cite_note-DL_PA-137">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DL_PA_137-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DL_PA_137-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DL_PA_137-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-DL_PA_137-3">d</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%203287.html">Comment</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120112214548/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1991/1991%20-%203287.html">Archived</a> January 12, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, Flight International, December 18–24, 1991, p. 3 </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE5DE1539F930A3575AC0A967958260">"Delta Shuttle's First Week"</a>. The New York Times. September 3, 1991. Retrieved September 29, 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Delta+Shuttle%27s+First+Week&rft.date=1991-09-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fgst%2Ffullpage.html%3Fres%3D9D0CE5DE1539F930A3575AC0A967958260&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBy1991" class="citation web cs1">By (September 5, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sun-sentinel.com/1991/09/05/airlines-to-combine-bonus-plan-pan-am-frequent-fliers-can-earn-delta-awards/">"AIRLINES TO COMBINE BONUS PLAN PAN AM FREQUENT FLIERS CAN EARN DELTA AWARDS"</a>. Sun Sentinel. Retrieved January 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sun+Sentinel&rft.atitle=AIRLINES+TO+COMBINE+BONUS+PLAN+PAN+AM+FREQUENT+FLIERS+CAN+EARN+DELTA+AWARDS&rft.date=1991-09-05&rft.au=By&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sun-sentinel.com%2F1991%2F09%2F05%2Fairlines-to-combine-bonus-plan-pan-am-frequent-fliers-can-earn-delta-awards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSanchez1992" class="citation news cs1">Sanchez, Jesus (January 26, 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1992-01-26-fi-1172-story.html">"The Man Who Tried to Rescue Pan Am"</a>. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved May 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=The+Man+Who+Tried+to+Rescue+Pan+Am&rft.date=1992-01-26&rft.aulast=Sanchez&rft.aufirst=Jesus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1992-01-26-fi-1172-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> Dunlap, David W. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/04/nyregion/final-pan-am-departure.html">Final Pan Am Departure</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201211045910/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/04/nyregion/final-pan-am-departure.html">Archived</a> December 11, 2020, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Friday September 4, 1992. Retrieved August 25, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-tdapfnfl-142"><a href="#cite_ref-tdapfnfl_142-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeveridge1991" class="citation news cs1">Beveridge, Dirk (December 5, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=kgohAAAAIBAJ&pg=1408%2C839158">"Pan Am takes its final flight into history"</a>. The Day. (New London, Connecticut). Associated Press. p. D6.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Day&rft.atitle=Pan+Am+takes+its+final+flight+into+history&rft.pages=D6&rft.date=1991-12-05&rft.aulast=Beveridge&rft.aufirst=Dirk&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DkgohAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D1408%252C839158&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-ergwgclp-143"><a href="#cite_ref-ergwgclp_143-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=o_tQAAAAIBAJ&pg=6790%2C839030">"Pan Am's wings finally clipped"</a>. Eugene Register-Guard. (Oregon). Associated Press. December 5, 1991. p. 2B.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Eugene+Register-Guard&rft.atitle=Pan+Am%27s+wings+finally+clipped&rft.pages=2B&rft.date=1991-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3Do_tQAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D6790%252C839030&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PanAmdead-144">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PanAmdead_144-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PanAmdead_144-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PanAmdead_144-2">c</a> Salpukas, Agis. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/05/business/its-cash-depleted-pan-am-shuts.html">Its Cash Depleted, Pan Am Shuts</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210309015636/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/12/05/business/its-cash-depleted-pan-am-shuts.html">Archived</a> March 9, 2021, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>." <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a>. Thursday December 5, 1991. Retrieved August 28, 2009. </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pbase.com/airlinerphotos/image/46757348">AIR LINE PILOT</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319033259/http://www.pbase.com/airlinerphotos/image/46757348">Archived</a> March 19, 2008, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> June 1992, p.18 Air Line Pilots Association (publisher) </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121026135857/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1099194.html">"Pan Am, Creditors Sue Delta"</a>. The Washington Post. December 9, 1991. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-1099194.html">the original</a> on October 26, 2012. Retrieved February 9, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Pan+Am%2C+Creditors+Sue+Delta&rft.date=1991-12-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.highbeam.com%2Fdoc%2F1P2-1099194.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryant1995" class="citation news cs1">Bryant, Adam (January 16, 1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1995/01/16/business/market-place-in-the-volatile-airline-industry-it-s-delta-s-time-to-shine.html">"Market Place; In the volatile airline industry, it's Delta's time to shine"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Market+Place%3B+In+the+volatile+airline+industry%2C+it%27s+Delta%27s+time+to+shine.&rft.date=1995-01-16&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1995%2F01%2F16%2Fbusiness%2Fmarket-place-in-the-volatile-airline-industry-it-s-delta-s-time-to-shine.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110115072939/http://www.observer.com/2011/real-estate/its-free-look-west-village-carriage-house-turned-panam-execs-hangar">"It's Free to Look: The West Village Carriage House Turned Pan Am Exec's Hangar"</a>, The New York Observer, January 14, 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thefreelibrary.com/TWA+CONCLUDES+DEAL+FOR+PAN+AM+EXPRESS-a011566756">TWA concludes deal for Pan Am Express</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121111032533/http://www.thefreelibrary.com/TWA+CONCLUDES+DEAL+FOR+PAN+AM+EXPRESS-a011566756">Archived</a> November 11, 2012, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, PR Newswire, Trans World Airlines, Mt Kisco, NY, December 4, 1991 </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBryant1996" class="citation news cs1">Bryant, Adam (January 31, 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/31/business/shugrue-s-plan-for-pan-am-low-costs-and-lower-fares.html">"Shugrue's Plan for Pan Am: Low Costs and Lower Fares"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved May 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Shugrue%27s+Plan+for+Pan+Am%3A+Low+Costs+and+Lower+Fares&rft.date=1996-01-31&rft.aulast=Bryant&rft.aufirst=Adam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1996%2F01%2F31%2Fbusiness%2Fshugrue-s-plan-for-pan-am-low-costs-and-lower-fares.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConrad199928-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConrad199928_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConrad1999">Conrad 1999</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConrad1999200-152"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConrad1999200_152-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFConrad1999">Conrad 1999</a>, p. 200. </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.americancapital.com/news/newsreleases/2006/pr20060727.html">American Capital invests in PAIFA</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061021212001/http://www.americancapital.com/news/newsreleases/2006/pr20060727.html">Archived</a> October 21, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Aftermath-154">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_154-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_154-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_154-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_154-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_154-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Aftermath_154-5">f</a> Aviation News (Pan American Airways: Part 2 – Down ... but not quite out), p. 53, Key Publishing, Stamford, November 2011 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151210204602/http://docketsinfo.dot.gov/general/orders/19993qtr/aug99/990815.pdf">"Order 99-8-15"</a> (PDF). United States Department of Transportation. August 19, 1999. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://docketsinfo.dot.gov/general/orders/19993qtr/aug99/990815.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on December 10, 2015. Retrieved July 27, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Order+99-8-15&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Transportation&rft.date=1999-08-19&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdocketsinfo.dot.gov%2Fgeneral%2Forders%2F19993qtr%2Faug99%2F990815.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChappell2010" class="citation web cs1">Chappell, Bill (October 29, 2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/10/29/130926486/pan-am-airline-will-return-to-the-air-next-month">"Pan-Am Airline Set To Return To The Air Next Month"</a>. <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141226032822/http://www.npr.org/blogs/thetwo-way/2010/10/29/130926486/pan-am-airline-will-return-to-the-air-next-month">Archived</a> from the original on December 26, 2014. Retrieved April 3, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Pan-Am+Airline+Set+To+Return+To+The+Air+Next+Month&rft.date=2010-10-29&rft.aulast=Chappell&rft.aufirst=Bill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2Fblogs%2Fthetwo-way%2F2010%2F10%2F29%2F130926486%2Fpan-am-airline-will-return-to-the-air-next-month&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160204142943/http://panamericanairways.net/index.html">"Pan American Airways"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://panamericanairways.net/index.html">the original</a> on February 4, 2016. Retrieved December 5, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pan+American+Airways&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpanamericanairways.net%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.themonitor.com/articles/child-61026-guilty-hedrick.html">"Ex-airline exec found guilty in child-porn trial"</a>. The Monitor. May 21, 2012. Retrieved September 8, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Monitor&rft.atitle=Ex-airline+exec+found+guilty+in+child-porn+trial&rft.date=2012-05-21&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.themonitor.com%2Farticles%2Fchild-61026-guilty-hedrick.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.luxurytraveladvisor.com/tours/pan-am-recreate-historic-routes-through-private-air-journey">"Pan Am to Recreate Historic Routes Through Private Air Journey"</a>. Luxury Travel Advisor. July 8, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Luxury+Travel+Advisor&rft.atitle=Pan+Am+to+Recreate+Historic+Routes+Through+Private+Air+Journey&rft.date=2024-07-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.luxurytraveladvisor.com%2Ftours%2Fpan-am-recreate-historic-routes-through-private-air-journey&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1998/06/30/business/railroad-to-acquire-assets-of-pan-am.html">"Railroad to Acquire Assets of Pan Am"</a>. The New York Times. June 30, 1998. Retrieved May 31, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Railroad+to+Acquire+Assets+of+Pan+Am&rft.date=1998-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1998%2F06%2F30%2Fbusiness%2Frailroad-to-acquire-assets-of-pan-am.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://superfuture.com/2022/09/new-shops/seoul-pan-am-flagship-store-opening/">"Seoul: Pan Am flagship store opening – superfuture®"</a>. 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Retrieved January 16, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GearJunkie&rft.atitle=Timex+Pan-Am+Chronograph+Review%3A+The+Best+Timex+Money+Can+Buy&rft.date=2022-10-03&rft.aulast=Wussow&rft.aufirst=Josh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fgearjunkie.com%2Ftechnology%2Ftimex-pan-am-chronograph-watch-review&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDirecto-Meston2023" class="citation web cs1">Directo-Meston, Danielle (August 19, 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hollywoodreporter.com/lifestyle/shopping/timex-pan-am-watch-collaboration-restock-1235570337/">"Timex's Sold-Out Pan Am Waterbury Watch Is Back In Stock"</a>. The Hollywood Reporter. 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Committee on Latin American Anthropology, Alexander Lesser. Survey of Research on Latin America by United States Scientists and Institutions. <a href="/wiki/National_Academies" class="mw-redirect" title="National Academies">National Academies</a>, 1946. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=iEsrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA70">70</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221022173301/https://books.google.com/books?id=iEsrAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA70">Archived</a> October 22, 2022, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. "Pan American World Airways System, 135 East 42nd Street, New York 17, N.Y." </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMarks1994" class="citation news cs1">Marks, Peter (February 1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1994/02/06/nyregion/recalling-screams-heard-round-the-world.html">"Recalling Screams Heard Round the World"</a>. The New York Times. Retrieved June 1, 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Recalling+Screams+Heard+Round+the+World&rft.date=1994-02&rft.aulast=Marks&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1994%2F02%2F06%2Fnyregion%2Frecalling-screams-heard-round-the-world.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAbagnale,_Frank_Jr2002" class="citation book cs1">Abagnale, Frank Jr (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/catchmeifyoucan00fran">Catch Me If You Can</a>. 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Louisiana voice.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Louisiana+voice&rft.atitle=New+book+further+debunks+myth+of+scam+artist+Frank+Abagnale%2C+Jr.+of+%27Catch+Me+if+You+Can%27+book+and+movie&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Well%2C+Thomas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flouisianavoice.com%2F2021%2F04%2F26%2Fnew-book-further-debunks-myth-of-scam-artist-frank-abagnale-jr-of-catch-me-if-you-can-book-movie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-172"><a href="#cite_ref-172">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLopez,_Xavier2021" class="citation web cs1">Lopez, Xavier (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://whyy.org/segments/the-greatest-hoax-on-earth/">"Could this famous con man be lying about his story? A new book suggests he is"</a>. WHYY.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=WHYY&rft.atitle=Could+this+famous+con+man+be+lying+about+his+story%3F+A+new+book+suggests+he+is&rft.date=2021&rft.au=Lopez%2C+Xavier&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwhyy.org%2Fsegments%2Fthe-greatest-hoax-on-earth%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?nid=1901&dat=19890722&id=sVcfAAAAIBAJ&pg=4264,4224278">"The News-Journal, July 22, 1989"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+News-Journal%2C+July+22%2C+1989&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fnid%3D1901%26dat%3D19890722%26id%3DsVcfAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D4264%2C4224278&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> Washington Post 1989/07/21 </li> <li id="cite_note-2001clipper-175"><a href="#cite_ref-2001clipper_175-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeveridge1991" class="citation web cs1">Beveridge, Dirk (July 5, 1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=-7wMAAAAIBAJ&pg=5479,3673315&dq=pan-am+space-odyssey">"Pan Am lunar list tethered to earth"</a>. 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December 10, 1991.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=UNITED+THE+BIG+WINNER+OF+PAN+AM%27S+REMAINS&rft.date=1991-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Farchive%2Fbusiness%2F1991%2F12%2F10%2Funited-the-big-winner-of-pan-ams-remains%2F1e007d87-4754-4057-ac19-91cca245b051%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-PA-Fleet-1990-195">^ <a href="#cite_ref-PA-Fleet-1990_195-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-PA-Fleet-1990_195-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1990/1990%20-%200770.html">"World Airline Directory"</a>. Flight International. March 1990. Retrieved November 5, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=World+Airline+Directory&rft.pub=Flight+International&rft.date=1990-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fpdfarchive%2Fview%2F1990%2F1990%2520-%25200770.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.departedflights.com/PA3100889.html">"PA3100889"</a>. departedflights. August 1989. Retrieved February 13, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=PA3100889&rft.pub=departedflights&rft.date=1989-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.departedflights.com%2FPA3100889.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBooth2012" class="citation web cs1">Booth, Darren (September 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boardingarea.com/blogs/frequentlyflying/2012/09/01/vintage-airline-seat-map-pan-am-boeing-737-200/">"Vintage airline seat map: Pan Am Boeing 737-200"</a>. Frequently Flying. Retrieved September 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Flying&rft.atitle=Vintage+airline+seat+map%3A+Pan+Am+Boeing+737-200&rft.date=2012-09&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboardingarea.com%2Fblogs%2Ffrequentlyflying%2F2012%2F09%2F01%2Fvintage-airline-seat-map-pan-am-boeing-737-200%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBooth2011" class="citation web cs1">Booth, Darren (September 20, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boardingarea.com/blogs/frequentlyflying/2011/09/20/vintage-airline-seat-map-pan-am-boeing-747-v-2/">"Vintage airline seat map: Boeing 747 v. 2"</a>. Frequently Flying. Retrieved September 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Flying&rft.atitle=Vintage+airline+seat+map%3A+Boeing+747+v.+2&rft.date=2011-09-20&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboardingarea.com%2Fblogs%2Ffrequentlyflying%2F2011%2F09%2F20%2Fvintage-airline-seat-map-pan-am-boeing-747-v-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBooth2011" class="citation web cs1">Booth, Darren (April 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boardingarea.com/blogs/frequentlyflying/2011/04/01/vintage-airline-seat-map-pan-am-boeing-747/">"Vintage airline seat map: Pan Am Boeing 747"</a>. Frequently Flying. Retrieved September 15, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Frequently+Flying&rft.atitle=Vintage+airline+seat+map%3A+Pan+Am+Boeing+747&rft.date=2011-04&rft.aulast=Booth&rft.aufirst=Darren&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboardingarea.com%2Fblogs%2Ffrequentlyflying%2F2011%2F04%2F01%2Fvintage-airline-seat-map-pan-am-boeing-747%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fleet1-200"><a href="#cite_ref-Fleet1_200-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080512150418/http://www.panamair.org/aircraft/aircraft.htm">"Pan Am's Aircraft"</a>. PanAmAir.org. 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panamair.org/aircraft/aircraft.htm">the original</a> on May 12, 2008. Retrieved April 7, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pan+Am%27s+Aircraft&rft.pub=PanAmAir.org&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panamair.org%2Faircraft%2Faircraft.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pan_Am_and_the_Concorde-201"><a href="#cite_ref-Pan_Am_and_the_Concorde_201-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.concordesst.com/history/orders.html">"Concorde History Airline orders and options"</a>. Alexandre Avrane. 2000–2001. Retrieved October 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Concorde+History+Airline+orders+and+options&rft.pub=Alexandre+Avrane&rft.date=2000%2F2001&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.concordesst.com%2Fhistory%2Forders.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pan_Am's_Clipper_Fleet-202"><a href="#cite_ref-Pan_Am's_Clipper_Fleet_202-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071026142409/http://www.hacoma.de/panam/e_fleet.php?sort=2&res=0">"Pan Am's Clipper Fleet"</a>. hacoma.de. 2006–2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hacoma.de/panam/e_fleet.php?sort=2&res=0">the original</a> on October 26, 2007. Retrieved October 5, 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pan+Am%27s+Clipper+Fleet&rft.pub=hacoma.de&rft.date=2006%2F2008&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hacoma.de%2Fpanam%2Fe_fleet.php%3Fsort%3D2%26res%3D0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1987" class="citation book cs1">Davies, R.E.G. (1987). Pan Am: An Airline and Its Aircraft (1 ed.). New York: Orion Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-56639-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-56639-7"><bdi>0-517-56639-7</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/15282912">15282912</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan+Am%3A+An+Airline+and+Its+Aircraft&rft.place=New+York&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Orion+Books&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F15282912&rft.isbn=0-517-56639-7&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=R.E.G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLatif2013" class="citation news cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Latif, Syahid (October 2, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.liputan6.com/bisnis/read/708838/sempati-air-matinya-maskapai-kontroversial-dengan-segunung-utang">"Sempati Air, Matinya Maskapai Kontroversial dengan Segunung Utang"</a> [Sempati Air, the Death of a Controversial Airline with a Mountain of Debt]. Liputan6 (in Indonesian). Jakarta, Indonesia. Retrieved August 14, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Liputan6&rft.atitle=Sempati+Air%2C+Matinya+Maskapai+Kontroversial+dengan+Segunung+Utang&rft.date=2013-10-02&rft.aulast=Latif&rft.aufirst=Syahid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.liputan6.com%2Fbisnis%2Fread%2F708838%2Fsempati-air-matinya-maskapai-kontroversial-dengan-segunung-utang&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBaum1997" class="citation book cs1">Baum, Brian (1997). Boeing 747SP.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Boeing+747SP&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Baum&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBilstein2001" class="citation book cs1">Bilstein, Roger E. (July 1, 2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/flightinamericaf00bils">Flight in America</a>. Johns Hopkins University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6685-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8018-6685-2"><bdi>978-0-8018-6685-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Flight+in+America&rft.pub=Johns+Hopkins+University+Press&rft.date=2001-07-01&rft.isbn=978-0-8018-6685-2&rft.aulast=Bilstein&rft.aufirst=Roger+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fflightinamericaf00bils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBurns2000" class="citation book cs1">Burns, George E. (2000). The Jet Age Arrives. Pan American Historical Foundation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jet+Age+Arrives&rft.pub=Pan+American+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Burns&rft.aufirst=George+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clausen,_Meredith" class="mw-redirect" title="Clausen, Meredith">Clausen, Meredith</a>. The Pan Am Building and the Shattering of the Modernist Dream. <a href="/wiki/MIT_Press" title="MIT Press">MIT Press</a>, 2005. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0262033240" title="Special:BookSources/0262033240">0262033240</a>, 9780262033244.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConrad1999" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Barnaby_Conrad_III" title="Barnaby Conrad III">Conrad, Barnaby</a> (1999). Pan Am: An Aviation Legend. Emeryville, <a href="/wiki/California" title="California">CA</a>: Woodford Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-942627-55-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-942627-55-8"><bdi>978-0-942627-55-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan+Am%3A+An+Aviation+Legend&rft.place=Emeryville%2C+CA&rft.pub=Woodford+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-942627-55-8&rft.aulast=Conrad&rft.aufirst=Barnaby&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDaley1980" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Daley" title="Robert Daley">Daley, Robert</a> (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/americansagajuan00dale">An American Saga; Juan Trippe and His Pan Am Empire</a>. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50223-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-50223-6"><bdi>978-0-394-50223-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+American+Saga%3B+Juan+Trippe+and+His+Pan+Am+Empire&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-394-50223-6&rft.aulast=Daley&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Famericansagajuan00dale&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDavies1987" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/R._E._G._Davies" title="R. E. G. Davies">Davies, Ronald Edward George</a> (1987). Pan Am: an airline and its aircraft. Twickenham, England: Hamlyn. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0517566398" title="Special:BookSources/978-0517566398"><bdi>978-0517566398</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan+Am%3A+an+airline+and+its+aircraft&rft.place=Twickenham%2C+England&rft.pub=Hamlyn&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=978-0517566398&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=Ronald+Edward+George&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGandt1995" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gandt" title="Robert Gandt">Gandt, Robert L.</a> (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/skygodsfallofpan00gand">Skygods: The Fall of Pan Am</a>. New York: Morrow. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-688-04615-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-688-04615-6"><bdi>978-0-688-04615-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Skygods%3A+The+Fall+of+Pan+Am&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Morrow&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=978-0-688-04615-6&rft.aulast=Gandt&rft.aufirst=Robert+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fskygodsfallofpan00gand&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHomanReilly2000" class="citation book cs1">Homan, Thomas; Reilly (2000). Pan Am. Arcadia Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0552-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7385-0552-7"><bdi>978-0-7385-0552-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pan+Am&rft.pub=Arcadia+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-7385-0552-7&rft.aulast=Homan&rft.aufirst=Thomas&rft.au=Reilly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLawrence2004" class="citation book cs1">Lawrence, Harry (2004). Aviation and the Role of Government. Kendall Hunt. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7575-0944-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7575-0944-5"><bdi>978-0-7575-0944-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Aviation+and+the+Role+of+Government&rft.pub=Kendall+Hunt&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-0-7575-0944-5&rft.aulast=Lawrence&rft.aufirst=Harry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPirie2021" class="citation journal cs1">Pirie, Gordon (2021). "Winging it across the Atlantic: Pan Am and Africa, 1940-1990". Journal of Transatlantic Studies. 19: 72–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1057%2Fs42738-020-00064-9">10.1057/s42738-020-00064-9</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:231777921">231777921</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Transatlantic+Studies&rft.atitle=Winging+it+across+the+Atlantic%3A+Pan+Am+and+Africa%2C+1940-1990&rft.volume=19&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E72-%3C%2Fspan%3E98&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1057%2Fs42738-020-00064-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A231777921%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pirie&rft.aufirst=Gordon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRay1999" class="citation book cs1">Ray, Sally J. (1999). "Pan American World Airways Flight 103". Strategic Communication in Crisis Management. Quorum/Greenwood. pp. 183–204. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-153-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56720-153-6"><bdi>978-1-56720-153-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pan+American+World+Airways+Flight+103&rft.btitle=Strategic+Communication+in+Crisis+Management&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E183-%3C%2Fspan%3E204&rft.pub=Quorum%2FGreenwood&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-1-56720-153-6&rft.aulast=Ray&rft.aufirst=Sally+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobinson1994" class="citation book cs1">Robinson, Jack E. (1994). American Icarus, The Majestic Rise and Tragic Fall of Pan Am. Noble House. pp. 154–191. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56167-154-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56167-154-0"><bdi>978-1-56167-154-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Icarus%2C+The+Majestic+Rise+and+Tragic+Fall+of+Pan+Am&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E154-%3C%2Fspan%3E191&rft.pub=Noble+House&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-1-56167-154-0&rft.aulast=Robinson&rft.aufirst=Jack+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylor1982" class="citation magazine cs1">Taylor, H. A. "Tony" (April–July 1982). "Stratocruiser... Ending an Airline Era". Air Enthusiast. No. 18. pp. 37–53. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Stratocruiser...+Ending+an+Airline+Era&rft.issue=18&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E37-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=1982-04%2F1982-07&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=H.+A.+%22Tony%22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTaylorAlting1980" class="citation journal cs1">Taylor, H. A. & Alting, Peter (April–July 1980). "Fokker's 'Lucky Seven'". Air Enthusiast (12): 24–38. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0143-5450">0143-5450</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Air+Enthusiast&rft.atitle=Fokker%27s+%27Lucky+Seven%27&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E24-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1980-04%2F1980-07&rft.issn=0143-5450&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=H.+A.&rft.au=Alting%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">The Clipper Heritage – Pan American World Airways 1927–1991. Pan American Historical Foundation. 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Clipper+Heritage+%E2%80%93+Pan+American+World+Airways+1927%E2%80%931991&rft.pub=Pan+American+Historical+Foundation&rft.date=2005&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050728112242/http://www.library.miami.edu/archives/panam/pan.html">"Pan American World Airways, Inc., Records"</a>. Otto G. Richter Library, University of Miami Archives. June 26, 1996. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.library.miami.edu/archives/panam/pan.html">the original</a> on July 28, 2005. Retrieved July 4, 2004.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pan+American+World+Airways%2C+Inc.%2C+Records&rft.pub=Otto+G.+Richter+Library%2C+University+of+Miami+Archives&rft.date=1996-06-26&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.library.miami.edu%2Farchives%2Fpanam%2Fpan.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050805083117/http://www.panamair.org/">"Pan American World Airways, Queen of The Skies (2004)"</a>. PanAmAir.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panamair.org/">the original</a> on August 5, 2005. Retrieved August 13, 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pan+American+World+Airways%2C+Queen+of+The+Skies+%282004%29&rft.pub=PanAmAir.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.panamair.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Death of an American Dream, The Pan Am Story. Stepping Stone Productions. 1992.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Death+of+an+American+Dream%2C+The+Pan+Am+Story&rft.pub=Stepping+Stone+Productions&rft.date=1992&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Pan American World Airways: Part 2". Aviation News. 73, 11. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing: 48–53. November 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-6855">1477-6855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+News&rft.atitle=Pan+American+World+Airways%3A+Part+2&rft.volume=73%2C+11&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2011-11&rft.issn=1477-6855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviation-news.co.uk/">Aviation News online</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">"Aviation News (Pan American World Airways: Part 1)". Aviation News and Global Aerospace. 73, 10. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing: 78–82. October 2011. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1477-6855">1477-6855</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Aviation+News+and+Global+Aerospace&rft.atitle=Aviation+News+%28Pan+American+World+Airways%3A+Part+1%29&rft.volume=73%2C+10&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E78-%3C%2Fspan%3E82&rft.date=2011-10&rft.issn=1477-6855&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aviation-news.co.uk/">Aviation News online</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1">"Airline History – Pan Am: Come fly with me!". Jets Monthly. Cudham, UK: Kelsey Publishing Group. February 2012. pp. 48–53.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Jets+Monthly&rft.atitle=Airline+History+%E2%80%93+Pan+Am%3A+Come+fly+with+me%21&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E48-%3C%2Fspan%3E53&rft.date=2012-02&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.kelsey.co.uk">Kelsey Publishing Group online</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409" /> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Pan_American_World_Airways" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Pan American World Airways">Pan American World Airways</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panambrands.com/">Pan Am Brands</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.panam.org">Pan Am Historical Foundation</a> supported by <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Mellon" title="Timothy Mellon">Timothy Mellon</a><a href="#cite_note-mancuso-205">[1]</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scholar.library.miami.edu/panam">Pan American World Airways, Inc. Records</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141118145635/http://scholar.library.miami.edu/panam">Archived</a> November 18, 2014, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – University of Miami, Special Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thepanammuseum.org/">The Pan Am Museum Foundation, Inc.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.everythingpanam.com/">everythingPanAm.com</a> – a virtual Pan Am museum</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20050805083117/http://www.panamair.org/">PanAmAir.org</a> – a site working to preserve the memories of Pan Am</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.flightglobal.com/news/articles/analysis-pan-ams-rise-and-fall-after-launching-747-424170/">"Pan Am's rise and fall after launching 747"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Flightglobal" class="mw-redirect" title="Flightglobal">flightglobal</a>. April 15, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Pan+Am%27s+rise+and+fall+after+launching+747&rft.pub=flightglobal&rft.date=2016-04-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.flightglobal.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2Fanalysis-pan-ams-rise-and-fall-after-launching-747-424170%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://coololdphotos.com/topic/pan-am/">Old photographs of Pan Am aircraft and advertisements</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190215155908/https://coololdphotos.com/topic/pan-am/">Archived</a> February 15, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digitalcollections.museumofflight.org/collections/show/1050">P.J. Muller Collection of Pan Am Menus</a> at The Museum of Flight Digital Collections</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deltamuseum.org/exhibits/delta-history/family-tree/pan-am">Pan Am</a> – Delta Flight Museum</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Pan_Am157" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Pan_Am" title="Template:Pan Am"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Pan_Am" title="Template talk:Pan Am"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Pan_Am" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Pan Am"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Pan_Am157" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan Am</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Employees</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Accidents_&amp;incidents24" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents & incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_Clipper" title="Samoan Clipper">Samoan Clipper</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_229" title="Pan Am Flight 229">Flight 229</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1939_Pan_Am_Sikorsky_S-43_crash" title="1939 Pan Am Sikorsky S-43 crash">Sikorsky S-43 crash</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_V-1104" title="Pan Am Flight V-1104">Flight V-1104</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Clipper" title="China Clipper">China Clipper</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_121" title="Pan Am Flight 121">Flight 121</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_923" title="Pan Am Flight 923">Flight 923</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_1-10" title="Pan Am Flight 1-10">Flight 1-10</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_151" title="Pan Am Flight 151">Flight 151</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_526A" title="Pan Am Flight 526A">Flight 526A</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_202" title="Pan Am Flight 202">Flight 202</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_845/26" title="Pan Am Flight 845/26">Flight 845/26</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_6" title="Pan Am Flight 6">Flight 6</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_7" title="Pan Am Flight 7">Flight 7</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_115" title="Pan Am Flight 115">Flight 115</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1959_Pan_Am_Douglas_DC-6_crash" title="1959 Pan Am Douglas DC-6 crash">Douglas DC-6 crash</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_214" title="Pan Am Flight 214">Flight 214</a> (1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_843" title="Pan Am Flight 843">Flight 843</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_292" title="Pan Am Flight 292">Flight 292</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_708" title="Pan Am Flight 708">Flight 708</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_799" title="Pan Am Flight 799">Flight 799</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_845" title="Pan Am Flight 845">Flight 845</a> (1971)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_841" title="Pan Am Flight 841">Flight 841</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_816" title="Pan Am Flight 816">Flight 816</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_806" title="Pan Am Flight 806">Flight 806</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_812" title="Pan Am Flight 812">Flight 812</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tenerife_airport_disaster" title="Tenerife airport disaster">Flight 1736</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_830" title="Pan Am Flight 830">Flight 830</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_759" title="Pan Am Flight 759">Flight 759</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_73" title="Pan Am Flight 73">Flight 73</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Flight_103" title="Pan Am Flight 103">Flight 103</a> (1988)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1985_Pan_Am_strike" title="1985 Pan Am strike">1985 Pan Am strike</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Express" title="Pan Am Express">Pan Am Express</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uraba,_Medellin_and_Central_Airways" title="Uraba, Medellin and Central Airways">Uraba, Medellin and Central Airways</a></li> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Pan_Am" title="Category:Pan Am">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Airlines_of_the_United_States439" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Airlines_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Airlines of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Airlines_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Airlines of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Airlines_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Airlines of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Airlines_of_the_United_States439" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_United_States" title="List of airlines of the United States">Airlines of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Mainline_(aeronautics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mainline (aeronautics)">Mainline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Airlines" title="Alaska Airlines">Alaska Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegiant_Air" title="Allegiant Air">Allegiant Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avelo_Airlines" title="Avelo Airlines">Avelo Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Breeze_Airways" title="Breeze Airways">Breeze Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Airlines" title="Frontier Airlines">Frontier Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Airlines" title="Hawaiian Airlines">Hawaiian Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JetBlue" title="JetBlue">JetBlue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southwest_Airlines" title="Southwest Airlines">Southwest Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_Airlines" title="Spirit Airlines">Spirit Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Country_Airlines" title="Sun Country Airlines">Sun Country Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Regional_airline" title="Regional airline">Regional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliated</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Wisconsin" title="Air Wisconsin">Air Wisconsin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CommuteAir" title="CommuteAir">CommuteAir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavor_Air" title="Endeavor Air">Endeavor Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Envoy_Air" title="Envoy Air">Envoy Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/GoJet_Airlines" title="GoJet Airlines">GoJet Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horizon_Air" title="Horizon Air">Horizon Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesa_Airlines" title="Mesa Airlines">Mesa Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines" title="Piedmont Airlines">Piedmont Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PSA_Airlines" title="PSA Airlines">PSA Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Airways" title="Republic Airways">Republic Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyWest_Airlines" title="SkyWest Airlines">SkyWest Airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Independent</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advanced_Air" title="Advanced Air">Advanced Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Flamenco" title="Air Flamenco">Air Flamenco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleutian_Airways" title="Aleutian Airways">Aleutian Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bering_Air" title="Bering Air">Bering Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boutique_Air" title="Boutique Air">Boutique Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cape_Air" title="Cape Air">Cape Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contour_Airlines" title="Contour Airlines">Contour Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denver_Air_Connection" title="Denver Air Connection">Denver Air Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gem_Air" title="Gem Air">Gem Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grant_Aviation" title="Grant Aviation">Grant Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Island_Airways" title="Island Airways">Island Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JSX_(airline)" title="JSX (airline)">JSX</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmore_Air" title="Kenmore Air">Kenmore Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mokulele_Airlines" title="Mokulele Airlines">Mokulele Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_England_Airlines" title="New England Airlines">New England Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ravn_Alaska" title="Ravn Alaska">Ravn Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reliant_Air" title="Reliant Air">Reliant Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Juan_Airlines" title="San Juan Airlines">San Juan Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Airways" title="Silver Airways">Silver Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Airways_Express" title="Southern Airways Express">Southern Airways Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Star_Marianas_Air" title="Star Marianas Air">Star Marianas Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surf_Air" title="Surf Air">Surf Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taquan_Air" title="Taquan Air">Taquan Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradewind_Aviation" title="Tradewind Aviation">Tradewind Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tropic_Ocean_Airways" title="Tropic Ocean Airways">Tropic Ocean Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vieques_Air_Link" title="Vieques Air Link">Vieques Air Link</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warbelow%27s_Air_Ventures" title="Warbelow's Air Ventures">Warbelow's Air Ventures</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_Air_Service" title="Wright Air Service">Wright Air Service</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Cargo_airline" title="Cargo airline">Cargo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ABX_Air" title="ABX Air">ABX Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Cargo_Carriers" title="Air Cargo Carriers">Air Cargo Carriers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Transport_International" title="Air Transport International">Air Transport International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirNet_Express" title="AirNet Express">AirNet Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Central_Express" title="Alaska Central Express">Alaska Central Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Air_Cargo" title="Aloha Air Cargo">Aloha Air Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alpine_Air_Express" title="Alpine Air Express">Alpine Air Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amazon_Air" title="Amazon Air">Amazon Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameriflight" title="Ameriflight">Ameriflight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amerijet_International" title="Amerijet International">Amerijet International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ameristar_Jet_Charter" title="Ameristar Jet Charter">Ameristar Jet Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asia_Pacific_Airlines_(Guam)" title="Asia Pacific Airlines (Guam)">Asia Pacific Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlas_Air" title="Atlas Air">Atlas Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Aviation_Services" title="Baron Aviation Services">Baron Aviation Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bemidji_Airlines" title="Bemidji Airlines">Bemidji Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_Aviation" title="Castle Aviation">Castle Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corporate_Air" title="Corporate Air">Corporate Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CSA_Air" title="CSA Air">CSA Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_Airlines" title="Empire Airlines">Empire Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Everts_Air_Cargo" title="Everts Air Cargo">Everts Air Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FedEx_Express" title="FedEx Express">FedEx Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freight_Runners_Express" title="Freight Runners Express">Freight Runners Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalitta_Air" title="Kalitta Air">Kalitta Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kalitta_Charters" title="Kalitta Charters">Kalitta Charters II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynden_Air_Cargo" title="Lynden Air Cargo">Lynden Air Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martinaire" title="Martinaire">Martinaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merlin_Airways" title="Merlin Airways">Merlin Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_Air_Cargo" title="Mountain Air Cargo">Mountain Air Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(N8)" title="National Airlines (N8)">National Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Air_Cargo" title="Northern Air Cargo">Northern Air Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polar_Air_Cargo" title="Polar Air Cargo">Polar Air Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Air_Freight" title="Royal Air Freight">Royal Air Freight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_Air_Services" title="Ryan Air Services">Ryan Air Services</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Lease_Cargo" title="Sky Lease Cargo">Sky Lease Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_Executive_Airlines" title="Trans Executive Airlines">Transair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/UPS_Airlines" title="UPS Airlines">UPS Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USA_Jet_Airlines" title="USA Jet Airlines">USA Jet Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Air_(United_States)" title="West Air (United States)">West Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Global_Airlines" title="Western Global Airlines">Western Global Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiggins_Airways" title="Wiggins Airways">Wiggins Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Air_charter" title="Air charter">Charter</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Charter_Bahamas" title="Air Charter Bahamas">Air Charter Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airstream_Jets" title="Airstream Jets">Airstream Jets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alerion_Aviation" title="Alerion Aviation">Alerion Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Aviation" title="Berry Aviation">Berry Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bighorn_Airways" title="Bighorn Airways">Bighorn Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Choice_Airways" title="Choice Airways">Choice Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contour_Aviation" title="Contour Aviation">Contour Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Express" title="Eastern Air Express">Eastern Air Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Airlines,_LLC" title="Eastern Airlines, LLC">Eastern Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExcelAire" title="ExcelAire">ExcelAire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gryphon_Airlines" title="Gryphon Airlines">Gryphon Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IBC_Airways" title="IBC Airways">IBC Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/KaiserAir" title="KaiserAir">KaiserAir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/L-3_Flight_International_Aviation" title="L-3 Flight International Aviation">L-3 Flight International Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NetJets" title="NetJets">NetJets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Pacific_Airlines" title="New Pacific Airlines">New Pacific Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omni_Air_International" title="Omni Air International">Omni Air International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Coast_Jet" title="Pacific Coast Jet">Pacific Coast Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pentastar_Aviation" title="Pentastar Aviation">Pentastar Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Air" title="Phoenix Air">Phoenix Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/PlaneSense" title="PlaneSense">PlaneSense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Airways_(charter)" title="Presidential Airways (charter)">Presidential Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Pacific_Airlines" title="Sierra Pacific Airlines">Sierra Pacific Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skymax" title="Skymax">Skymax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Air_Charter" title="Superior Air Charter">Superior Air Charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superior_Aviation_(airline)" title="Superior Aviation (airline)">Superior Aviation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talkeetna_Air_Taxi" title="Talkeetna Air Taxi">Talkeetna Air Taxi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultimate_Jet" title="Ultimate Jet">Ultimate Jet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheels_Up" title="Wheels Up">Wheels Up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Atlantic_Airlines" title="World Atlantic Airlines">World Atlantic Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/XOJET_Aviation_LLC" title="XOJET Aviation LLC">XOJET</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Air_taxi" title="Air taxi">Air taxi and tours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Canyon_Scenic_Airlines" title="Grand Canyon Scenic Airlines">Grand Canyon Scenic Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Griffing_Flying_Service" title="Griffing Flying Service">Griffing Flying Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penobscot_Island_Air" title="Penobscot Island Air">Penobscot Island Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utah_Airways" title="Utah Airways">Utah Airways</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Air_medical_services" title="Air medical services">Air ambulance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Air_Evac_Lifeteam" title="Air Evac Lifeteam">Air Evac Lifeteam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirMed_International" title="AirMed International">AirMed International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Methods" title="Air Methods">Air Methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_MedFlight" title="Boston MedFlight">Boston MedFlight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_Air_Medicine" title="Critical Air Medicine">Critical Air Medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_Flight_Network" title="Life Flight Network">Life Flight Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lifestar" class="mw-redirect" title="Lifestar">Lifestar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_Helicopters_International" title="Petroleum Helicopters International">Petroleum Helicopters International</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align:center;">Government</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comco" title="Comco">Comco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_(airline)" title="Janet (airline)">Janet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Justice_Prisoner_and_Alien_Transportation_System" title="Justice Prisoner and Alien Transportation System">JPATS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_Express" title="Patriot Express">Patriot Express</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_holding_companies" title="List of airline holding companies">List of airline holding companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airline_mergers_and_acquisitions" title="List of airline mergers and acquisitions">List of airline mergers and acquisitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States" title="List of defunct airlines of the United States">List of defunct airlines of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States246" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States" title="Template:Defunct airlines of the United States"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States" title="Template talk:Defunct airlines of the United States"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Defunct airlines of the United States"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States246" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States" title="List of defunct airlines of the United States">Defunct airlines of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AAXICO" class="mw-redirect" title="AAXICO">AAXICO</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aero_Virgin_Islands" title="Aero Virgin Islands">Aero Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aha!_(airline_brand)" title="Aha! (airline brand)">Aha!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Atlanta" title="Air Atlanta">Air Atlanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_California" title="Air California">Air California</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Florida" title="Air Florida">Air Florida</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Florida_Commuter" title="Air Florida Commuter">Air Florida Commuter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_Hawaii" title="Air Hawaii">Air Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air21" title="Air21">Air21</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Airlift_International" title="Airlift International">Airlift International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirTran_Airways" title="AirTran Airways">AirTran Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirTran_JetConnect" title="AirTran JetConnect">AirTran JetConnect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Coastal_Airlines" title="Alaska Coastal Airlines">Alaska Coastal Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allegheny_Airlines" title="Allegheny Airlines">Allegheny Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_West_Airlines" title="America West Airlines">America West Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/America_West_Express" title="America West Express">America West Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines_Shuttle" title="American Airlines Shuttle">American Airlines Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AmericanConnection" title="AmericanConnection">AmericanConnection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Airlines" title="Aloha Airlines">Aloha Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arrow_Air" title="Arrow Air">Arrow Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astar_Air_Cargo" title="Astar Air Cargo">Astar Air Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Airlines" title="ATA Airlines">ATA Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ATA_Connection" title="ATA Connection">ATA Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Coast_Airlines" title="Atlantic Coast Airlines">Atlantic Coast Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonanza_Air_Lines" title="Bonanza Air Lines">Bonanza Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston-Maine_Airways" title="Boston-Maine Airways">Boston-Maine Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways" title="Braniff International Airways">Braniff International Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braniff_(1983%E2%80%931990)" title="Braniff (1983–1990)">Braniff (1983–1990)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braniff_(1991%E2%80%931992)" title="Braniff (1991–1992)">Braniff (1991–1992)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britt_Airways" title="Britt Airways">Britt Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Central_Airlines" title="California Central Airlines">California Central Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/California_Pacific_Airlines" title="California Pacific Airlines">California Pacific Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Airlines_(United_States)" title="Capital Airlines (United States)">Capital Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capital_Cargo_International_Airlines" title="Capital Cargo International Airlines">Capital Cargo International Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carnival_Air_Lines" title="Carnival Air Lines">Carnival Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centurion_Air_Cargo" title="Centurion Air Cargo">Centurion Air Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chalk%27s_International_Airlines" title="Chalk's International Airlines">Chalk's International Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champion_Air" title="Champion Air">Champion Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chautauqua_Airlines" title="Chautauqua Airlines">Chautauqua Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_Southern_Air_Lines" title="Chicago and Southern Air Lines">Chicago and Southern Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colgan_Air" title="Colgan Air">Colgan Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comair_(United_States)" title="Comair (United States)">Comair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_Airlines_(North_America)" title="Compass Airlines (North America)">Compass Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Connection" title="Continental Connection">Continental Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Lite" title="Continental Lite">Continental Lite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Micronesia" title="Continental Micronesia">Continental Micronesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Airways" title="Crown Airways">Crown Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Express" title="Delta Express">Delta Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Private_Jets" title="Delta Private Jets">Delta Private Jets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines" title="Eastern Air Lines">Eastern Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_(2015)" title="Eastern Air Lines (2015)">Eastern Air Lines (2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines_Shuttle" title="Eastern Air Lines Shuttle">Eastern Air Lines Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastwind_Airlines" title="Eastwind Airlines">Eastwind Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emery_Worldwide_Airlines" title="Emery Worldwide Airlines">Emery Worldwide Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eos_Airlines" title="Eos Airlines">Eos Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evergreen_International_Airlines" title="Evergreen International Airlines">Evergreen International Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Airlines" title="Executive Airlines">Executive Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ExpressJet" title="ExpressJet">ExpressJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falcon_Air_Express" title="Falcon Air Express">Falcon Air Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fine_Air" title="Fine Air">Fine Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Airlines" title="Florida Airlines">Florida Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_Airways" title="Florida Airways">Florida Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florida_West_International_Airways" title="Florida West International Airways">Florida West International Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fly_Guam" title="Fly Guam">Fly Guam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flying_Tiger_Line" title="Flying Tiger Line">Flying Tiger Line</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Airlines_(1950%E2%80%931986)" title="Frontier Airlines (1950–1986)">Frontier Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galaxy_Airlines_(United_States)" title="Galaxy Airlines (United States)">Galaxy Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gemini_Air_Cargo" title="Gemini Air Cargo">Gemini Air Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gulfstream_International_Airlines" title="Gulfstream International Airlines">Gulfstream International Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guy-America_Airways" title="Guy-America Airways">Guy-America Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hooters_Air" title="Hooters Air">Hooters Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Airwest" title="Hughes Airwest">Hughes Airwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IAero_Airways" title="IAero Airways">IAero Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Airlines" title="Imperial Airlines">Imperial Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independence_Air" title="Independence Air">Independence Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_24" title="Jet 24">Jet 24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jet_America_Airlines" title="Jet America Airlines">Jet America Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Key_Airlines" title="Key Airlines">Key Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiwi_International_Air_Lines" title="Kiwi International Air Lines">Kiwi International Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leisure_Air" title="Leisure Air">Leisure Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lone_Star_Airlines" title="Lone Star Airlines">Lone Star Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lynx_Air_International" title="Lynx Air International">Lynx Air International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mackey_Airlines" title="Mackey Airlines">Mackey Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesaba_Airlines" title="Mesaba Airlines">Mesaba Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metro_Airlines" title="Metro Airlines">Metro Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MetroJet_(American_airline)" title="MetroJet (American airline)">MetroJet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miami_Air_International" title="Miami Air International">Miami Air International</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Airlines_(1976%E2%80%931991)" title="Midway Airlines (1976–1991)">Midway Airlines (1976–1991)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midway_Airlines_(1993%E2%80%932003)" title="Midway Airlines (1993–2003)">Midway Airlines (1993–2003)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morris_Air" title="Morris Air">Morris Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(1934%E2%80%931980)" title="National Airlines (1934–1980)">National Airlines (1934–1980)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(1999%E2%80%932002)" title="National Airlines (1999–2002)">National Airlines (1999–2002)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nations_Air" title="Nations Air">Nations Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Air" title="New York Air">New York Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_American_Airlines" title="North American Airlines">North American Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Airlines" title="North Central Airlines">North Central Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Airlines" title="Northeast Airlines">Northeast Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Express_Regional_Airlines" title="Northeast Express Regional Airlines">Northeast Express Regional Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeastern_International_Airways" title="Northeastern International Airways">Northeastern International Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlink" title="Northwest Airlink">Northwest Airlink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orange_Air" title="Orange Air">Orange Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orion_Airways" title="Orion Airways">Orion Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overseas_National_Airways" title="Overseas National Airways">Overseas National Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozark_Air_Lines" title="Ozark Air Lines">Ozark Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pace_Airlines" title="Pace Airlines">Pace Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Air_Lines" title="Pacific Air Lines">Pacific Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Express" title="Pacific Express">Pacific Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Southwest_Airlines" title="Pacific Southwest Airlines">Pacific Southwest Airlines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_(1996%E2%80%931998)" title="Pan Am (1996–1998)">Pan Am (1996–1998)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_(1998%E2%80%932004)" title="Pan Am (1998–2004)">Pan Am (1998–2004)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Cargo" title="Pan Am Cargo">Pan Am Cargo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Am_Express" title="Pan Am Express">Pan Am Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Express_Airlines_(1980s)" title="People Express Airlines (1980s)">People Express Airlines (1980s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_Express_Airlines_(2010s)" title="People Express Airlines (2010s)">People Express Airlines (2010s)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="Piedmont Airlines (1948–1989)">Piedmont Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Planet_Airways" title="Planet Airways">Planet Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Primaris_Airlines" title="Primaris Airlines">Primaris Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro_Air" title="Pro Air">Pro Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ransome_Airlines" title="Ransome Airlines">Ransome Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reno_Air" title="Reno Air">Reno Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rich_International_Airways" title="Rich International Airways">Rich International Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryan_International_Airlines" title="Ryan International Airlines">Ryan International Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saturn_Airways" title="Saturn Airways">Saturn Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seaboard_World_Airlines" title="Seaboard World Airlines">Seaboard World Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuttle_by_United" title="Shuttle by United">Shuttle by United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simmons_Airlines" title="Simmons Airlines">Simmons Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skybus_Airlines" title="Skybus Airlines">Skybus Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sky_Trek_International_Air_Lines" title="Sky Trek International Air Lines">Sky Trek International Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_(airline)" title="Song (airline)">Song</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Songbird_Airways" title="Songbird Airways">Songbird Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southeast_Airlines" title="Southeast Airlines">Southeast Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Air_Transport" title="Southern Air Transport">Southern Air Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Air" title="Southern Air">Southern Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunworld_International_Airways" title="Sunworld International Airways">Sunworld International Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahoe_Air" title="Tahoe Air">Tahoe Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tailwind_Air" title="Tailwind Air">Tailwind Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taos_Air" title="Taos Air">Taos Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ted_(airline)" title="Ted (airline)">Ted</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_International_Airlines" title="Texas International Airlines">Texas International Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hawaii_Express" title="The Hawaii Express">The Hawaii Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tower_Air" title="Tower Air">Tower Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_Caribbean_Airways" title="Trans Caribbean Airways">Trans Caribbean Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_States_Airlines" title="Trans States Airlines">Trans States Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Connection" title="Trans World Connection">Trans World Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Express" title="Trans World Express">Trans World Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trump_Shuttle" title="Trump Shuttle">Trump Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Airways" title="US Airways">US Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Airways_Express" title="US Airways Express">US Airways Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Airways_Shuttle" title="US Airways Shuttle">US Airways Shuttle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/USAfrica_Airways" title="USAfrica Airways">USAfrica Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ValuJet_Airlines" title="ValuJet Airlines">ValuJet Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_America" title="Virgin America">Virgin America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vision_Airlines" title="Vision Airlines">Vision Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Airlines" title="West Coast Airlines">West Coast Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Pacific_Airlines" title="Western Pacific Airlines">Western Pacific Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Airlines" title="Western Airlines">Western Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wien_Air_Alaska" title="Wien Air Alaska">Wien Air Alaska</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Airways" title="World Airways">World Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zantop_International_Airlines" title="Zantop International Airlines">Zantop International Airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_United_States" title="List of airlines of the United States">List of airlines of the United States</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Delta_Air_Lines318" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Delta_Air_Lines" title="Template:Delta Air Lines"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Delta_Air_Lines" title="Template talk:Delta Air Lines"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Delta_Air_Lines" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Delta Air Lines"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Delta_Air_Lines318" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Airline subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Endeavor_Air" title="Endeavor Air">Endeavor Air</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Air marketing brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Connection" title="Delta Connection">Delta Connection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Shuttle" title="Delta Shuttle">Delta Shuttle</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ed_Bastian" title="Ed Bastian">Ed Bastian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Board_Council" title="Delta Board Council">Delta Board Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deltalina" title="Deltalina">Deltalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uli_Derickson" title="Uli Derickson">Uli Derickson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_C._Garrett_Jr." title="David C. Garrett Jr.">David C. Garrett Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerald_Grinstein" title="Gerald Grinstein">Gerald Grinstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Simonetti" title="Ellen Simonetti">Ellen Simonetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Whitehurst" title="Jim Whitehurst">Jim Whitehurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collett_E._Woolman" title="Collett E. Woolman">Collett E. Woolman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fleet</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_fleet" title="Delta Air Lines fleet">Delta Air Lines fleet</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Delta_Air_Lines" title="History of Delta Air Lines">History of Delta Air Lines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_Airlines" title="Republic Airlines">Republic Airlines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Airways" title="Southern Airways">Southern Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Airlines" title="North Central Airlines">North Central Airlines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wings_Alliance" title="Wings Alliance">Wings Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Excellence" title="Atlantic Excellence">Atlantic Excellence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Flight_Museum" title="Delta Flight Museum">Delta Flight Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accidents and incidents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delta Air Lines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1947_Columbus_mid-air_collision" title="1947 Columbus mid-air collision">Columbus mid-air collision</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_705" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 705">Flight 705</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_318" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 318">Flight 318</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_9877" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 9877">Flight 9877</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_821" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 821">Flight 821</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_841" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 841">Flight 841</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_9570" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 9570">Flight 9570</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1972_Chicago%E2%80%93O%27Hare_runway_collision" title="1972 Chicago–O'Hare runway collision">Flight 954</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_723" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 723">Flight 723</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Byck" title="Samuel Byck">Flight 523</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_1080" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 1080">Flight 1080</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_191" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 191">Flight 191</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_1141" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 1141">Flight 1141</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_1288" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 1288">Flight 1288</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_1989" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 1989">Flight 1989</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_1086" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 1086">Flight 1086</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines_Flight_89" title="Delta Air Lines Flight 89">Flight 89</a> (2020)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Delta Connection</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/SkyWest_Airlines_Flight_1834" title="SkyWest Airlines Flight 1834">Flight 1834</a> (1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Southeast_Airlines_Flight_2254" title="Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2254">Flight 2254</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1991_Los_Angeles_runway_collision" title="1991 Los Angeles runway collision">Flight 5569</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Southeast_Airlines_Flight_2311" title="Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 2311">Flight 2311</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Southeast_Airlines_Flight_529" title="Atlantic Southeast Airlines Flight 529">Flight 529</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comair_Flight_3272" title="Comair Flight 3272">Flight 3272</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comair_Flight_5191" title="Comair Flight 5191">Flight 5191</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Connection_Flight_4819" title="Delta Connection Flight 4819">Flight 4819</a> (2025)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other subsidiaries and assets</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aerom%C3%A9xico" title="Aeroméxico">Aeroméxico</a> (20%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Air_France%E2%80%93KLM" title="Air France–KLM">Air France–KLM</a> (3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/China_Eastern_Airlines" title="China Eastern Airlines">China Eastern Airlines</a> (3%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clear_Secure" title="Clear Secure">Clear Secure</a> (5%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_TechOps" title="Delta TechOps">Delta TechOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanjin" title="Hanjin">Hanjin</a> (15%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/LATAM_Airlines_Group" title="LATAM Airlines Group">LATAM Airlines</a> (10%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyMiles" title="SkyMiles">SkyMiles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/SkyTeam" title="SkyTeam">SkyTeam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trainer_Refinery" title="Trainer Refinery">Trainer Refinery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unifi_Aviation" title="Unifi Aviation">Unifi Aviation</a> (49%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virgin_Atlantic" title="Virgin Atlantic">Virgin Atlantic</a> (49%)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wheels_Up" title="Wheels Up">Wheels Up</a> (21%)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former certificated airline subsidiaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Southeast_Airlines" title="Atlantic Southeast Airlines">Atlantic Southeast Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chicago_and_Southern_Air_Lines" title="Chicago and Southern Air Lines">Chicago and Southern Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comair_(United_States)" title="Comair (United States)">Comair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compass_Airlines_(North_America)" title="Compass Airlines (North America)">Compass Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Private_Jets" title="Delta Private Jets">Delta Private Jets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesaba_Airlines" title="Mesaba Airlines">Mesaba Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northeast_Airlines" title="Northeast Airlines">Northeast Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Airlines" title="Western Airlines">Western Airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former marketing brands</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Express" title="Delta Express">Delta Express</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_(airline)" title="Song (airline)">Song</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Delta_Air_Lines" title="Category:Delta Air Lines">Category</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Legacy_air_carriers_of_the_United_States313" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Legacy_carrier" title="Template:Legacy carrier"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Legacy_carrier" title="Template talk:Legacy carrier"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Legacy_carrier" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Legacy carrier"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Legacy_air_carriers_of_the_United_States313" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Legacy_carrier" title="Legacy carrier">Legacy air carriers of the United States</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>US air carriers regulated by the <a href="/wiki/Civil_Aeronautics_Board" title="Civil Aeronautics Board">Civil Aeronautics Board</a> at the time of the 1978 <a href="/wiki/Airline_Deregulation_Act" title="Airline Deregulation Act">Airline Deregulation Act</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current legacy carriers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alaska_Airlines" title="Alaska Airlines">Alaska Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Airlines" title="American Airlines">American Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Delta_Air_Lines" title="Delta Air Lines">Delta Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Airlines" title="Hawaiian Airlines">Hawaiian Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Airlines" title="United Airlines">United Airlines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Defunct legacy carriers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aloha_Airlines" title="Aloha Airlines">Aloha Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Braniff_International_Airways" title="Braniff International Airways">Braniff International Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Continental_Airlines" title="Continental Airlines">Continental Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Air_Lines" title="Eastern Air Lines">Eastern Air Lines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frontier_Airlines_(1950%E2%80%931986)" title="Frontier Airlines (1950–1986)">Frontier Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hughes_Airwest" title="Hughes Airwest">Hughes Airwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Airlines_(1934%E2%80%931980)" title="National Airlines (1934–1980)">National Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Central_Airlines" title="North Central Airlines">North Central Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Airlines" title="Northwest Airlines">Northwest Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ozark_Air_Lines" title="Ozark Air Lines">Ozark Air Lines</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Pan Am</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Piedmont_Airlines_(1948%E2%80%931989)" title="Piedmont Airlines (1948–1989)">Piedmont Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Airways" title="Southern Airways">Southern Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_International_Airlines" title="Texas International Airlines">Texas International Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trans_World_Airlines" title="Trans World Airlines">Trans World Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/US_Airways" title="US Airways">US Airways</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Airlines" title="Western Airlines">Western Airlines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wien_Air_Alaska" title="Wien Air Alaska">Wien Air Alaska</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_airlines_of_the_United_States" title="List of airlines of the United States">List of airlines of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_defunct_airlines_of_the_United_States" title="List of defunct airlines of the United States">List of defunct airlines of the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8681#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2443" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8681#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2443" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8681#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121944666">ISNI</a><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000121756542">2</a></li></ul></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/144283685">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39QQPVp7TJ4VGVMbc6xgfKf3F">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/2043869-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81009272">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13323557k">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb13323557k">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00650477">Japan</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36154582">Australia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.bnportugal.gov.pt/aut/catbnp/952213">Portugal</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/4105307">Norway</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000132449&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9812464426505606">Poland</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007266379905171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA0708541X?l=en">CiNii</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gallery.ca/collection/artist/pan-american-world-airways">National Gallery of Canada</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1221137">Trove</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/032014716">IdRef</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-mancuso-205"><a href="#cite_ref-mancuso_205-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMancuso2016" class="citation web cs1">Mancuso, Christina (February 9, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.broadwayworld.com/bwwbooks/article/Timothy-Mellon-Releases-Autobiography-20160209">"Timothy Mellon Releases Autobiography"</a>. BroadwayWorld.com. Retrieved August 23, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BroadwayWorld.com&rft.atitle=Timothy+Mellon+Releases+Autobiography&rft.date=2016-02-09&rft.aulast=Mancuso&rft.aufirst=Christina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.broadwayworld.com%2Fbwwbooks%2Farticle%2FTimothy-Mellon-Releases-Autobiography-20160209&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APan+Am" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&oldid=1283600031">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pan_Am&oldid=1283600031</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div 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